PROJECT

IN
PE 54
Submitted by: Franz Khyte E. Bihag
Submitted to: Asst. Prof. Dioesio V.
Piero II
Table of Contents
1. Personal
a. Definition
b. Difference between Personal and Personality
c. Definition of Personality Trait
d. Measuring Personality
2. Community
a. Definition
i. Academic Setting
ii. Philisophy of Social Science
iii. Anthropologists
iv. Public Administration
b. Sensing a community
c. Ways of community development
d. Perspectives of a community
i. Community Studies
ii. Philosophy of Social Science
iii. Cultural Anthropology
iv. Archaeology
v. Psychology and Sociology
e. Key Concepts of a Community
i. Internet Communities
ii. Organizational Communication
iii. Public administration
iv. Sense of community
v. Socialization
f. Community Development
i. Building and Organizing
ii. Community Services
g. Types of Community
i. Location
ii. Identity
iii. Overlaps
3. Environmental Health
a. Asthma
b. Autism
c. Breast Cancer
d. Cancer
e. Lung Disease
f. Lupus
 g. Obesity
h. Parkinsons Disease
i. Reproductive Health
j. Others
4. First Aid: Safety Education
a. Definition
b. Importance
c. Children as a prone to injuries
d. Prevention
e. Symbol
f. Guiding Principles of First Aid
g. Roller and Triangular Bandaging
 1. Personal

a) What is Personal?

Personal is of, relating to, or coming as from a particular person;

individual; private:

b) Difference between Personal and Personality

 Personality is a set of qualities that make a person (or thing) distinct

from another while personal is pertaining to human beings as distinct

from things.

c) Personality Trait
A personality trait is a characteristic that is distinct to an

individual. Psychologists determined that there are five major

personality traits and that everyone falls into at least one of them.
d) How to Measure Personality
http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/TypeA-B-intro.html

2. Community
a) What is Community?
A community is commonly considered a small or large social unit (a

group of people) who have something in common, such as norms,

religion, values, or identity. Often - but not always - communities

share a sense of place that is situated in a given geographical area

(e.g. a country, village, town, or neighborhood). Durable relations

that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense

of community. People tend to define those social ties as important to

their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions like family,

home, work, government, society, or humanity, at large. Although

communities are usually small relative to personal social ties (micro-

level), "community" may also refer to large group affiliations (or

macro-level), such as national communities, international

communities, and virtual communities.

i. Academic Setting
 In academic settings around the world, community studies is

variously a sub-discipline of anthropology or sociology, or an

independent discipline.
ii. Philosophy of Social Science
The term community is one of the most elusive and vague

in sociology and is by now largely without specific meaning. At

the minimum it refers to a collection of people in a geographical

area. ... (2) A sense of belonging or community spirit.

iii. Anthropologists
community ubiquitously represents an hurray term (Cranston

1953: 16). Whether community represents a togetherness of

the past (Tonnies), contemporary behavioural commonality

(Frankenberg, Minar and Greer, Warner), political solidarity

(ethnic, local, religious), or a utopian future (a rural idyll, a world

order), here, notwithstanding, is a concept of always positive

evaluation and evocation, whose usage expresses and elicits a

social group and a social environment to which people would

expect, advocate or wish to belong.

iv. Public Administration
Composed of citizens that were given care and attention by the

government.
b) How do we sense a community?
By considering these factors:
Membership- the feeling of belonging or of sharing a sense

of personal relatedness.

It includes five attributes:

 1. Boundaries How do people become members and what
are the boundaries keeping others out
2. Emotional safety By building boundaries and including
the right people, you create trust and a feeling of safety
3. A sense of belonging and identification Members
must feel like they fit in and that this is their community
4. Personal investment If members contribute or make
sacrifices to the community, it enhances their sense of
community
5. A common symbol system Sharing a symbol like a
sports team jersey or gang colors creates a sense of
community

So its important to not just invite anyone and everyone to

your community. Think about what you want your community to
be about and who would make your community better. Make sure
that anyone who joins is going to be a good fit.

By setting boundaries to getting into a community, you

make members feel special and create a higher level of trust.

Then think about what else you can do to make users

proud to be a member using things like symbols. Think power
user programs, logos and branding.

Influence- or a sense of mattering. It has to work both

ways, with members feeling like they have influence over
the community and the community having influence over
the members.

Influence also speaks to the concept of giving first before

asking for anything. The theory states that:
 People who acknowledge that others needs, values, and
opinions matter to them are often the most influential group
members, while those who always push to influence, try to
dominate others, and ignore the wishes and opinions of others
are often the least powerful members.

Each member should know that someone is listening, no

matter what, even if its just the community manager.

And for a community to have influence over its members, it

simply has to become a place that they care about. It has to
provide them with value that they dont want to lose.

Integration and Fulfillment of Needs

This essentially means that by joining a community a

member gets what they hoped to get by joining.

It reinforces the idea that your community, like any other

product, needs to solve a problem for its members in order to
make it worth their time and contribution.

A reward might be something specific like an answer to a

question or networking. Or it could be something a bit more
intangible like a sense of belonging, a support network,
thoughtful conversations, inspiration, etc.

Members need to feel rewarded in some way for their

participation in the community in order to continue to contribute.

This is why its really important to talk to your users and

get a really good idea of who they are. Then you can understand
their needs and how the community can best serve them.
 Shared Emotional Connection

All healthy communities have a story. Members will have a

history of experiences together and the belief that there will be
more experiences together in the future.

McMillan & Chavis provide an example:

This is the feeling one sees in farmers faces as they talk about
their home place, their land, and their families; it is the sense of
family that Jews feel when they read The Source by
James Michener (1965).

These experiences form a long lasting, emotion

connection. Thats why a community that goes through a crises
often comes out much stronger because theyve now shared a
difficult situation, forging a strong emotional bond amongst
members.

This factor is believed to be the definitive element for true

community.

c) Ways of Community Develoment

Steps to Community Development

For the purposes of this course, the general community

development process can be synthesized into the following basic steps.
However, community development is an organic process, so that while
the "steps" are presented in a logical order, in reality they may not
follow sequentially and some steps may either be skipped or carried
out simultaneously with other steps.

1. Learn about the community

2. Listen to community members

3. Bring people together to develop a shared vision

 4. Assess community assets and resources, needs and issues

5. Help community members to recognize and articulate areas of

concern and their causes.

6. Establish a 'vehicle for change'

7. Develop an action plan

8. Implement action plan

9. Evaluate results of actions10. Reflect and regroup

d) Perspectives of a Community
i. Community Studies
- is an academic field drawing on both sociology and

anthropology and the social research methods of

ethnography and participant observation in the study

of community.
ii. Philosophy of Social Science
- The term community is one of the most elusive and

vague in sociology and is by now largely without

specific meaning. At the minimum it refers to a

collection of people in a geographical area. ... (2) A

sense of belonging or community spirit.

iii. Cultural Anthropology
- About the cultural variation among humans. It is in

contrast to social anthropology, which perceives

cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological

constant.
iv. Archaeology
- understood as a distinctive set of practices within the

wider discipline, is a relatively new development. Its

most important distinguishing characteristic is the

 relinquishing of at least partial control of a project to

the local community.

v. Psychology and Sociology
- Community psychology studies the individuals'

contexts within communities and the wider

society, and the relationships of the individual to

communities and society. Community psychologists

seek to understand the quality of life of individuals

within groups, organizations and institutions,

communities, and society. Their aim is to enhance

quality of life through collaborative research and

action.
e) Key Concepts of Community
i. Internet Community
- is a virtual community whose members interact with

each other primarily via the Internet. For

many, online communities may feel like home,

consisting of a "family of invisible friends".

ii. Organizational Communication
1. Organizational communication is a subfield of the

larger discipline of

communication studies. Organizational

communication, as a field, is the consideration,

analysis, and criticism of the role

of communication inorganizational contexts. Its main

function is to inform, persuade and promote goodwill.

iii. Public Administration
 - is the implementation of government policy and also

an academic discipline that studies this

implementation and prepares civil servants for

working in the public service.

iv. Sense of Community
- is a concept in community psychology, social

psychology, and community social work, as well as in

several other research disciplines, such as urban

sociology, which focuses on the experience of

community rather than its structure, formation,

setting, or other features. The latter is the province

of public administration or community services

administration which needs to understand how

structures influence this feeling and psychological

sense of community. Sociologists, social

psychologists, anthropologists, and others have

theorized about and carried out empirical

research on community, but

the psychological approach asks questions about the

individual's perception, understanding, attitudes, feel

ings, etc. about community and his or her

relationship to it and to others' participationindeed

to the complete, multifaceted community

experience.
vi. Socialization
 - a continuing process whereby an individual acquires

a personal identityand learns the norms, values, beh

avior, and social skills appropriate to

his or her social position.

f) Community Development
i. Building and Organizing
- BUILDING

Community building is defined here as those projects

which seek to build new relationships among members in a
community and develop change out of the connections
these relationships provide for solving member-defined
problems. Significantly, community building focuses on
utilizing the existing assets within a community and not the
provision of services for resolving deficits within a
community. The community building model has its genesis
in three sources: the self-help movements reformist
critique of the service delivery and advocacy models of
change, Kretzman and McKnights asset-based community
development model and the feminist response to
traditional community organizing.

ORGANIZING

The most famous figure in modern community

organizing is Saul Alinsky. Alinsky was a community

organizer who worked around the nation from the

1930s to the 1970s. Alinskys writings serve as a

bible for many direct action community organizers

(for instance, Alinsky, 1971). Direct and indirect

descendents of Alinsky include such famous figures

as Caesar Chavez, Fred Ross Sr. and the current staff

of the IAF and several similar organizing networks.

 Alinsky plays such a dominant role in discussions of

organizing that the irreverent, aggressive and

arrogant personality he interjects into his writings

have become a stereotype for community organizers.

Indeed, community change strategies which use

public confrontation are often referred to as "Alinsky-

style" models.

Community
Community
Bases
Organizing Building

Primary Value Participation Leadership

Conception of
Public Interest Conflicting Communal
in a Community
Agenda
Power Agenda setting
planning
Nature of
Political Internal
Social Capital
Nature of Civic Political Engaged
Engagement Activism Citizenry
ii. Community Services
- Community service is work done by a person or
group of people that benefits others. It is often done
near the area where you live, so your own
community reaps the benefits of your work. You do
not get paid to perform community service, though
sometimes food and small gifts, like a t-shirt, are
given to volunteers.
- Community service can help any group of people in
need: children, senior citizens, persons with
disabilities, English language learners, and more.
It can also help animals, such as those at a shelter,
and it can be used to improve places, such as a local
park, historic building, or scenic area as
well. Community service is often organized through a
 local group, such as a place of worship, school, or
non-profit organization. You can also start your own
community service projects.
- Some students are required to complete community
service as part of a class requirement in order to
graduate high school or become a member of certain
organizations, such as the National Honor Society.
Adults can also participate in community service as a
way to help others or if they are ordered to do so by
a judge.

- What Are Examples of Community Service?

- Working with schoolchildren: Tutoring children

after school, collecting school supplies to donate,
planting a school garden.

- Working with senior citizens: Visiting residents of

a retirement center, delivering meals to senior
citizens, driving them to appointments.

- Improving the environment: Holding a recycling

contest, planting trees, creating a new trail at a
nature center.

- Helping low-income people: Passing out food at a

soup kitchen, collecting used clothes to be donated,
making first aid kits for homeless shelters.
- What
Are
the Benefits of Community Service?

- Have the opportunity to help others: This is

often the most important benefit of community
service. Participating in it gives you the opportunity
to know that you are improving someone's life and
making your community better, and you get to see
the direct impact of your work.

- Gain hands-on experience: You can learn a lot of

skills while performing community service such as
construction, painting, customer service, and medical
skills. You can also include your community service
work on your resume.

- Learn about different careers: Sometimes you

can focus your community service in a field you may
want to work in down the road. Some examples of
this include volunteering at an animal shelter if you
are thinking about becoming a veterinarian, working
at a hospital if you want to be a doctor, or
volunteering in a museum if you like history. The
experience gained from community service can help
you get an internship or job in the future, and it also
 gives you the opportunity to see how much you
would really enjoy a particular career.

- Personal growth: Doing community service has

personal benefits as well. It often makes participants
more organized, responsible, and compassionate,
which are all good qualities to have, as well as
qualities that both colleges and employers like to see
in applicants.

- Gain new friends: A final benefit is that you can

meet a lot of great people while doing community
service. Community service is often done in groups,
so its easy to make friends with the people you are
working with. You may also become friends with the
people you are helping, especially if you volunteer at
the same place regularly.

- Where Can You Find Community Service Projects?

- Your school or groups you belong to: This

can include clubs, places of worship, community
centers or any other organizations you are a member
of. To find community service opportunities, check
their website, bulletin board, or newsletter. If you are
a student, your school may also have a community
service club that makes it easier to get involved.

- Places where you'd like to volunteer: If you have

a specific place where youd like to perform
community service, like a hospital or animal shelter,
contact them and ask if they take volunteers.

- Your community itself: You can also look for

opportunities at your town hall, or similar building.
Also, check your towns website or newsletter. Many
 include a section that lists current volunteer
opportunities.

g) Types of

Community
i. Urban
- An Urban Community is a big city or town. It is

considered an Urban Community if there are more

than 2,500 people living in the community. Urban

communities are often busy and crowded. Normally,

the city is the most central location in a region. It is

also referred to as downtown.

ii. Suburban
- A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area,

either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a

separate residential community within commuting

distance of a city.
- http://citadel.sjfc.edu/students/rnr00577/e-

port/msti260/suburban.htm
iii. Rural
- Rural communities are often farm lands. However,

arural community can also be woodland forests,

 plains, deserts, and prairies. There are few buildings,

businesses, and people in rural communities. In

these communities people live far apart from one

another.

3. Environmental
health
a) Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in

the lungs. These airways, or bronchial tubes, allow air

to come in and out of the lungs.

- If you have asthma your airways are always inflamed.

They become even more swollen and the muscles
around the airways can tighten when something
triggers your symptoms. This makes it diffi cult for air
to move in and out of the lungs, causing symptoms
such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
and/or chest tightness.

- For many asthma sufferers, timing of these symptoms

is closely related to physical activity. And, some
otherwise healthy people can develop asthma
symptoms only when exercising. This is
called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
(EIB) , or exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Staying
active is an important way to stay healthy, so asthma
shouldn't keep you on the sidelines. - Your physician
 can develop a management plan to keep your
symptoms under control before, during and after
physical activity.

- People with a family history of allergies or asthma are

more prone to developing asthma. Many people with
asthma also have allergies . This is called allergic
asthma .

Occupational asthma is caused by inhaling fumes,

gases, dust or other potentially harmful substances
while on the job.

- Childhood asthma impacts millions of children and

their families. In fact, the majority of children who
develop asthma do so before the age of five.

- There is no cure for asthma, but once it is properly

diagnosed and a treatment plan is in place you will be
able to manage your condition, and your quality of life
will improve.

- An allergist / immunologist is the best qualified

physician in diagnosing and treating asthma. With the
help of your allergist, you can take control of your
condition and participate in normal activities.

b) Autism
- Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a

range of conditions characterized by challenges with

social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and

nonverbal communication, as well as by unique

strengths and differences. We now know that there is

 not one autism but many types, caused by different

combinations of genetic and environmental

influences.

- The term spectrum reflects the wide variation in

challenges and strengths possessed by each person
with autism.

- Autisms most-obvious signs tend to appear between

2 and 3 years of age. In some cases, it can be
diagnosed as early as 18 months. Some
developmental delays associated with autism can be
identified and addressed even earlier. Autism Speaks
urges parents with concerns to seek evaluation
without delay, as early intervention can improve
outcomes.

SOME FACTS ABOUT AUTISM

- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) estimates autisms prevalence as 1 in 68
children in the United States. This includes 1 in 42
boys and 1 in 189 girls.
- An estimated 50,000 teens with autism become
adults and lose school-based autism services
each year.
- Around one third of people with autism remain
nonverbal.
- Around one third of people with autism have an
intellectual disability.
- Certain medical and mental health issues frequently
accompany autism. They include gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders, seizures, sleep disturbances, attention
deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
c) Breast Cancer
-

Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that develops

from breast cells.

- Breast cancer usually starts off in the inner lining of

milk ducts or the lobules that supply them with milk.
A malignant tumor can spread to other parts of the
body. A breast cancer that started off in the lobules is
known as lobular carcinoma, while one that
developed from the ducts is called ductal carcinoma.

- The vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in

females. This article focuses on breast cancer in
women. We also have an article about male breast
cancer.

- Breast cancer is the most common invasive

cancer in females worldwide. It accounts for 16%
of all female cancers and 22.9% of invasive cancers
in women. 18.2% of all cancer deaths worldwide,
 including both males and females, are from breast
cancer.

- Breast cancer rates are much higher in developed

nations compared to developing ones. There are
several reasons for this, with possibly life-expectancy
being one of the key factors - breast cancer is more
common in elderly women; women in the richest
countries live much longer than those in the poorest
nations. The different lifestyles and eating habits of
females in rich and poor countries are also
contributory factors, experts believe.

- According to the National Cancer Institute, 232,340

female breast cancers and 2,240 male breast
cancers are reported in the USA each year, as well as
about 39,620 deaths caused by the disease.

- The anatomy of a female breast

1. Chest wall. 2. Pectoralis muscles. 3. Lobules (glands that

make milk). 4. Nipple surface. 5. Areola. 6. Lactiferous duct
tube that carries milk to the nipple. 7. Fatty tissue. 8. Skin.
Image by Patrick J. Lynch and Morgoth666

- A mature human female's breast consists of fat,

connective tissue and thousands of lobules - tiny
glands which produce milk. The milk of a
breastfeeding mother goes through tiny ducts (tubes)
and is delivered through the nipple.

- The breast, like any other part of the body, consists

of billions of microscopic cells. These cells multiply in
an orderly fashion - new cells are made to replace
the ones that died.

- In cancer, the cells multiply uncontrollably, and there

are too many cells, progressively more and more
than there should be.

- Cancer that begins in the lactiferous duct (milk duct),

known as ductal carcinoma, is the most common
type. Cancer that begins in the lobules, known as
lobular carcinoma, is much less common.
- Symptoms of breast cancer

Some of the possible early signs of breast cancer

Wikimedia Commons

- A symptom is only felt by the patient, and is

described to the doctor or nurse, such as
a headache or pain. A sign is something the patient
and others can detect, for example, a rash or
swelling.

- The first symptoms of breast cancer are usually an

area of thickened tissue in the woman's breast, or a
lump. The majority of lumps are not cancerous;
however, women should get them checked by a
health care professional.

- Women who detect any of the following signs

or symptoms should tell their doctor (NHS,
UK):

a) A lump in a breast
 b) A pain in the armpits or breast that does not
seem to be related to the woman's menstrual
period
c) Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast; like
the skin of an orange
d) A rash around (or on) one of the nipples
e) A swelling (lump) in one of the armpits
f) An area of thickened tissue in a breast
g) One of the nipples has a discharge; sometimes
it may contain blood
h) The nipple changes in appearance; it may
become sunken or inverted
i) The size or the shape of the breast changes
j) The nipple-skin or breast-skin may have started
to peel, scale or flake.
d) Cancer
- Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal

growth of cells. There are more than 100 types

of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer,

lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and

lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type.

Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy,

radiation, and/or surgery.

e) Lung Disease

- Lung diseases are some of the most common

medical conditions in the world. Tens of millions of
people suffer from lung disease in the U.S. Smoking,
infections, and genetics are responsible for most lung
diseases.
- The lungs are part of a complex apparatus,
expanding and relaxing thousands of times each day
to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Lung
disease can result from problems in any part of this
system.

- LUNG DISEASES AFFECTING THE AIRWAYS

- The trachea (windpipe) branches into tubes called

bronchi, which in turn branch to become
progressively smaller tubes throughout the lungs.
Diseases that affect the airways include:

- Asthma: The airways are persistently inflamed, and

may occasionally spasm, causing wheezing and
shortness of breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution
can trigger asthma's symptoms.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Lung
conditions defined by an inability to exhale normally,
which causes difficulty breathing.
- Chronic bronchitis: A form of COPD characterized by
a chronic productive cough.
- Emphysema: Lung damage allows air to be trapped
in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing
air out is its hallmark.
- Acute bronchitis: A sudden infection of the airways,
usually by a virus.
- Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing poor
clearance of mucus from the bronchi. The
accumulated mucus results in repeated lung
infections.
- Lung Diseases Affecting the Air Sacs (Alveoli)

- The airways eventually branch into tiny tubes

(bronchioles) that dead-end into clusters of air sacs
called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of the
 lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting the alveoli
include:

- Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by

bacteria.
- Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused
by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Emphysema results from damage to the fragile
connections between alveoli. Smoking is the usual
cause. (Emphysema also limits airflow, affecting the
airways as well.)
- Pulmonary edema: Fluid leaks out of the
small blood vessels of the lung into the air sacs and
the surrounding area. One form is caused by heart
failure and back pressure in the lungs' blood vessels;
in another form, direct injury to the lung causes the
leak of fluid.
- Lung cancer has many forms, and may develop in
any part of the lungs. Most often this is in the main
part of the lung, in or near the air sacs. The type,
location, and spread of lung cancer determines the
treatment options.
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Severe,
sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious
illness. Life support with mechanical ventilation is
usually needed to survive until the lungs recover.
- Pneumoconiosis: A category of conditions caused by
the inhalation of a substance that injures the lungs.
Examples include black lung disease from inhaled
coal dust and asbestosis from inhaled asbestos dust.

f) Lupus

- Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which

the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and
attacks normal, healthy tissue. This results in
 symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and
damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, and
lungs.

- Under normal function, the immune system makes

proteins called antibodies in order to protect and
fight against antigens such as viruses and bacteria.

- Lupus makes the immune system unable to

differentiate between antigens (a substance capable
of inducing a specific immune response) and healthy
tissue. This leads the immune system to direct
antibodies against the healthy tissue - not just
antigens - causing swelling, pain, and tissue damage.

- Any part of the body can be affected by lupus as it

has an array of clinical manifestations affecting the
skin, joints, brain, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels and
other internal organs.1

- This information hub offers detailed but easy-to-

follow information about lupus. Should you be
interested in the latest scientific research on lupus,
please see our lupus news section.

- Fast facts on lupus

- Lupus is an autoimmune disease, caused by

problems in the body's immune system. It can be
mild or life threatening.
- Lupus is not contagious.
- The type that we refer to simply as lupus is known as
systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE.
- Other types of lupus include discoid (cutaneous),
drug-induced, and neonatal.
- According to the Lupus Foundation of America, 1.5 to
2 million Americans have some form of lupus.
- It is also said that 5 million people worldwide suffer
from some form of Lupus.
- More than 90% of lupus sufferers are women.
- Lupus is most common between the ages of 15-45.
- 72% of Americans aged 18-34 have either not heard
of the disease or know nothing about it.
- Most Doctors believe that lupus results from both
genetic and environmental stimuli.
- Risk factors include exposure to sunlight, certain
prescription medications, infection with Epstein-Barr
virus, and exposure to certain chemicals.
- Environmental factors include extreme stress,
exposure to ultraviolet light, smoking, some
medications and antibiotics, infections and the
Epstein-Barr virus (in children).
- Although there is no cure, lupus and its symptoms
can be controlled with medication.
- Treatments for Lupus include corticosteroids,
immunosuppressive drugs and lifestyle changes.
- Types of lupus

- Several different kinds of lupus have been identified,

but the type that we refer to simply as lupus is
known as systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE.
Other types include discoid (cutaneous), drug-
induced, and neonatal.
Discoid lupus. Photo St Thomas' Lupus Trust

- The normal function of the immune system is to

protect and fight off viruses, bacteria and germs by
producing proteins called antibodies that are
produced by white blood cells (B lymphocytes).

- With lupus, the immune system malfunctions

and cannot distinguish between foreign
invaders and healthy tissue. Antibodies are then
produced against the body's healthy cells and
tissues, causing inflammation, pain and damage in
various parts of the body.1,10

- These antibodies, called autoantibodies, contribute

to the inflammation of numerous parts of the body
and can cause damage to organs and tissues. The
most common type of autoantibody that develops in
people with lupus is called an antinuclear antibody
(ANA) because it reacts with parts of the cell's
nucleus (command center).

- The autoantibodies circulate in the blood, but some

of the body's cells have walls permeable enough to
 let some autoantibodies through. These can then
attack the DNA in the cell's nucleus. This is why
some organs can be attacked during a flare-up while
others are not.12

- It is important to note that lupus is not a

contagious disease.

- Lupus is a disease of flare-ups and remissions.

Symptoms of the chronic condition can exacerbate,
making the patient feel ill, before a period of
symptom improvement occurs.

g) Obesity

- Obesity means having too much body fat. It is

different from being overweight, which means
weighing too much. The weight may come from
muscle, bone, fat, and/or body water. Both terms
mean that a person's weight is greater than what's
considered healthy for his or her height.

- Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories

than you use. The balance between calories-in and
calories-out differs for each person. Factors that
might affect your weight include your genetic
makeup, overeating, eating high-fat foods, and not
being physically active.

- Being obese increases your risk of diabetes, heart

disease, stroke, arthritis, and some cancers. If you
are obese, losing even 5 to 10 percent of your weight
can delay or prevent some of these diseases. For
example, that means losing 10 to 20 pounds if you
weigh 200 pounds.

h) Parkinsons Disease
- Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the
nervous system that affects movement. It develops
gradually, sometimes starting with a barely
noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a
tremor may be the most well-known sign of
Parkinson's disease, the disorder also commonly
causes stiffness or slowing of movement.

- In the early stages of Parkinson's disease, your face

may show little or no expression, or your arms may
not swing when you walk. Your speech may become
soft or slurred. Parkinson's disease symptoms worsen
as your condition progresses over time.

- Although Parkinson's disease can't be cured,

medications may markedly improve your symptoms.
In occasional cases, your doctor may suggest surgery
to regulate certain regions of your brain and improve
your symptoms.

- Parkinson's disease symptoms and signs may vary

from person to person. Early signs may be mild and
may go unnoticed. Symptoms often begin on one
side of your body and usually remain worse on that
side, even after symptoms begin to affect both sides.

- Parkinson's signs and symptoms may include:

- Tremor. A tremor, or shaking, usually begins in a

limb, often your hand or fingers. You may notice a
back-and-forth rubbing of your thumb and forefinger,
known as a pill-rolling tremor. One characteristic of
Parkinson's disease is a tremor of your hand when it
is relaxed (at rest).
- Slowed movement (bradykinesia). Over time,
Parkinson's disease may reduce your ability to move
 and slow your movement, making simple tasks
difficult and time-consuming. Your steps may become
shorter when you walk, or you may find it difficult to
get out of a chair. Also, you may drag your feet as
you try to walk, making it difficult to move.
- Rigid muscles. Muscle stiffness may occur in any
part of your body. The stiff muscles can limit your
range of motion and cause you pain.
- Impaired posture and balance. Your posture may
become stooped, or you may have balance problems
as a result of Parkinson's disease.
- Loss of automatic movements. In Parkinson's
disease, you may have a decreased ability to perform
unconscious movements, including blinking, smiling
or swinging your arms when you walk.
- Speech changes. You may have speech problems
as a result of Parkinson's disease. You may speak
softly, quickly, slur or hesitate before talking. Your
speech may be more of a monotone rather than with
the usual inflections.
- Writing changes. It may become hard to write, and
your writing may appear small.

i) Reproductive Health
- Reproductive health refers to the diseases, disorders
and conditions that affect the functioning of the male
and female reproductive systems during all stages of
life. Disorders of reproduction include birth defects,
developmental disorders, low birth weight, preterm
birth, reduced fertility, impotence, and menstrual
disorders. Research has shown that exposure to
environmental pollutants may pose the greatest
threat to reproductive health. Exposure to lead is
 associated with reduced fertility in both men and
women, while mercury exposure has been linked to
birth defects and neurological disorders. A growing
body of evidence suggests that exposure to
endocrine disruptors, chemicals that appear to
disrupt hormonal activity in humans and animals,
may contribute to problems with fertility, pregnancy,
and other aspects of reproduction.
- Womens Reproductive Health

- A womans reproductive system is a delicate and

complex system in the body. It is important to take
steps to protect it from infections and injury, and
prevent problemsincluding some long-term health
problems. Taking care of yourself and making healthy
choices can help protect you and your loved ones.
Protecting your reproductive system also means
having control of your health, if and when, you
become pregnant.

- Preconception health refers to the health of

women and men during their reproductive years,
which are the years they can have a child. It focuses
on taking steps now to protect the health of a baby
they might have sometime in the future, and staying
healthy throughout life.

- CONTRACEPTION (BIRTH CONTROL)

- There are several safe and highly effective methods

of birth control available to prevent unintended
pregnancy. These include intrauterine contraception,
hormonal and barrier methods, and permanent birth
control (sterilization). Using effective birth control
methods can greatly reduce the chances of having
an unintended pregnancy. CDC's Division of
Reproductive Health has a long history of conducting
 epidemiologic studies on the safety and effectiveness
of contraceptive methods. Results from these studies
have informed contraceptive practices.

- Depression

- HYSTERECTOMY

- Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of a woman's

uterus. The uterus is the place where a baby grows
when a woman is pregnant. Sometimes the cervix,
ovaries, and fallopian tubes are also removed.
Hysterectomies are very common1 of 3 women in
the United States has had one by age 60.

- INFERTILITY

- Infertility means not being able to get pregnant after

1 year of trying. If a woman is 35 or older, infertility
is based on 6 months of trying to become pregnant.
Women who can get pregnant but are unable to stay
pregnant may also be considered infertile. About
10% of women (6.1 million) in the United States aged
1544 years have difficulty getting pregnant or
staying pregnant. CDC is committed to preventing
infertility and its burden on women and families. We
work with other federal agencies and nonprofit
organizations providing data and evidence about
infertility, including its causes and consequences.

- MENOPAUSE

- ``Menopause is a normal change in a womans life

when her period stops. A woman has reached
menopause when she has not had a period for 12
months in a row. This often happens between 4555
 years of age. Menopause happens because the
woman's ovary stops producing the hormones
estrogen and progesterone.

4. First Aid: Safety

education
a) What is Safety Education?

- Safety courses are common in workplaces where

employees work with heavy machinery, chemicals
and food. Workers are instructed on how to perform
their job tasks in a safe and productive fashion that
minimizes risk of injury, illness or accidents to
themselves and others. Safety courses in the
workplace are often taught by an outside
representative. Safety precautions include wearing
protective eye gear, wearing ear plugs to minimize
noise from loud machines, hand washing and
wearing gloves when handling food and following
specific guidelines when lifting heavy boxes and
working with heavy equipment.

- School safety education consists of fire drills, tornado

drills, earthquake safety and school lock down
procedures. These courses begin in elementary
school and are repeated throughout junior high and
high school. CPR training is a safety education course
that is a requirement for teachers, day care providers
and staff, lifeguards and certain management
personnel. CPR courses teach students how to
restore brain function in individuals who are suffering
from cardiac arrest until they can receive proper
medical care. There are also special CPR safety
education courses that focus on CPR for children and
infants.
b) How important is safety education in school?

- It is very important because consists of fire drills,

tornado drills, earthquake safety and school lock
down procedures. These courses begin in elementary
school and are repeated throughout junior high and
high school. CPR training is a safety education course
that is a requirement for teachers, day care providers
and staff, lifeguards and certain management
personnel. CPR courses teach students how to
restore brain function in individuals who are suffering
from cardiac arrest until they can receive proper
medical care. There are also special CPR safety
education courses that focus on CPR for children and
infants.

c) Why children are at a greater risk for injuries?

- Children are clumsy. They are carefree because they

want to enjoy that is why they ave greater risk for

injuries.
d) How to prevent injury?
- Wear protective gear, such as helmets, protective
pads, and other gear.
- Warm up and cool down.
- Know the rules of the game.
- Watch out for others.
- Don't play when you're injured.
e) Universal First Aid Symbol
- As you may have noticed, most medical

establishments throughout the world like hospitals,

clinics, and ambulance services, use a red cross on a

white background or a white cross on a

green background as universal symbols for first aid.

The symbol originated in Italy during the War of

Italian Unification, a war that claimed the lives of

countless soldiers and civilians on all sides involved

in the conflict.

- It was Henry Dunant, a Swiss citizen who while on a

private trip through the town of Solferino on June 24,
1859, saw the aftermath of the carnage that involved
 more than 45,000 soldiers left abandoned on the
battlefield, started writing an insightful book
proposing an improved way of assisting war victims.
Less than three years later, in 1862, the book titled
A Memory of Solferino was published, a book that
would make history.

- The book put forward two major proposals that

volunteer groups should be gathered during
peacetime in every country to take care of casualties
during wartime and that countries should agree to
protect these first aid volunteers along with the
wounded present on the battlefield at all times. The
first proposal stands at the core of the National
Societies that nowadays exist in 183 countries while
the second proposal is widely considered to be the
origin of the Geneva Conventions.

- Just one year later, in 1863, a five-member

committee got together to study Dunants proposals,
with the intent to adopt a single universal symbol for
healthcare providers, be they doctors, medics, or
volunteers. Those wearing this distinctive symbol
would provide first aid on the battlefield while being
kept out of harms way by all parties involved in the
conflict, based on the universal respect that first aid
providers would be shown.

- The same year on October 26, delegates from 14

governments attended the first International
Conference, a conference during which ten
resolutions were adopted with the purpose of
establishing relief societies that would tend to
wounded soldiers on the battlefield. During that
 conference, participating delegates also agreed on
the Red Cross symbol to represent these relief
societies, a symbol that will later become the
emblem for the International Red Cross.

- As you may already know, the Red Cross is the

symbol of all Red cross organizations, groups that
provide humanitarian and medical aid worldwide,
even in war zones. The easily-recognizable symbol is
to show combatants that those who wear it are not
military targets and should therefore not be engaged.
Over time, this distinctive symbol was adopted by
most healthcare professionals worldwide, especially
the groups tasked with providing first aid.

- During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, however,

the Ottoman Empire used not the standardized red
cross banner to signify first aid providers on the
battlefield, but the red crescent. They argued that
although they respected the general idea behind it,
the symbol of a cross would prove offensive to
Muslim soldiers. This is precisely why after the First
World War, a Diplomatic Conference was called to
revise the existing Geneva Conventions involving the
red cross symbol.

- It would be agreed upon during the conference that

Turkey, Persia, and Egypt would use the red crescent
and the red lion as recognized symbols, but limited
the use of these symbols to just these three
countries alone. Nowadays, 151 National Societies
use the red cross symbol and 32 National Societies
use the red crescent. In 2005, the Diplomatic
Conference in Geneva adopted Protocol III to the
 Geneva Conventions, adding the red crystal to the
cross and crescent, to encourage countries that
would find it hard to adopt either the red cross or the
crescent to join the Movement as full members.

- The original International Committee of the Red

Cross was founded in 1963 in Geneva, Switzerland,
by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. The
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement,
however, was founded in 1919 and it currently has
more than 97 million volunteers, members and staff
worldwide. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that
their symbol would so widely be accepted by most
healthcare professionals throughout the world.

- There you have it, the reason why most healthcare

organizations throughout the developed world use a
red cross as a universal symbol for first aid is
because of the Red Cross and the Geneva
Conventions. As mentioned, however, it would be fair
to expect countries that do not have a Christian
majority to use other symbols than the cross.

f) Guiding Principles of First Aid

1. Don't panic. Panic clouds thinking and causes
mistakes. When I was an intern and learning what to
do when confronted with an unresponsive patient,
a wiseresident advised me when entering a "code
blue" situation to always "take my own pulse first." In
other words, I needed to calm myself before
attempting to intervene. It's far easier to do this
when you know what you're doing, but even if you
encounter a situation for which you're unprepared,
there's usually some good you can do. Focus
on that rather than on allowing yourself an unhelpful
emotional response. You can let yourself feel
whatever you need to feel later when you're no
longer needed.
2. First, do no harm. This doesn't mean do nothing. It
means make sure that if you're going to do
something you're confident it won't make matters
worse. If you're not sure about the risk of harm of a
particular intervention, don't do it. So don't move
a trauma victim, especially an unconscious one,
unless not moving them puts them at great risk (and
by the way, cars rarely explode). Don't remove an
embedded object (like a knife or nail) as you may
precipitate more harm (e.g., increased bleeding). And
if there's nothing you can think to do yourself, you
can always call for help. In fact, if you're alone and
your only means to do that is to leave the victim,
then leave the victim.
3. CPR can be life-sustaining. But most people do it
wrong. First, studies suggest no survival advantage
when bystanders deliver breaths to victims
compared to when they only do chest compressions.
Second, most people don't compress deeply enough
or perform compressions quickly enough. You really
need to indent the chest and should aim for 100
compressions per minute. That's more than 1
compression per second. If you're doing it right, CPR
should wear you out. Also, know that CPR doesn't
reverse ventricular fibrillation, the most common
cause of unconsciousness in a patient suffering from
a heart attack. Either electricity (meaning
defibrillation) or medication is required for that. But
CPR is a bridge that keeps vital organs oxygenated
until paramedics arrive. Which is why...
4. Time counts. The technology we now have to treat
two of the most common and devastating medical
problems in America, heart attacks and strokes, has
evolved to an amazing degree, but patients often do
poorly because they don't gain access to that
technology in time. The risk of dying from a heart
attack, for example, is greatest in the first 30
minutes after symptoms begin. By the time most
people even admit to themselves the chest pain
they're feeling could be related to their heart, they've
usually passed that critical juncture. If you or
someone you know has risk factors for heart disease
and starts experiencing chest pain, resist the urge to
write it of. Get to the nearest emergency room as
quickly as you can. If someone develops focal
weakness of their face, legs, or arms, or difficulty
 with speech or smiling, they may be having a stroke,
which represents a true emergency. Current protocols
for treatment depend on the length of time
symptoms have been present. The shorter that time,
the more likely the best therapies can be applied.
5. Don't use hydrogen peroxide on cuts or open
wounds. It's more irritating to tissue than it is
helpful. Soap and water and some kind of bandage
are best.
6. When someone passes out but continues
breathing and has a good pulse, the two most useful
pieces of information to help doctors figure out what
happened are: 1) the pulse rate, and 2) the length of
time it takes for consciousness to return.
7. High blood pressure is rarely acutely
dangerous. First, high blood pressure is a normal
and appropriate response to exercise, stress, fear,
and pain. Many patients I follow for high blood
pressure begin panicking when their readings start to
come in higher. But the damage high blood pressure
does to the human body takes place over years to
decades. There is such a thing as a hypertensive
emergency, when the blood pressure is higher than
around 200/120, but it's quite rare to see readings
that high, and even then, in the absence of
symptoms (headache, visual disturbances, nausea,
confusion) it's considered a hypertensive urgency,
meaning you have 24 hours to get the pressure down
before you get into trouble.
8. If a person can talk or cough, their airway is
open. Meaning they're not choking.
Don't Heimlich someone who says to you, "I'm
choking."
9. Most seizures are not emergencies. The greatest
danger posed to someone having a seizure is injury
from unrestrained forceful muscular contractions.
Don't attempt to move a seizing person's tongue.
Don't worrythey won't swallow it. Move any objects
on which they may hurt themselves away from the
area (including glasses from their head) and time the
seizure. A true seizure is often followed by a period of
confusion called "post-ictal confusion." Your
reassurance during this period that they're okay is
the appropriate therapy.
10. Drowning doesn't look like what you think
it does. For one thing, drowning people are
 physiologically incapable of crying out for help. In
fact, someone actually drowning is usually barely
moving.
h) Roller and Triangular Bandaging
i. Roller Bandaging

- Roller bandages vary greatly depending on how they

are to be used.

- A roller bandage is used to:

hold a dressing in place on a wound
maintain pressure over a bulky pad to control
bleeding
support an injured limb or joint
apply pressure to a limb

- Roller bandages are made from lightweight cotton,

crepe or elasticised crepe, depending on the pressure
to be achieved. A lightweight cotton bandage is used
to hold a dressing in place, whereas a crepe or
elasticised crepe bandage is used for applying
support or firm pressure to a soft tissue injury.

- Applying roller bandages

- A roller bandage needs to be chosen carefully to

ensure that it is the correct width for the body part
involved. As a general guide, the following widths are
recommended:
Lower arm, elbow, hand and foot 75 mm.
Upper arm, knee and lower leg 100 mm.
Large leg or trunk 150 mm.
It is best to use a bandage with some degree of
stretch in the weave. This will make the bandage
easy to use and more likely to stay in place for many
hours. However, the correct application technique is
 essential to provide comfort and adequate support
for the affected part.

- Basic steps to successful use of a roller

bandage:

- Bandage the part in the position of greatest comfort

to the patient. Support the part adequately before
starting to apply the bandage.
- Hold the tightly rolled bandage with the head of the
bandage on top and wrap the tail around the body
part without unrolling more than a few centimetres at
a time.
- Begin with a locking turn to hold the start of the
bandage securely under each following turn.
- Work from the middle of the body or limb in an
outwards direction.
- Work from the narrowest part below the dressing and
work upwards.
- Ensure that each turn covers two-thirds of the
previous turn.
- Cover totally any dressing and padding used.
- Finish with a straight turn at the end of the bandage.
- Secure the bandage with a safety pin or adhesive
tape. Avoid the use of metal clips because they are
less secure and can fall out during activity.

Applying a roller bandage to the lower arm or

leg:

- Apply a dressing or padding over the affected area.

- Start with a diagonal, locking turn below the dressing
or padding to secure the dressing.
- Continue up the limb, covering two-thirds of each
previous turn.
- Finish with a straight turn to secure the bandage and
fasten it with a pin or adhesive tape.

Applying a roller bandage to the elbow or

knee:

- Apply a dressing or padding over the affected area.

 - Start with a full turn over the point of the elbow or
knee to secure the bandage.
- Make a second turn just below the first, exposing
one-third of the initial turn over the point of the
elbow or knee.
- Make a third turn just above the first, again exposing
one-third of the initial turn over the point of the
elbow or knee.
- Continue with one or two more turns alternately
working from below to above the affected joint, until
the dressing or padding is fully covered.
- Avoid any extra turns that will cause pressure on the
inside surface of the joint.
- Finish with a full turn above the elbow or knee and
secure the bandage with a safety pin or adhesive
tape.

Applying a roller bandage to the hand or foot:

- Apply a dressing or padding over the affected area.

- Start with a diagonal, locking turn around the wrist or
foot.
- Carry the bandage across the back of the hand or
foot to the base of the little finger or little toe and
then make a complete turn around the fingers or
toes.
- Make another turn across the back of the hand or
foot from the fingers/toes to the wrist/ankle.
- Repeat these turns working upwards with each turn
until the dressing or padding is covered.
- Finish with a circular turn around the wrist ankle and
secure the bandage with a safety pin or adhesive
tape.

II. TRIANGULAR BANDAGING

- Triangular bandages are usually made from a metre

square of cotton or calico that is cut in half
diagonally. The bandage can be used in various ways
as a sling or for immobilisation of broken bones and
soft tissue injuries.

Sling
 - In the open form as a sling to support an upper body
injury.

Broad-fold bandage

- As a broad-fold bandage with the apex folded down

to the base twice to immobilise a lower body injury.

Narrow-fold bandage

- As a narrow-fold bandage with the broadfold

bandage folded in half to control severe bleeding, or
for immobilisation of a lower limb.
- As a collar-and-cuff sling for an upper body injury.

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