Outline

Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots
Stem and Leaf
Histogram
Exercises

Chapter 1 - Lecture 2
Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive
Statistics

Andreas Artemiou

August 26th, 2009

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots
Stem and Leaf
Histogram
Exercises

Descriptive Statistics
General

Dotplots

Stem and Leaf

Construction
Example

Histogram
Types
Example
Histogram characteristics

Exercises

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots
General
Stem and Leaf
Histogram
Exercises

Descriptive Statistics

I There are several methods to display descriptive statistics of a

sample or a population.

I We will see three graphical ways to display quantitative

datasets:
I Dotplots
I Stem and Leaf
I Histogram

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots
Stem and Leaf
Histogram
Exercises

Dotplots

I Example:
I I take a sample of 15 Penn State Students and I ask them the
number of credits they have this semester. The answers are: 9,
16, 17, 12, 14, 19, 16, 17, 15, 13, 15, 10, 12, 15, 15.
I Construct a dotplot for this dataset.

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots Construction
Stem and Leaf Example
Histogram
Exercises

Steps for constructing a Stem and Leaf Diagram

I Select the stem values.

I List stem values in a vertical column.
I Record the leaf for every observation next to the
corresponding stem value
I Write the key

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots Construction
Stem and Leaf Example
Histogram
Exercises

Example

I I ask 20 professors in the statistics department to tell me their

age. The answers I got were: 45, 66, 70, 32, 36, 78, 85, 39,
32, 43, 48, 53, 57, 42, 59, 50, 68, 63, 52, 43
I Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Histogram Types

I There are two types of histograms:

I Frequency histograms
I Relative frequency histograms.

I The two histograms have no differences if you use them for

display purposes. If you want to make comparisons between
two populations or two variables id better to use the relative
frequency histogram.

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Definitions

I Frequency is the number of times each value occurs (or the

number of times values in an interval occurs)

I Relative frequency is the proportion of times one value

occurs (or the proportion of times values in one interval
occurs)

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Example

I I ask 20 professors in the statistics department to tell me their

age. The answers I got were: 45, 66, 70, 32, 36, 78, 85, 39,
32, 43, 48, 53, 57, 42, 59, 50, 68, 63, 52, 43
I Find frequencies and relative frequencies.
I Construct a frequency histogram and a relative frequency
histogram.

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Beyond scope

I In the previous example the histograms were constructed

using equal classes width (20-30, 30-40, etc)
I One can construct a histogram with unequal classes width but
this is beyond the scope of this class

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Number of classes

I The rule of thumb is that the number of classes should be

between 5 and 20.
I Another rule of thumb is that:
p
#classes = #observations (1)

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Types
Dotplots
Example
Stem and Leaf
Histogram characteristics
Histogram
Exercises

Shape of histograms

I Regarding modes:
I Unimodal
I Bimodal
I Regarding skewness:
I Symmetric
I Positively skewed (skewed to the right)
I Negatively skewed (skewed to the left)

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip

 Outline
Descriptive Statistics
Dotplots
Stem and Leaf
Histogram
Exercises

Exercises

I Section 1.2 page 20

I Exercises 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25,
28, 29

Andreas Artemiou Chapter 1 - Lecture 2 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descrip