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Reading (Process) PDF
1
2 2 READING SKILLS
2 Reading skills
Girl Reading (1889), by Fritz von Uhde. Oil paint on canvas Main article: Learning to read
Literacy is the ability to use the symbols of a writ-
ing system. It is the ability to interpret what the infor-
mation symbols represent, and to be able to re-create
on an envelope, product info on packaging, or text on a those same symbols so that others can derive the same
trac or street sign. A slogan may be painted on a wall.
meaning. Illiteracy is the inability to derive meaning
A text may also be produced by arranging stones of a dif- from the symbols used in a writing system. Dyslexia
ferent color in a wall or road. Short texts like these are refers to a cognitive diculty with reading and writing.
sometimes referred to as environmental print. It is dened as brain-based type of learning disability
Sometimes text or images are in relief, with or without that specically impairs a persons ability to read.[9] The
using a color contrast. Words or images can be carved in term dyslexia can refer to two disorders: developmental
stone, wood, or metal; instructions can be printed in relief dyslexia[10][11][12][13] which is a learning disability; alexia
on the plastic housing of a home appliance, or myriad (acquired dyslexia) refers to reading diculties that oc-
other examples. cur following brain damage, stroke, or progressive ill-
A requirement for reading is a good contrast between let- ness.[14][15]
ters and background (depending on colors of letters and Major predictors of an individuals ability to read both
background, any pattern or image in the background, and alphabetic and nonalphabetic scripts are phonological
lighting) and a suitable font size. In the case of a com- awareness, rapid automatized naming and verbal IQ.[16]
puter screen, it is important to be able to see an entire Being taught to read at an early age (such as ve years old)
line of text without scrolling. does not ultimately result in better reading skills, and if
2.2 Methods 3
8 See also
Men reading
9 References
[3] Wheat KL, Cornelissen PL, Frost SJ, Hansen PC; Cor- [15] Sinanovi O, Mrkonji Z, Zuki S, Vidovi M, Imamovi
nelissen; Frost; Hansen (April 2010). During visual word K; Mrkonji; Zuki; Vidovi; Imamovi (March 2011).
recognition, phonology is accessed within 100 ms and may Post-stroke language disorders. Acta Clin Croat. 50 (1):
be mediated by a speech production code: evidence from 7994. PMID 22034787.
magnetoencephalography. Journal of Neuroscience.
30 (15): 522933. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4448- [16] Powell D, Stainthorp R, Stuart M, Garwood H, Quinlan P;
Stainthorp; Stuart; Garwood; Quinlan (September 2007).
09.2010. PMC 3419470 . PMID 20392945.
An experimental comparison between rival theories of
[4] Nation K (December 2009). Form-meaning links in rapid automatized naming performance and its relation-
the development of visual word recognition. Philo- ship to reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychol-
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[17] Strauss, Valerie (13 January 2015). Report: Requiring
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kindergartners to read as Common Core does may
[5] Pritchard SC, Coltheart M, Palethorpe S, Castles A (Oc- harm some. The Washington Post.
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[18] Borowsky R, Esopenko C, Cummine J, Sarty GE;
cascaded and connectionist dual-process models with hu-
Esopenko; Cummine; Sarty (2007). Neural represen-
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[6] Coltheart, Max; Curtis, Brent; Atkins, Paul; Haller, Brain Topogr. 20 (2): 8996. doi:10.1007/s10548-007-
Micheal (1 January 1993). Models of reading 0034-1. PMID 17929158.
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doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.589. Sarty GE; Cummine; Owen; Friesen; Shih; Sarty (2006).
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[7] Yamada J, Imai H, Ikebe Y (July 1990). The use of the reading processes: insular sensitivity to phonology. Brain
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[8] THE SILENT READERS. Alberto Manguel, Chapter 2 [20] Sanabria Daz G, Torres Mdel R, Iglesias J, et al. (Novem-
of A History of Reading (New York; Viking, 1996). Re- ber 2009). Changes in reading strategies in school-
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doi:10.1017/S1138741600001827. PMID 19899646.
[9] NINDS Dyslexia Information Page. National Institute
for Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved Novem- [21] Chan ST, Tang SW, Tang KW, Lee WK, Lo SS,
ber 12, 2011. Kwong KK; Tang; Tang; Lee; Lo; Kwong (Novem-
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[10] Heim S, Tschierse J, Amunts K; Tschierse; Amunts;
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[22] Feitelson, Dina (1988). Facts and Fads in Beginning Read-
[11] Facoetti A, Lorusso ML, Paganoni P, et al. (April 2003).
ing: A Cross-Language Perspective. Norwood, New Jer-
Auditory and visual automatic attention decits in devel-
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opmental dyslexia. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 16 (2):
18591. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00270-7. PMID [23] Hughes, Diana; Stainthorp, Rhona (1999). Learning from
12668226. children who read at an early age. New York: Routledge.
[12] Ahissar M (November 2007). Dyslexia and the ISBN 0-415-17495-3.
anchoring-decit hypothesis. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. [24] McNorgan C, Alvarez A, Bhullar A, Gayda J, Booth JR;
Ed.). 11 (11): 45865. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.015. Alvarez; Bhullar; Gayda; Booth (June 2011). Prediction
PMID 17983834. of reading skill several years later depends on age
[13] Chung KK, Ho CS, Chan DW, Tsang SM, Lee SH; Ho; and brain region: implications for developmental mod-
Chan; Tsang; Lee (February 2010). Cognitive proles els of reading. The Journal of Neuroscience. 31
of Chinese adolescents with dyslexia. Dyslexia. 16 (1): (26): 96418. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0334-11.2011.
223. doi:10.1002/dys.392. PMID 19544588. PMC 3147303 . PMID 21715629.
[14] Cherney LR (2004). Aphasia, alexia, and oral reading. [25] Hunziker, Hans-Werner (2006). Im Auge des Lesers
Top Stroke Rehabil. 11 (1): 2236. doi:10.1310/VUPX- foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung: vom Buchstabieren
WDX7-J1EU-00TB. PMID 14872397. *Temple CM zur Lesefreude (In the eye of the reader: foveal and pe-
(August 2006). Developmental and acquired dyslex- ripheral perception - from letter recognition to the joy of
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8 10 FURTHER READING
[26] Moidel, Steve. Speed Reading for Business. Hauppauge, [42] Bavishi A.; Slade MD.; Levy BR (2016). A
NY: Barrons Educational. pp. 2324. ISBN 978-0- chapter a day: Association of book reading with
7641-0401-5. longevity. Social Science & Medicine. 164: 44 48.
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.014.
[27] Rayner, Keith (1995). The Psychology of Reading. Pollat-
sek, Alexander. London: Routledge. pp. 192194. ISBN [43] Andrew J. Coulson. Delivering Education (PDF).
978-0-8058-1872-7. Hoover Institution: 117. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
[28] Patricia Meyer Spacks (2011). On Rereading, Harvard [44] Carruthers, Mary. 2008. The Book of Memory: A Study
University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06222-1 of Memory in Medieval Culture. 2nd. ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 212 ..
[29] Rob Waugh. Reading a book really is better the second
time round - and can even oer mental health benets, [45] Jajdelska, Elspeth. 2007. Silent Reading and the Birth of
Daily Mail, 15 Feb 2012. the Narrator. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 5.
[30] Bremer, Rod (2016-01-20). The Manual: A Guide to the
Ultimate Study Method (2 ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publish-
ing. ISBN 978-0-9934964-0-0. 9.2 Bibliography
[31] Im Auge des Lesers, foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung: Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading rate: a review
vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude(2006), ppgs. 117. of research and theory. Boston: Academic Press.
[32] Virgili G, Acosta R, Grover LL, Bentley SA, Gi- ISBN 0-12-162420-X.
acomelli G; Acosta; Grover; Bentley; Giacomelli
(2013). Reading aids for adults with low vi- Legge GE, Manseld JS, Chung ST (March 2001).
sion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10 (10): Psychophysics of reading. XX. Linking letter
CD003303. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003303.pub3. recognition to reading speed in central and pe-
PMC 4288929 . PMID 24154864. ripheral vision. Vision Research. 41 (6): 725
43. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00295-9. PMID
[33] Glavin, Chris (6 February 2014). Reading Assessment - 11248262.
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[39] Sullivan, A., Brown, M. (2015) Reading for pleasure and Burke, Peter; Briggs, Asa (2002). A social history
progress in vocabulary and mathematics. British Educa- of the media: from Gutenberg to the Internet. Cam-
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Castles A, Coltheart M, Wilson K, Valpied J,
[40] Long term vocabulary benets from 'reading for pleasure' Wedgwood J (September 2009). The gene-
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[41] Sullivan A.; Brown M. (2015). Vocabulary from adoles- letter-sound correspondences?". Journal of ex-
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9
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(May 2006). Specic reading and phonological mal distribution of reading ability. The New
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Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in
America (pdf)
11 External links
Noble KG, McCandliss BD (October 2005).
Reading development and impairment: behavioral,
Lehrl, S., & Fischer, B. (1990) Measuring of read-
social, and neurobiological factors. Journal of
ing rate
developmental and behavioral pediatrics. 26 (5):
3708. doi:10.1097/00004703-200510000-00006. International Reading Association ocial website
PMID 16222178.
Stebbins, R.A. (2013) The Committed Reader:
Ricketts J, Bishop DV, Nation K (October Reading for Utility, Pleasure, and Fulllment in the
2009). Orthographic facilitation in oral vo- Twenty-First century. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.
cabulary acquisition. Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology. 62 (10): 1948
66. doi:10.1080/17470210802696104. PMID
19301209.
Sahin NT, Pinker S, Cash SS, Schomer D, Hal-
gren E (October 2009). Sequential processing of
lexical, grammatical, and phonological information
within Brocas area. Science. 326 (5951): 445
9. doi:10.1126/science.1174481. PMC 4030760 .
PMID 19833971.
10 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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