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8 Eti Ofriani Bahan Ajar
8 Eti Ofriani Bahan Ajar
RY
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BASED ON
SETS
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T Structure, nomenclature,
E properties and uses of
R
I ALKANOATE ACID AND
A
L ALKYL ALKANOATE
for
XII
grade
Carboxylic acid and ester
1
Copyright 2016
Compiled by: Eti Ofriani
CONTENTS
Cover..................................................................... 1
Introduction.......................................................... 2
Content................................................................. 3
Core Competences................................................ 4
Basic Competences............................................... 4
Alkanoate Acid
1.1 Structure of alkanoate acid............................. 6
Alkyl Alkanoate
2.1 Structure of alkyl alkanoate............................. 13
Glosarium............................................................. 26
References............................................................. 27
Carboxylic acid and ester
4
CORE COMPETENCES
CC1
To internalize and practice the teachings of individual religion.
CC 2
To internalize and practice honest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring
(gotong
royong, cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsive and pro-active and
displayed as part of the solution to various problems in interacting effectively
with
the social environment and nature and put them selves as a reflection of the
nation
in the association world.
CC 3
To understand, implement, analyze and evaluate factual knowledge,
conceptual,
procedural, and metacognitive by curiosity about science, technology, art,
culture,
and humanities with the insight of humanity, national, state, and civilization-
related
causes of phenomena and events and applying procedural knowledge in
specific
areas of study that suit their talents and interests to solve the problem.
CC 4
To process, reason, present, and creat in the realm of the concrete and the
abstract
realm associated with the development of learned at school independently
and to
act effectively and creatively, and are able to use the method according to
the rules
of science.
Carboxylic acid and ester
5
Basic Competences, indicators,
and Learning Objectives
BASIC COMPETENCES
1.1 To recognize the order in colligative properties, redox reactions, the
diversity of
nature elements, macromolecular compounds as a manifestation of the
greatness of Almighty God and the knowledge of the existence of such
regularity
as a result of human creative thinking that truth is tentative.
2.2 To demonstrate cooperative behavior, polite, tolerant, peace-loving and
caring
environment and saving in the use of natural resources.
3.1 To analyze the structure, nomenclature, properties and usefulness
carboxylic acid
compound and ester
INDICATORS
1.1.1 Be aware that the carboxylic acid and ester is a gift of God Almighty
2.2.1 To demonstrate cooperative behavior, polite, tolerant, peace-loving and
caring
environment and saving in the use of carboxylic acid and esters.
3.1.1 To write the structure of product that contain the carboxylic acid and
ester
3.1.2 To identify the nomenclature of carboxylic acid and ester the compound
3.1.3 To describe the properties of the carboxylic acid and ester
3.1.4 To analyze the products (uses, technology that use, impact for
environtment)
containing carboxylic acid and ester in daily life
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students can realize that carboxylic acid (carboxylic acid) and esters is a gift
of
God Almighty
Students can demonstrate cooperative behavior, polite, tolerant, peace-loving
and caring environment and saving in the use of carboxylic acid and esters.
Students can write the structure of product that contain carboxylic acids and
esters
Students can identify the nomenclature of carboxylic acid and ester
compound
Students can explain the properties of the carboxylic acid and ester
Students can analyze (uses, technology that use, impact for environtment)
product containing carboxylic acid and ester in their daily life
Carboxylic acid and ester
6
STRUCTURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
Objectives : Students can write the structure of product that contain
carboxylic acids.
Students can give name some structure of carboxylic
acids.
Fig 1.1
Carboxylic acid and ester
7
Naming Carboxylic Acids
The name of carboxylic acid ends with -oic acid. Most of us are familiar with
vinegar.
Vinegar contains ethanoic acid, which is a carboxylic acid with two carbon atoms.
Table 1.1 the formula of some product that contain carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acid and ester
8
Product The carboxylic Molecular formula
What is the general formula thatfor carboxylic
acids? Vinegarcontain
Acid
From the structural formula of the carboxylic acids
given (CH3COOH)
in Table 1.1, we can conclude that the general
formula of
carboxylic acids is written as CnH2n-1COOH. Using the
general formula, we can therefore predict that a
carboxylic acid with six carbon atoms has the
molecular Tartrat Acid
formula C5H(2x5)+1COOH, that(Cis
4HC6O6)
5H 11COOH.
Oxalate acid
(H2C2O4)
Palmitate Acid
(C16H32O2)
To name a carboxylic acids by the IUPAC system, first
identify the longest carbon chain, including the carboxyl
group. Then form the acid name by dropping the e- from
the corresponding parent hydrocarbon name and adding
oic acid. Thus, the names corresponding to the C-1, C-
2, and C-3 acids are methnoic acid, ethanoic acid, and
propanoic acid. These names are, of course, derivated Some ants spray
from methane, ethane, and propane: methanoic acid
(commonly callod
formic acid) to
string their
attackers.
CH4 methane HCOOH methanoic acid
CH3CH3 ethane CH3COOH ethanoic acid
CH3CH2CH3 propane CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid
The IUPAC system is neither the only not the most generally used method of
naming
acids. Organic acids are usually known by common names. Methanoic, ethanoic,
and propanoic acids are commonly called formic., acetiic, and propinoic acids,
respectively. These names usually refer to a natural source of the acid and are not
really systematic. Formic acid was named from Latin word formicia, meaning
ant.
This acid Contributes to the stinging sensation of ant bites. Acetic acid is found in
vinegar and is so named from the Latin word vinegar. The name of butyric acid is
derived from the Latin term for butter, since it is a constituent of butterfat. Many
of
the carboxylic acid, pricipally these even numbers of carbon atoms ranging from 4
to
about 20., exist in combined from in plant and animal fats.
Formic acid is used in a small industry, tanning skin, and rubber plantations to
agglomerate the latex (rubber tree sap).
2) Acetic Acid
Acetic acid is the acid in vinegar eat. Pure acetic acid, the so-called glacial
acetic
acid is a clear liquid colorless, odorless very sharp, freezes at 16,6oC, forming
crystals resembling ice or glass.
Carboxylic acid and ester
Acetic acid can be made from the oxidation of ethanol because of the B
effect of m
various types of bacteria such as acetobacter. This method is still used to u
B
make p
vinegar dilute acetic acid to eat. Materials used are grape or other fruit a
juice.
6
Most of the acetic acid is made by passing ethanol vapor mixed with air P
through a catalyst. m
i
a
d
a
d
s
a
c
Acetic acid is the vinegar that usually we use a
d
3) Adipic acid is used to make nylon.
u
e
i
t
p
c
s
g
Nilon that we use contains adipic acid. o
t
4) Oxalic acid to remove rust and manufacture of dyes. s
5) Tartaric acid, an acid is used as an astringent drinks, candy, and baking a
powder.
11
Carboxylic acid and ester
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STRUCTURE OF ESTERS
Objectives : Students can write the structure of product that contain
esters
Students can identify the nomenclature of ester compound
What is an esters?
A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an organic compound called an
ester. This reaction is known as esterification.
STAGE 5 Drying the product: By now the only impurity left is water. So, to dry
the
ester, it is run off (tapped off) from the separating funnel into a small conical
flask
and some granules of anhydrous calcium chloride added. The conical flask is
stoppered and the mixture shaken, and the calcium chloride absorbs any
remaining
moisture in the ester. The pure ester can than be filtered off.
Carboxylic acid and ester
19
A nice experiment.
LETS DO EXPERIMENT WITH YOUR FRIEND
Uses of esters occur widely in nature and are usually sweet/pleasant smelling
liquids
and widely used as fragrances (components in perfumes) and food
flavourings.
Perfumes can natural, obtained from plant sources, or artificial, since
esters are
readily synthesised in the laboratory.
Parfume is one of
essens that belong
to esters
Natural substances are used in many cosmetics but many mixtures contain
synthetic organic compounds.
Many esters have pleasant sweet or fruity smells and the colourless liquids are
quite volatile, that's why fruits have strong pleasing odours or aromas.
Fats are esters of glycerol with carboxylic acids high rate. For example, the
animal fat, fish oil and coconut oil.
The major use is as a food fat (cooking oil and margarine) and to make
soap.
Did you ever eat bread cake? What do you feel when you eat the bread
cake? The
cake that we eat is very closely related to carboxylic acids and esters.
In the process of making bread cake, we often use baking powder and
essesns to
add to the taste of the bread that we will make. Apparently, baking powder
and
essens is one of the carboxylic acids and esters applications in daily life.
The materials contain inert fat is intentionally mixed to keep the components
of
baking powder material remains in good condition.
Baking powder is usually used as a developer (leavening agent)
cake, a
cake baked, steamed cakes, cup cake and pancanke. Baking Powder contains
the
substance to be neutralizing, usually used on materials that dough recipe has
been
neutral milk samples. Baking powder produces a neutral flavor and texture of
a
small pore.
Aroma essences are extracts of food
ingredients such as vanilla, chocolate,
mocha, orange, strawberry and others.
Essences used to augment or reinforce the
aroma of the ingredients of cake, bread,
cakes, puddings and drinks. Liquid form. Its
use is enough 1 teaspoon per 1 liter of
Food Essens
liquids or 1 kg of powdery material usage.
In society, baking powder and essens
are very helpful. Because without the
baking powder and essens, when they
would make the bread, the bread that
they make become less fluffy and has a
Pict. Baking powder is used to
pleasant aroma, so less add flavor.
make bread swell
Undeniably, the community relies
heavily on essesn when baking powder
and baking cake.
Carboxylic acid and ester
24
One of the manufacture of baking powder is to use yeast. For the first process
you
need a bowl, sieve, whisk, a box with a lid, baking soda, cream of tartar, and
corn
starch. Use cup baking soda, cup corn starch or arorut, and cup cream
of
tartar. Sift ingredients. This will avoid any premature clots from forming in
your mix,
and will help to further mix the entire ingredients. Stir the mixture. Use made
of wire
beaters to whisk all the ingredients together. Keep your yeast. Yeast must be
stored
in an airtight box to prevent moisture and will remain good quality for 7 to 10
weeks.
LETS
HAVE FUN
Write down the using of vinegar which is an aspect of SETS (science,
environment, technology, society)!
Society
Sains
Technology Environtment
Write down the positive effects and the negative impact of the use of baking
powder and food essens in everyday life that you encounter after reading this
material.
What can you conclude about the carboxylic acid and ester? What is the
structure and properties of the carboxylic acid ester?
Write some other existing products in your everyday life which is the
application
of carboxylic acid and esters.
Carboxylic acid and ester
26
GLOSARIUM
REFERENCES
http://www.docbrown.info/page04/OilProducts10b.htm
Toon, Tan Yin, dkk. 2010. Chemistry Matters. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish
Education