n tp Vt l thc phm

Chng 1

Cu 1: Trnh by cch xc nh cc thng s vt l thc phm c bn: th tch,

khi lng ring?

Cch xc nh th tch:

Phng php cn cht lng: ta tnh th tch ca cht lng (nc) tng
ng vi th tch ca thc phm cn xc nh

Vs =

Trong : Vs th tch thc phm

Wp cn bnh khng

Wps cn bnh c thc phm

Wpl cn bnh y nc

Wpls cn bnh c thc phm v nc

Phng php dng ng ong: cho thc phm vo ng ong c cha cht
lng v o trc tip phn cht lng tng ln. Nu thc phm ni trn mt nc
th dng que n chm thc phm v cng thm lng nc dng do que b chm

Phng php dng t trng k dng kh: Ban u ng 3 van. Sau m van
1 ta c P1. Khi m van 2 th ta o uc P2. T tnh th tch thc phm theo
cng thc:

Vs = V2 V1 ( )

Hnh
 Cch xc nh khi lng ring:

Khi lng ring rn: s = (th tch ny c tnh bng cch ui

ht cc kh tn ti trong cc pore ca vt liu rn v khng tch cc kh trong

cht rn)

Khi lng ring vt liu: m = (th tch ny c tnh bng cch

nghin nh cc ht thnh bt mn)

Khi lng ring ht: h = (th tch ny c xc nh l cc

pore ng, khng tnh cc pore h

Khi lng ring biu kin: app = (th tch ny c xc nh l

tt c cc cc pore trong vt liu

Khi lng ring tng th: bulk = khi lng cho cc vt liu ng

gi hoc xp chng cht ln nhau. Th tch tnh l tng th tch ca vt liu v

c phn rng do xp chng ln nhau

Tnh ton khi lng ring:

Cu 2: xp l g? Cch xc nh xp? ngha ca xp trong ch bin

thc phm?

xp l t l phn trm khng kh chim ch trong thc phm vi ton b

th tch ca thc phm

ngha ca xp l nh gi qu trnh dch chuyn m, nhit, vt cht

trong thc phm, xp t l thun vi s truyn nhit

Cc phng php xc nh xp:

 + Dng phn mm Image J: Chp nh bng knh hin vi => s dng phn
mm phn tch hnh nh cc pore, bt kh => xc nh t l kch thc bt, bn
knh trung bnh => phn trm chim ch

+ total = app + bulk = 1 - +1-

Trong :

+ Phng php dng t trng k dng kh

= hnh

Cu 3: Cht hot ng b mt c tc dng g trong ch bin thc phm?

- Cc loi cht lng c sc cng b mt nn kh ha tan vi nhau

- Cht hot ng b mt l cht phn cc c 1 u u nc v 1 u k

nc, u u nc s lin kt vi mi trng nc, cn u k nc s lin kt
vi cht lng khc, lm gim sc cng b mt gip 2 loi cht lng d ha tan
vo nhau

- Tc dng ca cht hot ng b mt l to h mixen lm gim sc cng b

mt ca cht lng

Cu 4: Nu ngha ca cc thng s nhit trong ch bin thc phm?

- H s dn nhit (W/m.): l lng nhit dn qua 1 n v chiu di khi

c s chnh nhau 1

=> H s dn nhit: ng gi nhit truyn qua vt th l d hay kh

- Nhit dung ring Cp (J/kg.): l lng nhit cn thit cung cp cho 1kg
vt th nhit ca n tng ln 1

Cp = Cpi . Xwi (J/kg.)

Trong : Cpi - nhit dung ring cc thnh phn trong TP

Xwi phn khi lng cc thnh phn

 - H s khuch tn nhit (m/s2): l trng nhit trong thc phm bin
thin nhanh hay chm

Cu 5: Cc tc dng ca hng ngoi v vi sng trong ch bin thc phm?

Nng lng vi sng Nng lng hng ngoi

- Bc sng di hn hng ngoi - Bc sng 700nm

- C kh nng m xuyn nn lm - Khng c kh nng m xuyn nn

nng t trong lng thc phm lm nng b mt thc phm

- To ra dao ng cc phn t nc - Qu trnh lm nng ph thuc vo

gy ra ma st gy sinh nhit c trng b mt v mu sc ca

- Qu trnh lm nng ph thuc vo thc phm

lng m ca vt liu. m cng cao - Qu trnh dn nhit vo trong ph

th lm nng cng nhanh thuc vo h s dn nhit ca thc

=> Thun li cho vic lm nng phm ( Nc, Protein, Lipit)

=> Thun li cho qu trnh sy

 CHNG 2: CC TNH CHT LU BIN CA THC PHM

Cu 1: Hc phn l thuyt cht lng Newton v phi Newton

Cu 2: Nu cc phng php phn tch cu trc bng thc nghim? Mc tiu

tng phng php nhm xc nh g?

Bi lm:

Phng php thc nghim dng o nhng thng s khng th biu

din c bi nh lng lu bin c bn. Da vo 3 nguyn tc c bn: s
un, ct v nn

Khi nim Mc ch ng dng Hnh

p dng cho
sn phm c
Xc nh
Dng mt lc nn cu trc cao
Phng c
ti a lm v sn ( cng,
php nn cng, gin
phm gin)
ca sn phm
V d: ko
cng,
Dng mt lc nn Dng o
Phng ti a im trung Xc nh cho nhng sn
php nn tm ca 3 im un cong, phm dng
3 im lm v sn phm gin thanh
hon ton (socola,)
S dng lc ca u
d i xung, n
khi tip xc vi b nh gi
mt v m xuyn c gin,
qua thc phm to cng ca
Phng Cho sn phm
ra lc nn v lc ct thc phm.
php m tri cy, rau c
C 2 loi m Ngoi ra c
xuyn qu, tht
xuyn: th xc nh
m xuyn 1 c cng
phn tng lp
m xuyn
qua

Dng lc cng, S dng o

nh gi
to ra s cng v cc sn phm
Phng dai ( vng
ko xy ra bn dng si (bn,
php ko chc), dn
trong bn thn sn m,), dng
ca sn phm
phm mng
 Gm 2 loi:
Ct 1 dao:
p dng cho
S dng li dao
sn phm c
hay thanh ct i
Bit c kch thc ln
xung n khi tip
Phng cng, gin (tht, rau,
xc thc phm, lc
php ct ca thc qu)
ct thc phm to ra
phm Ct nhiu
khi khong cch
dao: dng cho
u d tng
sn phm
dng mnh
vn (snack,)
Tc dng mt lc
ln thc phm n
khi thc phm chy
qua mt li thot.
Li thot gm 2
loi: Dng cho sn
Li thot thun: phm dng
Phng nh gi
mt l c kch c nho, st
php p ng c ca
chun bn di (pat, nc
n sn phm
vt cha st, sa
Li thot ngc: chua,)
thc phm c y
ln trn theo 2 li
thot nh hnh v
bn

Cu 3: Nu phng php phn tch cu trc bng TPA, ngha ca c kt,

do v dai ca thc phm khi xc nh TPA?

Bi lm:

Phng php phn tch cu trc bng TPA l phng php da trn
ng cong lc phn loi cc c tnh cu trc then cht ca thc phm, l
cu ni ca cm quan. Phng php ny ch dng lc nn, nn 2 ln ln cng
mt din tch ca thc phm nhng khng c ph v cu trc ca thc phm.
y l phng php a chc nng, c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip.

Biu ng cong lc ca phng php TPA theo thi gian (v)

Phng php ny c th xc nh nhng thng s sau:

 c kt: l thuc tnh c hc ca cu trc lin quan ti mc bin
dng m sn phm c th chu c trc khi gy v

c kt =

do: l thuc tnh c hc ca cu trc c lin quan ti lc c kt ca

mt sn phm. do lin quan ti lc cn nghin nt sn phm thnh
dng sn sng cho vic nut

do = c kt x F2

dai: l thuc tnh c hc ca cu trc c lin quan ti lc c kt,

cng, s ln nhai cn thit mt sn phm rn tr thnh dng sn sng
cho vic nut

dai = c kt x F2 x Spriginess ( co dn)

 CHNG 3: PHNG PHP V THIT B THNG S DNG
KIM TRA CC THNG S VT L CA THC PHM

Cu 1: Ti sao xc nh nht ng hc ch cn xc nh thi gian chy ca

cht lng qua ng mao?

Bi lm:

Ta c:

nht ng hc:

Trong : g= 9,81 (m/s2) V = const (m3)

H=const (m) L =const (m)

R = const (m)

t:

Do :

Khi mun xc nh nht ng hc th ch cn xc nh thi gian

chy ca cht lng v K= const vi cc thng s cho

Cu 2: Nu phng php xc nh nht thc bng nht k dng quay?

Bi lm:

Nht k dng quay c trc quay vi tc khng i trong chic cc c

nh. Khi cht lng cn tr chuyn ng ca trc to nn ng sut trt trn
b mt ca trc, hnh thnh mt momen lc tc dng ngc tr li trc quay
(ngu lc)

Momen c tnh: M = F.d (d: chiu di cnh tay n)

 Vi cht lng Newton th nht c tnh:

Trong M: momen o trc

: vn tc gc quay ca tr

: nht ca cht lng

H: chiu cao ca trc quay

: bn knh ca tr quay

: bn knh ca cc cha
 Chng 4

Cu 1: Vai tr khi s dng trng in t dng xung c cng cao tc ng

vo vi sinh vt th chng b thng l?

Khi cho thc phm i qua gia hai in cc tri du, vi hiu in th cao
20-60kV => to ra xung in t c cng cao tc ng vo vsv => lm cho
cc in tch tch t trn thnh t bo c nh hng => to ra chnh lch hiu
in th khong 1V gia trong v ngoi t bo => dn n thnh t bo => gy ra
cc l thng nh, sau mt thi gian cc l thng s ngy cng ln hn => lm
mt s cn bng cc cht trong v ngoi mng t bo vsv => tiu dit vsv

Hnh Hnh

Cu 2: Nu u im ca phng php PEF so vi x l nhit trong ch bin

thc phm?

- Phng php PEF khng s dng nhit nn gi c cc tnh cht cm

quan ca thc phm nh mu, mi.... V cc cht dinh dng t b bin i
(polyphenol, cc hp cht chng OXH, vitamin, khong,...)

- Thi gian x l nhanh

- PEF khng ch c s hnh thnh bo t ca cc vsv do c thi gian x

l qu nhanh (khong vi giy) vsv khng kp to bo t

- H tr qu trnh trch ly v sy

Cu 3: Nu cc tc ng k thut ca trng in t dng xung n thc phm

dng lng?

- Cng in trng to ra chnh lch hiu in th gia trong v ngoi

t bo ln 1V s nh thng thnh t bo ( 20oC)

- Thi gian x l khong 1-5 giy v hot t bo

 - Hnh dng ca trng in t dng xung nh: dng vung, dng m, dng
xoay chiu, trong xung hnh vung c tc dng nh thng thnh t bo vsv
mnh hn cc xung khc, do gi tr in th cao v di hn

Cu 4: Nu cc yu t sinh hc ca trng in t dng xung tc ng n vsv

trong thc phm dng lng?

- Kch thc v hnh dng t bo vsv

Vc = f.Ec.a.cos

Trong : Vc in th nh thng f h s hnh dng t

bo

Ec in trng ti hn yu cu a bn knh t bo

l gc nghin ca mng t bo vi in trng

=> Nu mng t bo vung gc vi in trng th = 90o, in th nh

thng Vc = 0, trng in t dng xung khng tc ng n vsv

=> Nu mng t bo song song vi in trng th = 0o, in th nh

thng Vc = max, trng in t dng xung tc ng mnh n vsv

Thc phm dng lng => Cho thc phm chy ri cho vsv chuyn ng
theo mi hng ca in trng => tng in th nh thng

- Dng vsv hnh cu, van, tr,... nm men nhy cm nht vi x l PEF

- Vi khun gram (-) nhy cm vi PEF hn vi khun gram (+), do lp

peptidolucan mng hn

- Trng thi sinh l ca vsv:

pha log d tiu dit vsv bng PEF hn do qu trnh sinh sn ca vsv
(nhn i, ny chi) c lp mng ti ch tch ra mng

u pha n nh th kh tiu dit vsv bng PEF do vsv trng thnh

v thch nghi vi mi trng sng, c t c t trong c th nht
 kh tiu it cc vsv to bo t trc khi vo PEF

Cu 5: Nu s dng thc phm c pH qu thp th trng in t dng xung c

cng cao, c tc dng nh th no?

- Khi vi khun trong trng in t dng xung c cng cao s lm

thng thnh t bo vsv => gy cht vsv

- i vi cc vsv sng trong mi trng pH thp th s b tiu dit bi

trng in t dng xung c cng cao, do khng kp to bo t

- Trong mi trng pH thp, cc vsv to bo t t trc th PEF khng

th ng thng thnh t bo vsv c

Cu 6: Tc dng ca p sut cao n vsv trong thc phm

- Enzyme gm c: Protein + Trung tm hot ng => p sut cao c ch

hot ng enzyme ca vsv bng cch lm bin tnh protein ca enzyme. (101-
303MPa) lm cho enzyme bin tnh thun nghch, (>303MPa) enzyme bin tnh
khng thun nghch

- Qu trnh sao chp DNA b c ch => mt kh nng sinh sn

- Tiu dit vsv: khi c p sut cao => to lc x rch thnh t bo vsv :

=> lm t bo co dn

=> x rch => chy dch

=> th tch thnh t bo gim => Tiu dit vsv

Cu 7: Gii thch v sao ming tht b khi tc ng p sut cao (600MPa) trong
thi gian 6 pht li c thi gian bo qun lu hn?

- Tiu dit vsv: khi c p sut cao => to lc x rch thnh t bo vsv :
 => lm t bo co dn

=> x rch => chy dch

=> th tch thnh t bo gim => Tiu dit vsv

- Enzyme trong tht b v hot do bin tnh protein trong enzyme p sut
cao (>101MPa)

- p sut cao lm tch nc trong cht bo => hn ch qu trnh thy phn

=> hn ch s to mi i, sm mu

Cu 8: Ti sao khi s dng p sut cao vo thc phm li c xem nh

phng php ch bin?

- Cc cht nh: lipid, glucid, protein, vitamin, khong,... c cu trc bt 1

(mch thng) th t chu nh hng ca p sut cao nh lin kt cng ha tr ca
chng

- Protein bt cao s bin tnh bi p sut cao => Lm mm tht v d tiu

ha hn

=> P<101 MPa cc protein bt cao ngm nc => trng n

=> P>101MPa cc protein tch nc, dn mch thnh bt thp

- Enzyme trong tht b v hot do bin tnh protein trong enzyme p sut
cao (>101MPa)

- Nc thay i pha: p sut cao tc ng lm gim im kt tinh v nng

chy ca nc ( 207.5MPa th im kt tinh l -22oC) => gip chuyn sn
phm ng v trng thi bnh thng trong thi gian ngn (khong vi pht)

- p sut cao to ra cc hp cht mi => tng gi tr cm quan cho thc

phm
Cu 9: Nu tc dng ca chiu x n c th vsv trong qu trnh thanh trng
nc?

- C ch qu trnh chit x l dng cc tia c bc sng ngn (tia X, Gama,

UV) => to ra nng lng cao hn nng lng lin kt ca cc phn t (E = )

=> to ra cc gc t do (OH*,CHO*,COO*,...) tc ng vo DNA ca t bo

vsv => lm sai lch s sp xp cc baz ca DNA => VSV mt kh nng sinh
sn

- Thanh trng nc ta nn dng tia UV c (280nm) ngn hn cc tia khc,

trnh to ra qu nhiu gc t do lm nh hng xu n sc khe

- Cc baz trong DNA sp xp theo (A-T, G-C) m tia UV lm thymine

chuyn thnh dimer => mt kh nng sao chp ca thymine

- Kh nng m xuyn ca UV i vi nc ct ch khong 40cm => khi

thanh trng nc cn ch chiu dy ca mng nc

Cu 10: Ti sao khi tc ng sng siu m vo thc phm th qua qu trnh sy

s gip thc phm xp hn?

- C ch tc ng ca sng siu m: Nc khi c tc ng sng siu m =>

gin n, nn p => to cc bt kh => bt kh tng th tch => n bt kh

=> X rch thnh t bo => sinh nhit => gc t do

- Khi s dng siu m tc dng vo thc phm th qua qu trnh sy s gip

thc phm xp hn v: sng siu m lm cho cc phn t nc trong thc phm
dao ng => gin n v nn p => to ra cc kh trong lng thc phm => tng
xp