CHAPTER. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES 1. Which of the following are linear equations in 2,22, and <3? a) 3m — 2 + 5x3 4 6) a — Agory 3 3 tf + 2m - 3% = 0 4) V3r. - v8eq + ts = 5 e) mz, + wxg was f) Vie. + SYez - 23 1 In questions 2-5, find the augmented matrix for the system of linear equations. 2 2 + 2m — 2s 1 3 om + om + ms 7 a + 329 = 2 a — a + 23 R 2 + =5 4, V%e. + vbr2 nz) vin + V2r. + vOzry a + a v3e. + v2rs 22, + 3x2 In questions 6-9, find a system of linear equations corresponding to the augmented matrix. 1n 6 8 1001 6 |9 4 0 -2 7 o10 5 5 9-4 1 001 10 1/3 1/4 1/8 1-11 -1 10 8 1/6 1/2 1/8 9 |1 01 0-14 1/2 1/4 3/4 1 10 1°19 10. In each part, determine whether the matrix is in row-echelon form, reduced row-echelon form, both, or neither. 10-11 10 25 1-1 25 a) Jor 20 b) jor 7 5 .) jo 1-10 o1 31 oo 114 0 0-13 12-1 4 1000 6 o1 25 010016 4) Been a e) |0 0 0 0 f) Jo 0 0 1 2 oo 1 3 00000 00 0 0. 00000 In questions 11-16, solve the system by Gaussian elimination or by Gauss~Jordan elimination. Rom - mm - -1 —2e, + 2a + 1 32) — a2 + 3 M4. Qe, + Qey — 3x, + Ba. + -4m, — Tr -3x2 + 24 5 Qo, + 2 + Say + dey we 22, + 322 + 325 ad 3a, + llzg — 223 + Ileg = -1 In questions 17-20, solve the system by Gaussian elimination or by Gauss~Jordan elimination Woe — 4y + 2 0 18 2; + Tr. + 23 oO Qe - By + Tz = 0 22, + 14zg + 52g oO oc — dy 0 32) + zg + 5x oO 19. 22; + 622 — 423 o 20.w + 6 - y oO 32, + Gr. — 63 0 —w - 42 + 8y 0 —4z, -— 1222 + 823 0 Qu + Us 0 Qu + Ide - %y 0 21. Consider the matrices: 31 12 1-1 10 a(S i} anf] er a] fa] Compute the following. a)B-A b)3B+40-24 ©) ABBA 4) BAI IBC e) (4-21)? f) (A? BC? g) A+ AA h) BC -(C-*B-1)? i) ccT §) (3AB)T — BTAT k) tr(A) 1) tr(3AT - 4B7C7) 22. Consider the matrices 1 21 6 Az=|0 -15 »a-[23 a] e-f 4 1 60 0. Compute the following. a) BO b) CB ¢) A? -2CB 4) (AC +3BT)F ¢) BOB 1) tr(1/3BAC) 23. Consider the matrices and scalars: 115 11 0 oO A=]-110 , B 22 -1 2 , 3 1o1 o1 -1 2 Use these to show the following: a) A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C b) (AB)C = A(BC) <) A(B+0) 4) a(bC) = (ab) 6) (A+B)? f) (AB)? = BTATIn questions 24-25, find matrices A, X, and B such that the given system of linear equations can be abbreviated AX = B. M2 ty - @ 5 25. - mm - 2 - % Qs - y + Ie 19 =z, — ty - % ar t+ oy tz n =r - a — % —t1 — 2 — 23 In questions 26-27, express the matrix equation as a system of linear equations. -1 0 a 1/3 1/2 0-1/6) |z: 1) | ° 3] |- 3} or Ba 1/6 -1/2 0 | :|- [i] m4 28, For each matrix, indicate whether it is elementary and, if it is, indicate which row operation will restore the matrix to an identity matrix. oan NES 010 10 v2 0 al ] »[ | {100 51 0 v2 001 1 0 0 100 } : $ ° b)|o -2 0 2 ]3 00 I oe o 01 oon 0-9 0 1 In questions 29-82, consider the matrices: 1 4 6 14 4 6 A=|0 01] , B=|00 2-3 2 10 9 02 oo1 Find elementary matrices E1, E2, Es, and E, satisfying the given equation. 29. BA=B 30. E,B=A 31. EsB=C 32. BC=B In questions 33-40, use Gauss-Jordan elimination to find the inverse of the given matrix if the matrix is invertible. a 121 1-5 3 33. [2 a] 34.0 2 2 95. /2 01 oo4 a o11 1-5 5 172 0 0 toto 36. |4 3 2 37. |1/4 1/2 0 38.179 05 6 9 19 11/4 1/2 0 022 3oo bio 30, ]0 1 & 40. 1 mo ok10 ook In questions 41-48, use an inverse matrix to solve the system of equations. 4 te + y= 1 42. a, + dm Br + oy = 5 br +m 4. 2 + by + My = a + yt 25 + a2 + 3m + m2 + 45, 2 — 3m + 46. - 2% - 623 - Im = 4 - om + mo + a2 + Qe + my = -2 de, + 82 — 2 - 2 = 1 3m + 82 + Tx + dry = 3 47. 30 + dy = by 8m + om + my = Tz + fy = be 32, + 422 + S23 = by —2n + za bs In questions 49-52, find the conditions that the “b's” must satisfy for the system to be consistent. 49. 6r ~ By = 50. 21 + dey — 323 = -r + 5y = hy Qn, + 622 + Sas = b nm = 622 — deg = by Bl. om + Sp + 29 by 52. my + 4p + Tas = by Qn, + Tp + Sry ba 22, + Sto + 23 = by =r, - 2 + 2xy bs m + 72 + 2023 =m + 22 + 19z9 WRITING QUESTIONS 53. Discuss the relative merits of these three methods of solving systems of linear equations: a) simple elimination b) Gaussian elimination ) Gauss—Jordan elimination 54. Why do we study row operations as opposed to column operations on a matrix? 55. In Gauss and Gauss-Jordan elimination, why is it that 0’s and 1's established in one column are not disturbed by the pivoting done in columns further to the right? 56. Describe what you have observed as to the effect of the number of equations and the number of variables upon the size of the solution set of a linear system. 487, 58. 59. 61 62, Describe some ways that multiplication of matrices has properties different from multiplication of real numbers. What would be wrong with defining matrix multiplication for matrices of the same size by multiplying them entry-by-entry, as with addition and subtraction? Why does a multiplicative identity matrix not consist entirely of 1's? Why is it impossible for a linear system to have exactly two solutions? Explain it graphically so that a high school student could understand. Why are multiplicative inverses of matrices so important in linear algebra? Why is the method of solving a system of linear equations by using the inverse of the coefficient matrix not a general method for solving such systems?CHAPTER 1: SOLUTIONS SECTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 1. a) yes b) no ©) no a) yes °) yes 1) no 12-41 2 [iia Per 21 05 v2 V6 0 2 1-105 4 |v3 v2 v6 3 6 fi 1-1 o V3 v2 6 20304 6 2 + Me + 3 mom = 92, + dey “2 m 5 br) + On 1 z= 10 8 1/de, + 1/de. = 1/8 9 2 - m2 + my - m + ts = 0 1/6, + 1/2. = 1/8 m1 + ze - tm =4 1/22, + 1/4e_ 3/4 + mm + +m + m3 = 9 SECTION 1.2 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION 10. a) neither b) row-echelon ©) neither d) row-echelon e) neither f) both 1-1 -10 1-1 -1 0 u.f2 1 1 3/—+]o 3 3 3) — 3 0-10 3 0-10 1 -1 -1 0 1-1-1 0 1-1 = o 1 rij a1 aij—jo it 0 3 20 0 0 -1 -3 o 0 To finish by Gaussian, 2=3 con ows -3 -y-z=0 so s=ytz=-243=1 ytr=1 so y=inz To finish by Gauss-Jordan,To finish by Gaussian, zye-l ey +823=3 so 2 =3-82=3+48=11 2 —a—Sey=-1 so 2 =—1+zy+523=-1411-5=5 To finish by Gauss~Jordan, 1-1 -5 -1 103 2 100 5 o 1 8 3{—jo10 n}/—-jo1io0 0 0 1-1 001-1 oo1 -1 s0 2) =5,22=11,23=-1 11 3 @ 1 1 3 @ -1 -1 -atb}—|o -1 -1 -a+b|— 0 13. -3 -5 late 113 a —}o1i1 a-b 3 01 cannestete-onel ‘To finish by Gaussian, 25 = (-1/2)a+ (8/2)0 — (1/2)e aptaysa-b 9 2 =a-b-23=0~b- ((-1/2)a4 (3/2) —(1/2)2) (3 /2)a — (5/2)b + (1/2)e a so 2 =a-z2~3z9 =a- ((9/2)a~(6/2)8-+ (1/2)e) ~3((-1/2)0 + (8/296 ~(1/2)e) -Wte 2) +22 +323 To finish by Gauss-Jordan,113 a 102 b oid a-b — orl a-b = oo1 comers ame 3 0 1 (-1/2)a + (3/2)b —(1/2)e. 00 a-b+e 100 a-%B+e 11 a-b — ]0 1 0 (8/2)a-(6/2)b+(1/2)e 0 1 (-1/2)a + (8/2)b—(1/2)¢. 0 0 1 (-1/2)a+(3/2)b-(1/2)e 80 21 =a—2b +e, zo = (3/2)a — (5/2)b + (1/2)¢, ze = (-1/2)a-+ (3/2)b— (1/2)e [ 2-2 ‘ [3 1-1 d [ti ‘| uw} 3 5 1 -8/—] 3 5 1 -8}-+] 0 2 4 -14/— 4-7 -2 13 -4 -7 -2 13 4-7 -2 13 1 1-1 2 1 1-1 2 1 1-1 2 0 2 4 -14)— 12 -7]/ > 1 2-7 [3 -3 -6 i] 3 -3 6 ;| 3 0 0 4 To finish by Gaussian, con then 22 +2z5 7 80 andj +a,—my=2 90 2) =2—224+49=2—(-7-21) +t= 943 ‘To finish by Gauss-Jordan, 11-1 2 10-3 9 o1 2 -7|—+]o1 2-7 00 0 0 90 0 0 Let m= then 22+2z3=-T7 so 7-2 and 2,-3r3= 9 so 2, =9+3ry= 9+3t 13 0 2 2 1 30 2 2 13 0 2 2 (2 1 5 4 -16 0-5 5 0 -20) |o -5 5 0 -2} | 23 3 0 4 23 3 0 4 0-3 3-4 0 Bu -2 1-1 31 -2 No -1 3-2 =a 1 3 0 2 2 1 3 0 2 2 13 0 2 2 0-5 5 0 ~20 o 1-1 0 4 o1-1 0 4{_) 0-3 3-4 o|~*Jo -3 3 -4 0}/~*]o 0 0 -4 12 0 2-2 5 ~7 0 2-2 5 -7 02-2 5 -7 13 0 2 2 13°02 2 13 02 2 o1-1 0 4 o1-10 4 01-10 4 00 0-4 12/7*]o0 01 -3}~"Joo o1 -3 00 0 5 -15. 00 0 5 -15. 00 00 0 ‘To finish by Gaussian,m=-3 Let ay =t then zp—29=4 80 m=4+23=4+t and 2 +e,+2x4=2 so 2 =2—Szq—2nq=2-3(4+t)— 2-3) = 4-3 To finish by Gauss-Jordan, 13 02 2 10 32 -10 10 30 -4 01-10 4{_jo1-10 4] _,Jo1-10 4 00 01 -3 00 01 -3 00 01 -3 oo 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 0 then zp—z3= 4 so zp=4+ag=4+t and 24325 so 2 =—4—325=-4-3¢ 16. 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1 1f> 3 -3| > 3-3) 1 1 3-1 103 -1 o 4 -3 o 4 1-410 1-4 vw. |2 -3 7 oJ} +o 5 1-200 1-2 1-4 — jo 1 o 2 ‘To finish by Gaussian, t3=0 m2 +23=0 50 21 —4a+23=0 so 2) =422—23=0-0=0 ‘To finish by Gauss~Jordan,Soo woe ; nos | 1 nov i i ae ! I =< 5 Soo See Soo Se See | eee noo ace oon me q vt 1 eno neo g 222 woo a 28 é 1 5 1 z r29, 1 | W Seo & ney 1 al a on oy Tater ooo S W nao 8 noo 5 1 ania “oo Soe ° noo ree, Soe Thon ° 8 t Ronco "og f you & cee, : 4 9 & neo a 4a > I g tS Soe a won s | som @ «8 Bano wf 1 8 a 4 5 os w+ a io aot 8 6 neo ez 7 5 Sos ane 6 LE he e oD Buc] ° — es ane Roo Bo ao rn a 8 ales «7 3 8 5 oO 2 o 3 2 G sg cee Bhs # ea 4 é é com 1 @ é 2, = —Snq + 2g = 38 + 2t 10 so m= 5; then 21 +3z2—2z3=0 ayat and LetSeca avon mame enon ness Sec0 awe maa moce Se00 none naa moc] Sece awa nano meo°o Sooe aean weno mes wnoo Sood awa rr) ence pees ‘To finish by Guassian, 0 zty+5z=0 yt2z u ° 1 ° ¢ w+6r-yt22=0 so w=-6r+y—% To finish by Gauss-Jordan ence moc] Soce conn econo ence mose S000 econo ence nooo Sood moan econo ence Seooe ooon cone ence wees =0 =0,2=0,y=0,2 ie, w uwSECTIONS 1.3-1.4 MATRICES, MATRIX OPERATIONS, AND RULES OF MATRIX ARITHMETIC noo wale LEE sevccaeslt ool a4 -[2 s]+[2 G]-[4 al-[2 4] © ae—pan[ SME S]-Le aL a] “Ee al-B }-L 4] (4) BAI-IBC = BA- BC =B(A-C) = E Alle J=[2 ] [-[t af -[4 2]Lt 4]-[e 4] i a-(3 3n go S @ wvamereroat S]+[0 t]-[f oH] (n) Bo-(c-1B4) =B0- (B+) “(o-*) "= no-a0=[} al o or= [a a] a= E “alt a]-E 4] a (AB)? ~ BAT = SB%AP — BRAT = 207A" =2) ala 4]. aff 5 () maymer[ 2 {]-a4i—4 () tr(3A? —4B7CT) = 3er( A?) — Atr(BTCT) = 9(4) - ar([ sl[- f 3)) 3 2 + eee a Se § vy noan a es 1 -2 1 -1 i 1 1 31. -8 2-1 -4 0 1 -1) fh 4b, + ba bs 13-3 2] | bp) = | 18b, ~ 3bz + 2bs 8 2 -1) [bs —8b, + 2b2 — bs 802, =—4b; +b2—by , Zp = 13d, —3bp+2by , ty = —8b, + 2by — by. 6 -3 bh 1-1/2 b/6 4-|_10 5 &| lo 0 m&+10h/6 Thus, the only condition required for consistency is: b+ Ph =0 ie, bo + $0 14-3 1 4-3 & so. |2 6 5 &|—+|o0 -2 1 b-2 16 14 by 0 2-11 b-b -3 14 by -[3 1 -11/2 — -1/2(bp - 2h) | 0.0 0 (b3~Bi) + (bp - 2h) ‘Thus, the only condition required for consistency is: (bs — by) + (bo ~ 2s) = 0 ie, bg tbh =O by = by — by 1 31 & 131 & 131 by si] 20 7 3 b]—]0 11 %-%)—]o1t by 2b -1 -1 2 b5 023 bth 0 0 1 (by +b:) —2(b2 — 21) ‘Thus, there are no conditions required for consistency. 14 7 bh 1 4 7 by 14 7 by so, | 2.5 1b] _]o -3 -13 m%-2,| _]o 1 13/3 -1/3(%~2bs) “| 1 7 20 by 0 3 13 bby 0 0 0 (bs — by) + (b2 ~ 2h) “1.219 & 0 6 26 bth 0 0 0 (bq +b1) +2(b2 261) 23‘Thus, the only conditions required for consistency ar (bs —b1) + (b2-2b;) =0 and (bg +01) + 2(b2 - 261) =O ie, by+bo—3b=0 and by +2b2~3bi =0 by = Bb; — bz and by = 3b, — Mbp 4