LIGHTING FORMS:

DIRECT LIGHTING
A light fixture that does not pass light above but directs it down.
As light does not shine on the ceiling care should be taken.
When luminaires direct 90 to 100% of their output downward.
The distribution may vary from widespread to highly concentrated, depending
on the reflector material, finish and contour, and on the shielding or control
media employed.
Troffers and downlights are two forms of direct luminaires.
Can have the highest utilization of all types, but this utilization may be
reduced in varying degrees by brightness-control media required to minimize
direct glare.
Reflected glare and shadows may be a problem with direct lighting unless
close spacing are employed.
INDIRECT LIGHTING
It is very difficult to gain an adequate illuminance
Little light reaches the floor
Provides a soft reflected light
Lighting systems which direct 90 to 100% of the light upward to the ceiling
and upper sidewalls.
In a well-designed installation, the entire ceiling becomes the primary source
of illumination, and shadows will be virtually eliminated.
Also, since the luminaires direct very little light downward, both direct and
reflected glare will be minimized if the installation is well planned.
It is also important to suspend the luminaires a sufficient distance below the
ceiling to obtain reasonable uniformity of ceiling luminance
Since the indirect lighting the ceiling and upper walls must reflect light to the
work plane, it is essential that these surfaces have high reflectance. Care is
needed to prevent overall ceiling luminance from becoming too high and thus
glaring.
SEMIDIRECT LIGHTING
Light also shines on the ceiling providing a feeling of brightness
A bit too weak to use as a focus light
Often used as a pendant light over a dining table.
The distribution is predominantly downward (60 to 90%) but with a
small upward component to illuminate the ceiling and upper walls.
The same as for direct lighting except that the upward component will
tend to soften shadows and improve room brightness relationships.
Care should be exercised with close-to-ceiling mounting of some types
to prevent overly bright ceilings directly above the luminaire.

SEMIINDIRECT LIGHTING
 Provides a soft reflected light
There is little illuminance
The ceiling surface is bright providing brightness to the space as a
whole
Lighting systems that emit 60 to 90% of their output upward.
The characteristics are similar to those of indirect systems except that
the downward component usually produces a luminaire luminance that
closely matches that of the ceiling.
However, if the downward component becomes too great and is not
properly controlled, direct or reflected glare may result.
DIFFUSED LIGHTING
Gives a soft dispersed light
is little contrast between light and shadow
When downward and upward components of light from luminaires are
about equal (each 40 to 60% of total luminaire output).
Direct-indirect is a special (non-CIE) category within this classification
for luminaires that emit very little light at angles near the horizontal.
Since this characteristic result in lower luminance in the direct glaze
zone, direct-indirect luminaires are usually more suitable than general-
diffuse luminaires that distribute the light about equally in all
directions.
General-diffuse units combine the characteristics of direct lighting and
those of indirect lighting.
Brightness relationships throughout the room are generally good and
the upward light reflected from the ceiling softens shadows from the
direct component.
Pendant-mounted luminaires designed to provide a general-diffuse or
direct-indirect distribution are frequently installed on or very close to
the ceiling.
Such mountings change the distribution to direct or semi direct since
the ceiling acts as a top reflector redirecting the upward light back
through the luminaire.

WALL WASHING
 Wallwashing is a popular name for a lighting design technique for illumination
of large surfaces. It is mainly used with contemporary architecture; in public
cultural buildings, museums and galleries; and in landscape lighting.

Most of what one actually sees, entering a room, are the vertical surfaces.
The illumination requires asymmetric lighting fixtures, which, in a number of
3 or more in a line, can produce evenly illuminated walls. It is a tool mainly
used by lighting designers, to create lighter spaces or making the rooms
seem brighter or higher. The technique is similar to the "horizon" technique
used in theatre lighting.