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06 Gamma Spectrometry
06 Gamma Spectrometry
Charly MAHE
charly.mahe@cea.fr
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 1
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
Outline
Introduction
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 2
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
600
500
137Cs
400
Counts
60Co
300
40K
200
100
2026
1577
1352
1801
2251
229
454
678
903
1128
0
Energy (keV)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 3
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
Detection
Detector - Pre-amplifier
Scintillator + Photomultiplier Production of a pulse whose amplitude
is proportional to the energy deposited
Semiconductor
in the detector
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 4
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
600
500
400
300
200
100
1352
1577
1801
2026
2251
1128
229
454
678
903
0
0
Calibration by modeling
Activity
(E) / u(E)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 5
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
Characteristics of a detector:
spectrum resolution: measurement accuracy
The width half-way up a peak at a given energy is measured.
600
C o u n ts
500 1000
800
400
600
Counts
300 400
200 200
Energy (keV)
100 0
0
0
0
9
7
5
3
2
50
08
66
24
20
35
51
67
83
99
1352
1577
1801
2026
2251
229
454
678
903
0
1128
11
13
14
16
Energy (keV)
Ge NaI
As a general rule, semi-conductors (Ge) enable better spectrum resolution (factor of 10)
than scintillators (NaI).
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 6
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
Characteristics of a detector :
Sensitivity
Depends on the detecting material (density, luminescence yield for scintillators)
- on its volume (the bigger the detector, the higher the probability of a strong interaction,
and the higher the sensitivity)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 7
Gamma Spectrometry Introduction
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 8
Gamma Spectrometry Compact gamma spectrometry probes
Detector requirements:
Compact
Good resolution (FP)
Not cooled
Inexpensive (consumables)
CdTe detectors
10 Gy.h-1 a few 100 mGy.h-1.
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 9
Gamma Spectrometry Compact gamma spectrometry probes
Gamma spectrometry
Compact gamma spectrometry at air temperature
428 keV - 125Sb
1000
30001
100
20001 10
1
720 820 920 1020 1120 1220 1320
10001
1
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Gamma spectrometry
Compact gamma spectrometry at air temperature
The collimator enables the detector to be shielded from part of the surrounding irradiation.
But it may, more specifically, enable the detector to be focused on a small portion of the
space.
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 11
Gamma Spectrometry Compact gamma spectrometry probes
1,E+02 95Zr
1,E+00 59Fe
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1 0,3
Energie (keV)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 12
Gamma Spectrometry CdZnTe / sIGAle
Gamma spectrometry :
CdZnTe probes (Ritec)
Operating range :
5 Gy.h-1 (500mm3) to 10 Gy.h-1 (0.5 mm3)
Very compact
Acceptable energy resolution (2 keV @ 662 keV)
Not waterproof !
automatic spectrum analysis not advisable (peaks
are skewed)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 13
Gamma Spectrometry Compact gamma spectrometry probes
Progress:
- System delivered in 2003 and assessed on sites
- Manual peak framing recommended
- EDF wishes to have an industrial product developed
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 14
Gamma Spectrometry Compact gamma spectrometry probes
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 15
Gamma Spectrometry CdZnTe / sIGAle
CdZnTe detectors
Compact gamma spectrometry detectors
Usable at air temperature
Resolution between Ge and NaI (2% at 662keV)
10 Gy.h-1 (detector 500 mm3) 8 Gy.h-1 (detector
0.5 mm3)
Implementation on dismantling worksite
(single spectra, high irradiation level, accessibility
problem)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD
DEN/VRH/DTEC/SDTC IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 16
Gamma Spectrometry CdZnTe / sIGAle
2500
40000
2000
35000
30000 1500
counts
25000 1000
co u n ts
20000
500
15000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
10000
5000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
channels
Example of Gamma spectrum with a compact CZT probe : 60Co and 51Cr detected
900s
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 17
Gamma Spectrometry CdZnTe / sIGAle
Application range
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 18
Gamma Spectrometry CdZnTe / sIGAle
Peak detection
Calibration (K(E), activity)
Photon flux
Schedule :
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 19
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Reliability???
Costly process Benefit/coring???
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 20
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Gamma activity
Objective
Contamination depth
assessment from surface
A? d?
spectrometric measurement
Depth
Stakes
Decommissioning mastery
Optimisation of waste
management
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 21
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Gamma activity
Objective
Contamination depth
assessment from surface A? d?
spectrometric measurement Depth
Stakes
Decommissioning mastery 0 .7
m a in s p e c tr a ( m )
d iffe r e nc e s p e c tra ( m -d )
0 .6 E1
E2
0 .5 a d d itio n a l s p e c tr a ( d )
N(E), r. u.
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
Optimisation of waste 0 .1
0 .0
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4
, M e V
0.6 0.8 1.0
management
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 22
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 23
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Objective :
Adapt a method to give the best estimate of concrete
contamination using an HpGe detector
Detector
Table
Collimator
Concrete
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 24
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
0.6
difference spectra (m-d)
E1
E1, N1 : Definition of a compton area
E2
0.5 additional spectra (d)
0.4
0.3
Study of the variations of N1,N2 = f(Z,A), Z :
0.2
penetration depth A : total activity
0.1
N2/N02
N1/N01 Results : both depth estimation and surface
0.8
activity of the area containing 80% of the total
0.6
activity
0.4
0.2 [1] Method and device to measure Cs137 soil contamination in-situ,
0 1 2 3 4 A.V. Chesnokov, A.P. Govorun, V.N. Fedin, O.P. Ivanov, V.I.
Z0, mfp Liksonov, V.N. Potapov, S.B. Shcherbak, S.V. Smirnov, L.I.
Urutskoev, Kurtchatov Institute, may 1998.
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 25
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
100
Spectre exprimental avec bruit de fond Validation (laboratory/modeling
Spectre du bruit de fond
Integrated to KI software
Nb coups/s
1
0,05 0,15 0,25 0,35 0,45 0,55 0,65 40% HpGe detector
0,1
Both MCNP and specific
0,01
software modeling (Monte-Carlo)
0,001
Energie (MeV)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 27
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
2 kinds of concrete
Response from a 1 to 15 cm contaminated
layer
Need initial laboratory calibration of the
detector
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 28
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 29
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 30
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 31
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
HpGe Collimator
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 32
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
A 137Cs
N Mesure (KBq/m2) Z (cm)
5 44.3 14.5
6 22.6 5.5
7 38.8 14
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 33
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 34
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 35
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
3 0 8,635
4 0,55 16,5
5 1,87 16,5
6 0 11,22
8 0 6,93
9 0 2,31
11 0 10,34
To be compared with
12 0 7,15
classical sampling
13 0 10,34
technics
14 0 4,29
15 0 5,115
To be compared with
17 0 11,66
advanced sampling
18 0 2,365
technics
19 0 9,24
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 36
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Measurements points 06 08 09 11 12 14 15 17 18 19
Z0 Exp. profile 9.7 8.1 3.2 9.6 9.9 5 4.6 10.6 4.3 9.7
CEA soft
(cm) Linear 9.4 8 3.5 9.3 9.6 5.2 4.9 10.2 4.5 10
profile
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 37
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 39
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
Gamma spectrometry :
2 detectors :
NaI scintillator 1p*1p
CdZnTe 500mm3
2 measurement positions :
Low position : 200mm from the ground
Position haute : 500mm from the ground
Collimator configurations :
Backgound substraction
Teleoperated collimator system
NaI Detector :
Monte-Carlo model of the detector
Model validation on point-like sources (in laboratory)
Comparaison between simulated spectra and measured spectra
800
600
400
200
Source
0
25 75 125 175 225 275 325 375 425 475 Concrete
Canaux
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 41
Gamma Spectrometry Concrete measurement
NaI Detector :
Calibration Z0 = f(G/A) and G*/G = Kcor (G/A) :
Exponential profile
Standard concrete (d = 2,35 g/cm3 without iron)
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 42
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 43
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
Acquisition of N Modeling of NN
spectra transfer functions
A = Ai =
i i
[M
j
1
(i, j ) D j ]
Calculation of total
activity
Sum of the activities per
tranche slice/cut?
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 44
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 45
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 46
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
Geometry
Matrix 35 35 A = M-1F
Source term
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 47
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 48
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 49
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 50
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 51
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 52
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
CdZnTe
Color camera
DR
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 53
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 54
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 55
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
Act. (MBq)
0,00E+00
1,00E+08
2,00E+08
3,00E+08
4,00E+08
5,00E+08
6,00E+08
7,00E+08
8,00E+08
9,00E+08
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fond homogne
Point n6
Pulseur
18
19
20
Calculation of the activity section by section and of the total activity:
Atotal = kAk + iAi
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 56
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 57
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
Comparaisons 3 puits
1,00E+12
9,00E+11
8,00E+11
7,00E+11
6,00E+11
3,00E+11
2,00E+11
1,00E+11
0,00E+00
1 Puits C1
2 3 Puits C3
4 5 6 7 Puits C2
Ntranche 8 9
Puits C2
10 Puits C3
Puits C1
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 58
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
E ner gi e
Ge 40 % detector
Acquisition time : 3 min
+ collimator
Observed surface : 4 9m
DL 137Cs 60 Co : 0.1 Bq.g-1
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 59
Gamma Spectrometry Feedback experience
LaBr3
Ge
DEN/DTEC/SDTC/LSTD IAEA Practical training workshop Characterization and Vizualization Technologies in DD&R
2011, December 60