Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Settlementfeaturesofindusvalleycivilisation121110119 161202002608 PDF
Settlementfeaturesofindusvalleycivilisation121110119 161202002608 PDF
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
Prince Goyal
1211101119 sec B
Contents
Division of Settlement
Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization
Division Of Harappan Civilization
Town Planning Features of Harappans
Layout Of Harappan City
The Citadels
The Lower Town
The Great Bath
Granaries
The Drainage System
Harappan Wells
Courtyards
Streets
Nature of Harappan Cities
Typical and atypical aspects of the civilisation
Bibliography
Settlement
Introduction
The Harappan culture flourished in the Indus and
adjoining river valleys during the second half of the
third millennium BCE(2600 B.C1900 BC).
Harappan civilization was discovered in 192022 when
two of its most important sites were excavated. On the
basis of the archaeological findings the Harappan
civilization has been dated between 2600 B.C1900
BC and is one of the oldest civilizations of the world.
It is also sometimes referred to as the Indus Valley
civilization because in the beginning majority of its
settlements discovered were in and around the
+plains of the river Indus and its tributaries.
The Harappan civilization developed gradually from earlier
Neolithic village cultures. It is believed that the better
technology to exploit the fertile plains of river Indus might
have resulted in increased agricultural production.
Urbanism requires needs to work against the natural
entropic forces that will not occur without significant
cost benefits.
They rise due to:
Increased crop productivity and favourable climatic
conditions, to create necessary surpluses for
specialisation,
New social strategies,
Large labour force.
Harappan cities are known for being a part of a cluster of
smaller sites that seem to have had a symbiotic relation
with each other.
Their population density seems to be self limiting by
resources and links with the rural environment.
Mohenjo-daro : aerial view
Harappan civilization is in fact divided into
three phases:
Early Harappan phase (3500 BC2600 BC)
it was marked by some town-planning in
the form of mud structures, elementary
trade, arts and crafts, etc.
Mature Harappan phase (2600 BC1900
BC) it was the period in which we notice
well developed towns with burnt brick
structures, inland and foreign trade, crafts
of various types, etc.
Late Harappan phase (1900 BC1400 BC)
it was the phase of decline during which
many cities were abandoned and the
trade disappeared leading to the gradual
decay of the significant urban traits.
TOWN PLANNING FEATURES OF
HARAPPANS
The most interesting urban feature of
Harappan civilization is its town-planning.
Almost all the major sites (Harappa,
Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan and others),
are divided into two parts a Citadel on
higher mound on the western side and
a lower town on the eastern side of the
settlement. The citadel contain large
structures which might have functioned
as administrative or ritual centres. The
residential buildings are built in the lower
town.
The main streets of the cities at
both Harappa and Mohen-jo-daro
were generally oriented from north
to south, with connecting streets
running East to West, The streets of
major cities such as Mohen-jo-daro
and Harappa were also laid out in
a perfect grid pattern, The street
layout showed an understanding
of the basic principles of traffic,
with rounded corners to allow the
turning of carts easily. These streets
divided the city into 12 blocks
Mud Bricks were largely used at Harappa,
Kalibangan, Lothal and Banawali besides burnt
bricks. The size of bricks remained the same
everywhere.
121110119