RTO Information system for vehicular adhoc network

Introduction

This project is based on hardware components in this project it will automatically

transmitte signals from a sign board which are installed by RTO at road side it will

transmitte signals which will contain necessary information and it will be catch by the

receiver which is going to be installed that the user end that means in the car or any other

vehicle.
Functionality

In this project the sign board which are install at the roads side by the RTO in that sign

board there will be transmitter which will trasmitte frequency or digital signals

continuously and that signals will be catched by the receiver installed in the vehicle as

and when the signals are catched by the receiver it will raise an alarm or a warning

displaying the necessary message. For example if the road is one way and the car driver

does not know that this road is one way and the driver is entering into that one way road

then the receiver will catch the signals from the sign board and tell the receiver that you

are entry in a one way traffic so please avoid doing this other wise you will be fined or

the desired message will be displayed so the driver will come to know that he or she is

entering into the restricted area so he or she can be save by not entering in that area e sign

board and it will display the message to the receiver in this way it will work and all the

necessary information will be given by the transmitter.

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET, is a form of Mobile ad-hoc network, to

provide communications among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed

equipment, usually described as roadside equipment.

The main goal of VANET is providing safety and comfort for passengers. To this end a

special electronic device will be placed inside each vehicle which will provide Ad-Hoc

Network connectivity for the passengers. This network tends to operate without any infra-

structure or legacy client and server communication. Each vehicle equipped with VANET

device will be a node in the Ad-Hoc network and can receive and relay others messages
through the wireless network. Collision warning, road sign alarms and in-place traffic

view will give the driver essential tools to decide the best path along the way.

There are also multimedia and internet connectivity facilities for passengers, all provided

within the wireless coverage of each car. Automatic payment for parking lots and toll

collection are other examples of possibilities inside VANET.

Most of the concerns of interest to MANets are of interest in VANets, but the details

differ. Rather than moving at random, vehicles tend to move in an organized fashion. The

interactions with roadside equipment can likewise be characterized fairly accurately. And

finally, most vehicles are restricted in their range of motion, for example by being

constrained to follow a paved highway.

In addition, in the year 2006 the term MANet mostly describes an academic area of

research, and the term VANet perhaps its most promising area of application.

InVANET, or Intelligent Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networking, defines an Intelligent way of

using Vehicular Networking. InVANET integrates on multiple ad-hoc networking

technologies such as WiFi IEEE 802.11 b/g, WiMAX IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, IRA,

ZigBee for easy, accurate, effective and simple communication between vehicles on

dynamic mobility. Effective measures such as media communication between vehicles

can be enabled as well methods to track the automotive vehicles is also preferred.
InVANET helps in defining safety measures in vehicles, streaming communication

between vehicles, infotainment and telematics.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks are expected to implement variety of wireless technologies

such as Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) which is a type of WiFi. Other

candidate wireless technologies are Cellular, Satellite, and WiMax. Vehicular Ad-hoc

Networks can be viewed as component of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).

 Receiver
(at vehicle)

Transmitter
(Controller)
Applications

Traffic control

Automatic speed limit enforcement.

Rerouting in traffic congestion.

Safety

Notification of accident up ahead.

Sophisticated Information exchange.

Emergency message dissemination.

Extended communication

Infotainment
Transmitting Data Memory 89c51

Microcontroller

Decoder Unit

Logical Unit

TX Unit

BLOKDIAGRAM OF TX

Transmitting data :-
 It is the data which regulates the speed of the vehicle passing from the

restricted zone.

Memory :-

In this block the transmitted data will be stored. And the signals will be

transmitted to the transmitter.

Microcontroller :-

Microcontroller unit will control the all operation.

Decoder unit :-

This block will decode the signals given to it and will transfer the signal to

the logical unit for further processing.

TX Unit :-

It will transmit the decoded signals to the receiver.

Encoder Microcontroller lc

RX d
 BLOKDIAGRAM OF RX

RX Unit :-

This unit will receive the decoded signal from the transmitter and will

transfer encoded signal to the encoder unit.

Encoder Unit:

This unit will encode the decoded signals received from the transmitter

and pass it out to the uc port of the computer.

Microcontroller Unit :-

The microcontroller software will controller all operation of the receiver

section. Shows the exact position along with restricted speed in LCD display.

Advantages
 Self organization and Management

Information sharing

No limitation network

Disadvantages
 Rapidly Changing network topologies.

Large number of nodes- congession.

Expensive systems and slow reaction.

Constant maintenance.

Future Scopes
There is a plethora of ideas

Diagnostic, safety tools, information services, business services

Car on-board communication.

Hardware and Software Requirements

Hardware requirements of project would be :-

1. 89c51 Microcontroller.

2. LCD Display.

3. Connecter.

4. Resister.

5. Capacitors.

6. Crystal.

7. Relays.

8. PCB Plate.

9. Power Supply.
 SHIFT KEY MODULATION

The process of changing some characteristics (e.g. amplitude, frequency

or phase) of a carrier wave in accordance with the intensity of signal is known as

modulation.

Modulation means to change. In modulation, some characteristics of

carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity (i.e. amplitude) of the

signal. The resultant wave is called modulated wave or radio wave and contains

the audio signal. Therefore, modulation permits the transmission to occur at high

frequency while it simultaneously allows the carrying of the audio signal.

Need of Shift Key Modulation

It is extremely necessary in communication system due to the following

reasons :
(i) Practical antenna length : Theory shows that in order to transmit a

wave effectively, the length of the transmitting antenna should be

approximately equal to the wavelength of the wave.

velocity

Now, wave length = -----------

Frequency

3 x 108

= --------------- meters

frequency (Hz)

As the audio-frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 KHz, therefore, if

they are transmitted directly into space, the length of the transmitting

antenna required would be extremely large. For instance, to radiate a

frequency of 20 KHz directly into space, we would need an antenna

length of 3 x 108/20 x 103 = 15,000 metres. This is too long antenna to

be constructed practically. For this reason, it is impracticable to radiate

audio signal directly in to space. On the other hand, if a carrier wave

say 1000 KHz is used to carry the signal, we need an antenna length

of 300 metres only and this size can be easily constructed.

(ii) Operating range : The energy of wave depends upon its frequency.

The greater the frequency of the wave, the greater the energy

possessed by it. As the audio signal frequencies are small, therefore,

these cannot be transmitted over large distances if radiated directly

into space. The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency

carrier wave with audio signal and permit the transmission to occur at

this high frequency.

(iii) Wireless communication : One desirable feature of radio transmission

is that it should be carried without wires i.e. radiated into space. At

audio frequencies, radiation is not practicable because the efficient of

radiation is poor. However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is

possible at high frequencies, (> 20 KHz). For this reason, modulation is

always done in communication systems.

Types of modulation:

As you will recall, modulation is the process of

Changing amplitude or frequency or phase of carrier wave

In accordance with the intensity of the signal. Accordingly,

there are three types of modulation, namely:

(i) amplitude shift key modulation

(ii) frequency shift key modulation

(iii) phase shift modulation.

 In India, amplitude shift key modulation is used in radio broadcasting,

in the television transmission; frequency shift key

modulation is used for sound signal and amplitude

shift key modulation for picture signal. Therefore, our attention in the

in this chapter shall be confined to the first two most important types

of modulation.

Amplitude shift key modulation:

When the amplitude of high frequency carrier wave is

change in accordance with the intensity of the signal, it is called

amplitude shift key modulation.

In amplitude shift key modulation, only the amplitude of

the carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity

if the signal. However, the frequency of the modulated

wave remains the same i.e. carrier frequency. For instance,

when the signal is increasing in the positive sense, the

amplitude of carrier wave also increases. On the other

hand, during the negative half-cycle of the signal, the

amplitude of the carrier wave decreases. Amplitude shift

 key modulation is done by an electronic circuit called

modulator.

The following points are worth noting in amplitude shift key modulation :

(i) The amplitude of the carrier wave changes according to the intensity of

the signal.

(ii) The amplitude variations of the carrier wave is at the signal frequency

fs.

(iii) The frequency of the amplitude modulated wave remains the same i.e.

carrier frequency fc.

 Microcontrollers

Figure shows the block diagram of a typical microcontroller, which is a true

computer on a chip. The design incorporates all of the features found in a

microprocessor CPU: ALU, PC, SP, and registers. It also has added the other

features needed to make a complete computer: ROM, RAM Parallel I/O, serial

I/O counters, and a clock circuit.

Like the microprocessor, a microcontroller is a general-purpose device, but

one that is meant to read data, perform limited calculations on that data, and

control its environment based on those calculations. The prime use of a micro-

controller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is

stored in ROM and that does not change over the lifetime of the system.
 The design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of the micro-

processor: make a single design that can be used in as many applications as

possible in order to sell, hopefully, as many as possible. The microprocessor de-

sign accomplishes this goal by having a very flexible and extensive repertoire of

multi-byte instructions. These instructions work in a hardware configuration that

enables large amounts of memory and I/O to be connected to address and data

bus pins on the integrated circuit package. Much of the activity in the

microprocessor has to do with moving code and data to and from external

memory to the CPU. The architecture features working registers that can be

programmed to take part in the memory access process, and the instruction set

is aimed at expediting this activity in order to improve throughput. The pins that

connect the microprocessor to external memory are unique, each having a

single function. Data is handled in byte, or larger, sizes.

The microcontroller design uses a much more limited set of single- and

double-byte instructions that are used to move code and data from internal

memory to the ALU. Many instructions are coupled with pins on the integrated

circuit package; the pins are "programmable"that is, capable of having several

different functions depending on the wishes of the programmer.

The microcontroller is concerned with getting data from and to its own pins

the architecture and instruction set are optimized to handle data in bit and byte

size.

The digital o/p is now fed to a 40 pin micro controller IC AT 89C 51. It is a

low power, high performance CMOS, 8 bit microcomputer with 4 K bytes of Flash
Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry standard MCS 51TM instruction set and pin out.

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-

bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT 89C51 is a powerful

microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible, and cost effective solution to

many embedded control applications.

The AT 89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,

128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16. Bits timer / counters, a five vector two

level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on chip oscillator and clock

circuitry.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROCONTROLLER

ALU Timer/Counter I/O

Port

Accumulator
I/O
Port
Register (s)

Internal Interrupt
RAM Internal Circuits
ROM
Port

Clock
Stack Pointer Circuit

Program Counter
 PIN CONFIGRATION OF 89C51

Port 1 Bit 0 +5 V

Port 1 Bit 1 Port 0 Bit 0 (Address /Data 0)

Port 1 Bit 2 Port 0 Bit 1 (Address/Data1)

Port 1 Bit 3 Port 0 Bit 2 (Address/Data2)

Port 1 Bit 4 Port 0 Bit 3 (Address/Data3)

Port 1 Bit 5 Port 0 Bit 4 (Address/Data4)

Port 1 Bit 6 Port 0 Bit 5 (Address/Data5)

Port 1 Bit 7 Port 0 Bit 6 (Address/Data6)

Reset Input Port 0 Bit 7 (Address/Data7)

Port 3 Bit 0 External Enable (EPROM

(Receive Data) Programming Voltage)

Port 3 Bit 1 Address Latch Enable

(XMIT Data) (EPROM Programming Plus)

Programming Store Enable

Port 3 Bit 2
(Interrupt 0)
Port 2 Bit 7 (address 15)
Port 3 Bit 3
(Interrupt 1)
Port 2 Bit 6 (Address 14)
Port 3 Bit 4
(Timer 0 Input)
Port 2 Bit 5 (Address 13)
Port 3 Bit 5
(Timer 1 Input)
Port 2 Bit 4 (Address 12)
Port 3 Bit 6
(Write Strobe)

Port 3 Bit 7 Port 2 Bit 3 (Address 11)

(Read Strobe)

Crystal Input 2 Port 2 Bit 2 (Address 10)

Port 2 Bit 1 (Address 9)

Crystal Input 1

Port 2 Bit 0
Ground
(Address 8)
89C51 Architecture

The 89C51 architecture consists of these specific features:

Eight-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B

Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR)

Eight-bit program status word (PSW)

Eight-bit stack pointer.(SP)

Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0 (8031) to 8K (89C51) Internal

RAM of 128 bytes:

Four register banks, each containing eight registers

Sixteen bytes, which may be addressed at the bit level

Eighty bytes of general-purpose data memory.

Thirty-two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports: P0-P3

Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1.

Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF.

Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE.

Two external and three internal interrupt sources.

Oscillator and clock circuits.

 Arithmetic
& S.F.R

Latch
PSW RAM I/O
Logic Unit

Port 0
A0-A7
D0-D7

A A

Latch

Port 1
I/O

P DPTR
DPH

Latch
C ROM
DPL

Port 2
I/O
A8-A15

I/O
Interrupt

Latch
Counter

Port 3
Serial Data
Byte/ Bite Special RD WR
EA System Function
ALE Timing Addresses Registers
PSEN System
XTAL1
IE
XTAL2 Interrupts Register
RESET Timer IP
Bank 3
PCON
Data Buffers Register
Memory Control SBUF
Bank 2
Vcc
SCON
GND
TCON
Register
Bank 1 TMOD
TLO
THO
Register
TLI
Bank 0
TH1
 Internal RAM Structure
Architecture of 89C51

BIBLIOGRAPHY: -

Following references are used for this project

The 8051 microcontroller : Mazidi & Mazidi

Embedded systems : Rajkamal

Data sheet of 89C51 : Atmel.com

Data sheet of ADC 804 : Intersil.com

Data sheet of IC 7805 : National Semiconductor.com

Data sheet of MCT2E : Fairchild semiconductors.com

www.energymeter.com

www.atmel.com