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2 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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4 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

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6 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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auorkwdokwfvdkY emrnfwyfxm;w,f/ ed*Hk;&Gm
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oHk;&ovJ qdkwJhtcgrSm umvmr vlrsdK;awGudk
&nfTef;wJhtcg auorkwd,m umvmrm-
auorkw ed*;kH rSmaewJh umvmrvlrsKd ;awG? wjcm;
ae&mrSmaewJh umvmrvlrsKd ;awGu &Sad umif;&SEd ikd f
ao;wmudk;/ ('Dae&m t&ifu &Srf;0dkif; qdkwm
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8 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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tifrwefrS *kPfowif;BuD;wmudk;/ bk&m;udk Ak'
bmom [kwo f al &m r[kwof al &m NrKd U&GmrSm&SMd uwJh
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tcg auorkwr mS trsm;pkjzpfwhJ umvmr vlrsKd ;
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vkdufoGm;NyD;awmh ArmawGjzpfukefawmh uonf;
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obm0w&m;BuD;&JU ajymif;vJrI/) tJ'DrSmvnf;
umvmrvlrsKd ;awGu auorkwr mS aewJh umvmr
vlrsKd ;awGukd ygVdpmayeJY auorkw, d m umvmrm
auorkwed*Hk;&GmrSmaeMuwJh umvmr trsdK;om;
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awmh auorkwd vdkY 'Dvdkac:vmwm jzpfw,f?
trnfemrqdkwm wpfcgwpf&H taMumif;
wpfcck u k kd tpGjJ yKNy;D awmh ay;xm;wm? 'gu t"du
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10 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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rnfonfhbmom&,fvdkY [kwfwdywfwd rudk;uG,f
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r,f? olwdkYu tMuHeJYvuftkyfcsDwJh yk*dKvfrsdK;awG?
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pdwuf ;l u bmwke;f qdk 'Davmuf*P k o
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tao ray;vJqdk ]][m ..'DrSmMunfhygvm;? wdkY
vuftkyfcsDxm;wmyJ? dkaowmaygh bk&m;udk}}
12 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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aew,f? vlu odyfNyD;awmh rodMubl;/ rodwm
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b,ftrsdK;tEG,fuyg? wynfhawmf&JU emrnfu
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jzpfatmif BuKd ;pm;MuwJh yk*Kd vrf sKd ;awGvnf;ygw,f/
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rar;bl;? ikwfwkwf xdkifaewJh olwpfpkuvnf;
ygao;w,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; <uvmvdkY vma&muf
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kd hJ ed*;kH Bu;D
11
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bmjzpfvdkY a*gwrAk'udk &Sdcdk;&wmvJ}} qdk&if
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u b,folygbk&m;}} eJY vlMum;xJrSm us,fus,f
us,fus,feJY avQmufMuw,f/ udk,fh*kPfudk,f
azmfxkwfNyD; avQmufMuw,f/ tJ'Dyk*dKvfawGu
vlpv k al 0; tcGithf a&; ,lMuwmaygh/ vlxyk &dowf
pkHk;NyD;aewJhtcsdef ol b,folyg odatmifvdkY/
ckacwfpum;eJYajym&&if r@yfwkdifwufwJh yk*dKvf
awGyg? ol[m b,foyl g? wpfcsed w f ek ;f u olw[ Ykd m
xif&Sm;csif xif&Sm;cJhr,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm wdrfjrKyf
13
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uvnf; auorkwr mS pcef;csNy;D rS a&SUc&D; qufMu
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awGu awmtkyfBuD;wpfckudk jzwf&w,fqdk&if
tpma&pmwdYk tE&m,fwYkd umuG,rf aI wG jyifqif
14 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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bmoma&;orm;awGuvnf;yJ awmtkyfBuD;
jzwfoef;vmvdkY yifyef;vmawmh auorkwrSmyJ
pcef;csMuw,f/ pcef;csNyD;awmh bmvkyfwkef;qdk
w&m;a[mMuwmaygh/ udk,fht,l0g'udkudk,f
a[majymoGm;Muw,f/
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tifrwefrS qefYusifwJhtaMumif;awG a[mMu
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16 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
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olwdkYusawmh vHk;0qefYusifwJh t,l0g'awGudk
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auorkwrSm orP? jA[PawGa&mufa&muf
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aumif;aMumif;ajymNy;D olrsm;0g'udk IUH csNy;D ajymqdk
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b,folrSm;vdkY b,folrSefw,fqdkwm wynfhawmf
15
w,f ]]wrvGeaf vmuqdw k mr&Syd gbl;? aoNy;D wmyJ?
aoNyD;wJhaemufrSm bmrSr&Sdbl;? ukodkvfuH
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r&bl;}} wJh? tukodkvfqdkwm r&SdonfhtwGuf
vkyvf nf;r&bl;? 'Dvakd [majymoGm;wJh yk*Kd vaf wG
vnf;&Sdw,f/ aemuftkyfpkwpfck vmwJhtcg
usawmh ]]wrvGeaf vmuqdw k m &Swd ,f? ukov kd u f H
qdkwmvnf;vkyfvdkY&w,f? tusdK;w&m; qdkwm
vnf; &Sdw,f}} vdkY a[majymNyD; oGm;Muw,f/
tJ'Dawmh auorkwu vlawGu bmom
w&m;awG trsKd ;rsKd ;emae&wJt h cg olwrYkd mS bmjzpf
vJqdk oHo,awG jzpfyGm;wmaygh/ t,l0g'csif;
rwlwJh yk*dKvfawGu [dkuwpfrsdK; ajymoGm;vdkuf?
17
wdkY ra0cGJEdkifbl;bk&m;}} wJh? oHo,awG jzpfw,f
aygh/ 'g 'Dow k e f pwif jzpfay:vmjcif; taMumif;
&if;yJ/
'Dae&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU Technigue aygh?
a[majymrIrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u tvGefvdrm
uRr;f usiw f ,f? yk*Kd vaf wG&UJ taetxm;udk Munfh
w,f? tck 'D umvmrqdw k hJ vlrsKd ;awG[m oHo,
jzpfaewJhvlawG? jrwfpGmbk&m;u tu,fom
]]olwaYkd jymwmwpfcrk S rrSeb f ;l ? igajymwm rSwMf u}}
vdYk ajymvd&Yk &dS if oHo, ydjk zpfomG ;rSm aocsmw,f/
vmjyefNyD? a*gwrAk'uvnf; olU[myJ rSefw,f?
usefwmawG trSm;vdkY ajymoGm;jyefNyD/ 'DvdkyJ
jzpfusefcJhrSm? oHo,&Sif;rSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dawmh
jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU Technigue u tifrwefrS aumif;
w,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;u bmajymvdkufwkef;qdk 'g
tvGerf w S of m;p&maumif;w,f/ ]]at;? [kww f ,f
aygh? rif;wd[ Yk m oHo,jzpfxu kd wf ahJ e&mjzpfwmaygh?
18 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 19

b,fol rSm;w,f? b,fol rSefw,fqdkwm odzdkY taMumif;jzpfoifhvdkY&Sd&if twdwfu[myJjzpfjzpf?

cufwmyJ? [dku wpfrsdK;ajym 'Du wpfrsdK;ajym
qdak wmh rif;wdYk oHo,jzpfxu kd yf gw,f? jzpfxu kd w f hJ
ae&m jzpfwmyg}} wJh/ 'Dvkdajymvdkufawmh olwdkY
auseyfomG ;wmaygh? [kww f ,f oHo,jzpfxu dk w
ae&m jzpfwmwJh? tJ'D oHo,aysmufzdkY udk,fydkif
PfeYJ qH;k jzwfEikd af tmif jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'D okwe f
rSm oGeo f ifq;kH roGm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh uk, d w
f ikd uf
Ak'b mom0ifjzpfaevifu h pm; wpfcgwpf&H oHo,
jzpfp&mav;awGMuKH vmvd&Yk &dS if Munf?h jrwfpmG bk&m;
&JU 'Dow k e t
f qH;k tr[m tifrwefrS wefz;kd &Sw d ,f?
ud, k bhf 0&JU guide line tjzpf toH;k csv&Ykd w,f/
jrwfpmG bk&m;[m ajym&r,fq&kd if vufawGU
orm;? a&S;taMumif;w&m;awGuv kd nf; ry,fb;l ?
ypKyef taMumif;w&m;udkvnf; vufcHw,f?
taMumif;udk wpfckwnf;vdkY r,lqbl;? tppf
trSefudk odxm;wJhyk*dKvf jzpfonfhtwGuf
ypKye jf zpfjzpf vufcw
H ,f/ wcsKUd usawmh twdwf
taMumif;t&mawGjiif;y,fNyD; ypKyeftaMumif;
wpfrsdK;wnf;vufcHw,f? wcsKdUusawmh ypKyef
f hJ taMumif;udk jiif;y,fNy;D twdwt f aMumif; wpfrsKd ;
wnf;yJ vufcHw,f? tJ'gusawmh b,frSefrvJ?
jrwfpGmbk&m;u tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbl;? twdwf
taMumif; qdkwmvnf; jzpfoifhwJh taMumif;udk
vufcHw,f? ypKyeftaMumif;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;NyD;ajymw,f/
qdkygpdkY Oyrm tat;rdvdkY ESmap;wmudk
uHaMumifh igESmap;wmvdkYajym&if rSefyghrvm;?
odaYk omf uHrygbl;vm;qdak wmh uHqw kd m ta0;Bu;D ?
uH&v dS Ykd vljzpfvmw,f? vljzpfawmh tat;ywfwhJ
ae&m a&mufvmawmh tat;ywfwmaygh/ tJ'D
awmh tat;rdw,fqw kd m ypKye t
f aMumif;wpfck
xJukd rajymbl;? ypKye f vufawGUjrif&wJt h aMumif;

20 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 21

udk vufcw H ,f? xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;w,faygh/ wpfck 0dped E-pl;prf;vdu k w f meJ?Y udpm -yifyef;oGm;w,f?
wnf;udk rajym&bl;? 'gaMumifrh Ykd taMumif;w&m; a&SUrwd;k Ekid b
f ;l / uk,d hf PfrrDv&Ykd &dS if wpfpw kH pfck
qdkwm trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f? rsm;pGmaom taMumif; udk pOf;pm;&if acgif;Iyv f mw,f? tJ'g[m 0dpu d pd m
w&m;awGudk em;vnfr,fqdk&if udk,fhb0udk,f yJ? 'gaMumifhrdkY 0dpdudpm&JUt"dym,fudk zGifhqdkwJh
&yfwnfzdkYtwGuf udk,fhoGm;&r,fh avQmufvSrf; tcgrSm ]]0dpdeE udpm 0dpdudpm}} 'DvdkzGifhw,f/
&r,fh vrf;c&D;[m ajzmifw h ef;w,faygh/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd pOf;pm;vdkufav acgif;Iyfav pdwfyifyef;av
jrwfpmG bk&m;u umvmrtrsKd ;om; awGukd ]]at;? qdwk t hJ csu?f tJ'gaMumifrh Ykd jrwfpmG bk&m;u olwYkd
[kww f maygh? rif;wdo Yk o H ,jzpfzYkd tifrwef aumif; Iyaf xG;aewJh taMumif;t&mwifrubl;? avmu
wmyJ? oHo, jzpfxu dk wf ahJ e&mrSm oHo,jzpfwm rSm IyfaxG;p&m taMumif;awGu trsm;BuD;?
yJ}} vdkY 'Dvdk ajymvdkufNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;u olwdkY 'gwifrubl; vlqw kd m olUtBuKd uf ud, k t
hf BuKd uf
pOf;pm;zdkY tcsufawGudk ajymjyw,f/ trsKd ;pH&k w
dS ,f? tJ'tD rsKd ;pHak wGukd jcKH io
kH ;kH oyfNy;D awmh
tJ'Dawmh bk&m;u ajymwJhtcgrSm oHo, jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'DokwefrSm tcsuf(10)csufudk
jzpfaewJhvlawGudk pOf;pm;zdkY tiftm;wpfckudk xkwjf yw,f/
ay;w,f/ oHo,jzpfaew,fqdkwJhvlu a&SUudk ]]{x wkarS umvmrm}} 'Dpum;u rif;wdkY
qufNyD; rpOf;pm;Edkifbl;? pOf;pm;&if yifyef;w,f? bmrS awGa0raeMueJY? vmMu igajymr,f? 'D
tJ'gudk 0dpu d pd m vdaYk c:w,f/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd 0dpu d pd m t"dym,frsdK;udkajymwm? ]]{x wkarS umvmrm}}
qdkwJh pum;vHk;u ]]0dpdeE udpm 0dpdudpm}}
22 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 23

vmMu rif;wdaYk wGa0raeeJ?Y ud, k [hf mud, k f pOf;pm; qdkwm? awmufwJhoHk;ay&Sdwm rMum;zl;bl;aemf/
Mu&r,f/ Munfh jrwfpGmbk&m;xkwfjywJh tcsuf tJ'aD wmh 'gaMumifrh Ykd tEk0udk t*Fvyd v f kd jyefwhJ
awGu bmawGwkef;qdk - tcg report vdkY jyefw,f/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufuae
eHygwf(1)u ]]rm tEka0e}} wpfa,muf udk,fhudkvmNyD; report vkyfw,f? owif;ay;w,f/
a,mufu rif;wdkYvmajymwm? tEk0 rS tEk tJ'geJYvnf; trSefvdkY rqHk;jzwfeJYwJh/
qdkwm wpfqifh? o0 qdkwmMum;wm odkYr[kwf jrwfpGmbk&m;u report awGudk trSefr,leJY/
wpfa,mufu vmNyD;ajymwJh pum;udk tEk0 *sme,fxJygw,f? owif;pmxJygw,f? [dkxJ
vdaYk c:w,f/ avmurSm wqifph um; qdw k mawG ygw,f? 'DxyJ gw,f? [dv k u
l ajymoGm;w,f? 'Dvu l
eJY vlawG[m vufcHNyD; ,HkMunfaeMuwmav? ajymoGm;w,f? trSefr,leJYwJh? 'Dvdkqdkvdkw,f/
t&yfxrJ mS ydq k ;kd wmaygh/ ]]Gossip}} qdw k mawGav? bmjzpfvdkYwkef;qdk&if rSefwmvnf; &Sdcsif&Sdr,f?
[dt k rd 'f t
D rd f vnfajym? 'Dtrd u f [dt k rd f oGm;ajym? rSm;wmvnf;&Scd si&f rdS ,f/ ud,
k
hf PfeYJ pOf;pm;OD;vdYk
[dk&yfuGufu 'D&yfuGufoGm;ajym? bmwJh nmwJheJY 'Dvdkqdkvdkwm/ jrwfpGmbk&m; qdkvdkwmu tJ'gyJ/
qdw k m? 'grsKd ;awG trsm;Bu;D &Sw d maygh/ taMumif; uGefjrLepfawGu 'DtcsufawGeJY olwdkYu
t&mwpfcck u k kd vmNy;D ajymwm? tJ'gudk ]]tEk0}} bmomw&m;awGtukefvHk; ypfy,fcsifw,f/ 'D
vdkYac:w,f? wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajymr,fqdk&if pum;vHk;oHk;NyD;awmh bmomw&m;awGudk tukef
*sme,fxJygwm? r*Zif;xJygwmeJY wpfavmu ykwfcwfwm? tJ'gawmhrrSefbl;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
awmif ygvmao;w,f/ oH;k ay&Sw d hJ awmufwBhJ u;D qdvk &kd if;t"dym ,fu bmwke;f qdk olrsm;uvmNy;D

24 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 25

report vkyfvdkYSd&if tJ'geJYwif &yfraeeJY? udk,fh pOf;pm;Munfhaygh? 'gtrSefyJav? tJ'gudkqdkvdkwm/

[mudk,f [kwfw,f r[kwfbl;? jzpfEdkifw,f rjzpf
Edkifbl; udk,fydkifPfeJY pOf;pm;OD;vdkYajymwm?
b,favmufaumif;vJ/ avmuvlawGu vG,f
vG,feJY ,Hkwwfw,fav? atmufu tpD&ifcHpm
wwfvmw,f qdkvdkY&Sd&if vufcHvdkufwmyJ?
[kwv f m; r[kwv f m;qdw
k m pOf;pm;&r,f? tpD&if
cHpmqdkwm tukefvHk;rSefEdkifyghrvm;? rrSefEdkifbl;/
'DhjyiftpD&ifcHpm rajymeJY udk,fhtdrf udk,fh
rdom;pkxyJ MJ unf?h orD;uvmajym? om;uvmajym?
[kdvluvmajym 'Dvlu vmajymeJY trSefcsnf;
atmufarhraeeJY/ tar rodapeJY? tazrodapeJY
wJ?h t[kwrf w S af eMuwm? tJ'gaMumifrh v Ykd Ykd report
av;eJw Y if auseyfraeeJ?Y jrwfpmG bk&m;qdv k w kd mu
]]tEk0}} vdq Yk w kd hJ wpfqifMh um; pum;av;eJw Y if
rSefw,fvdkY rqHk;jzwfeJYOD;? rSefwmvnf;&SdEdkifw,f
rSm;wmvnf;&SdEdkifw,f? raocsmbl;vdkYajymwm/
aemufwpfckuawmh (2) ]]rm y&r&m,}}
y&r & qd k w m a&S ; bk d ; bG m ;bD b if
vufxufuwnf;u vkyv f mwJh tvkyw f pfc?k Tra-
dition vd k Y a c:w,f / rsd K ;d k ; tpOf t quf u
vuf c H v mMuwm? tJ ' g[m vnf ; ]]'gu
wdbYk ;kd bGm;vufxufuwnf;uyJ? wd&Yk UJ "avhx;kH pHy}J }
qd k N yD ; awmh vk y f a eMuwm? tJ ' gud k vnf ; yJ
jrwf p G m bk & m;u 'geJ Y trS e f w &m;ud k
qHk;jzwfvdkYr&bl;wJh/ Tradition qdkwm rSefwm
vnf;&SdEdkifw,f? rSm;wmvnf;&SdEdkifw,f? trSef
w&m;udk &SmazGwJhae&mrSm 'gu toHk;r0ifbl;?
research vkyfwJhtcgrSm 'gawGeJY research vkyfvdkY
r&bl;vdaYk jymwm/
t"dym ,fu trSew f &m;udk &SmcsiNf yq D v
kd &Ykd &dS if
Tradition eJY r&SmeJY? &Sm&if rSefwm &Sdcsif&Sdr,f?
rSm;wm &Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ raocsmbl;vdkY ajymwm/
26 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 27

bkef;BuD;wdkYwpfcgwkef;u Mexico EdkifiHuvmwJh ar;wm? tJ'v D pkd mwrf;awGUw,fw?hJ 'g Ak'b mom
Mexican vlrsdK;awG oHk;q,favmuf Armjynfudk vm;? bk&m;a[mwJw h &m;vm;}} wJh oluar;w,f/
a&mufvmw,f? olwdkYu Ak'bmomawG jzpfae bkef;BuD;u ]]This is not a buddhism}} 'gu
Muw,f? Mexico qdkwm c&pf,meftrsm;pk Ak'&JU0g' r[kwfbl;/ This is a Tradition/ jrefrm
pydefpum;ajymwJhEdkifiH? tar&duefEdkifiHem;u vlrsKd ;awG&UJ a&S;tpOftvmt& vufcH usio hf ;kH
Edik if w
H pfEikd if ?H tJ'u
D trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD; vl(30) vmwJh xH;k wrf; tpOftvmwpfco k m jzpfygw,f?
avmuf a&mufvmw,f/ bke;f Bu;D wdq Yk aD &mufawmh Ak'bmomeJY rqdkifygbl;vdkY 'Dvdk ajymvdkufw,f?
ar;cGef;awG ar;Muw,f? ar;cGef;ar;wJhtxJr,f tJ'Dusawmh auseyfw,f? Tradition qdkwm
trsdK;orD; wpfa,mufu bmar;wkef;qdk ]]ol olwdkYvnf;&Sdw,f? udk,fvnf;&Sdw,f/
rEav;u r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;BuD;udk oGm;zl;w,f Tradition qdw k m trSew
f &m;vdaYk jymwm r[kwf
wJh? zl;wJhtcgrSm *Euk#dwdkuftem;rSm trsdK;orD; bl;? "avhx;kH wrf; tpOftvmt& vdu k ef m&wm
r0if&qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfudk awGUcJhw,f? t*Fvdyfvdk awG &Sdw,fav/ rSefvdkYvdkufemwm r[kwfbl;?
vnf; a&;xm;w,f? tJ'gjrifvmwJt h cg olpY w d xf J rSm;onfjzpfap rSefonfjzpfap xHk;wrf; tpOf
rSm rausreyf jzpfw,f? trsdK;orD;awGudk cGJjcm; tvmrdkY vkyfaeMuwm? 'gu trSefw&m;udk &SmwJh
qufqHw,faygh? trsdK;om;awGawmh 0ifvkduf ae&mrSm t"dur[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifhrkdY jrwfpGm
xGuv f u
kd f vkyw f ,f? trsKd ;orD;awGawmh r0if&bl; bk&m;u Tradition eJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk r&SmeJY?
qd&k if 'g cGjJ cm;qufqw H m? bke;f Bu;D eJaY wGUwJt
h cg Tradition qdw k m rSew f m&Sw
d ,f? rSm;wm &Sw d ,f/

28 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 29

ckeu ]]trsKd ;orD;r0if&}} qdw k m 0if&if tukov kd f tJ'DvdkrajymeJY? [dk[m 'D[mawG/ EdkifiHjcm;om;
jzpfw,fqdk&if 'grSm;w,f? b,fvkdvkyf 0if&if awGukd Tradition vdo Yk majym? Tradition vdaYk jym&if
tukov kd jf zpfrvJ/ odaYk omf trsKd ;orD;r0if& qdw k m 'gudpNyD;w,f? olwdkYrSmvnf;&Sdw,f? 'gu Tradi-
jrefrmvlrsdK;awG&JU Tradition taeeJY trsdK;orD; tion yJ}} vdkY 'DvdkyJajym&r,f/
r0ifzq Ykd w kd m 'gvlrsKd ;&JU Tradition/ Tradition qdk Tradition qdkwm [kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwf
olweYkd m;vnfw,f/ onfjzpfap trSew f &m;udk &Sm&r,f[ h m r[kwo f nfh
[kd usKd ux f ;D d;k rSmvnf; Munfah v? bk&m;zuf twGuaf Mumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;u Tradition eJv Y nf;
ul;wJh wHwm;av; &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;? trsdK;orD; trSefw&m;udk r&SmeJY? tJ'DwGif vrf;rqHk;eJYaygh?
rwuf&qdkwm? trsdK;orD;wuf&if rdk;BudK;ypfw,f f efwhJ Tradition &Sw
rSeu d ,f? rSm;,Gi;f aewJh Traditon
wdkY? rkefwdkif;xefw,fwdkY bmwdkY ajymMuw,f? vnf;&Sdw,faygh? 'Dvdkqdkvdkwmaemf? tJ'gudk ]]rm
wpfcgwkef;u EdkifiHjcm; trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu y&r&m,}} vdkYajymwm/
a,mufsm;vdk0wfNyD;awmh ul;oGm;wm? rdk;BudK;u 'Dokwef[m b0twGuf guide line ay;wJh
rypfvdkufbl;? rkefwdkif;uvnf; rusvdkufbl;? ae&mrSm tvGefaumif;w,f/ odkYaomf yHkysuf
rodvdkufMubl;? rsufpdvnfoGm;w,feJYwlw,f/ yef;ysuf t"dym ,fr,lqwwfv&Ykd &dS if wvGaJ &muf
tu,f ajymwJt h wdik ;f rjzpf&if 'godum usw,f? ukefwwfw,f/ tukefy,fzdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u
tJ'Dawmh guide awGudk ajymvdkufw,f ]]rif;wdkY a[mwm r[kwfbl;/ tckMunfh report eJY trSef
w&m;udk r&SmeJ?Y report qdw k m bmjzpfvrYkd &Sm&wm
30 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 31

wkef;qdk rSefwmvnf;&Sdw,f? rSm;wmvnf;&Sdw,f? aemufwpfcku (4) ]]rm yd#uor'gaee}}?

raocsmbl;/ Tradition eJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk yd#u qdw k m bk&m;a[m yd#uudak jymwm r[kwf
rqH;k jzwfe/YJ Tradition qdw k m rSew f mvnf;&Sw d ,f? bl;? oif,l&wJhusrf;pmudk yd#u vdkYajymwm?
rSm;wmvnf; &Sdw,f/ ]]yd#uor'gaee}} pmxJrSmygw,f qdkwmeJYvnf;
aemufwpfcku (3) ]]rm wdud&m,}} trSefw&m;udk rqHk;jzwfeJYvdkY 'Dvdkajymwm/
wdu&d qdw k m 'Dvw dk q hJ Nkd y;D wpfa,mufvmajym tJ'pD um;vH;k udk ,lo;kH Ny;D yd#uoH;k yHu k pum;
wJth &m? bmjzpfowJh nmjzpfowJ?h [dv k akd jymowJh awG y,fcsifwJhvlawGu avQmufajymwm? tJ'g
'DvdkajymowJh? avmurSm ]]wJh}} awG trsm;BuD; t"dym ,fr&Sbd ;l ? 'gudq
k vkd w
kd mr[kwb f ;l ? owif;pm
d ,f? tJ'gudk hearsay vdaYk c:w,f? Mum;vmwm
&Sw xJygw,f? *sme,fxJygw,f? pmtkyfxJygw,f
udk wpfqifhvmajymwmav? oluvnf; wpfqifh qdkwmeJY trSefajymvdkY r&bl;? 'g [kwfwmaygh?
Mum;yJ? olu, kd wf idk jf rifwmr[kwb f ;l ? bmjzpfowJh pmtkyfxJrSm trSm;a&;csifvnf; a&;rSmyJav?
nmjzpfowJh vmajymwmaygh? tJ'D hearsay awG? rSm;csif rSm;wmyJ? 'gaMumifh pmtkyfxJrSmygw,f
]]wdud&}} qdkwmawGeJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk qdkwmeJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwfvdkYr&bl;?
rqHk;jzwfeJYwJh? trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwf&if trSef 'g odyo f bm0uswm/ ud, k yf ikd
f Pfukd toH;k cszYkd
w&m; r&Edik b f ;l / 'Dvq kd v kd w kd maemf? 'gvnf; trSef jrwfpmG bk&m;u a[maewmaemf/ 'D yd#uoH;k yHu k kd
w&m;qHk;jzwf&r,fh taMumif;wpfckr[kwfbl;wJh? ajymwmr[kwfbl;/ ]]yd#uor'gaee}} qdkwm
rSefwmvnf;&Sdr,f? rSm;wmvnf;&Sdr,f/ oif,&l wJh usr;f pmrSeo f rQukd ]]yd#u}} vdo Yk ;kH wm/

32 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 33

wcsdKU EdkifiHjcm;om;awG bmomjyefwmawmh aMumif;usdK;qifjcifwmaygh? ]]vlonf aorsdK;

yd#u udk jcif;awmif; vdkY bmomjyefMuw,f/ jzpfonf? OD;bonf vlwpfa,mufjzpfonf?
basket wJh? odkYaomf jcif;awmif;udkom yd#u vdkY 'ghaMumifh OD;bonf aorsdK;jzpfonf}}/ 'Dvdk
ac:wm r[kwfbl;/ oif,l&wJhpmayawGudkvnf; qifjcifwmrsKd ;udk qdv
k w
kd m? aMumif;usKd ;qifjcifNy;D
yd#uwf vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'Dawmh oif,lxm;wJh ajymwm/
usrf;pmeJY udkufw,fqdkHkeJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk tJ'Dawmh ae&mwumwdkif;rSm 'Denf;pepfudk
rqHk;jzwfeJYwJh/ rSefcsifrSefr,f? rSm;csifrSm;r,f? oHk;vdkY&Sd&ifvnf; trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkY&rSm
'gwif&yfrxm;eJ?Y ud, k yf ikd
f PfeYJ qifjcifpOf;pm;zdYk r[kwb f ;l / todPfeYJ &SmazGro
S mvQif rSeuf efwhJ
vdktyfw,fvdkY 'Dvdkqdkvdkwmaemf/ w&m;udk odEdkifw,fvdkY/ 'gaMumifhrdkY wwaA'
aemuf w pf c k u (5) ]]rm wu a [wk } } enf;eJYvnf; trSefw&m;udk rqHk;jzwfaveJYvdkY
wuqw kd m 'DuaeY Logic udak c:wm/ taMumif; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mwm/
tusdK; qDavsmfatmif awG;awm qifjcifrI? olwaYkd jymaewJh oHo,awG[m wpfcw k nf;
wwaA'enf;? awG;ac:ajrmfjrifwJh enf;pepf rubl;? jrwfpGmbk&m;u avmurSm&SdwJh oHo,
wpfcu k kd wuvaYkd c:w,f? Logic vdaYk c:w,f? tJ'D jzpfzG,f&mawGudk 'DrSm tukefxkwfjyaemf/
Logic enf;eJYvnf;yJ trSefw&m;udk&SmvdkY rrSefEdkif aemufwpfcku (6) ]]rm e,a[wk}} wJh/
bl;wJ?h qH;k jzwfvrYkd &bl;vdYk 'Dvqkd v
kd w
kd ,f/ avmu e,qdkwm enf;,lNyD;awmhajymwm? taMumif;
rSm wwaA'enf;awG trsm;BuD; &Sdw,fav?
34 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf
jrif&if tusKd ;udak jymvd&Yk w,f? tusKd ;taMumif;udk
ajymvdkY&w,f? tJ'gudk inference vdkYac:w,f?
tEkrme vdaYk c:w,f? wpfqifo h w d m rSew f mvnf;
&Sdw,f? rSm;wmvnf;&Sdw,f/
awmif&JU [dkbufuaeNyD;awmh rD;cdk;awG
xGuaf ewm jrifwo hJ w
l pfO;D u ]]awmif&UJ [db k ufrmS
rD;avmifaew,f}} vdaYk jymw,f? bmjzpfvw Ykd ek ;f qdk
rD;cd;k qdw
k m rD;ujzpfwmud;k ? oljrifwmu rD;cd;k ? rD;&JU
tusdK;udkom jrifwm? tusdK;udkMunfhNyD;awmh
taMumif;udk vSr;f ajymwm? rD;udo k rl jrifb;l / tJ'g
tNrw J rf;rSeo
f vm;qdak wmh rD;cd;k jrifwmeJY rD;&Sw d ,f
vdkYajym&if tNrJwrf; rrSefbl;/ wpfcgwav
rD;&xm;pufacgif;uvnf; rD;cdk;xGufao;wmyJ?
rD;ravmifbJeJY rD;cdk;xGufwma&m r&Sdbl;vm;?
&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'gawGu tEkrme vdaYk c:w,f?
tusdK;udkMunfhNyD; taMumif;udk wGufqwm?
taMumif;udkMunfhNyD;awmh tusdK;udk wGufqwm?
10
36 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf
'geJYvnf;yJ trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwfvdkYr&bl;? 'Dvdk
qkv d w kd m/
aemufwpfcku (8) ]]'d|dedZsmeuEd,m}}? 'd|d
qdkwm udk,fh&JUtjrif? udk,fh&JUtjrifudk qifjcif
pOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcg auseyfp&mtajzawG xGuf
w,f? udk,fhtjrifav;u oabmusp&m&Sdw,f?
aMumif;usdK;qifjcifvdkY&w,f? udkufnDw,f/ udk,fh
tjrif[m olrsm;tjrifeJYvnf; udkufnDw,f?
auseyfp&m aumif;w,f? qifjcifo;kH oyfNy;D Munfrh I
eJYa&m trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwfvdkY&vm;qdkawmh r&
bl;wJh/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u tJ'geJYvnf; qHk;jzwfvdkY
r&bl;? avmuvlawGu qH;k jzwfaeMuw,f? 'grsKd ;
awGay:rSm tajccHNyD;awmh qHk;jzwfMuwmudk;?
'gaMumifhrdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'DtcsufawGeJY
rqHk;jzwfzdkY 'DokwefrSm enf;pepfwpfckudkay;wm/
aemufwpfcku (9) ]]rm bAlywm,}}
d m posibility vdaYk c:w,f? b,fupd
jzpfEikd af jc&Sw
35
wpfckyJjrif&w,f? wpfydkif;yJjrif&w,f? jrif&wmeJY
usefwmudk rSef;NyD;awmh qHk;jzwfwm? inference
tEkrme vdkYac:w,f? wpfqifh rSef;qNyD;awmh
odwmrsKd ;/ tJ'geJv
Y nf; trSew f &m;udk &SmvdrYk &bl;
vdkY 'Dvdkajymwm/
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mwmawmh wu,fhudk
ypa0uPmPfudk a[mwmyJ/ 'gaMumifhrdkY
ypa0uPmPf r[kww f mawGeqYJ kd wpfcrk S pdwf
rcs&bl;? bmjzpfvdkYwkef;qdk avmuvlom;awGu
trSefw&m;qdkwmudk tawG;awG? tajymawGeJYyJ
&SmaeMuwm/
aemufwpfcu k (7) ]]tmum&y&d0w d aue}}
aMumif;usKd ;qifjcifNy;D oH;k oyfMunfw
h m? taMumif;
w&m;udk awG;awmqifjcifNyD; Munfhwm? tJ'Dvdk
awG;awmqifjcifNyD;awmh tawG;tac:wpfckeJY
trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwf&if rSefvm;qdk rrSefbl;/
37
jzpfjzpf vlawGuajymMuw,f ]]'g jzpfEikd w f ,f}} wJ/h
taMumif;tusdK; qifjcifrIawmh &Sdwmaygh? 'g
jzpfEdkifw,fvdkY ajym&wJh t&mwpfck[mvnf;
ud,k u f jzpfEikd w f ,fvYkd ajymayr,fh jzpfcsirf jS zpfwm?
'gaMumifrh Ykd 'geJv Y nf;yJ trSewf &m;udk rqH;k jzwfew YJ ?hJ
]]bAly}} rSwfom;xkdufw,f? jzpfEdkifajc&Sdw,f
qdw k t hJ csuef vYJ nf; trSew f &m;udk rqH;k jzwfew YJ /hJ
aemufqHk;tcsufusawmh bmwkef;qdk (10)
]]rm oraPm aem *k}} wcsdKUu av;pm;&wJh
ol&Y UJ q&mu ajymoGm;wJph um; ]]'DorP[m wd&Yk UJ
q&myJ? q&majymwmqdk&if rrSm;bl;}} vdkY 'DvdkeJY
trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwfvdkY r&bl;wJh/
tJ'Dawmh todPfrygbJeJY b,ftcsuf
udkrS udk,fh&JU qifjcifwHkw&m; ypa0uPPf
r&SdbJeJY b,f[mudkrS trSefw&m;vdkY rqHk;jzwf
&bl;vkYd jrwfpmG bk&m;u umvmrtrsKd ;om;awGukd
a[mwm? 'D(10)csuf? q&mBuD;uawmh wdkY&JU
38 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 39

q&myJ (odrYk [kw)f wd&Yk UJ q&mawmfBu;D u ajymoGm; trsdK;om;awGudka[mwm/ bmjzpfvdkYwkef;qdk

wm? tckacwfqdkvdkY &Sd&if wkdYbkef;BuD;u ajymwm? oHo,jzpfaewJhvlawGudk;/ rif;wdkY 'DtcsufawGeJY
wdkYOD;Zif;u ajymwm qdkNyD;awmhvnf;yJ 'DrSmwif r&SmaveJ?Y 'gjzifh b,ftcsuaf wGeYJ &Sm&rvJ ]]'gu
vrf;rqHk;apeJYvdkY ajymwm? udk,fh[mudk,f pOf;pm; bmudk&nf&G,fNyD; ajymwmvJ? rif;wdkYudk,fwdkif
OD;aygh? 'Dvdkqdkvdkwm/ odatmifvkyf&r,fhtcsufu bmvJ}} qdkwJhtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u rpOf;pm;bJeJY vufcHwmudk ukov kd vf m;? tukov kd vf m;? tjypf&o dS vm;? tjypf
oabmrusbl;? 'gu omrefomajymwm? wjcm; r&Sdbl;vm;? ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;awG uJh&JUwJh
okwe rf mS qdv k &Ykd &dS if ]]0Dro
H uokw}f } rSmqd&k if jrwfpmG [mvm;? csD;rGrf;wJht&mvm;? vufawGUusifhoHk;
bk&m;u ]]ighudk rif;wdkY pHkprf;Muprf;? pl;prf;Muprf;? vkyuf ikd af qmif&, G rf ,fq&kd if aumif;usKd ;csr;f om
avhvmMuprf;? igajymwJhtwdkif; ighudk r,HkMueJY}} awG r&bJeJY qif;&J'kuawG BuHKEdkifwJh t&mvm;?
vdYk zdwaf c:w,f? 'Dvzkd w d af c:wJh bmoma&;q&m 'Dtcsuaf wGeyYJ J ud, k w f ikd of ad tmif BuKd ;pm;yg}} vdYk
[m jrwfpmG bk&m;wpfyg;yJ&w dS ,f/ um,uH? 0pDueH YJ 'Dvkdajymwm/ 'gawGu ydkNyD;awmh t"duusw,f/
avhvmMunfh? auseyfavmufp&m&Sdvm;? auseyf b,fudpyJjzpfjzpfaygh ]] 'g vkyfaumif;vm;?
avmufrSvufcH/ i&JBuD;ovm;}} eJY ar;wwfMuw,f/ i&JBuD;vm;?
ud,k yf ikd
f Pf OD;pm;ay;Ny;D awmh qH;k r oGeo f if rBuD;bl;vm; qdkwmu tukodkvfjzpf&if i&JBuD;
avh&SdwJh jrwfpGmbk&m;u tckajymwJh tcsuf(10) wmyJ? i&JBuD;w,fqdkwmu tukodkvfrSeforQ
csuef YJ trSew f &m;udk qH;k jzwfvrYkd &bl;vdYk umvmr tyg,fbu kH kd usapEdik w f o hJ wd &Sw
d ,f? 'gayr,fv h Ykd

11

40 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 41

us&r,fvdkYajymwm r[kwfbl;? usapEdkifw,fvdkY ygawwd oaAm aom ed&,H OyyZwd}} wJh/

ajymwm/ olajymwJh pum;vHk;u definite aocsmayguf
jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mwJh w&m;udu k ]]ygPmwd- ajymvd k u f w m? ]]ygPmwd y gwvk y f o l w d k i f ; [m
ygawm ed&,oH0wead um? wd&pme oH0wead um? tyg,f i&Jusr,f}} vdkY 'Dvdkajymwm? tJ'gudk
aywoH0wead um}} ygPmwdygw trIonf i&J jrwfpGmbk&m; u rrSefbl;wJh/
jzpfapEdkifonf? wd&pmefbHk? NydwmbHk jzpfap tckacwfawmifrS Munfhav? rif; cdk;vdkY&Sd&if
EdkifonfvkdYqdkwm/ jzpfapEdkifonf qdkwmeJY jzpf& axmifusr,fqdkayr,fh vlwdkif; axmifus&JUvm;?
rnfqdkwm rwlbl;? 'Dpum;vHk;u rwlbl;? ruswJhvlawG &Sdwmaygh? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;? 'g
ygPmwdygw u vkyforQtukef i&Jus&r,fvdkY pOf;pm;zdaYk jymjywmav? wpfa,mufew YJ pfa,muf
'Dvkd b,fawmhrS ra[mbl;/ wu,fvnf; tajctaecsif;vnf; rwlbl;av? uHvkyfwmcsif;
ygPmwdygw vkyw f ikd ;f i&Jusw,fvYkd 'Dvakd jymwm wlayr,fh rwlwJh tajctaeawG &Sdao;w,f/
r[kwfbl;? tJ'Dvdka[m&if rSm;rSmaygh? bmjzpfvdkY bmawGwkef;qdk qdkygpdkY? vlESpfa,muf[m
wkef;qdk tjcm; tajctaeawG &Sdao;w,f? tukov kd v f yk w
f mcsi;f wlw,f?odaYk omf wpfa,muf
ygPmwdygw u i&J jzpfapEdkifwm? wd&pmefb0? u tukodkvfvkyfw,f? ukodkvfr&Sdbl;qdkwJh vl
Nywd m b0 a&mufapEdik w f m? 'g rSew
f ,f/ odaYk omf wpfa,muf/ukov kd af wGvnf;vkyw f ,f? tukov dk f
tjcm;taMumif;w&m;awGuv kd nf; pOf;pm;&w,f/ vnf; vkyfw,fqdkwJhvlwpfa,mufu tusdK;ay;
*sdef;bk&m;u a[mwJhtcg ]]a,m ygPrPd- wmcsif; rwlEdkifbl;av/
42 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 43

jypfrw I pfck usL;vGew f t hJ cgrSm ydu

k q f &H wdS vhJ el YJ vdkYwkef;? tajctaeu rwlbl;av? vGwfoGm;wJh
r&SdwJhvl uGmvm;? ruGmbl;vm;? 'gu vufawGU? yk*Kd vf vGww f ,f? rvGwwf yhJ *k Kd vf rvGwbf ;l ? 'gu
ydu
k q f &H &dS if tjypfu vGwo f mG ;Edik w
f ,f? ayghomG ;Ekid f wjcm;tajctaeawGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,f?
w,f? r&S&d ifyq kd ;kd r,f? 'gu obm0udk ajymjywm odaYk omfrw S &f rSmu ygPmwdygwonf i&Juu kd sap
av? tJ'gawGudk xnfhpOf;pm;NyD; uHw&m;vnf; Edkifw,f? 'grSefw,f? 'guawmh definitely yJ/
tJ't D wdik ;f yJ? 'Dvq kd &kd if uHw&m;u rsuEf mS vdu k f aocsmayguf/ ygPmwdygw tvkyfaMumifh ewf
wmvm;qdak wmh rsuEf mS vdu k wf m r[kwb f ;l ? con- jynf a&mufwmawmh vH;k 0r&Sb d ;l ? b,ftukov kd f
dition tajctaeawG &Sw d ,f? tajctaeaumif; urS aumif;usdK;ray;bl;? 'grSefw,f/ odkYaomf 'D
awG&&dS if oufomw,f? tajctaeaumif;r&S&d if tukov kd u f oltusKd ;ay;cGihf &csirf &S rSmaygh? 'Dvkd
roufombl;? 'gyJ/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd tajctaeaumif; qdv k wkd m/
atmif vkyf&r,f/ tJ'Dawmh vlowfvdkY i&Jjynfra&mufayr,fh
jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mwJw h &m;awGu tifrwefrS vlowfvdkY ewfjynf a&mufoGm;w,fvdkY 'DvdkawG
obm0usw,f? ygPmwdygwvky&f if i&Jus&r,f rwGufaveJY? vlowfvdkYa&mufwm r[kwfbl;?
vdYk a[mMunfyh gvm;? &Sit f *Fv k rd mv i&Jus&UJ vm;? wjcm; ukodkvfaMumifh a&mufwm? 'gudkvnf;
rusbl;av? ESpfaygif; (50) &mZ0wfom;awGudk cGjJ cm;odzv Ykd wkd ,f/
acgif;jzwfowfvmwJh wr'g|du vlowform; ygPmwdygw trIuawmh i&JrSm usapwm
Bu;D a&m aoawmh i&Jus&UJ vm;? rusb;l / bmjzpf aocsmw,f? odaYk omf wjcm;tajctaeaMumifh i&J

12

44 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 45

rusbJ vGwfcsifvGwfoGm;w,f? 'Dvdk qdkvdkwm/ qdkwm odw,f? od&if csufcsif;usifhoHk;yg}} wJh/

'gaMumifrh Ykd jrwfpmG bk&m;u pOf;pm;&rSmu ]]'Dtvkyf vlawGu rusio fh ;kH Edik Mf ubl;? wef;vef; wef;vef;
[m tjypf&v dS m;? r&Sb d ;l vm;? ukov kd f tvkyvf m;? eJYyJ aeMuwmyJav/ wcsdKU t&uf aomufw,f?
tukodkvftvkyfvm;? ynm&SdawG csD;rGrf;ovm;? raumif;rSef;odw,f? 'gayr,hf wdk;vkyfw,f?
uJ&h UJ ovm;? vufawGU usio hf ;kH wJt h cg aumif;usKd ; 'Dtvky[ f m raumif;bl;vdYk odw,f? odayr,fv h Ykd
csrf;om ay;ovm;? ray;bl;vm;}} 'gyJ qifjcif wef;vef;yJ? rjywfom;wJo h abm/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u
pOf;pm;/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm pOf;pm;vdkufvdkY tukodkvf todPfeJY odvmNyDqdk&if raumif;wmudk
jzpfw,f? tjypf&Sdw,f? ynm&SdawG uJh&JUwJht&m csuf c sif ; y,f ? aumif ; wmqd k & if
jzpfw,f? vufawGUusifhoHk;vdkY&Sd&if 'kua&mufEdkif csufcsif;ajymif;vJNyD; usifhoHk;yg vdkY 'Dvdkajymwm/
w,f qdw k meJw Y pfNyKd ief uf z,fvu kd yf g? 'gudk rvkyf wcsdKU bmomjcm;awGu Ak'bmom aumif;
ygeJ/Y w,fqw kd modw,f? odaYk omf Ak'b mom vkyyf gvm;
tckacwfval wGu raumif;rSe;f awmhow d ,f? qdak wmh rvkyEf ikd b f ;l ? 'Dvv dk nf;&Sw
d myJav/ jrwfpmG
rSdef;wkwfaewm trsm;BuD;av? ry,fEdkifMubl;/ bk&m;u &J&ifhjywfom;zdkY udk,fydkifPfeJY qHk;jzwf
jrwfpGmbk&m;u aemufwpfck a[mw,f? w,fqw kd ahJ e&mrSm t"dutcsuu f bmwke;f qd&k if
]]ynm&Sad wG cs;D rGr;f w,f? ukov kd v f nf; jzpfw,f? vufawGUusio hf ;kH wJt h cgrSm ]]aumif;usKd ;udk jzpfap
tjypfvnf;uif;w,f? vufcu H sio hf ;kH aqmufwnf ovm;? raumif;usdK;udk jzpfapovm;}} 'gu
vdkuf&ifvnf; aumif;usdK;csrf;omawGudk &w,f t"du tusqHk;yJwJh? 'Dvdkqdkvdkwmaemf/
46 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 47

tJ'rD mS jrwfpmG bk&m;u tukov kd ef YJ ywfouf bl;vdkY xifw,fqdkwJh arm[ vTrf;rdk;jcif;cH&wJh

NyD;awmh avmb? a'go? arm[ 'DoHk;rsdK;udk &Sif;jy yk*dKvf[mvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ? tJ'Dvdk jzpfwwfw,f
w,f/ avmbu vTrf;rdk;xm;r,f? a'goawG wJ/h tJ'g ud, k [ hf mud,
k f qifjcifq;kH jzwfMunf&h r,f/
vTr;f rd;k aer,f? arm[awG vTr;f rd;k aew,f/ avmb qifjcifo;kH oyfMunfv h ukd wf thJ cgrSm 'Dtvkyaf wGu
vTr;f rd;k wJth cgrSm vdck sipf w
d af wGrsm;Ny;D awmh olrsm; raumif;bl;qdkwmudk odw,f? avmbvnf;
touf owfcsiv f nf;owfr,f? olrsm;Opm cd;k csif raumif;bl;/
vnf; cdk;r,f? olwpfyg; om;r,m; apmfum;csif avmb? a'go? arm[ &Sdae&if avmb?
apmfum;r,f? vdraf jymcsiv f nf;ajymr,f? olrsm;udk a'go? arm[ taMumif;jyKNyD; ygPmwdygw
vnf;yJ 'Dtvkyaf wGvyk zf Ykd wdu k wf eG ;f csif wdu k wf eG ;f vkyw f ,f/ rSew f maygh? jcifuav;wpfaumif ud, k hf
r,f? raumif;wJh tvkyfawGbufudk avmb uduk v f mvd&Yk &dS if a'goeJY duk v f u
kd w
f maygh? Muufjrif
vTrf;rdk;vmwJhvlwpfa,muf[m OD;vSnfhoGm;wwf awmh Muufom;pm;csifvdkY owfwmaygh? avmb
w,f/ jzpf&ifvnf; raumif;wJt h vkyf vkyw f myJ? [kw&f UJ
a'govTrf;rdk;jcif;cH&wJh yk*dKvf[mvnf; xdkY vm;? a'gojzpf&ifvnf; raumif;wJhtvkyf
twlyJ? 'D 'kpdkufawGbufudk OD;vSnfhoGm;w,f/ vkyfwmyJ? arm[ vkyfaumif;w,f? rvkyfaumif;
arm[qdw k muawmh vkyo f ifwh meJY rvkyo f ifw h m bl; rodonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf; vkyfwmyJ/
rodb;l ? rodonft h wGuaf Mumifh rvkyo f ifw h mudk tJ'Dvdk 'kpdkufvkyfief;awGvkyfawmh qif;&J
vkyo f ifw h ,fvx Ykd ifw,f? vkyo f ifw
h mudk rvkyo f ifh 'kuawG jzpfvmEdkifw,faygh/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfvmw,f

13

48 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 49

qdkvdkY&Sd&if 'DtvkyfawGu raumif;bl;wm od& 'kpdu k af wGbufu a&Smifw,f/ a&Smifonft h wGuf

r,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u pGefYy,f&r,fwJh/ aMumifh tjypfuif;w,f? ynm&Sad wGu cs;D rGr;f w,f?
'gawG[m Tradition eJU qdik o
f vm; jyefpOf;pm; wu,fvnf; ud, k v
f yk wf thJ cgrSm tavmb?
Munfh? rqdkifbl;? olrsm;uvmNyD; owif;ay;wJh ta'go? tarm[udk taMumif;jyKNyD; jzpfay:
report eJYa&m qdkifovm;? rqdkifbl;? 'DvdkyJ hear- vmwJh tajctaeawGu tajctaeaumif;awG
say awGeJYvnf; rqdkifbl;? pmxJrSmygvkdY qdkwmeJY csn;f yJ jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'Dvkd tajctaeaumif;
vnf; rqdkifbl;? tifrwefrS vufawGUusNyD; awG jzpfay:vmwm ckewkef;u olrsm;u tajc
vufawGUusifhoHk;zdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mwm/ tae aumif;awG &Sdw,fvkdYajymvdkY vkyfwmvm;?
xdkYtwlyJ ukodkvfbufu Munfhr,fqdk&if udk,fwdkifodvdkYvkyfwmvm;qdk udk,fwdkifodvdkY vkyf
tavmb? ta'go? tarm[? tavmb &Sd&if wm/ Tradition rdYk vkyw f mvm;? r[kwb f ;l ? ud,
k wf idk f
'geaumif;rIawG vkyfw,f? ta'go (arwm) odwm? 'Dvdkqdkvdkwm? wuenf;eJY pOf;pm;NyD;awmh
&SdvdkY&Sd&if vlrIulnDa&;awG vkyfw,f? tarm[ vkyw f mvm;? inference qdw k hJ tEkrmeeJY awG;ac:
&Sv
d mvd&Yk &dS if t&m&m qifjcifwikd ;f xGmNy;D vkyw f ,f? Ny;D vkywf mvm;? 'gawGvnf;r[kwb f ;l ? trSew f &m;
ygPmwdygwu a&Smifw,f? t'dEm 'ge? umarok- qdkwm udk,fydkifPfeJY qifjcif pOf;pm;NyD;awmh
rdpm pm&? rkom0g' 'gawGvnf; a&Smifw,f? olrsm; qHk;jzwfwm? 'gudk&nf&G,fNyD;awmh igbk&m; 'D(10)
udvk nf; raumif;wJb h ufu rwdu k wf eG ;f bl;? a[m? csufudk a[mygw,fvdkY/
b0rSm 'Dtwdik ;f vdu k ef mEdik w
f ,f? taumif;eJY
50 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 51

tqdk;? taMumif;eJYtusdK; a0zefoHk;oyfNyD;awmh aumif;wJhbuf a&G;cs,fvdkufwJhtcg igh&JU

raumif;wmqdk&if pGefY? aumif;wmqdk&if vufcH
usifhoHk;? 'Dvdkqdk&if b0rSmrjynfhpHkbl;vm;? jynfhpHk
wmaygh? jynfhpHkoGm;NyDqdkawmh wpfOD;wpfa,muf
twGufawmh jynfhpHkoGm;NyD/
odaYk omf vlqw kd m[m ud,
k w
f pfa,mufwnf;
aumif;vdkY r&ao;bl;? vlqdkwm society taygif;
toif;eJYaewm/ taygif;toif;eJYae&if b,fvdk
ae&rvJqdkwmudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufa[m
w,f/ tavmb? ta'go? tarm[ qdkwJh
obm0w&m;awG olUrSm&Sdvm&if olu avmb
vnf; uif;aew,f? a'govnf; enf;w,f?
awGa0rIvnf; r&Sdbl;? todPfawG? pOf;pm;
PfawG &Sdvmw,f/
olYpdwfaeoabmxm;awG[m jrifhjrwfvm
w,f? trsm;&JUtusdK;udk vdkvm;w,fqdkwJh arwm
pdwf 0ifvmw,f? arwmeJY aewwfvmw,f?
ywf0ef;usifuvlawG aumif;usdK; csrf;omawG
&Muygap? tqifajyMuygap? csrf;omMuygap?
ab;uif;Muygap? &efuif;MuygapeJY arwmpdwf
xm;wwfvmw,f? tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk vdv k m;vmw,f/
edru fh sNy;D qif;&J'uk a &mufaewJ?h tqifrajy
wJh yk*dKvfawGvnf; tqifajyMuygap? ukPm
xm;wwfvmw,f? atmifjrifBu;D yGm;oGm;wJh yk*Kd vf
awGtay:rSmvnf; jealousy rjzpfb;l ? atmifjrifrI
awG qufvuf &&SMd uygapvdYk rk'w d myGm;Edik w
f ,f/
'gwifrubl;? tm;vHk;tay:rSm vlqdkwm
ud,k uhf eH u YJ ,
kd v
f mwm jzpfaomaMumifh wG,w f mrI
qdkwJh Iaxmifhuae rMunfhbJeJY uHw&m;qdkwJh
Iaxmifu h aeMunfNh y;D vlawGukd ulnaD pmifah &Smuf
vmwwfw,f? Oayumw&m;awG jzpfay:vmwm
yg/
Oayumqdkwm *krpdkufbJeJY ypfxm;wmrsdK;

14

52 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 53

r[kwb f ;l ? pdw"f mwftaeeJY wnfNird w f m ]]tm;vH;k rk'w d m? Oayum 'Dav;ckeYJ aevdu k v f &Ykd &dS if tm;vH;k
[m ud, k uhf eH u
YJ ,kd vf mwm}} ud, k hf om;orD;tay: tqifajyrSmjzpfw,f/ tm;vHk;tay:rSm NcHKiHkNyD;
awmifrS Oayumrxm;EdkifvdkY&Sd&if Munfhav- arwmxm;? 'kua&mufaewJh yk*dKvfawGusawmh
udk,fu jzpfapcsifwmwpfck? om;orD;u jzpfae arwmr[kwb f ;l ? ukPmxm;? atmifjrifBu;D yGm;
wmwpfckqdk&if Oayumrxm;Edkif&if bmjzpfvm wJh yk*dKvfawGusawmh rk'dwmxm;? tm;vHk;udk
wkef;qdk dkufw,f? ESufw,f? qHk;rw,f? rsdK;pHkvkyf wpfcg NcHKiHkNyD;awmh oHa,mZOfjzpfjcif;qdkwm
awmh Mumawmh 'ku a&mufvmw,f? [kw&f UJ vm;/ rjzpfapbJeYJ tm;vH;k [m olu Y eH o
YJ l vmMuwmqkw d hJ
Oayumqdkwm b,fvdkxm;&wkef;? aMomf - tawG;tac:eJY Oayumxm;/
olvnf; olYuHeJYol vmwm? igvnf; ighuHeJYuH? arwm? ukPm? rk'dwm? Oayum qdkwJh
aumif;usdK;csrf;om&atmif udk,fu OD;wnfhay;& 'Dw&m;awG[m ow0gawG tm;vHk;tay:rSm
r,f? vkyaf y;&r,f? 'gu ud, k w
hf m0ef vkyaf y;wm xm;Edik Nf yq
D v
kd &Ykd &dS if ud,
k t
hf wGuv f nf; vHak vmuf
yg/ odkYaomf vkyfay;wmudk r&aumif;vm;qdkNyD; w,f? tm;vH;k ywf0ef;usit f wGuv f nf; vHak vmuf
a'gojzpfae&if 'g Oayumrxm;Edik b f ;l ? 'Dvq
kd v
kd kd oGm;w,f/
wm/ qkdvdkwmu avmb? a'go? arm[awG
tJ'aD wmh Oayumqdw k m uHw&m;udk qifjcif z,f&mS ;Ny;D tavmb? ta'go? tarm[awG OD;pD;
oHk;oyfNyD; pdwfudkwnfNidrfatmif? tpGef;ra&muf Ny;D awmh vkyaf qmifomG ;NyD qdv k &Ykd &dS if wpfu, kd &f nf
atmif xm;Edik w f hJ taetxm;/ arwm? ukPm? wpfum,twGuf vHak vmufvYkd pdwjf zLpifomG ;Ny/D
54 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf
arwm? ukPm? rk'w d m? Oayum xm;Edik Nf yD qdv k Ykd
&Sd&if trsm;aumif;usdK;twGuf jzpfapNyD; b0rSm
udk,fhtusdK; olYtusdK; ESpfrsdK; jynhfpHkoGm;NyDvdkY 'Dvdk
ajymwm/
tJ'Dawmh society rSm arwm? ukPm?
rk'dwm? Oayum xm;EdkifNyD qdkwJhtcg jyem
useaf o;ovm;qd&k if rajz&Si;f Edik w f hJ jyemwpfck
usefaeao;w,f/ bmvJvdk&if udk,fudk,fwdkifu
rqHk;jzwfEdkifvkdY aemifb0qdkwm &Sdovm;? r&Sdbl;
vm; qdkwmyJ/
aoNyD;wJhaemuf bmjzpfrvJ udk,fudk,fwdkif
rqH;k jzwfEikd b
f ;l ? rqH;k jzwfEikd w
f t
hJ cg jrwfpmG bk&m;
u tMuHPf? qHk;rMo0g'ay;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk
rqHk;jzwfEdkifwJhtcg aocsmwmudkvkyf/
'Dow
k e rf mS ud,
k t hf wGuf oufom&m&apr,fh
tcsufav;csuf/ 'Db0rSm aumif;atmifaejcif;
jzifh aemifb0ta&; pdwfat;&r,fh tcsuf
15
56 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf
vHkavmufw,f/ 'Db0rSm aumif;atmifaeonfh
twGufaMumifh wrvGefb0 &Sdw,fqdk&if tdkau?
aemifb0 igaumif;wJhbHk a&mufrSmyJ? wrvGef
avmu r&Sdbl;qdkvnf; bmudp&SdvJ? 'Db0rSm
ig vlawmfvlaumif;? udk,fhudkudk,f csrf;csrf;
omomeJY xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf oGm;Edik w f ,f? 'Dvkd
pdwfoufom&m (2)rsdK;&w,f/
aemuf tukodkvfqdkwm r&Sdbl;? tukodkvf
qdkwm vkyfvdkYr&bl;vdkY ajymwJhyk*dKvfu wpfOD;?
vkyvf &Ykd w,fvYkd ajymwJyh *k Kd vu
f wpfO;D ? 'DvEkd pS rf sKd ;
uGJaew,f/ vkyfvdkYr&bl;qdk&if igudk,fwdkifurS
tukodkvfrvkyfwm? rvkyf&if tukodkvftusdK;
b,fvmrvJvdkY oufom&m&w,f/ ESpfzufpvHk;
olt
Y wGuf aocsmaygufcsn;f yJ/ rvkyjf cif;aMumifh
vnf; tukodkvfr&bl;? vkyfrjzpfjcif;aMumifh
vnf; tukov kd f rjzpfb;l / tJ'aD wmh av;buf
av;wefu oufom&m&w,f/ 'Dvdk aocsmwJh
55
av;csuu f kd jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mw,f/ [kwf r[kwf
pOf;pm;Munf/h
wcsKd Ubmoma&;q&mu a[mw,f? wrvGef
avmu r&Sdbl;vdkY a[mw,f/ wcsdKUu &Sdw,fvdkY
a[mw,f? tJ'ED pS cf Mk um;rSm b,fvakd ervJqakd wmh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]'Db0rSm aumif;atmifvkyf?
arwm? ukPm? rk'dwmeJYae? trsm;twGuf
udk,fudk,fwdkifu avmb? a'go? arm[ tajccH
wJh tukov kd af wG pGeyYf ,fNy;D tavmb? ta'go?
tarm[ tajccHwJh ukodkvfw&m;awG NyD;jynfhpHk
atmifvkyf}}
tJ'v D kd jzLpifaewJph wd &f wdS hJ yk*Kd v[
f m wrvGef
avmu r&Sdvnf; bmylp&mvdkvJ? 'Db0rSm
vlaumif;yJ? wrvGefavmu &SdNyDqdk&if [dkb0rSm
csrf;omwJhb0 a&mufoGm;r,f? pdwfoufom&m
r&aybl;vm;/
b,fbufu MunfhMunfh olUtwGufu
57
enf;pepfudk vdkufemusifhoHk;&r,fvdkY jrwfpGm
bk&m;u umvmrokwfrSm 'Dvdka[mvdkufwm/
oHo,&SdaewJh yk*dKvfawGudk ]]igajymwm
em;axmif? ighw&m;rS trSef? usefwJhvlawG&JU
w&m;u trSm;}} vdkY 'Dvdkomajym&if [dkvlawG
oHo,ydkjzpfoGm;rSmyJ/ &[ef;a*gwrvnf; 'Dykwf
xJu yJygyJqdkNyD;awmh oluvnf; olY0g' aumif;
aMumif; ajymoGm;wmyJ}} 'DvdkajymcH&rSm/ tckus
awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u tvGefvdrmyg;eyfpGm qHk;r
awmfrlw,f/ (bk&m;u udk,fh0g' ajymwmyJ? ajym
w,fvYdk rxif&bl;? wu,fawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;[m
udk,fa[maeusw&m; a[moGm;wmygyJ)
tukodkvfawGa&SmifzdkY? ukodkvfawGaqmifzdkY?
arwm? ukPm? rk'dwm? Oayumw&m;awG
yGm;rsm; tm;xkwMf uzdq
Yk w
kd hJ 'DtajccHw&m;awGukd
umvmr trsKd ;om;awGukd a[moGm;wmwm/ olwYkd
58 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o
H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 59

tifrwefrS oabmusNyD; aemufqHk; Ak'bmom vnf; rqHk;jzwfeJY/ udk,fydkifPfeJY odNyD;awmh

tjzpfukd cH,Ml uw,fw/hJ 'gu umvmrokwe u f kd qH;k jzwfygwJ/h
tESpfcsKyftaeeJY &Sif;vif;a[mMum;wm jzpfyg (2) qHk;jzwfvdkY vufcHusifhoHk;vdkY tjypf&SdvdkY
w,f/ vufcHusifhoHk;vdkY raumif;usdK;awG ay;r,fqdk&if
'gaMumifrh Ykd w&m;cspcf if olawmfpif y&dowf csufcsif; odwJhtcsdefrSm csufcsif; pGefYvkdufyg/
taygif;wdkY 'D umvmrokwef&JU tESpfcsKyfudk (3) vufcu H sio hf ;kH vdYk aumif;usKd ;csr;f omudk &r,f
Munfrh ,fq&kd if (1) jrwfpmG bk&m;u trSew f &m;udk qdk&if csufcsif; usifhoHk;yg? (4) tJ'Dvdk raumif;
&SmazGwt hJ cgrSm wpfqifMh um;pum;eJv Y nf; r&SmeJ/Y wmawGudkpGefYy,f? aumif;wmawGudk usifhoHk;wJh
Tradition qkw d t hJ pOftvmeJv Y nf; r&SmeJ/Y vlajym tcgrSm tm;vHk;twGuf arwm? ukPm? rk'dwm?
olajym 'DvdkwJh qdkwmeJYvnf; r&SmeJY/ pmxJrSm Oayumqdw k hJ jA[p&kd w f &m;rsm; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
ygw,fqdkwmeJYvnf; r&SmeJY? rqHk;jzwfeJY/ Logic Ny;D awmhaeyg/ (5) tJ'v D kd tm;xkwNf y;D awmh aevdYk
enf;eJYvnf; rqHk;jzwfeJY/ tEkrme tawG;tac: &Sd&if aemifb0 &Sdonfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap?
rsKd ;eJv
Y nf; rqH;k jzwfe/YJ aMumif;usKd ;qifjcifwehJ nf;eJY tukov kd u
f &H UJ tusKd ; &So d nfjzpfap? r&So d nfjzpfap
vnf; rqHk;jzwfeJY/ ight,l0g'eJY udkufnDw,f bmrSpdwfylp&mr&Sdygbl;vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'Dvkd
qdkwmeJYvnf; rqHk;jzwfeJY/ jzpfEdkifw,f qdkwmeJY tqHk;owf a[mMum;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
vnf; rqHk;jzwfeJY/ wdkYq&majymwJhpum; qdkwmeJY 'gaMumifrh Ykd w&m;cspcf ifoal wmfpify&dowfwYkd
umvmrokweftwdkif; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;

16

60 a'gufwm t&Sief Ermvmbd0o

H umvmrokwf tESpcf sKyf 61

qHk;rwJhw&m;udk em,lrSwfom;NyD; rdrdwdkYb0rSm

wu,f qifjcifpOf;pm;&rSmu tjypf&w dS t
hJ &mvm;
tjypfr&Sw d thJ &mvm;? tukov kd v f m; ukov kd v
f m;?
ynm&SdawG uJh&JUwJht&mvm; csD;rGrf;wJht&mvm;?
vufawGUusifhoHk;vdkY&Sd&if aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk
ay;wwfovm; qif;&J'kuudk ay;wwfovm;
qdw
k mawGjzpfw,f/ 'D twdik ;f twmawGeYJ qifjcif
oH;k oyfNy;D ud,k yf ikd
f Pfjzifq
h ;kH jzwfum vufawGU
vdkufemusifhoHk;Mu&rSm jzpfw,fvdkY udk,fpDudk,fpD
oabmusNyD; usifhMuHBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfEdkifMuyg
apukefownf;/
om"k om"k om"k
eee