Phng php rn luyn tr nh

1 - Tim nng ca b no Ti sn thng b b qun

Bn bit khng? Trn th gii c nhng ngi c tr nh rt tt, chng hn nh:
Er n tz l ngi ng n m gi k lc Guinness v kh n ng nh v c c dy 500
ch s ch sau khi nghe mt ln ng hin sng erus lem c ng vi v v c h i c con
gi ng tng ti Vit N m thng 3 n m ngoi, v tr ti th hin tr nh thn diu ca
mnh khin mi ngi khm phc. (Xem http://vnexpress.net/gl/khoa-
hoc/2010/03/3ba19780/, http://nld.com.vn/20100317012139961p0c1006/eran-kaltz-ky-luc-
gia-guinness-ve-tri-nho.htm)
Cu b ngi n Nischad Narayanam, 11 tui, ghi tn mnh v o sch k lc
Guinness v kh n ng nh nhanh vi thnh tch nh c 225 vt th bt k ch sau mt
ln nghe c d nh sch, vt qua k lc trc l 200 vt th do thy ca cu lp. (Xem
http://vietbao.vn/Doi-song-Gia-dinh/Ky-luc-Guinness-moi-ve-tri-nho/45207401/111/)
Trong cuc thi v ch tr nh n m 2009 ti Anh, Ben Pridmore khin tt c ngi xem
ng m thn phc khi c th nh ht th t ngu nhin ca c mt c bi trong
vng24,68 giy Ben Pridmore cn ghi nh c tuyt i chnh xc trnh t s p xp cc
qun bi trong 22 c bi, trong khi Simon Reinhard l 20 v Gunther Karsten l 18. phn
thi ghi nh dy s nh phn, Ben nh c 3.750 s trong vng 30 pht; Trong 15 pht
Ben cng nh c 170 t c xp ngu nhin, v trong 5 pht nh c li thnh cng
100 ngy thng din ra cc s kin lch s.
Cng trong cuc thi , nhiu k lc th gii mi c xc lp mt cch ngon mc. Th
sinh Gunther Karsten tr th nh ngi ghi nh c nhiu hnh tru tng nht; Johannes
Mallov nh c 118 ngy lch s ch trong 15 pht v c cng nhn l ngi c kh
n ng nh nhiu ngy lch s nht, (Xem http://www.baomoi.com/Ben-Pridmore--Nguoi-
co-tri-nho-tot-nhat-the-gioi/82/3565961.epi, http://hcm.24h.com.vn/phi-thuong-ky-quac/vo-
dich-the-gioi-ve-tri-nho-c159a264629.html)
Biswaroop Roy Chowdhury nh bi k lc th gii do Michaela Buchvaldova (ngi c)
khi nh c li c 14 ngy sinh v tn c la chn bt k trong vng 2 pht l v o
ng y 20 thng 7 n m 2006 ti khch sn Le Meridi n, Delhi trc khi xut hin bn in v
phng tin truyn th ng in t (Xem http://kyluc.vn/su-kien/671.nguoi-co-tri-nho-tuyet-voi-
nhat-hanh-tinh.html, http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/how-to-keep-your-mind-in-
shape)
Gio s Andrey Slyusarchuk, 33 tui thnh ph Lvov (Ukr in ) ph 2 k lc th gii v
s ch s ln nht m mt ngi c kh n ng nh c v ghi nh nhanh nht trong
mt khong thi gian cc ng n! Andrey nh c c triu s sau du phy ca gi tr,
vt xa c tr m ln k lc trc y ca ngi Nht 59 tui Tibi Akiri Haraguci, nh c
83431 s ca gi tr. V trong 2 pht, ng ghi nhn trong u c 5.100 k t. C 2 thnh
tch n y c ghi vo sch k lc c Ukr in v c gi ng k v o sch k lc
Guinness. Ngoi ra, s u khi nghe c nhanh bt c v n bn no mt cch r rng v ch

1
 cn ngng 2-3 giy, Andrey nh c li on v n ng tng t, khng h c mt li no v
nu trong on c b o nhiu ch ci. Chng nhng vy, Andrey cn c th ni ngay mt
ch ci bt k c dng li bao nhiu ln trong on v n v c th c c on v n
ngc t cui ln u. (Xem http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi-giai-tri/Tri-nho-sieu-
viet/50750270/417/)
Dng Anh V, ch ng sinh vin 24 tui ca tnh Ninh Thun, ngi ng k xin lp 3 k
lc v tr nh cho Vit Nam:
Nh 100.000 bng thng k ( s lng bng cht y c n phng 8 mt vu ng, h y ni
di t S i Gn n ng Nai )
Nh chnh xc 125 t ch sau 1 ln thong qua
Nh v nh v c nhiu a danh nht (hn 1 000 000 a danh) vi thi gian ng n
nht (t 0,47 1 giy, nh nh hn phn Search ca Google Map hay Google Earth)
(Xem http://nguyenar.wordpress.com/2012/04/11/d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng-anh-vu-chang-trai-
vi%E1%BB%87t-d%E1%BA%A7u-tien-s%E1%BA%AFp-l%E1%BA%ADp-k%E1%BB%B7-
l%E1%BB%A5c-guiness-th%E1%BA%BF-gi%E1%BB%9Bi-v%E1%BB%81-tri-
nh%E1%BB%9B/)
V cn nhiu, nhiu n
Tht ng kinh ngc! Tr nh g m nh siu nhn Gi m t i c c th hay bit bao! Ti c
th hc v l m b o nhiu iu
Ch c bn s cm thy ganh t vi h hay kht kh o c nh h. S thc th bn bit khng?
B no ca bn cng ho n to n l m c nh b no ca h nu c rn luyn ng cch.
Khoa hc chng minh rng b no ca hu ht tt c mi ngi v c bn l nh nh u: tr
cng nh gi , n m cng nh n, bnh thng cng nh b thn kinh, tin s cng nh hin i,
S khc nhau l do qu trnh rn luyn. Xt ring v kh n ng ghi nh, ngay c khi ch
c rn luyn, b no vn sn sng vi nhiu kh n ng th v. Bn th t kim chng li
xem, c phi l:
Bn thng c th nh cn k nhiu hay tt c chi tit trong phim: hnh nh, li thoi, ging
iu, c ch, iu b ca nhn vt, bi cnh ca hin trng,
Bn thng c th nh chi tit phn ln hay ton b qu trnh tip xc vi i : ngi
ni g lm g, ri n mnh n i g l m g, v xung qu nh lc c g,
Bn thng c th nh li nhng s kin trong i: t nhng vic lm trong ngy, trong
tun n trong thng, trong n m, v trong h ng chc n m v trc.
Thnh thong bn c th nh vnh vin nh in 1 con s, 1 kin thc, 1 khun mt n o ,
h y 1 ci g ng y t ln u tin tip xc vi ci

V th v nht l trong tt c nhng ln , bn khng h c g ng ghi nh g. Hon ton tri

ngc vi nhng ln bn dc sc hc bi ca mnh nhng chng thuc c nhiu hay s
nhanh chng qun sch. Ti sao vy?
R rng bn ng s hu mt ti sn rt qu bu - b no nhng bn li khng bit iu ,
b qun n hay khng bit cch tn dng n.

2
Thng qua thc nghim, cc nh khoa hc c kt c mt s c tnh ca b no nh
sau:
B no c chia thnh 2 na: tri v phi, trong na tri thin v chc n ng l -gch,
ngn ng, ton hc, th t v t duy phn tch cn na phi thin v chc n ng ngh
thut, hnh nh, m nhc, tr tng tng v t duy tng hp. Hai na ny kch thch ln
nhau, nu c phi hp cng nhiu th cng tt cho no b v tr nh.
B no kh ng gi i theo tui tc m gi i do kh ng c s dng hay b lm dng: minh
chng l cc nh bc hc tuy tui cao nhng vn minh mn, nhng trng hp t t hay
cht tr do chi in t hay xem phim nh i try qu ,
B no hot ng tt nht trong trng thi th gin ho n to n, tp trung tuyt i h y c ng
thng tt . Nim m m thng b no vo 2 trng thi u, trong khi s s hi hay
p lc cao thng b no vo trng thi th 3.
B no nh tt nht vi nhng th trc qu n sinh ng (hnh nh, m th nh, gi i iu, ),
nh km nht vi nhng th kh kh n, n iu nh ch.
B no ghi nhn li mi tn hiu tc ng v khi b kch thch ng cch, s ti hin li cc
tn hiu Trong nhng tn hiu lu trn b no, nhng tn hiu c lp li ng cch s
tr thnh k n ng vnh cu.
Dung lng ca b no ln n mc: nu c mi giy trong i chng t u v o b
no 10 thng tin mi th n cui i, b no cng ch y n mt na.
Ngi vn dng tt nht cng ch s dng c 10% n ng lc ca b no. Ni cch khc,
i cng ph t nht 90% n ng lc b no ca mnh.
Sc tm l thng kim sot tc hot ng ca b no theo hng lm chm n i rt
nhiu ln so vi tc t nhin.
D v o , nhiu chng trnh rn luyn b no c bin son nhm gip cc hc vin
t ti trng thi tn dng b no tt hn V trong cc phn s p ti, chng ta s ch tp trung
vo mt s k thut nh gip ci thin tr nh ca mnh.

2 - Nguyn l ca tr nh
c mt tr nh tt, bn cn rn luyn u n ng cch Di y l cc nguyn l c bn
cn nh:
Mt, bn nh tt nht khi bn khng c g ng nh, m l c g ng tip thu. Do , khi bn
nghe h y c v mt vn g , th y v c g ng thuc tng cu tng ch, hy c g ng
hiu xem cu ch mun ni g.
Hai, ci g cng trc quan, sinh ng th bn cng nh d dng, nhanh chng v kh qun
hn Do , khi bn nghe h y c v mt vn g , th y v c g ng thuc cu ch, hy
c g ng d ng tr tng tng ca mnh hnh dung ra vn C t do thm bt cc yu
t trc qu n nh m u s c, chuyn ng, ph ng i, kh i h i, Hnh nh tng tng
cng phong ph th bn cng nh d dng.
Ba, nu bn g n hnh nh ca nhng iu cn nh vi cc hnh nh mc n o th bn s
d dng truy xut li nhng g bn ghi nh. Do , hy xy dng cho mnh mt b hnh

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 nh mc v thng xuyn dng n khi ghi nh. B hnh nh mc ny cng ln th s lng
thng tin bn c th ghi nh ng thi c ng t ng ln
Bn, iu cn nh tr thnh kin thc phn x, cn n li n theo cc t sau: 10 pht,
1 gi, 1 ngy, 1 tun, 1 thng, 6 thng.
Ch vy thi .
Tip theo bn s c tm hiu v mt s h nh n gin, hay cc quy t c to hnh nh mc.

3 - Cc phng php rn luyn

Mt ngi bnh thng c th d dng nh c 6-8 mc cn nh, gp mt t kh kh n
nh n 10 mc v gp kh nhiu kh kh n nu khng ni l khng th - nh n 15 mc.
Tuy nhin, ch cn cht t rn luyn vi cc h nh, vic nh 30 mc ch l mt bi tp nh.
Vy h nh l g? l cc quy t c gip ghi nh d hn v nhiu hn
Tri qu h ng ng n n m, c rt nhiu h nh c hnh thnh v pht trin nh h lin kt,
h s-hnh, h s-vn, h phng La M, h chnh Tuy mi h c th thch hp vi mt s
tnh hung nh hay mt nh m ngi n o nhng v c bn, cc h nh c 2 c im
chung:
Mt l tt c h nh u yu cu bn phi trc qu n h v sinh ng ha cc mc nh ghi
nh d hn.
Chng hn, bn cn ghi nh s kin N m 938, Ng Quyn nh t n qun N m Hn trn s ng
Bch ng ln th nht Thay v ch thuc lng cu ch, hy vn dng kin thc v tr tng
tng c mnh hnh dung trn nh ng din r trc mt mnh. Bn tr i ngc thi
gian, tr v n m 938 v ng trc con sng Bch ng i l tng Ng Quyn cng vi
o qun nh dng i l bn qun N m Hn xm lc dn u l tn tng Hong Thao.
o qun ca Ng Quyn x ng ln nh v bo, ln lt h gc l git ht lp ny ti lp khc.
l ln th nht, hay t s hin gi l 1-0 nghing v ph o qun Ng Quyn.
C th bn cm thy hi rm r: ti sao phi tng tng th trong khi ci cn nh ch
c 16 ch? Nhng thc t l bn nh th ki tt hn rt nhiu so vi 16 ch Nu bn
th n li on phim trn vi ln theo cc khong thi gian sau: 10 pht - 1 gi - 1 ngy - 1
tun - 1 thng - 6 thng th bn s thy kin thc tr thnh phn x ca mnh. Ch cn ai ni
n 938, Ng Quyn, qun Nam Hn, hay sng Bch ng th bn s thy ngay trn nh
hin hin trc mt h y trong u mnh.
im chung th hai l hu ht cc h nh u s dng hnh nh mc ghi nhn th t v
gip qu trnh gi nh tt v nh nh hn. S dng ca cc h nh cng t c im ny m
ra: cc h nh ch yu khc nhau quy t c d ng to ra vt mc. Chng hn, h s-hnh to
ra hnh nh mc bng cch lin tng mt s thnh mt hnh, h ch-vn to ra hnh nh mc
bng cch lin tng m ca ch ci.
Trc khi i v o chi tit tng h nh, chng ta s tm hiu l m s o trc quan ha v sinh
ng ha cc mc nh.

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3.1 - Trc quan ha v sinh ng ha cc mc nh
Trc quan ha mc nh l chuyn mc nh thnh nhng n tng m gic quan cm nhn
c, chng hn nh hnh nh th gic cm nhn, m th nh thnh gic cm nhn, s
nhn/trn lng/g gh xc gic cm nhn, m i khu gic cm nhn, v mn/ ng/ngt
v gic cm nhn,
Sinh ng ha mc nh l b sung thm chi tit c th do bit h y do tng tng thm
n tng trc quan to c tr nn thc hn, gy ch cho ngi nh hn V d: thm mu
s c, s chuyn ng, tch hp kin thc thc bit, bin i kch thc, hnh dng,
Gi s mc nh l qu to. Trc quan ha tc l hnh dung ra qu to (hoc xanh hoc
m u g n gin) trc mt mnh, s vo th thy v trn lng, nm th th thy v hi chu
Sinh ng ha tc l hnh dung thm l mu l thm, qu to ng ri xung h y l n
trn, l mt qu to t hon, to nh bnh thng hay to l thng,
Theo Tony Buzan trong cun sch Use Your Memory (S dng tr nh ca bn), lm mc
nh tr nn trc qu n sinh ng, chng t thng s dng cc yu t SMASHIN SCOPE nh
sau:

Synaesthesia/Sensuality (Phi hp gic quan)

Hnh nh to ra cn c nhng n tng m gic quan cm nhn c, cng su s c cng tt.
Chng hn nh nu l t ph b nng th bn cn cm nhn c sc n ng nh ng
cm t trn tay, ngi c m i r u thm, ng g i h quyn vi mi tht b ti trong ln khi
bc ln, v tng tng c v ngt cay tuyt vi khi hp mung nc lo u tin,
t c yu t ny, cn thng xuyn rn luyn cc gic quan cho ngy cng nhy bn
hn:

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 Th gic: khng ch nhn m cn l quan st ti hin
Thnh gic: khng ch nghe m cn l l ng nghe hiu
Khu gic: khng ch ngi m cn l ngi nhn bit
V gic: khng ch nm m cn l nm phn bit
Xc gic: khng ch s m cn l s cm nhn
Cm gic th: cm nhn v v tr v s chuyn ng trong khng gian ca mnh
Movement (s chuyn ng)
Hnh nh to ra khng nn cng nh khc g h y tnh lng nh mt bc tranh, tr khi bn
ng tng tng mt khc g cng hay mt bc tr nh tnh lng . t nht hy lm cho
nhn vt chnh trong hnh c c ng hay chuyn ng. S chuyn ng ny c th ngu
nhin hay c quy t c, xy ra mt ln hay lp i lp li, min sao khin cc nhn vt tr nn
r rng v gy ch . Chng hn nh mc nh ca bn l con mo i p -tanh. Thay v ch ngh
n mt nh chp cnh con mo ng trn tm vn trt, hy tng tng con mo ng
ln l trc mt mnh h y ng hong ht trt vo qua mt mnh,
Association (s lin tng)
Hnh nh to ra cn g n vi nhng hnh nh c v n nh trong u ca bn iu gip
bn s p xp kin thc mi vo h thng kin thc sn c v d gi li n khi cn. Chng hn
nh, bn cn nh 10 mc. Thay v ch to ra 10 hnh nh, hy nh s th t cc mc trc.
S u , d ng hnh nh mc ca s th t lng vo hnh nh ca tng mc. T , bn c th
gi nh li tng mc thng qua hnh nh mc ca s th t tng ng.
Sexuality (Tnh dc)
Khi bn t m, bn hay ng m c th ca mnh. Khi bn xem phim, nhng cnh n ng l m bn
ngng nhng cng l m bn thch, ch hn v nh r hn Nhng iu cho thy bn
c xu hng u i nhng n tng lin qu n n tnh dc. B no ca bn cng vy! N c
th ghi nh hon ho nhng hnh nh v tnh dc. Bn c th tn dng iu ny trong mt s
trng hp, nhng tuyt i ng lm dng n.
Humour (S khi hi)
Khng c l do g phi lun to ra nhng hnh nh t nht nu bit rng hnh nh cng vui nhn,
bun ci, ng ngn th cng d nh. Hnh nh khi hi chng nhng gip b no ghi nh mt
cch thoi mi m v lu di cn gip tr thng minh pht trin tch cc Do , th y v ch hnh
dung mt con mo trt pa-t nh bnh thng, hy tp pha thm vo nhng yu t kh i h i nh
con mo ng nh m m t trt pa-tanh bng mt ngn chn tht iu ngh th b qu l o
thng v o vch tng v in mnh trn
Imagination (S tng tng)
Khi bn ng c g ng hnh dung nhng th kh ng ng c tht trc mt mnh, l bn ng
tng tng. S tng tng khng c gii hn, m bao gm tt c nhng g bn cho l c,
tt c nhng g bn ngh r Th gii trong tr tng tng l ca ring bn, do bn c ton
quyn thit k, xy dng n. i vi ngi khc, qu to cn nh c th ch l qu to, nhng
vi bn, c th l qu to thn s sng rc khi c bn cm trn t y,

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Number (S)
S gip m v thit lp th t gia cc hnh nh, do gip hnh nh c th hn Khi bn
phi nh nhiu mc cng mt lc th dng s g n th t cho cc hnh nh l vic nn lm.
Symbolism (Tnh biu tng)
Biu tng l hnh nh n gin th hin c nt c trng ca mt hnh nh phc tp khc
hoc th hin c nhng khi nim tru tng nh s tc gin, nim vui, ni bun, cm i
ngc chiu, Biu tng l phn b khuyt ca hnh nh thc. S dng biu tng thch
hp s gip qu trnh to nh hiu qu hn, dng hn, ho n chnh hn Biu tng s dng
c th b t chc, hc tp ngi khc hay do bn t to ly.
Color (Mu sc)
Hy dng cng nhiu mu cng tt v mt bc tr nh mu n m u thng gy n tng tt hn
mt bc tr nh n s c Tuy nhin, hy nh rng dng nhiu m u to ra s hi ha ch
khng phi to ra mt ng m u Chng hn nh, b tri to t trn ci thy tinh
trong sut trn ci bn g xanh l s d nhn hn b tri to n n x nh t trn ci
n na xanh trn ci bn g cng n na xanh.
Order (Trt t)
Trong mt hnh c nhiu chi tit hay khi cn ghi nh cc hnh nh ca mt quy trnh, trt t s
gip vic ghi nh d hn Chng hn nh: chi tit nh ng trc chi tit ln, nhng chi tit
cng mu hay cng b th nm gn nhau, chi tit c bc 1 xut hin trc chi tit c bc
2,
Positive images (Nhng hnh nh tch cc)
B no thch nhng hnh nh tch cc v chng to ra cm gic thoi mi. Trong qu trnh tip
thu v ghi nh, b no c xu hng gi li nhng hnh nh tch cc v loi b nhng hnh nh
tiu cc. Do , khi to nh, k c l cho cc mc nh m ng ngh tiu cc, hy c g ng
truyn vo nhng cm xc, chi tit vui ti, tch cc. Chng hn nh bn cn nh mt khun
mt bun. Thay v ch ngh v mt khun mt r tht, bn c th biu tng ha n hay thm
cc nt ng yu, bun ci vo:

Exaggeration (S phng i)
Khi nhng chi tit cn c ch li qu m nht, bn c th th ph ng i bin i n so
vi bnh thng. Chng hn nh ph ng to cy kim nh thnh cy kim khng l, thu nh con voi
bng con chut, bin ci u ca ch ch ma ln gp 3 ln bnh thng, khuch i ting mui

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ku thnh ting nhc rock, Ch c ch n chng s d nh hn v gy c s ch vi b
no.

Ngoi cc yu t va nu trn, tt nhin bn c th s dng nhiu yu t khc khi trc quan

sinh ng ha hnh nh ca mnh. Nhng d s dng yu t no, hy nh l khng nn cng
nh c. Ch cn trc qu n h v sinh ng h n mc khin ta d dng ghi nh c mc
nh l c.
Trc khi kt thc phn ny v cng chun b cho phn tip theo, chng ta s lm mt bi
tp nh nhm kim chng xem b no ca ta tuyt vi th no nh. Ti s r khong 20
hnh nh theo th t i vi mi hnh nh, bn c ti l 15 giy c phn m t v hnh
dung ra hnh nh trong u h y trc mt mnh. S u khi c v hnh dung tt c, bn ghi
vo bng k tip m kh ng c c li bng b n u. Bn n m r cc yu cu ch?
Chng ta b t u y l d nh sch hnh nh:

Mc nh Hnh nh

Cy vit Dng cy vit k tn bn ln mt qu trng vt tr ng tinh.

Ci loa Trong cn tc gin, ti ly cy kim chm ci lo t l m i

Ci in thoi bn Ci in thoi b n ng reo inh i trn b n N rung nh th s p sa

nhy xung bn vy.

Quyn sch dy Ngi tuyt ng lt tng trang trong quyn sch dy ting Nht.
ting Nht Khng bit n ch m ch nh vy nhng c hiu c g khng.

Cp knh Ch u to ng th ht cp knh ny ti cp knh n Ci n o cng c

v qu nh so vi ci u ca ch.

Ci ko Ai c treo ci ko ln ci mc hoi vy?

Hp bnh Cheese Thng b bng b vn bng ln. Tht ngc nhin! Bao nhiu l hp
bnh Cheese trong

Chic xe my Con vt i m bo him ln, phng ln chic xe my, r ga v vt i

trc khi mi ngi kp nh thn.

Vin thuc Anh ta tho chic gi y ng m ng v trt xung Mi my vin thuc

to ng ri r

Cy chi qut sn 2 anh em Mp v m ginh nhau ngi trn cy chi qut sn v lm

nh l cy chi bay khng bng.

Ci thng rc T lc em ci th ng rc li gn ci cy th mi ngi b t u x rc
vo gc cy nhiu hn

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Cun bng keo Ai li by cc cun b ng keo r s n nh na ri!

B qun o Trong ca hng, cc b qun o c mc thnh hng theo loi.

Ci ca Mt ngi ng ngn cm ci c ln xung v c th c m c n

l ca ai.

Bnh mc vit bng Ly ci lng chim chm vo bnh mc vit bng v b t u vit, nhng
kh ng c.

Cy n Bn trong ci ch i l m hnh cy n thu nh cc k tinh xo

My tnh in t M hnh my tnh in t khng l c t ta vo cy ct in bn

l ng

Ci mn Phi ci mn ln ci bn t m

Chic my git Ai va mi ci mm dn cm ln n p my git.

My tnh xch tay Trc khi cht, g ip vin kp giu chic my tnh xch tay vo
ng cm heo ng phi trc sn.

Hy gi nh li v in vo bng sau (bng ny s p theo cng th t b n u):

Hnh nh gi nh Hnh nh Mc nh

Qu trng

Cy kim

Ci bn

Ngi tuyt

Ch u to

Ci mc

Thng b bng
b

Con vt

Chic giy

Mp v m

Ci cy

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Sn nh

Mc thnh hng

Ngi ng ngn

Ci lng chim

Ci chai

Cy ct in

Ci bn tm

Mm dn cm

ng cm heo

S u khi in xong bng trn, hy kim tra xem bn ng b o nhiu mc v in vo bng cui
chng Tip theo, hy lm g khc t nht l 10 pht trc khi tip tc gi nh li v in vo
bng sau (bng ny s p ngu nhin khc th t b n u):

Hnh nh gi Hnh nh Mc nh
nh

Ngi tuyt

Mp v m

Ci mc

Chic giy

Ch u to

Qu trng

Thng b bng
b

ng cm heo

Ci bn

Ci bn tm

Cy kim

Mc thnh hng

10
Mm dn cm

Ngi ng ngn

Ci cy

Ci chai

Cy ct in

Ci lng chim

Con vt

Sn nh

Kt qu ln n y cng ghi v o bng cui chng

Bn thy th no? Vic ghi nh qu d dng phi khng ? Khng ng b no ca mnh vn
tuyt vi nh vy !

3.2 - H lin kt
Khc vi cc h nh khc, h lin kt khng da vo vt mc m ch n thun trc quan ha
v sinh ng ha cc mc nh ri tng tng ra mt cu chuyn lin kt tt c cc kt qu
li.
V d 1: M bn bo bn i siu th mua mt s nguyn liu v nu ph: rau thm, hnh,
ti, c hnh ty, c rt, c ci, tht b, chanh, bnh ph, bnh m, bt ph. Bn hy c gng
nh ht trong vng 30-60 giy. Sau , ch t nht 5 pht sau, ly 1 t giy ra v ghi li cc
mn . Lu , khng c n bi trong khong thi gian ch i. Hy kim th g lm
trong lc thi gian qua i.
Cui cng, sau khi lm xong, hy in kt qu vo bng cui chng.
By gi chng ta cng th lm li v d trn bng cch s dng h lin kt. Ti s k cu
chuyn c t i trc. Phn cc bn, hy hnh dung cu chuyn ng xy ra r rng trc mt
mnh nh:
Trn ci bn trc mt ti c mt b rau thm to nm ln b hnh. Khi ti cm b rau ln
th c my c ti v c hnh ty ri ra, mt s ln bn v mt s ri xung t. Ti bn ci
xung nht ln th pht hin di t c mt r c rt v c ci, bn cnh l mt t tht b.
Ai li tht b di t vy ta?, ti nh thm. on ti a r c rt v c ci ln bn ri
em t tht b ct vo t lnh. Trong t lnh c sn chanh v 1 kg bnh ph c H cho
hm qua. Sau khi suy ngh mt t, ti quyt nh chy ra ch mua thm bnh m nng gin v
bt ph. i, mi ph b thm lng quyn vi mi bnh m nng gin tht l hp dn! Thm
qu i !

11
Khng nhn li, hy k li ton b cu chuyn. C phi l qu d dng khng? Tip tc, bn
hy ghi li ln lt cc m n xut hin trong cu chuyn v so snh vi danh sch cn nh.
Bn cm thy th no? C phi vic ghi nh tr nn rt d dng so vi ln u khng?
By gi th n phin bn k cu chuyn ca mnh:
____________________________________________________________________________
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Thm mt ln nh!
V d 2: Ln ny bn cn i nh sch mua dng hc tp cho em bn mt hc sinh tiu
hc. Cc mn cn mua ln lt l: ci cp, b sch gio khoa, my cun v giy trng,
giy bao tp, nhn v, hp bt, cc gm, thc k, bt mc, bt ch, bt mu, chut bt
ch.
Hy t to cu chuyn ca bn v kim tra xem bn nh c tt th no. Kt qu ghi nhn
vo bng cui chng.
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Hy nh rng im ct li l phi d ng tr tng tng ca bn to ra mt ct chuyn sinh

ng, lin kt cc mc nh vi nhau, cho d chng c v khng c mi lin h g.
V d 3: Bn cn nh cc t sau: con voi, nh t, chic kn, ng thn, kt st, b qun o,
chic cha kha, bnh m, cn gi, ci cy, con chut.
By gi th n phin bn k cu chuyn ca mnh trc:
____________________________________________________________________________

12
____________________________________________________________________________
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Cu chuyn ca ti ch tham kho:
Con voi ang b nht trong t. N ang i qua i li th bng thy mt chic kn nm di
t. N bn nht ln v thi mt ci. Tc th mt ng thn hin ra a cho con voi mt ci
kt st, bn trong l mt b qun o trng tinh v mt ci cha kha bng vng ang cm ln
mt bnh m bc khi. Bt cht, mt cn gi thi n, cun c ci kt st bay n p vo
ci cy gn , ri ri xung bp con chut ang nh lun vo hc cy. Ti nghip con
chut xu s!
Cu chuyn ca bn gip bn nh c bao nhiu? Hy ghi nhn kt qu vo bng cui
chng

Dng h lin kt hc ting Anh th xem .

V d 4: Bn xem phim v lc ra c mt s t cn hc nh sau:
Colt: nga c con
Foal: nga/la/la con
Charismatic: c sc li cun mnh
Stallion: nga c trng thnh
Mare: nga ci trng thnh
Brag: khoe khoang khoc lc
Surge: trn ti/dng ln
Civic: thuc cng dn
Whopper: (ting lng) ci to ln khc thng
Choke: nght, nght th,
Maiden: nga ua cha git gii ln no
Bold: t tin v khng s ngi, mu sng.
Vn l bn k cu chuyn c mnh trc:
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13
____________________________________________________________________________
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Bn nh c bao nhiu? Hy ghi nhn kt qu v o bng cui chng
Cu chuyn tham kho: ch l ta cn to ra s lp m ghi nh cch c ca t.
Colt Colt /klt klt/ l mt ch nga c con thuc ging Foal-Foal-Foal /fl fl ,fl/
v c sc cun ht charismatic /krzmtk/ rt mnh. Khc vi nhng con nga trng
thnh dng Stallion /stljn/ c v Mare /me(r)/ ci hay khoe khoang khoc lc brag
/br/ ny brag /br/ n v nhng t trn ln trong cuc ua Surge Forward /s(r)d
f(r)w(r)d/, Colt Colt rt hiu trch nhim cng dn Civic /svk/ ca mnh. Theo , mt
Whopper /wp(r)/ - mt con nga to ln d thng khng c mnh b nght th hay
choke /tk/ trong khi chy. Ngoi ra, d vn l maiden /med()n/ thun ty, tc nga
ua cha git gii ln no, Colt Colt phi lun t ra Bold Bold /bld bld/ - t tin trong b
lng nu sng.
Thm mt lu na, cu chuyn khng cn l-gch l m, nhng phi sinh ng gy s
ch ca chnh bn. Ngoi ra, tuy th t cc mc nh xut hin trong cu chuyn khng nht
thit phi c nh nh r , nhng bn nn c g ng t c iu
Cng nh vi cc h nh khc, luyn tp h lin kt u n s gip tr tng tng v kh
n ng g n kt s vt ca bn pht trin tt. Tuy nhin, h lin kt cn c u im l pht trin t
duy g n kt s vt trn mt phm vi ln hn, tng th hn

3.3 - H s - hnh
Vi h lin kt, bn c th ghi nhn c nhiu mc nh theo ng th t. Tuy nhin, nu ti
hi bn rng mc th 5 l g hay mc th 7 l g th bn khng th tr li ng y c m phi d
li cu chuyn c mnh v m nhm. Ngo i r , i vi cc mc nh hon ton khng lin
quan trc tip g vi nhau, vic to ra cu chuyn sinh ng cng l m khi lm mt nhiu thi
gian ca bn.
kh c phc cc nhc im trn, chng ta cn mt h nh cho php:
G n th t vo ni dung nh
Nhanh chng ghi nhn tng mc nh c lp vi nhau
H chnh l h s-hnh. (V khng ch h s hnh, tt c cc h nh tip theo u c chung
cc c im trn: h s-vn, h ch-vn, h chnh, )
Trong h s-hnh, vt mc c to ra bng cch lin tng con s thnh mt vt g c hnh
dng ging con s Chng hn nh s 0 c lin tng thnh ci trng hay qu banh, s 1

14
thnh cy kim h y cy n cy, Hnh nh lin tng c th s ty theo s thch ca mi
ngi, min l mi con s ch g n vi mt hnh nh mc l c.
Di y l 11 hnh nh t i thng dng:

0. 4. 8.
1. 5. 9.

2. 6. 10.
3. 7.
ghi nh, bn ch cn:
nh s th t cc mc cn nh, b t u t 0.
i vi mi mc, to mt cu chuyn cc ng n hay mt hnh nh lin kt hnh nh mc vi
hnh nh ca mc nh ng ngi thm th t cc chi tit tng tng, hy tha sc t v
bng mu s c, mi v, s chuyn ng, nhng cm gic tch cc
V d 1: Bn cn ghi nh cc vt ngu nhin sau: Nm rm, cho, roi my, vit, ip vin,
my bay trc thng, phim hot hnh, sch ting Nht, bnh nhn, vin thuc, hp qu.
S u y l gi v cch tng tng theo h s-hnh Lu l mi khi c n hnh nh no,
hy hnh dung ra hnh nh trc mt mnh, cng r rng cng tt:

STT Mc nh Hnh nh tng tng

0 Nm rm Trn mt t mc ln ci nm rm to ng Di m nm mm l mt

15
 qu trng vt ln, tr ng tinh.

1 Cho Trc mt ti l t cho n ng ng bc khi. Mi cho tht thm

Bng mt thanh kim t u b y ti m v o t khin cho b n tung
te.

2 Roi my Ch vt Don ld ng cm cy roi my di qut qua qut li.

3 Vit Thnh thong gia 2 ngn ni i li b n ra vi cy vit.

4 ip vin Xung qu nh ci b n vu ng c 2 ngi n ng eo knh en ng b n

chuyn g H u l ip vin.

5 My bay trc Chic my bay trc th ng ng b y bng b vng vo mt ci mc

th ng khng l treo l lng gia tri.

6 Phim hot hnh Mt ng bng b ng xem phim hot hnh Do ci nhiu qu nn

ng b v bng cht.

7 Sch ting Nht Trn mm nh r bin, i b c chng sch ting Nht nm

ngn ngang.

8 Bnh nhn Gia tri tuyt ri d y c, ngi tuyt ko mt bnh nhn i v pha
bnh vin.

9 Khe mnh Ch u b c i v i lc lng trng rt khe mnh.

10 Hp qu Ngi m v ngi mp ng tr nh nh u hp qu. Xung quanh ai

cng chn chng b i ni khc

Sau khi ghi nh xong, chng ta s kim tr xem mnh nh c g. Cch l m cng tht n
gin! gi li mt mc nh, chng ta b t u t hnh nh mc ca s th t ca mc nh.
Chng hn nh, t i hi bn: Mc nh s 7 l g?. u tin, bn s lin tng s 7 thnh hnh
nh mc c n l mm nh r bin. Tip theo, bn s nh li c trn mm n y c i
b c chng sch ting Nht nm ngn ngang. T , bn bit ngay mc nh s 7 chnh l
sch ting Nht.
Bn hiu ri ch? Hy th in vo bng sau m khng nhn li bng trn:

STT Hnh nh mc Hnh nh tng tng Mc nh

0 Ci trng

16
 4

10

Hy ghi nhn kt qu vo bng cui chng

i vi nhng mc nh tru tng nh nim vui, ni bun, s tc gin, ton hc , hy c

g ng tm hay to biu tng g cho n Biu tng ny c th l do b t chc theo ngi
khc hay do t bn ngh r iu quan trng l hy chn nhng biu tng lm bn thy thch
v d hiu, d nh. Chng hn nh biu tng ca nim vui l mt khun mt ci mu vng,
biu tng ca s tc gin l mt khun mt nh n nh m u , biu tng ca ton hc l
mt tp hp cc phng trnh i s, hnh v hnh hc ...
Trong bi tp tip theo, bn hy dng biu tng ghi nh. C g ng hon thnh trong khng
qu 2-4 pht.
V d 2: hy ghi nh cc chc nng ca no tri v no phi:
+ No tri: T duy phn tch, t duy l-gch, ngn ng, khoa hc, ton hc
+ No phi: T duy tng hp, trc gic, tnh sng to, ngh thut, m nhc
Sau khi ghi nh xong, bn ly mt t giy v ghi ln lt tng mc nh ra. Kt qu lm bi
ghi nhn vo bng cui chng.

Cng nh vi h lin kt, ta c th dng h s-hnh hc ting Anh. Tuy nhin, do hnh nh
ghi nh y ng n v n gin hn kh nhiu so vi cu chuyn trong h lin kt, chng ta
thng nn mn cu v d ting Anh c sn lm hnh nh ghi nh.
V d 3: Gi s bn xem phim Windtalkers v lc ra c mt s t cn hc nh sau:
windtalker, devise, assault, valor, bust, torture, chow down, bombard, grenade, artillery,
ambush, decapitate.
n m b t iu g, chng ta cn tch ly kin thc v n. Hc t vng cng vy i vi mi
t, t nht ta nn xem qua phn phin m, ngh ting Vit, phn nh ngh ting Anh, nh
minh ha v v d nu c. Di y l kt qu tra cc t trn:

17
 Windtalker /wnd,tk(r)/: ngi c m (a secret agent who was one of the Navajos
who devised and used a code based on their native language; the code was unbroken by
the Japanese during World War II)
Devise /dvaz/: sng ch (to invent a method of doing something)
Theyve devised a scheme to allow students to study part-time.
Assault /slt/: t kch (an attack by the armed forces)
A NATO air assault on Pohang-dong
Valor = valour /vl(r)/: lng dng cm (the quality of being very brave, especially in war)
A medal for valour
Bust /bst/: tng bn thn (a model of the head and shoulders of a person made out of
stone, wood, metal, etc.)
A bust of Shakespeare

Torture /t(r)t(r)/: tra tn (extreme physical pain caused by someone or something,

especially as a punishment or as a way to make someone say something)
The confession was made under torture.

Chow down /,tadan/: n ngu nghin (to eat food, especially a lot of food, quickly or in
an enthusiastic way)
They chowed down on pizza after the game.

18
 Bombard /bmb(r)d/: nh bom, o nh tc, tn cng ti tp (to attack a place by
dropping a lot of bombs on it or firing guns or throwing something at it for a long time)
The capital city surrendered after having been bombarded for a month.
Protesters bombarded the building with ink, paint and bottles.
Grenade /rned/: lu n (a small bomb that someone throws or fires from a gun)

Artillery /(r)tlri/: pho (large powerful guns that are used by an army and are moved
on wheels or fixed in one place)

Ambush /mb/: phc kch (to attack someone after hiding and waiting for them)
The tourists were ambushed and robbed while riding in the desert.
Tip theo, np cc t trn v o b nh, chng ta cn nh s th t v to hnh nh nh
cho cc t Chng hn nh:

STT Mc nh Hnh nh tng tng

19
0 windtalker Nhng ngi c m truyn tin bng cch ni vo mt v trng vt
ln, tr ng tinh, ging nh h ng n i chuyn vi gi.
( y t lin tng windtalker l ngi ni chuyn vi gi
gi nh v cch vit t ting Anh Ngh lin tng kiu ny tuy khng
ging ngh thc no ca t nhng nghe vn hp l.)

1 devise Theyve devised scheme to llow students to learn how to use a

sword = H ngh r k hoch cho php cc sinh vin hc cch dng
kim.
( n y lin tng t v d mu, c iu chnh li g n hnh nh
mc l cy kim vo. Vic nh lun c cu v d mu bng ting
Anh rt c ch khi hc nhng t m mnh khng bit ch c cch dng
hoc cch d ng mi m vi mnh.)

2 assault Ch vt Donald ng i trn ng th bt ng b t kch: mt ngi

chy li qu ng 1 t mui h y ci g nh mui vo mt ch.
( y, gi nh t ting Anh, ta tch t gc thnh cm t c ngh
m t bit: as salt (nh mui) hay a salt (1 t mui). Cm t lin
tng ny khng nht thit phi ng ng php.)

3 valor/valour Di chn 2 ngn ni i, ngi t ng tr o huy chng cho V lor v

dng cm leo ln nh ni. Trong khi huy chng c trao, mi
ngi cng tung h: A medal for Valor's valor - 1 huy chng
dnh cho lng dng cm ca Valor.
( trao huy chng v dng cm l lin tng t v d mu A
medal for valour; cn vic valor c chuyn thnh tn ring hay
lp m theo kiu Valors valor u l gi nh v cch vit t ting
Anh)

4 bust Trn ci bn vung c 1 bc tng nam bn thn t trn tng 1

chic xe but.
( y, chic xe but bus c d ng gi nh t ting Anh.)

5 torture Mt t nhn b tra tn bng nhiu mc nh mc vo da tht. Cui cng,

ngi t nh nhn ti v chu khng ni u n khi da tht b x rch.
( y, tng nh nhn ti v b tra tn xut pht t cu v d
mu The confession was made under torture.. Ngoi ra, ta dng
tore (qu kh ca tear x rch) gi nh v torture hi quen,
bn s thy l trong rt nhiu trng hp, ch cn mt du hiu n
gin cng gi nh. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, bn thm
ch c th nh nh in mt ci g ng y t ln u tin nhn thy n.)

6 chow down S u khi thi u xong, ng bng b n bnh piza mt cch ngu
nghin, phi nhai (chew) lin tc thc n i xung (down) bng.
( y, tng Sau khi thi u xong, ng bng b n bnh piza
mt cch ngu nghin l xut pht t cu v d mu They chowed
down on pizza after the game. T lin tng chow thnh chew

20
 nhai v tng tng chew down l nhai thc n i xung)

7 bombard My k nh bom nm 1 thi bom di tht di vo mm nh r bin

gn ch ti . Sau mt ting n long tri, mm sp xung bin
hon ton. May l khng c ai b thng
( y, t lin tng bombard thnh bomb-bar/thi bom di tht
di gi nh)

8 grenade Gia tri tuyt ri c mt hng ngi tuyt to. Bt cht hng lot qu
lu n t u b y v pha nhng ngi tuyt khin chng hong
ht ku ln: Gren de, gren de, too m ny gren des Help us!
( y, do khng bit lin tng g gi nh nn ta dng tm cch
lp m)

9 artillery Ch u b k u gn khu pho nhn k tng chi tit ca n.

Khu pho ging nh nh 1 m n ngh thut trong phng trin lm
(art in gallery).

10 ambush 2 tn cp m v Mp chia nhau np vo bi cy trn sa mc

phc kch v cp ca ngi qu ng. Bt cht tn m qun l tn
Mp ng u nn gi b m hi: Where re you? Tn Mp tr
li: I AM in BUSH (Ti trong bi cy.)
(Ch c ch n l bn nhn ra y, t lin tng ambush thnh I AM
in BUSH, phi khng? Ngo i r , tng phc kch v cp ca
ngi qua ng l xut pht t cu v d mu The tourists were
ambushed and robbed while riding in the desert.)

Hy kim tra xem bn nh tt n u bng cch in vo bng sau ri ghi nhn kt qu vo

bng cui chng:

STT T cn nh v ngha Hnh nh v cch gi nh

21
 5

10

Cng nh mi ln, hy ghi nhn kt qu vo bng cui chng

n y l tm xong h s-hnh Trc khi qua h nh tip theo, hy n nhanh cc hnh nh
mc ca h s-hnh mt ln na.

22
3.4 - H s - vn
Trong h ny, vt mc c to thnh bng cch tm t c cng vn (pht m) vi m ca cc
ch s. Chng ta c h s - vn ting Anh v ting Vit nh trong cc bng sau:

0. 4. 8.
Khng Ci lng Bn Ci bn tm Tm Cm (go)

1. 5. 9.
Mt Ci ct Nm Ci mm Chn Ci knh

2. 6. 10.
Hai Ci chai Su Con co Mi Ci

3. 7.
Ba Ci ca By C nhy

0. 4. 8.
O (oh) Toe (ngn ci) Four Floor (sn nh) Eight Gate (cnh cng)

23
 1. 5. 9.
One Sun (mt tri) Five Hive (t ong) Nine Line (hng)

2. 6. 10.
Two Shoe (giy) Six Sticks (a, que) Ten Hen (g mi)

3. 7.
Heaven (thin
Three Tree (cy) Seven
ng)

Tt nhin l h s - vn khng ch c ting Anh v ting Vit. Nu bn bit thm ngn ng no

th hy t mnh lp ly h s - vn trong ngn ng Ch la chn hnh nh mc sao cho
khng b trng vi nhng hnh nh mc c .
im li nhng g bit, chng ta thy rng h lin kt, h s - hnh v h s - vn u gip ta
nh c khong 11 mc. Nu phi hp ht li, chng phi l ta c th nh c t nht l 40
mc h y s o? Nhng bng cch no? Tht n gin! Chng ta ch cn quy nh khong mc
nh cho tng h l c. Chng hn nh:
Mc 00-10: h s - hnh
Mc 11-20: h s - vn ting Anh
Mc 21-30: h s - vn ting Vit
Mc 31 tr i: h lin kt (c khong 10 mc (h y hn, t y theo kh n ng ca bn) thnh 1
chuyn: 31-40, 41-50, )
V d sau s gip bn th kiu phi hp ny vi 41 mc nh.
V d 1: Cc mc nh c cho trong bng sau. Vic ca bn l in vo nhng cn trng.

STT Hnh nh mc Mc nh Hnh nh tng tng

0 Qu trng Ngi leo ni

1 Cy kim Cy n ghi-ta

24
2 in thoi di ng

3 M t knh

4 Cc gm

5 Cy kim

6 Infuse / truyn vo

7 Ci Webcam

8 Hp khoai ty

9 eo ti xch nng

10 lau bng

11 Mt tri Bng tt nghip

12 Chic giy Ng khng ngy

13 Ci cy Lifer / ngi b t
chung thn

14 Si dy di

15 i b hng ngy

16 in thoi bn

17 n ung theo cm
xc

18 Mng tay

19 Bng tt nghip

20 Wampum / chui
v s

21 Ci ct Ci p nc

22 Ci chai Ci chiu mt

23 Mutation / S t
bin

24 Ci t ong

25
25 Con nga gi yu

26 Ci ca

27 B m nh v v
ngoi

28 Con g mi

29 Tht g nng n
vi r u r m

30 Chy vt n

31 (B t u to Mng tay
cu chuyn)

32 x Quyn s tay

33 x Ci hp qut

34 x ng mt tri

35 x bnh m

36 x Giy cao gt

37 x Chy thc mng

38 x Vin hng ngc

lp lnh

39 x Con chut cng

t mm

40 x Em b ng kh c

Gi :
i vi nhng mc nh m bn khng r th hy t tm thm thng tin. V d: bn khng
hiu r mc nh 20, vy bn cn tra thm cch pht m, nh ngh , v d mu ca t ting
Anh
Xt cp mc nh 1 v 5. 1, hnh nh mc l cy kim. 5, mc nh l cy kim. Vy
hnh nh tng tng c 1 v 5 u c hnh cy kim L m s o phn bit 2 hnh nh
tng tng ? Rt n gin! Bn c th t ra v dng cc quy t c nh s u:
Lun lun g n 1 du hiu c bit n o v o hnh nh mc v khng g n du hiu
cho hnh nh ca mc nh. V d: Cy kim 1 l cy kim trn c chui di, cn cy
kim 5 hay u khc ch c ch n khng trn v khng c chui di.

26
 Trong hnh nh tng tng c du hiu phn bit vt mc v mc nh. Chng hn
nh, vt mc lun to ln hn mc nh. V d: hnh nh tng tng c 1 l mt cy
kim khng l chm t cy n ghi-t , cn c 5 l cy kim c treo ln ci mc
khng l
Tip theo, hy in vo bng kim tra sau v ghi nhn kt qu vo bng cui chng:

STT Mc nh STT Mc nh STT Mc nh

0 14 28

1 15 29

2 16 30

3 17 31

4 18 32

5 19 33

6 20 34

7 21 35

8 22 36

9 23 37

10 24 38

11 25 39

12 26 40

13 27

Lu :
Nu bn khng nh c ti 90% bng trn th n li bng u tin, s u in li bng
th 2. Ngc li, ch cn n li bng u tin cho nhng mc nh b qun.
Nu sau 1-2 ln n m bn vn ch nh ht 100% th hy kim tra li xem hnh nh tng
tng ca nhng mc nh b qun trc qu n sinh ng vi bn ch v iu chnh
li nu cn.

3.5 - H chnh
Tuy gip n gin ha qu trnh ghi nh so vi h lin kt nhng h s - hnh v h s - vn li
b hn ch cch to hnh nh mc. Hy th t mnh to tip hnh nh mc cho cc s t 11
n 20, ri 21 n 30, , 111 n 120, , 11111 n 11120, bn s thy cng lc cng vt

27
v. Hoc l bn khng kim ra hnh nh no cho s, hoc l bn phi ghp hnh nh ca cc s
to trc ng no th dn dn quy t c to nh mc ca bn s c v ri dn ln hoc
l nh mc to c tr nn phc tp.
Hn ch trn, kh to c nhiu hnh nh mc, ng ngh l s lng cc mc c th nh
ng thi tt nhin b hn ch theo. kh c phc n, r rng chng ta cn mt h nh mi cho
php d dng to ra hnh nh mc cho mt s bt k theo mt quy t c n gin n o V
chnh l h chnh, h tng qut nht.
Trong h chnh, mi ch s c t tng ng vi mt hay vi m (hay ch ci) n o . C
th nh s u:

Ch s H chnh ting Anh H chnh ting Vit

0 /s, z, / x

1 /t, d, , / t, th, d,

2 /n, / n, nh, ng, ngh

3 /m/ m

4 /r/ r

5 /l/ l

6 /, t, / s, ch, gi

7 /k, g/ c, k, kh, g, gh

8 /f, v/ ph, v

9 /p, b/ p, b

Cc m hay ch ci khng c trong bng trn coi nh kh ng tng ng vi ch s no.

Qu n gin phi khng?
Nhng ch vi cc quy t c n gin , h chnh c rt nhiu cng dng.
u tin, h chnh cho php chuyn t, ng, cu, th nh s.
V d 1: t hello /hl/ tng ng vi s 5, t goodbye /dba/ tng ng vi s 719,
cm t good morning /d m(r)n/ c th tng ng vi s 713422 hay 71322 (ty
theo bn quy nh (r) tng ng vi s 4 hay khng).
V d 2: cc t cho, cho, cho, ch, ch, ch, cho, ch, u tng ng vi s 6, t cc
tng ng vi s 77 trong khi t ct tng ng vi s 71. Cu tc ng C ch th nn tng
ng vi s 76122.
V d 3: Cc t qu qui, qu, qu, qui, hi, h, h, wow, hey, huh, u khng tng
ng vi s no.

28
Ngc li, h chnh cho php chuyn s thnh t, ng, cu,
V d 1: S 7 c th tng ng vi key /ki:/, cow /ka/, quay /ki:/, go //, c, c, g, gi,
go, ko, c,
V d 2: S in thoi 3161373 c th tng ng vi cu Mai i siu th mua kem hay M
sai th mua ko may hay Mt s th mc m,
V d 3: Ngy 23-12-2010 c th tng ng vi cu Nu mt, ngi ngh xe d X hay Nu
my thy n, nh x th xe.
Phi hp c 2 cng dng trn, h chnh cho php chuyn t, ng, cu, n y th nh t, ng,
cu, khc
V d: Cu Mai i siu th mua kem (tng ng vi s 3161373) c th c chuyn thnh
M sai th mua ko may hay Mt s th mc m,

C nhiu cch p dng h chnh to ra hnh nh mc. y t i xin trnh b y cch tng hp
cc b nh:
u tin bn to ra t nht 2 b nh mc, mi b gm 100 nh.
Tip theo bn quy nh b n o tng ng vi 2 ch s no trong 1 s i din cho s th
t ca mc nh. V d: b 1 ng vi ch s h ng n v v hng chc, b 2 ng vi ch s
h ng tr m v h ng nghn,
nh mc ca mi s l nh phi hp cc nh mc tng ng vi tng phn ca s. Cch
phi hp cc nh mc b phn c th th y i ty theo mc nh.
S u y l 3 b nh mc tham kho (bn c th th y i th t hay cc hnh nh trong b ty
thch):
B 1: da trn h chnh ting Anh, tng ng vi ch s h ng n v v hng chc.
B 2: da trn h chnh ting Vit, tng ng vi ch s hng tr m v hng nghn.
B 3: da trn cc nhm kin thc ty , tng ng vi ch s hng chc nghn v hng
tr m nghn.
B 1:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

00 Saw Day Noah Ma Ra Low Jaw Key Fa Bay

10 Daisy Dad Dan Dam Diary Dale Dash Deck Daffy Dab

20 NASA Net Nun Name Nero Nail Niche Nag Navy Nappy

30 Mace Mat Man M m Mare Mail Mesh Mac Mafia Map

40 Race Rat Rain Ram Roar Rail Rage Rag Roof Ruby

29
50 Lace Lad Lion Lama Lair Lily Lash Lake Lava Lab

60 Cheese Chat Chain Chime Chair Chilly Cha- Check Chef Chap
cha

70 Case Cat Can Cameo Car Call Cash Cake Coffee Cap

80 Face Fat Fan Fame Fair Fall Fish Fag Fife FBI

90 Base Bat Ban Bam Bar Ball Bash Bag Beef Baby

B 2:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

00 Ao Da N Ma R L Ch C V Bi

10 i x t n m Tr la ch c Ti vi p

20 Ni/nu Nt Nn Nem Ni/nu Ni/nu Ni/nu Nc Ni Np

xi ru lu sa v

30 M x Mt Mn M m Mu ra M ly Mch M c Ma Mp
v

40 Ra xa Rt R n Rm Ra r Ra l Rch/ R c Ra Rp
rch vo

50 L xe Lt/ Lnh Lem Ly La l L s Lc Ly Lp

lt ru v

60 Ch xi Cht Chn Chm Chai Chy Chch Ch c Ch Chp

ru li voi

70 Cay x Ct Cn Cm Cy roi Ci loa Ci Cc C Cp

chy vua

80 V xe Vt Vn Vm Va Ve la V sao Vc/ V Vp
rau vc/ vua
vc

90 Bao xi Bt Bn Bm B rau Ba l Bch Bc/ Bi ve Ba ba

(bc bc/
tng bc
xanh)

B 3:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30
00 Cnh Khng Gii nh Hm Tia Nh My bay Cnh Bc
tuyt long qu tr ng ni chp th Concorde thc ha
Th
ri tc
gic

10 Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting Ting
ht trng h rn r h bp xut cng v cm dng
Thnh
bnh ching cm
gic

20 Mi ti Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi c ri Mi Mi
nha tiu bc h hoa li nc su rng bnh
Khu
ng hoa ring cy m mi
gic
ra l

30 V m V c V ng V xoi V x V V qu V kem V ngt V

xo pho ca ct mui chanh du sa ko chui
V gic kh
gin chm me mui mm
m m qua cay
nm

40 Si m T Bn Tng Bt x Rau C mm Nhung V cy

nhm t bo nht phng cu mn x x
Xc
va in, cng trn mm
gic
mc lnh do
cn
nng

50 Bi o xi p Trn Ch Nm L c Tro Bay Canh

ln xt gc
Hnh
ng

60 Nga Ch Heo Kh T Bo Hu Chut ti Sc Gu

vn gic cao c
ng
vt

70 Hi u B Ha c l Cho Chin Bi c Hng Cng

nng mi mo chin iu hc
Chim

80 Cam Vng Xanh Xanh Chm Tm en Xm Tr ng

l cy dng
Mu
sc

90 Mt Thy Kim a Ha Mc Th Thin Hi Dim

tri tinh tinh cu tinh tinh Tinh Vng Vng Vng
Thi
tinh tinh tinh
dng
h

V d 1: in vo bng sau to hnh nh mc cho cc s cho sn:

31
S Hnh nh mc cho tng Hnh nh mc cho c s
cp ch s

0 00 (b 1): s w / ci c Ci c

25 25 (b 1): nail / mng tay Mng tay

78

200 2 (b 2): ci n L hnh nh gm ci n v ci c tng tc vi

nhau (v/hay vi hnh nh ca mc nh). Chng hn
00 (b 1): s w / ci c
nh, ly ci c c ci n t ra.

225

500

578 5 (b 2): ci l L hnh nh gm ci l v c ph tng tc vi nhau

(v/hay vi hnh nh ca mc nh). Chng hn nh,
78 (b 1): coffee / c ph
trong ly c ph c mt ci l to.

2200

2225

5400

5478

30000 3 (b 3): nh tr ng L hnh nh gm nh tr ng, ci o v ci c tng

tc vi nhau (v/hay vi hnh nh ca mc nh).
00 (b 2): ci ao
Chng hn nh, nh tr ng sng chiu xung ci ao
00 (b 1): s w / ci c lm hin r ci c di y o

30025

32
32200

32225

70000

70078

75400

75478

V d 2: Hy ghi nh cc mc nh vi th t ch nh trong bng sau:

STT Mc nh

0 Ngn ni c o, di chn ni c c mc um tm

1 Kt trong khi b ng

2 Ngp trong du

3 Bc chy ngn ngt

4 Mu tm rc r v rn rng

5 Cu to bng nhung tuyt p

6 Hon ton trong sut

7 M i thm bn thch

33
8 Nm gi con ng tp np

9 Bng bnh trn m my gia bu tri qu ng ng

10 C nhng ngi sao nh sng lp lnh bay quanh

11 Hoa c m chi ny lc kh p ngn i

12 L chn v ng m kh p cnh ng

13 Cnh bnh minh trn bin

14 Bc tng t gia h

15 Nh nh ng bi lt i trong nc

16 C nhy chi cui cng ca To

17 Cm nhn cn gi mt

18 Mi bnh chui nng hi quyn vi nc ct da

19 Ting hut so vui v, yu i

30 1kg tht b b p (tht dng thi trn di hnh thoi) nm v gn, c t ming vung chng
3cm

31 2 mung c ph mui

32 1/2 mung c ph ht nm

33 1 mung sp ti b m, gng thi si

34 1 th c ph nc m m

35 1/2 tha c ph ht tiu

36 1 th c ph ng

37 15g ng v hng

38 5g ht iu m u gi mn thnh bt

39 300g c rt, gt v, ta hoa, c t dy khong 1,5 cm

70 ng c 93 tui mun l m m ci

71 ng bng sng Cu Long ng tht li

34
72 90 hc vin cai nghin ma ty trn tri

73 B t k trm kim cng c gi nh ch khu du lch i Nam

74 Ngi chy xuyn 2 cc Tri t

75 Sn bay Damacus s p b bao vy

76 Triu Tin xem xt hon k hoch phng tn la

77 Thng 10 t ng cho i v ch V-League 2013

78 Tr hi v vic cc trng i hc th ng bo ng y tn th

79 Hn chin ti m ci, 1 ngi cht

180 Scion

181 Castaway

182 Vigilante

183 Severance

184 Hell-bent

185 Mocha

186 Hectic

187 Nightcap

188 Concussion

189 Mob

190 Pimp

191 Provoke

192 Prune

193 Crucible

194 Tagliatelle

195 Chintz

196 Frigging

35
197 Crooked cops

198 Croon

199 Crore

250 T b bin ra xa 12 hi l (22 km), bin thuc v t nc m n tip gip: y l

vng lnh hi.

251 Tip l v ng kinh t c quyn di 200 hi l (370 km). Trong vng ny, quc gia
c quyn p dng lut php c nc mnh v kim sot vic nh b t c cng nh
kh i thc y bin.

252 Tip theo l vng bin khng thuc v bt c ai.

253 i dng l con ng giao thng rt hu dng vn chuyn hng ha c khi

lng ln. R, cn t nhn c ng, nhng hi chm.

254 Tu ch du ln nht di 500 m v cha ti 500.000 tn du.

255 Cc m du v kh thin nhin di bin thng nm trong tng t ct gn b bin,

su ch ti 200 m.

256 i dng cha rt nhiu nc mn. Nu ly mui khi nc mn th s c

nc ngt gii quyt tnh trng thiu nc ngt trn ton th gii.

257 Trn y ca cao nguyn lc a gn b bin c rt nhiu ct v si, 2 vt liu ph

bin trong xy dng.

258 su 3.000, 4.000 hay 5.000 m l lp b n en rt giu kim loi nh m ng n, s t,

niken, ng, co-ban.

259 N ng lng ca bin nm trong cc cn s ng h y cc dng hi lu h y s chnh

lch nhit gia mt bin n ng v y bin lnh.

1060 Thom s Edison pht minh r b ng n in n m 1879, em li nh sng v s v n

minh cho c nhn loi, ng thi khai sinh ngnh cng nghip in ca th gii.

1061 Henry Ford ng dng dy chuyn sn xut cho hng sn xut xe hi ca mnh t
n m 1908 ng l ngi i tin phong trong vic thay th l o ng th cng bng
dy chuyn t ng.

1062 3 nh khoa hc M pht minh ra cht bn dn t gii Nobel n m 1956. Cht bn

dn c d ng sn xut nhiu thit b bn trong c ti vi, my tnh,

1063 V tinh th ng tin u tin do qun i M ch to v ln qu o Tri t vo

n m 1958 Pht minh n y g p phn quan trng trong s bng n ca cng ngh
thng tin ton cu.

36
1064 My qut nh cng hng t trng - do nh khoa hc M Raymond Damadian pht
minh c v o s dng chnh thc t n m 1977 My ny gip chp hnh nh
bn trong con ngi m kh ng l m u h y nh hng g n h.

1065 Pht minh Internet b t ngun t mt nghin cu c qun i M. Tin thn ca

Internet l ARPAnet, mng kt ni d ng gi th in t gia 4 trng i hc
Standford, California - Los Angeles, Utah, California Santa Barbara.

1066 Tia la-de, pht minh v o n m 1960 bi cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin nghin cu
Hughes California M, c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc v em li hiu qu
tuyt vi. Trong y hc, la-de c d ng thc hin cc ca phu thut phc tp.

1067 Bc chn u tin ca Neil Amstrong ln mt tr ng v o n m 1969 nh du mt

trong nhng thnh tu t ph u tin c ng nh h ng kh ng v tr. y l bc i
nh ca mt con ngi, nhng l bc tin ln ca nhn loi.

1068 Tuy l k hy dit trong chin tr nh, nhng bom nguyn t ca l pht minh m u
cho s pht trin ngnh cng nghip n ng lng ht nhn ca nhn loi.

1069 Ngy 17/12/1903, hai anh em nh Wright sng ti Dayton, bang Ohio, M pht
minh ra chic my b y u tin. Chuyn b y th nh c ng u tin ch ko di 12 giy
nhng khai sinh mt phng tin vn chuyn mi cho nhn loi.

2320 Cn trng c mu gi l hemolymph t 500-600 triu n m trc. Hemolymph

ch ng, khng cha s t nn c m u x nh dng h y x nh lc khi b oxy ha.
Hemolymph khng vn chuyn oxy v qu trnh c thc hin khi cn trng
h hp qua da.

2321 Mi si l ng trn c th chut chi u c t vo mt ti cht dch, cho php

chng c th hng theo bt k hng no. Nh , chut chi d dng di chuyn
ti lui trong nhng hang rng v c th ca chng.

2322 Chim thuc loi ng vt nut thc n nn cn trng lc y thc n xung hng.
Do , nu bn chim ln m i trng khng trng lc nh cc trm v tr th
chng khng cht v mt nc cng s cht v i

2323 Di l mt trong nhng th s n trong m gii nht nh kh n ng nh v con mi v

nh hng di chuyn bng m phn x. Hu nh c n tr ng n o b y ng ng di trong
m l cm ch c n t hnh Bm ngi h th khc. Chng c th pht ra hng lot
m click lm lc hng 80% m phn x c di

2324 Nh i m t to, lo i c lu n c hnh tng ha l loi chim c tr tu nht. S tht

th c c b mt ng nghch, b no nh v kh n ng suy ngh kh ng h nhy bn.
Hun luyn c lm nhng iu n gin nht cng l mt nhim v rt kh kh n .

2325 Loi nhn thng s n mi bng cch gi ng by v rnh i, cn nhn nhy th khc.
Chng s n mi bng bn con m t ln v kh n ng nhy tuyt vi v mi.

2326 2 m t chnh ca nhn nhy c cu to tinh vi vi thu knh c nh v vng mc

nhiu lp c th di chuyn t c tm nhn cc tt. Khi hnh nh nm trong tiu

37
 im ca lp ny th n s nm ngo i tiu im ca lp khc. Bng cch so snh
hnh nh s c nt vi cc hnh nh nhe, nhn nhy c th nh v chnh xc con mi.

2327 Cy Bottle c hnh dng ging ci bnh, sinh trng Namibia v l mt trong nhng
lo i cy c nht. c t ca n cha trong nh cy v thng c ngi dn
y d ng tm ln mi tn ca h. Hoa ca cy Bottle rt p, c mu hng, tr ng,
v en nhy hoa.

2328 Wawona khng phi tn mt loi cy m l tn ca mt cy tng bch rng

Mariposa, thuc cng vin Quc Gia Yosemite, M Thn cy c c xuyn thnh
mt ng hm v o n m 1881 v k t , n tr thnh mt im du lch ni ting.
Cy b n m 1969 do sc nng ca tuyt trn tn cy, hng th 2300 tui.

2329 Nhng cy Baobab honh trng vn l mt nt c trng ca Madagascar nhng

ng ng trc nguy c tuyt chng cao. Tui i c chng u trn 1000 n m
tui, nhiu cy c o hn 80 mt v chu vi thn rng n 25 mt. Phn thn cy phnh
ra s l ngun cung cp nc cho cy vo ma hn hn. Hoa Baobab ch tn ti
trong vng 24 gi sau khi n.

94540 Antonio di Marco Magliabechi c th c ton b cun sch v thuc tng t, tng
du chm cu. ng nh ht th vin c i C ng tc x Tuscany.

94541 A C Aitken, gio s Ton i hc Edinburgh, c th nh d dng 1000 ch s thp

phn u tin ca s Pi c xui ln ngc.

94542 tui 54, Daniel McCartney, mt ngi M th k 19, c th k v nh vch mnh

lm g vo ngy no trong c thi th u.

94543 Christian Friedrich Heinecken lc 10 thng tui bit ni v lp li nhng t ngi

khc ni vi mnh. Ln 3, ng nh c phn ln kin thc lch s, a l th gii,
ting La-tinh, ting Php.

94544 Nh v ch c vua Paul Charles Morphy c th nh nc i ca tng vn c

chi trong sut cc trn tranh chc v ch, k c nhng vn chi khi b bt m t.

94545 Themistocles c th nh tn ca 20000 cng dn ca thnh ph Athens.

94546 Xerces ni ting v nh c tn c 100000 binh s trong o qun ca mnh.

94547 Cardino Messofanti, nh ngn ng hc th k 19, nh c t vng ca trn 70

ngn ng: La-tinh, Hy Lp, Rp, Ty B n Nh , Php, c, Thy in,

94548 Nhng ngi Do Thi Shass Pollak Ba Lan c th nh chnh xc v tr tng t

trong mi trang ca 12 tp sch Talmud (tp hp nhng v n bn c v lut v truyn
thng Do Thi).

94549 Dominic OBrien, 8 ln V ch Tr nh Th gii, nh c b bi trong 33,8 giy, 18 b

bi trong 1 gi, trn 2000 s nh phn trong gn 30 pht.

38
 Hy t lp bng kim tra mc nh ca mnh v ghi nhn kt qu vo bng cui
chng. (Lu : C thoi mi tham kho 3 bng hnh nh mc ca h chnh trong khi ghi
nh hay gi nh.)

n y ch c cc bn thy c cng dng ca cc b nh mc. Hy c g ng hc thuc t

nht 2 trong 3 b. S u y l mt cch hc kh thi:
u tin bn hc thuc 1 trong 3 bng.
S u dng bng thuc hc thuc 2 bng cn li, coi bng thuc l hnh nh
mc, cn 2 bng kia l cc mc cn nh.
V d: Gi s bn hc thuc bng 1. By gi bn mun hc tip bng 2. Bn ch cn to
nh ging nh trong bng sau:

STT (bng 1) Mc nh (bng 2) Hnh nh tng tng

0 Saw / Ci ca 0 Ao Di y o c mt ci c

1 Day / Ngy 1 Da nh sng ca ngy mi chiu ln

tm d ng phi

2 Noah / Nhn vt N-a 2 N ng N-a cm ci n nh b n ai

Sau khi hc thuc bng 2, bn li tip tc hc bng 3. Bn c th to nh nh bng sau:

STT (bng 1) Mc nh (bng 3) Hnh nh tng tng

0 Saw / Ci ca 0 Cnh tuyt ri Tuyt ri, ch n v i dn li c

khng l

1 Day / Ngy 1 Khng long Con khng long vn mnh trong nh

sng ca ngy mi

2 Noah / Nhn vt N-a 2 Gii qu tc ng gi N-a i c ng gii qu tc

Hoc bn c th ghp lun hnh nh bng 3 vo hnh nh to ra nh bng 2 nh sau:

STT (bng 1) Bng 2 Bng 3 Hnh nh tng tng

0 Saw / Ci ca 0 Ao 0 Cnh tuyt ri Tuyt ri, ch n v i dn ci o v li

c di y

1 Day / Ngy 1 Da 1 Khng long Con khng long lt d phi trong nh

sng ca ngy mi

39
2 Noah / N-a 2 N 2 Gii qu tc ng N-a cm ci n b n bn qu tc

Quay li v d nh 100 mc trn, ch c bn cng nhn ra l v d tp hp cc mc nh thuc

nhiu nhm:

Nhm Ni dung

0 19 Mt s hnh nh ngu nhin

30 39 Nguyn liu nu b kho

70 79 Tiu bo

180 199 T ting Anh

250 259 Kin thc v i dng

1060 1069 Nhng pht minh quan trng trong th k 20

2320 2329 Nhng iu k th v ng thc vt

94540 94549 Nhng ngi c tr nh tt

iu ny nhm 2 mc ch:
Mc ch th nht l to iu kin cho bn th sc ca mnh vi nhiu dng kin thc khc
nhau. Nu kt qu nh ca bn kh khc nhau gia cc dng th cng kh ng c g ng ngi,
bi v kt qu ch phn nh l kin thc ca bn v dng ny tt hn dng kia. C th hn,
mc nh i vi mi dng kin thc thng ph thuc vo lng kin thc ca bn v
dng Nu bn nh ng thc vt d d ng hn nh nhng pht minh th iu ngh l
bn c kin thc v ng thc vt tt hn v nhng pht minh. ci thin kh n ng nh i
vi dng kin thc no, bn cn t ng cng tch ly kin thc v rn luyn tr nh v dng
Chng hn, bn nh ting Anh km v kin thc v ting Anh ca bn ch nhiu. Vy
ci thin kh n ng nh ting Anh, bn cn tm hiu thm v ting Anh v cn thng xuyn rn
luyn nh ting Anh.
Mc ch th hai l minh ha cch dng cc bng hnh nh mc trn nh kin thc cn thit
mt cch c h thng. Vi 3 bng , bn c th ghi nh ng thi ti 1 triu mc nh. Tuy
nhin, tr khi bn phi chu hun luyn c bit ( l m ip vin chng hn ), bn s khng
cn nhiu nh vy. i vi hu ht sinh vin i hc, 2 bng tc 10000 hnh nh mc
dng. Nhng d ng nh th no? Rt n gin:
u tin, hy lit k cc dng kin thc quan trng m bn cn v quyt tm dnh thi gian
tch ly
S u , hy quy nh cc khong s dnh cho mi dng. Chng hn nh:

40
 Khong s Dng kin thc

0 499 Cn nh tm thi

500 999 Ha hc

1000 1499 Vt l

1500 1999 Ton hc

di mi khong s khng nht thit u l 500 s m c th nhiu

hay t hn ty theo bn mun tch ly nhiu hay t. Tuy nhin, di
ny nn l bi s ca 100. S dng nhiu khong s nh ch lm bn
tn thm cng sc to v ghi nh bng khong s ca mnh .

Tip theo, lp danh mc cc kin thc cn nh trong mi im kin thc i km vi 1 s

thuc khong s thch hp. V d, cc im kin thc Ha hc cn nh c t i c nh
s l 500, 501, 502,
Cui cng, to hnh ghi nh v u n n li theo cc chu k 10 pht 1 gi - 1 ngy
1 tun 1 thng 6 thng kin thc th nh kin thc phn x ca mnh.
Nh vy l bn cnh vic hc thuc cc bng hnh nh mc, hy thng xuyn s dng h
chnh tch ly nhiu mng kin thc hu ch cho bn mt cch c h thng. Hy to thi
quen c g ng l p y nhng khong s ch d ng bng cch nh thm t nht mt danh mc
mi n m

3.6 - Vn dng cc h nh
n y l chng t tm hiu qua cc h nh in hnh nht. Vi nhng kin thc , bn
s d dng n m b t cc h nh khc nh h ch - hnh, h ch - vn, h phng L M, Tuy
nhin, nu bn khng phi l nh nghin cu v cc h nh th cc h nh tm hiu hu
nh cho bn dng:

H nh Tnh hung s dng

H lin kt Ghi nh mt nhm thng tin c lin quan vi nhau v c s din

bin t mc thng tin ny qua mc thng tin khc.
Ghi nh mt mc thng tin phc tp.
Ghi nh nhanh v tm thi mt s mc th ng tin n o (c th
th t l khng quan trng).

H s - hnh Ghi nh nhanh v tm thi mt s mc th ng tin n o (c th

th t l quan trng).
H s - vn

H chnh Ghi nh lu di, c h thng mt hay nhiu danh mc thng tin.

41
Ty theo nhu cu v s thch c nhn, bn c th ch lun dng 1, 2 h n o Bn hon ton
c quyn Th nhng, bit 4 h nh khng phi l nhiu m li rt c ch: n gip bn lun
sn sng ghi nh c rt nhiu iu.
Tng t, bn cng c th ch s dng cc h nh ri rc vi nh u Nhng vic phi hp cc
h nh s gip hiu qu nh (nh nhiu v nh lu) t ng ln ng k. Chng hn nh, bn c
th phi hp h khc vi h lin kt nh s u: dng h khc to hnh nh cho tng mc nh,
dng h lin kt to hnh nh cho 1 s mc lin tc hoc rp cc hnh nh trong h khc
ca 1 s mc lin tc li vi nhau.
V d: bn cn nh 15 t ting Na Uy bng h s - hnh. Cc t th 4, 5, 6 l ngi bn, i
thm, hnh l. Thay v nh ri rc thnh 3 hnh nh, ta c th t 1 cu c 3 t v nh
thnh 1 hnh, hoc to 1 cu chuyn nh kt ni c 3 hnh nh ri rc li. Chng hn, ngi
bn ngi ci bn vi tay ly t giy ghi ch i thm treo trn ci mc v a cho ngi
bng b chun b khing hnh l ca anh ta i.
Cng nh mi k n ng khc, k n ng tr nh ch pht trin khi c rn luyn nghim tc, ng
mc v u n. Do , s u khi xc nh l bn cn pht trin k n ng tr nh, hy lp ra
mt lch rn luyn ph hp. Chng hn nh:

Lch rn luyn (trong 3 thng, t ngy xxx ti yyy)

Mc tiu: c th ghi nh bng c 4 h nh vi tc to hnh

khng qu 10 giy cho mi mc nh trung bnh

Tun 1 Cng : 20-30 pht / ngy, mi ngy

Mc tiu: Nh c 11 m n bng h s - hnh

Tun 2 Cng : 25-35 pht / ngy, mi ngy

Mc tiu: Nh c 11 m n bng h s - vn ting Anh
hoc ting Vit trong vng 3 pht

Tun 3 Cng : 30-40 pht / ngy, mi ngy

Mc tiu: Nh c 31 m n bng cch phi hp c h s
- hnh v 2 h s - vn trong vng 10 pht

Tun 4 Cng : 30-40 pht / ngy, mi ngy

Mc tiu: Nh c 31 m n bng cch phi hp c h s
- hnh v 2 h s - vn trong vng 8 pht

Lch ny s c iu chnh dn cho ph hp hn trong qu trnh bn rn luyn tht s. V th,

ng mt nhiu hn 2 gi lp r n Bc k tip mi quan trng: b t u rn luyn theo
lch cng sm cng tt. Hy dc ht sc t c mc tiu ra, mc k nhng kh kh n
vp phi, ghi nhn li kt qu rn luyn, u n rt ra kinh nghim t kt qu , iu chnh li
lch rn luyn v phng php ghi nh ca bn thn nu cn, c th,

42
V ni dung rn luyn, bn c th nh ngi khc r hay t mnh to ly.
Nhng bi tp rn luyn tr nh c th khin bn tng tng vt v, phi c g ng vn dng
vn ting Anh t i m bn thng km t tin v n , nhng hy u n dnh thi gian cho
n, ch cn 10-30 pht mi ngy. Ri bn s thy, qu trnh tng tng, vn dng ting Anh,
s gip bn kch hot phn ti nguyn tuyt vi ca bn - b no.

3.7 - Kt lun
B no l phn ti nguyn tuyt vi ca bn nhng n i hi bn phi ch ng v tch cc
kch hot n bng mt qu trnh rn luyn lu di, u n v c phng php Khi b t u,
bn s gp nhiu kh kh n d lm mnh nn lng Nhng hy c g ng vt qua vi nim tin
rng c ng kh kh n th kt qu t c cng c gi tr.
Chc cc bn thnh cng !

3.8 - Ph lc 1: Hnh nh tham kho cho cc bng h chnh

3.8.1 - B 1

00 Saw 01 Day 02 Noah 03 Ma 04 Ra

05 Low 06 Jaw 07 Key 08 Fa 09 Bay

10 Daisy 11 Dad 12 Dan 13 Dam 14 Diary

15 Dale 16 Dash 17 Deck 18 Daffy 19 Dab

43
20 NASA 21 Net 22 Nun 23 Name 24 Nero

25 Nail 26 Niche 27 Nag 28 Navy 29 Nappy

30 Mace 31 Mat 32 Man 33 M m 34 Mare

35 Mail 36 Mesh 37 Mac 38 Mafia 39 Map

40 Race 41 Rat 42 Rain 43 Ram 44 Roar

45 Rail 46 Rage 47 Rag 48 Roof 49 Ruby

50 Lace 51 Lad 52 Lion 53 Lama 54 Lair

44
55 Lily 56 Lash 57 Lake 58 Lava 59 Lab

60 Cheese 61 Chat 62 Chain 63 Chime 64 Chair

65 Chilly 66 Cha-cha 67 Check 68 Chef 69 Chap

70 Case 71 Cat 72 Can 73 Cameo 74 Car

75 Call 76 Cash 77 Cake 78 Coffee 79 Cap

80 Face 81 Fat 82 Fan 83 Fame 84 Fair

85 Fall 86 Fish 87 Fag 88 Fife 89 FBI

45
90 Base 91 Bat 92 Ban 93 Bam 94 Bar

95 Ball 96 Bash 97 Bag 98 Beef 99 Baby

3.8.2 - B 2

00 Ao 01 Da 02 N 03 Ma 04 R

05 L 06 Ch 07 C 08 V 09 Bi

10 i x 11 t 12 n 13 m 14 Tr

15 la 16 ch 17 c 18 Ti vi 19 p

46
20 Ni/nu xi 21 Nt 22 Nn 23 Nem 24 Nu ru

25 Ni lu 26 Ni sa 27 Nc 28 Ni v 29 Np

30 M x 31 Mt 32 Mn 33 M m 34 Mu ra

35 M ly 36 Mch 37 M c 38 Ma v 39 Mp

40 Ra xa 41 Rt 42 R n 43 Rm 44 Ra r

45 Ra l 46 Rch 47 R c 48 Ra vo 49 Rp

50 L xe 51 Lt / lt 52 Lnh 53 Lem 54 Ly ru

47
55 La l 56 L s 57 Lc 58 Ly v 59 Lp

60 Ch xi 61 Cht 62 Chn 63 Chm 64 Ch i ru

65 Chy li 66 Chch 67 Ch c 68 Ch voi 69 Chp

70 Cay x 71 Ct 72 Cn 73 Cm 74 Cy roi

75 Ci loa 76 Ci chy 77 Cc 78 C vua 79 Cp

80 V xe 81 Vt 82 Vn 83 Vm 84 Va rau

85 Ve la 86 V sao 87 Vc 88 V vua 89 Vp

48
90 Bao xi 91 Bt 92 Bn 93 Bm 94 B rau

95 Ba l 96 Bch 97 Bc 98 Bi ve 99 Ba ba

3.8.3 - B 3
00 Cnh tuyt ri 01 Khng long 02 Gii qu tc 03 nh tr ng 04 Hm ni

05 Tia chp 06 Nh th 07 My bay Con- 08 Cnh thc 09 Bc ha

corde

10 Ting ht 11 Ting trng 12 Ting h 13 Ting rn r 14 Ting h

15 Ting bp bnh 16 Ting xut 17 Ting cng 18 Ting v cm 19 Ting dng cm

ching

49
20 Mi ti 21 Mi nha 22 Mi tiu 23 Mi bc h 24 Mi hoa li
ng

25 M i nc hoa 26 Mi su ring 27 Mi c ri 28 Mi rng cy 29 Mi bnh m mi

ra l

30 V m xo gin 31 V c pho 32 V ng ca kh 33 V xoi ct 34 V x mui me

chm m m nm qua cay

35 V chanh mui 36 V qu du 37 V kem sa 38 V ngt ko 39 V chui

mm

40 Si nhm 41 m t 42 T bo mi in, 43 Bn nht 44 Tng cng

mc cn nng lnh

45 Bt x phng 46 Rau cu mm 47 C mm 48 Nhung mn 49 V cy x x

do

50 Bi 51 o xi 52 p 53 Trn ln 54 Ch xt

50
55 Nm 56 L c 57 Tro 58 Bay 59 Canh gc

60 Nga vn 61 Ch 62 Heo 63 Kh 64 T gic

65 Bo 66 Hu c o c 67 Chut ti 68 Sc 69 Gu

70 Hi u 71 B nng 72 Ha mi 73 c l 74 Cho mo

75 Chin chin 76 iu 77 Bi c 78 Hng hc 79 Cng

80 81 Cam 82 Vng 83 Lc 84 Lam

85 Chm 86 Tm 87 en 88 Xm 89 Tr ng

51
90 Mt tri 91 Thy tinh 92 Kim tinh 93 a cu 94 Ha tinh

95 Mc tinh 96 Th tinh 97 Thin vng tinh 98 Hi vng tinh 99 Dim vng tinh

3.9 - Ph lc 2: Mt s vn thng gp
3.9.1 - Phng php rn luyn tr nh c th gip ta nh nhng g?
Bt c dng thng tin no bn cn nh:
Danh sch cn mua
S kin theo ngy thng
S di nh s in thoi, mt khu, mt m,
T vng ngoi ng
Thut ng chuyn ngnh
iu lut
on v n gii thch, m t,
Mt bi bo, mt chng sch, c cun sch,
Mt ngi v tn
Th t cc l bi (hay cc b thng tin ging vy)

3.9.2 - Nh nhiu b mc nh bng cng h nh th c nhm khng?

Khng. Min l ng lin tc nh ht b n y n b ki l c. Gia cc b cn c 1 khong
ngh d i hn khong ngh gia cc mc, t nht l 2-3 pht Nh vy, b no s ghi nhn thnh
cc b c lp v bn c th gi nh theo b.

52
 V d: bn cn dng h s - hnh ghi nh 2 danh sch: cc mn cn mua v cc mn
cn b. Th th u tin hy ghi nh cc mn cn mua, ngh t nht 2-3 pht, sau
ghi nh tip mn cn b. Min l hnh nh tng tng trc quan sinh ng vi bn,
khi gi nh, bn s thy l mnh phn bit 2 b hnh nh trong u tht d dng.

3.9.3 - Th no l mt hnh nh tng tng tt?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.4 - Ti khng thch mt s hnh nh mc nu. C th v n kh nh hay n gin l v

ti cm thy khng thch. Lm sao by gi?
Nhng iu c trnh by ch mang tnh cht tham kho. Bn hy t y iu chnh cho ph
hp vi mnh. Nhng hy c g ng to ra nhng hnh nh mc kh ng tr ng nh u c nhiu
hnh nh mc m s dng.
Cc hnh nh mc c chn sao cho cng t trng nhau gia cc h cng tt gip ta khng
b nhm ln khi s dng phi hp cc h nh.

3.9.5 - Vic n li hnh nh nhiu ln c v mt nhiu thi gian qu

(CHA XONG)

3.9.6 - Cn nhng h nh no khc khng?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.7 - Lm sao d dng tng s hnh nh mc ca h chnh ln gp 10 ln?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.8 - Lm sao nh s kin theo ngy thng?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.9 - Lm sao nh s di hay chui k t di nh s in thoi, mt khu, mt m, ?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.10 - Lm sao nh t vng ngoi ng?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.11 - Lm sao nh thut ng chuyn ngnh?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.12 - Lm sao nh mt bi bo, mt chng sch, c cun sch, ?

(CHA XONG)

53
3.9.13 - Lm sao nh mt ngi v tn?
(CHA XONG)

3.9.14 - Lm sao nh th t cc l bi (hay cc b thng tin ging vy)?

(CHA XONG)

3.9.15 - Lm sao nh cy thng tin nh mc lc?

(CHA XONG)

3.10 - Bng kt qu rn luyn

Kt qu nh th no? Bn nh c b o nhiu? C theo ng th t khng?

Bi S S mc T Thi gian Ghi ch

tp mc nh l nh
nh c (%)

Trc quan ha v sinh ng ha

Ln 1

Ln 2

H lin kt

Vd 1

Vd 2

Vd 3

54
Vd 4

H s - hnh

Vd 1

Vd 2

Vd 3

H s - vn

Vd 1

H chnh

Vd 2

55