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Aerodynamic Damping of Prisms
Aerodynamic Damping of Prisms
Mll =lgbc,
Journal of Wind Engineering ~ ~ i ~ g
ELSEVIER and Industrial Aerodynamics 59 (1996) 159-175
Abstract
This paper describes the aerodynamic damping of two-dimensional (2-D) rectangular prisms
in smooth flow, which characterizes the aerodynamic instability, mainly torsional flutter or
coupled flutter. Their generation mechanisms, in particular, are discussed on the basis of
aerodynamic derivatives, obtained from the unsteady pressure measurement under the IDOF
heaving/torsional forced vibration.
1. Introduction
Bluff body aerodynamics are characterized by the flow pattern around the body,
such as flow separation, flow reattachment, formation of vortices and so on. Espe-
cially, it has being clarified that the vortex generation plays an important role not only
on vortex-induced vibration but on galloping and torsional flutter. Based on a num-
ber of wind tunnel tests, the bluff body aerodynamics are classified into various
I 2D Vortex L_.IKarmanVorlex- I
] [ InducedExcitation]
,3 2 s h ~ ~ y ~ 0 . J . ~ f f ~
[Instability
'~ 'I~3D Vo~t~ 1.-3 High S~d Vo~t~x-I
I Shedding [ [ InducedExcitation [
]y~now -
reattachment ~
LJ ,
'Ill ~w
Quasi-steadyI
I
[ NOnseparationFlO~--~Unsteady
w- Flow] [ CoupledFlutter]
The unsteady pressure of 2-D rectangular prisms with various side-ratios B/ D from
1 to 20 are measured in smooth flow by the heaving/torsional 1DOF forced vibration
method. The forced vibration system and the model sections are shown in Fig. 2. The
section of wind tunnel has a height of 1.0 m and width of 0.7 m.
M. Matsumoto/J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159 175 161
a
n MOTOR 10~=. ...... 200........ -] B/D=-20
13.3~1 ................... I B/D=-15
187.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B/D--12.S
.t'- 200 L~
I SUiPORT 2oli-' ..................
22.5T1
I B/D=-~0
] B/D--8
TRANSMISSION TRANSMISROD
ROD SION 150
(mm)
rlr~onal Motion
A
r ,,a
L0/ i:U/fB=7.$6 i :U/fB=7.37 :U/fB=7.35
I ~ ~.:U/1~=11.33 '~ ~ U/tB=753 ~ 'V:Olfl~=ll.09 } ~ V:U/I~=I1.22
/ ~ ~ V:U/fl~15.13 i' ~ ~':U/(B=ll.02 i ~ X:U'/I~.--14.SO '
0'0L
[. . . . . . ] 0.0[. . . . . ] 0[
LE. M.P. #
T.E.
[3
Fig. 4. (A) Unsteady pressure coefficients [torsional I DOFL {B/ Phase differences of unsteady pressure
{torsional IDOF).
-20
,, ~ ~ "~-<"~. .........
-40
-60 '".)K'I'
i i i v L -~"" 7
-800 -50~ ' - ~ '
10 20 U/fB 1~0 20 U/t~B
AI"
40 o---.B/I~-20 -, o---- B/D=20 - - ~ - B/I)=3
-~,-- B/I~-15 --a-- B/D=15 ~ B/D=2
---[z---B/I~-12.5 ---~--- IND=I2.5 - -~- - B/D=I
30 -$--- B/D=10 10 - ~ - B/D=lO
- ~,-- B/D"-8 - * - - l~tD--8
--m-- B/D=5 ..... --~-- IND=5 ~ ~.>a,~'-'-- c~. . . .
20 - - ~ - B/D=3 _~: ....
0
10 , ,, / --,-__,--.
-10
0
V._'..2 -" ~ - - ' ~ - -
/~, -- -20
-10
I / "--
-30 r i p i
-20
' 1'0 ~-- 2~0 UjfB 10 20 U/fB
f H3*
300 F o.-- B/D=20 ~ - B/D=3
2 ....<2. B/D=20 i- B/D=5 - - ~ - B/D=15 ~ B/D=2 ,-"
I --~--B/D=15 ~ - - B/D=3 200 ---o -- B/I~-12.5- e- B/I~-p /
---~ -- IVD=12.5 + B/D=2 , -4b-- I ~ - 1 0 ~"
1D0 -4~.- B/D=10 - -* B/D=I , - - ~ 2 ;
-"-- B/D=8 _m---.-~~ 100~ __._ B,'D=-S T,~'-~',.. ,'
2"_-- --- ........-o " "
I , -100 ,-__~~t..
-100 i , 't"" -~ ~- "~ -200 F , ",,, "~.~
50 ",/T~
, I ~J
-50 tlL ". -'"~~"~--" "
- \. "'O
0 ........ - : . ~ @ ~ . ~ . . ~ . . . . ~ ....
i~ ......
' -o--~ _ . ~ /.,
'w-- "'o
-150,
;o -200; I'0 2 0L U / f B,
F'ig. 5. C o n t i n u e d .
f U2 S 1
A* - U ' (7*.',cos~Bdx, A* - 2h2(oz C*xsin~bTdX,
2be) 1 - -i
(3)
where C* is the unsteady pressure coefficient per unit relative angle of attack for
heaving and torsional motion, because ffp is a linear function subject to the relative
angle of attack as shown in Fig. 6.
The eight aerodynamic derivatives of the 2-D rectangular prisms with BID = 1-20
are illustrated in Fig. 5.
The aerodynamic derivatives H'~ and A~' can decide heaving/ torsional 1DOF
instability, respectively. From the H ~' diagram, it is known that the rectangular prisms
with BID = 1 and 2 would show heaving divergent type instability, that is galloping.
On the other hand, the prisms with B/D = 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10 should show the torsional
flutter instability, based on their A~' diagrams. However, the prism with BID = 2
shows the particular characteristic of velocity-restricted positive range of A 7, which
M. Matsumoto/J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159-175 165
seems to be the low speed torsional flutter initiated by a kind of vortex generation on
the side-surface of the prism.
The unsteady pressure coefficient (~pis proportional to the magnitude of the relative
angle of attack as shown in Fig. 6. Furthermore, the similarity of unsteady pressure
characteristics per unit angle of attack exists between heaving and torsional motions
which derives the following mutual dependence of aerodynamic derivatives, consider-
ing Eq. (3),
C"~nnax
1
0.5
inglDOF
ionallDOF
2~ )
0 015 i 1.5 2 215a (deg')
Fig. 6. Unsteady pressure coefficients and the magnitude of the relative angle of attack (B/D = 20).
166 M. Mamumoto/J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodvn, 59 (1996)159 175
-~'or \
-300 I 0 ~
--o-- H~'/k
-400 ~ Ha"
d I
-5000 5 1~0 1'5 2-0- 25U/fB -5o--~ lo ; ~ 27U/m
5O
/
-25
H4* f a3"
2F
o.
"~ ~ o P s i o n a l
0.1
0
' ,i ' k ' 'i~\' ~'6 -0.
U/[B U/fl3 U/fB
(a)B/D=20 (b)B/D=15 (c)B/D=12.5
Fig. 8. Velocity-damping diagrams by the conventional complex eigenvalue analysis {BID = 20).
where
C1 = (pb2/m)r~, C2 = (pb4/I)(c0/0-)02)2C31/2,
C3 = 2 {1 - ( 0 ) / ( / . ) 0 2 ) 2} q'- 4~22(fD/fD02) 2,
t68 M. Matsumoto/J. V~TndEng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159 175
(pb2/m)o~H~rl+(pbZ/m)(o~H]~l
+
{ (pb3/I)o}FA;q (Pb3/l)c~-A~rl
J
I
~ ~ r'~ . ~ 1(Pba/I)tl:A~-q>4"(Pbi*/I)%~'A3q~
T
I%re~r;n'{ "'2"espn~
i , 1 1
{(p~/m)o.'}l-l;q%,
{
(pb3/m)o~H~t%q~lcos(tab1t-OI)] (pb3/m)tOFH2mnc4~_cos(e%t-02)]
I [(pbS/m)ttH;sin( ,t-02)]
(P~/m)(oFH;('Pl/'q)'ics0 fI (P~/m)(oFH2(~2/~)ncs02
{(Pb3/m)*FH~-t%(~1/Tl'-')qsin0t ] (pb3/m)tFH2~(q~-/rl)rlsin02
(pb31m))~H;(q~I/r})rlcse~ (Pba/m'))~
FI;({p2/lq)llcc~ae2
""'1
.(pb&m)wmFH3C~P,
l~)(-q/orn
)sin0t -(pb3/m)o~H3(~Irl--)(rllo~n)sin02
{
qI :Heavingdisplacementinducedby ~ ~ : Amplitudeof~q2
q2 : Heavingdisplacementinducedby ~ 02 : Phase lag betweenI11or II2 motion and ~ motion
rh : Amplitudeof~lI 01: Phaselag betweenrllmotionand 9 motion
Fig, 9. The flows of"the step-by-step method lbr heaving branches.
I(~ ~mo~A:.: I
%= 0 -90" 04-0+180" (H;<0)
I 0~)
(a,'/n,,,,,~'(~,~;~co~o, ]
I(@~/t),o,a,',~.(~,/~),sm O,l (oh3//)~o~oG(~:/qT)OsinO~
Fig. 10. The flows of the step-by-step method for torsional branches.
~0.25 -
3 -02
-0.5 ~:(z~b4a) ~r (D:(/~b4/I) ~ "
~:(~ IF/m)(~or-/w ~)~()- n I @:(~/m)(~o~o ,~)~()-~n~*
i~):{l_(COrlfO r/)2}2+4 ~." ~ 2(COda/ p)2 I~):{I-(~F/,a/ r/)2}2+4 ~" ~72(~ F./O.) rt)2
-0.75 5 1'0 13 20 U/fB L '- ~- :b ' --~5 U / m
(a)~/D=20 (b)B/D=15
#,(~)-AI "]-~'cos0 2
0.2,
B=O.15Om,In 0=45H.z,f ~ o=6.0Hz
M--0.200kg s2/m2,I=5.0x 10~cg s 2
~][YA,'H~'cos 01
u q.Xy,d-A4"t~Iz'sln0
@-A:g~'oos 0 ~
0.1 o (Dl~A4"l-~'sh~0 ~ 0.1
.~ (~
"-~
.~ -o.: -e=6d
tt i -0.1
ff):(o b~/D I :(~b4/D " :
" @:(~ bz/m)((o F/o~ ~)z()-*t2
:U-(~oF/~o ,y~iz+4 l" ~Z(~oF/~O~)2 i (~):{I_(~OF/( 0 ~7)2}2+4 ~" ~72(0)F,/~0~)2
k___.
. . . . 5-- I0 1~5U/fB o ~ ~ :, ~ io U/m
(c)B/D=12.5 (d)B/D=10
,.I
.u 0c
A* and H*. On the other hand, bluff prisms with B/D = 5, 8 and 10 show
torsional instability, which is almost controlled only by the non-coupled aerodynamic
derivative, A*.
8. Low speed torsional flutter/high speed torsional flutter and coupled flutter
A2 ~
100
B/D=2.0 without S.P.
--(7- B/D=2.0 with S.P.
50
.? 0.
'C
I I I I I
-50 0
10 20 U/fB
Fig. 12. Aerodynamic derivative A'~ (B/D = 2).
172 M. Matsumoto/d. Wind Eng. lnd Aerodvn. 59 (1996) 159-175
I
UifB : by Yoshimura et al.
: Resonant Wind Velocity for H-Section
20- Lira
Cyc
~ ~ ~ U n s t a b ; e on~2 D.O.F.
~ t a b l e on 1i D.O.F.)
, ~.- ~ ~ =0.08
~,x~"~ ' ~ - ~ ..4---- 6 =0 0 4
6 =o3o 6
.3.33 ~ '~" ')?,~pl'~~ ~ . . . . - - - ~ , .Crit~lealWind Velocityof Flutter
1.11 . ~ ~ ~ ' by F.B.Farquharson
IJ , B/D
2 '~ 6 8 1'0 1'2 20
Fig. 13. Unstable region for H-section.
The torsional response appearance range of 2-D H-shaped sections with various
side-ratios, B/D, is summarized in Fig. 13 [9]. This figure shows that the torsional
response is a velocity-restricted type for bluff sections with side-ratios smaller than
approximately BID = 4, and the response changes continuously to the divergent type
from the velocity-restricted type with increase of side-ratios up to approximately
BID = 10. But it should be noted that the onset velocity is almost constant, which
completely differs from the reciprocal value of Strouhal number, 1/St. Kubo et al. [10]
reported that the vortex convection should cause the torsional flutter of H-shaped
sections, which corresponds to the velocity-restricted torsional response at low
velocity range in this paper.
Both 2-D rectangular prisms and H-shaped sections with the side-ratios up to
approximately BID = 10 show velocity-restricted torsional response at low velocity
range, and then for sections slender than B/D= 3 or 4 the velocity-restricted response
smoothly changes to the divergent response with increasing velocity. Thus the former
response is called "low speed torsional flutter" and the later one "high speed torsional
flutter" [5].
What kind of vortex excites this low speed torsional flutter? The details are not
currently known but the author suspects that this vortex is generated by torsional
motion at a near leading edge of the prism, which is suitably amplified as the
interaction between Karman vortex shedding as two shear layers instability and
vortex related to one shear layer instability, or certain latent particular Karman
vortex shedding for unsteady bluff body.
The high speed torsional flutter, on the other hand, is caused by the same mecha-
nism as the coupled flutter. The 1DOF torsional flutter is, in general, explained by the
M. Matsumoto/J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159-175 173
(h ( i t )
-180r
21 ~,.
1 ~ ~
.......
B/[~20
BPI~-I5
-9(]
0.6 -- -- - B~123
..... B/I~-I0
0A ..... B/I~-8 ~ 4 2 . - - B/D=20
'~ ,,X .......... B/D=5 9~ ", . .
-----
. . . . . B/D=15
B/D= 12.5
0.~ ..... B/D=10
0.01
..... B/I~--8
.......... B/D=5
Fig. 14. U n s t e a d y pressure distribution (torsional 1 D O F , U/fB = 14.9): (a) u n s t e a d y pressure distribution;
(b) phase difference.
ii
Cp H@ -- B~-20
0.gr - - B/D=~ 0.9f . . . . B/D=15
/ ....... B/D=15 I - ~123
-
,,
ii
--0s{ XG i,,i,~ i oly lof t5
i| ii
/
150 r --o-- B/D'~IIi
/ B/D-15
---i:l---~ 1 ~ 5
~10
1~ I --i--
-*'- B/I~5
Ill/D-8 ./ .w'" - #
ll"
i"
Toidoall Flunci .~'"
I i," ~4- ~ S
A*2>0
I
01 "
\ :
-50 1 10 20 UIIB
~iod~.im~
i
dei',Cvii~eA2* A*2<0
Fig. 15. Torsional flutter instability.
174 M. Matsumoto/J. Wind Eng. Intl. Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159-175
positive value of the aerodynamic derivative A ~. The value of this A * is decided by the
integration of the Cp(x)xsin 0 distribution on the side-surface or the product of the
area of Cp(x)sin 0, which means the value of H*, and the distance from the mid-chord
point to the center of gravity of the distribution of C,(x)sin ~b, where x~ in Fig. 15
indicates the distance of the figure-center from the mid-chord point for the prism with
B/D = 5, as an example. Therefore, the location of the gravity center of t~p(x)sin ~b
upstream or downstream from the mid-chord point decides the sign of A~,
which means the former case corresponds to A * being negative and is aerodynami-
cally stable, and the later case corresponds to A * being positive and is aerodynami-
cally unstable. By the way, the unsteady pressure distribution has fundamentally
identical characteristics as shown in Fig. 14, therefore, the gravity center moves
continuously and gradually from the leading edge side to the trailing edge side. The
gravity center of the prism with B/D= 10 crosses the mid-chord point to the trailing
edge side, that is why the prisms with smaller BID than l0 up to 5 show torsional
flutter instability. This aspect is illustrated in Fig. 15. The mechanism of this torsional
flutter is caused by the local unsteady separation bubble, which corresponds to the
dynamic stall vortex for torsional flutter of the airfoil with a pitching angle reported by
McAlister and Carr [11]. In conclusion, the high speed torsional flutter is funda-
mentally identical to the coupled flutter from the generation mechanism point of view.
9. Conclusion
References
[1J s. Komatsu and H. Kobayashi, ,I. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 14 (1980).
[2] Y. Nakamura and M. Nakashima, Fluid Mech. 163 (1986~.
M. Matsumoto/J. Wind Eng. Ind Aerodyn. 59 (1996) 159-175 175