Heliopolis University (HU)

NOTES ON:
Applied Control Technology
Lecture#3
2nd Semester (2016/2017 )

Prof. Yehia Hendawy Hossamel-deen.

Professor of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
2016/2017

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Back to Basics: Review of Mechanics:
Newtons Laws
Speed: v = ds/dt a& for constant speed: v = s/t
Acceleration : a = dv/dt = F/m
Work W = Fds & for constant force: W = Fs
Power, P = dW/dt, & for constant work : P = W/t = Fv
1 hp = 550 ft.lb/s (Definition) , (E)
HP = [F(lb)*v(ft/s)]/ 550 = [F(lb)*v(ft/min)]/33000 hp
1 W = N.m/s (SI)
T = FR N.m (SI) or lb.ft (E )
HP = T(N.m)* (rad/s) (SI)
HP = T(lb.ft)* (rad/s)/ 550 (hp) (E )
= T(lb.in)**n(rpm)/ (12*60*550) = T*n/63000 hp

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Back to Basics: Review of Mechanics:
Pascal LAW: when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a
confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.

Application: Hydraulic Jack

Example:
Referring to the figure; an operator makes
one complete cycle per second (Intake &
Power strokes). The pump piston diam.&
stroke : 1-in, 2-in; respectively. The load
piston diameter = 3.25-in. The operator
force = 25 lb. It is required to find :-
a) The maxim load that can be lifted (lb
&N) .
b) The number of strokes to raise the load Hand operated Hydraulic Jack.
by 10-in.
c) The output power in the ideal case and
when 80% total efficiency (hp & W).
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Back to Basics: Review of Mechanics:
Solution:
a)- Maximum Load:
1. Force applied on pump piston
Fp = Finput * Mech. Leverage.
2. Pressure P = Fp /(d2/4)
3. Maximum load (FL) = P*(D2 /4)

b) Number of Cycles:
Volume displaced = (d2 /4) * 2(Pump str.) *Num. of cycles = (D2 /4)* 10
From the above find Num. of cycles .

c) Output Power:
1. ( =100%): Power (ideal) = FL* S/t ( S =10/12-ft & t = time to raise the
load = Num. of cycles * cycle time (1s in this problem).

1. ( =80%): Power ( = 80) = 0.8 * Power (ideal)

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Back to Basics: Conservation of Energy:
The energy can neither be created nor be destroyed

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Back to Basics: Continuity Equation :
For steady flow in a pipeline, the weight flow rate is the
same for all cross sections of the pipe.

Example:
Referring to the figure; D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 50 mm, v1 = 1.2 m/s.
Find:
a) The volumetric flow rate in m3/s, l/s, & Gpm.
b) The velocity at section 2 in m/s & ft/s.

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Back to Basics: Hydraulic Horse Power. :
Usually the load is known and in the circuit
design it is needed to calculate:-
1. Piston Diameter,
2. Flow rate Q,
3. The hydraulic power delivered by the
cylinder.

Example: A hydraulic cylinder is to compress a car to the bale size in

10s. The operation requires 3 m stroke and 35 kN and a pump with 70 bar
was selected, then find:
1. The piston area.
2. The necessary pump Flow rate,
3. The hydraulic power delivered by the cylinder.
Answer:
1. A = FL/ P = 35*103/(70*105) = 0.005 m2 (answ.)
2. Q = A*V = 0.005 * (3/10) = 0.0015 m3/s = 1.5 l/s (answ.)
3. Power (Ideal) = Q*P = 0.0015* 70*105 = 10500 W = 10.5 kW = 14.08 hp. (answ.)

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Back to Basics: Bernoullis Equation. :
Energy conservation Principle:

EPE(Elevation) +PPE(Pressure) +KE(Kinetic) = constant

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Back to Basics: Bernoullis Equation Application

Early automobile Carburetor utilized the

venturi to reduce pressure in the throttle
(gains speed & looses pressure). The
differential pressure causes the gasoline
to flow into the air stream.
The reduced pressure in the vensuri
helps the gasoline to evaporate.

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Back to Basics: Bernoullis Equation Application
EXAMPLE: Referring to the figure,
the system data are :
1. The pump is adding 3.8 kW.
2. Pump flow rate = 114 l/min
3. Pipe diameter =2.54 cm
4. Specific gravity (Sg) = 0.9
5. Elev. diff. = 6 m & the head loss
HL= 9.144 m (between 1&2).
It is required to find the pressure @
the inlet to the hydraulic motor
(station 2).

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Back to Basics: Bernoullis Equation Application

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Back to Basics: TORRICHLLIS THEOREM

Torrichllis theorem states that ideally, the

velocity of free jet is given by:

Proof:

Then

Then : (proved)

If there is losses Head = HL , then

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 Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.
Introduction: Energy transfer
into and out of hydraulic system
includes energy loss (in the
form of heat) due to frictional
fluid flow through:
Pipes,
Valves, &
Fittings.

Fluid Flow :
The layer of fluid at the wall
has zero velocity, while that
at the center line has
maximum velocity.

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 Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.
There are two types of fluid flow in pipes:
Laminar & Turbulent,

Laminar Flow: A particle of fluid in a

given layer stays in that layer (Streamline
flow):All particles move in parallel paths.

Turbulent Flow: As speed goes high

enough, the movement of the particle
becomes random and fluctuates up and
down in a direction perpendicular &
parallel. This generates turbulence due
colliding of particles. Results in more
resistance and greater loss of energy
than laminar flow.

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Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.
Reynolds Test Set-up

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 Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.
Comment : Flow type & Excessive heating of hydraulic
systems:
If Turbulent flow exists, higher fluid temperature occurs due to
greater frictional energy losses. Therefore; turbulent flow
system suffering from excessive fluid temperature can be
helped by increasing the pipe diameter to establish laminar
flow.

Example:
An oil with kinematic viscosity = 0.001 m2/s, pipe diameter = 50mm
@ velocity = 5 m/s. Check if this is laminar or turbulent flow.

Solution:
NR = VD/ = 5*0.05/ 0.001 = 250 < 2000 i.e. it is laminar flow.

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 Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.
DARCYs EQUATION: The head losses (HL ) in a hydraulic system consists of two
main components :-
1. Losses in pipes.
2. Losses in valves and fittings.
Head losses in pipes can be found by Darcys equation.

Head Losses in Pipes:

HL = f(L/D)(V2/2g); where;
f.. is friction factor (dimensionless),
L..is the pipe length (m, ft);
D..is inside diameter of pipe (m, ft);
V.. Is average fluid velocity (m/s, & ft/s);
g ..is the gravity acceleration ( m/s2, ft/s2)

The above equation could be used for both laminar & Turbulent flow. The difference will
be in how to estimate the friction factor, f .

Friction Losses Head in Laminar Flow: f = 64/NR

HL = (64/NR)(L/D)(V2/2g);
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Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipe Lines.

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Friction Losses in turbulent Flow:
Darcys equation is also used
in turbulent flow,

HL = f(L/D)(V2/2g);

f is function of the relative

roughness of the pipe inside
surface in addition to
Reynolds number.

Relative Roughness = /D
(see Figure & table) .

Use the relative roughness &

Reynolds number in Moody
diagram to get f.
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Friction Losses in fittings:
In addition to losses due to friction in
pipes, there are also energy losses in
valves and fittings such as: Tees,
elbows, and bends.

This occurs when there is change in

cross section and direction of flow .

Tests give the following equation:

HL = K (V2/2g) where;

K is the K factor (see the table)

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Friction Losses in fittings:
Example:

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Friction Losses in fittings:

EXAMPLE

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