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Carbonates Class2
Carbonates Class2
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In the Simple Ideal Model For The Evolution Of Sedimentary Rocks we said that if weathering,
transportation, and sorting go to completion all that remains are three end member rock compositions.
Siliciclastic Rocks Carbonate Rocks
QUARTZ arenite SHALE LIMESTONE/DOLOMITE
Limestones are not single composition rocks but a group of related rocks all composed of CaCO3 and
reacting with dilute HCl acid. Limestone [CaCO3] is also chemically related to dolomite [CaMg(CO3) 2].
Because all these rocks have CO3- - in common they are called the carbonates. The composition of most
carbonates is derived from a combination of biological and chemical components.
Two carbonate classification systems are in common use today, one by R.L. Folk and the second by R.J.
Dunham . The Dunham system is based on depositional texture (that is, the amount of matrix surrounding the
grains at the time of deposition). It uses such names as mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone, and
boundstone. Each classification has its strengths, but we use the Folk system here.
Carbonate rock names (limestones and dolomites) consist of a conjunction of two names, one describing the
ALLOCHEMS, the large pieces, the other describing the INTERSTITIAL MATERIAL. Allochems are
equivalent to gravel, sand, lithics or feldspars in the siliciclastics. Interstitial material is equivalent to clay or
cements in clastics. There are four kinds of allochems:
Fossils - may be whole fossils, or broken and abraded fossils; all are
called "bio" fragments
Oolites - small, pearl-like spheres
ALLOCHEMS
Pellets - fecal pellets produced by invertebrate animals; look
superficially like oolites but are dull and not pearl -like
Intraclasts - chunks of eroded limestone deposited as a conglomerate
Classification of Carbonates
The classification of carbonates using the allochem/interstitial material system (the Folk System) is very
systematic and straight forward. The allochem name is combined with the interstitial name (micrite or spar).
The table below shows the major categories of carbonate rocks based on their allochems and interstitial
material.
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Carbonate.html 03/05/2002
Carbonate Sedimentary Rock Classification Page 2 de2
But what happens if there is more than one allochem in the rock, or there is a mixture of micrite and spar?
This classification system has great flexibility and creativity. You can easily build your own descriptive rock
names. The name is built up by stringing together all the allochem names in order from least to most abundant,
and then adding the interstitial material name ("matrix" below for short). For example, a rock like this:
But what if there is both micrite and spar matrix? The system is the same; just list them from least to most
abundant.
This system goves through other levels of refinement, such as the table below where the abundance of
allochems is dealt with. Other modifiers deal with different sizes of allochems. But all this is beyond our
discussion here.
A classification such as this one works well if you want to construct rock names from observations. The
system, however, does not lend itself well to constructing keys for classification. A key requires the
establishment of arbitrary categories of rocks, and a system like the one above deal with all the myriad
combinations that are possible.
Nonetheless, we have constructed a key to identify rocks based on their allochems and interstitial material.
Just be aware that its main weakness is that there are always rocks that do not fit easily into its simple
categories.
Carbonate Identification Key
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Carbonate.html 03/05/2002