Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemistry: Higher School Certificate Examination
Chemistry: Higher School Certificate Examination
Chemistry: Higher School Certificate Examination
H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N
Chemistry
115
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 115
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval
completely.
If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the
new answer.
A B C D
If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.
correct
A B C D
2
1 Ethanol can be reacted with ethanoic acid to produce ethyl ethanoate. What type of
reaction is this?
(A) Esterification
(B) Hydration
(C) Polymerisation
(D) Reduction
(A) Al3+
(B) Cu2+
(C) Mg2+
(D) Zn2+
4 Which term describes the relationship between the compounds shown below?
Br Br Br H
H C C H H C C H
H H Br H
(A) Allotropes
(B) Isomers
(C) Isotopes
(D) Monomers
3
5 Which statement best represents Davys definition of an acid?
6 Which of the following is the Lewis electron dot formula for ozone?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Baking
Lemon Rain Distilled soda Laundry Oven
juice water water solution detergent cleaner
Stomach
acid Wine Milk Seawater Soap Bleach
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Based on the pH values shown in the figure, which of the following statements about the
concentration of hydrogen ions is correct?
4
8 Which of the following graphs illustrates the layered structure of the atmosphere?
140
Altitude (km) 120
100 Troposphere
(A) 80
Mesosphere
60
40 Stratosphere
20
Thermosphere
200 100 0 100 200 300
Temperature (C)
140
120
Altitude (km)
100 Thermosphere
(B) 80
Stratosphere
60
40
Mesosphere
20
Troposphere
200 100 0 100 200 300
Temperature (C)
140
120
Altitude (km)
100 Troposphere
(C) 80
Stratosphere
60
40
Mesosphere
20
Thermosphere
200 100 0 100 200 300
Temperature (C)
140
120
Altitude (km)
100 Thermosphere
(D) 80
Mesosphere
60
40
Stratosphere
20
Troposphere
200 100 0 100 200 300
Temperature (C)
Roland Smith, 2000, Conquering Chemistry, 3rd edition (C) McGraw - Hill Australia Pty Ltd.
5
9 Ozone reacts with nitric oxide according to the equation
(A) 0.34 L
(B) 0.37 L
(C) 0.45 L
(D) 0.50 L
10 Phosgene is prepared from the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence
of a catalyst:
Which of the following sets of conditions would produce the highest yield of phosgene?
6
11 In gas chromatography, compounds may be separated based on their molecular weight.
The smaller the molecular weight the more quickly the compound is detected. A gas
chromatographic analysis was performed on a mixture of 1-hexanol, 1-octanol,
1-heptanol and 1-pentanol. The results are shown in the diagram.
X
Response of detector
Time
(A) 1-hexanol
(B) 1-octanol
(C) 1-heptanol
(D) 1-pentanol
12 Two of the compounds shown below react together to form a new compound with a
coordinate covalent bond.
C N O
H H H H F
H H H
H H
7
13 A student used the apparatus below to determine the molar heat of combustion of
propanol.
Thermometer
Can containing
200 g water
Burner containing
1-propanol
The molar heat of combustion of 1-propanol is 2021 kJ mol1. Assuming no heat loss,
what would be the final temperature of the water?
(A) 24.2C
(B) 29.1C
(C) 45.2C
(D) 48.4C
8
14 Four metals Pb, x, y and z, were connected in pairs and the voltage was recorded.
V
Salt bridge
(A) z, y, Pb, x
(B) Pb, x, y, z
(C) x, y, Pb, z
(D) x, Pb, y, z
9
15 Diagram A shows a dry cell. Diagram B shows a lead-acid cell.
Lead dioxide
Carbon on lead plate
1
2
Lead plate
Electrolyte
3
Diagram A Diagram B
Roland Smith, 2000, Conquering Chemistry, 3rd edition (C) McGraw - Hill Australia Pty Ltd.
LABELS
1 2 3
(A) anode cathode negative terminal
(B) cathode anode negative terminal
(C) anode cathode positive terminal
(D) cathode anode positive terminal
10
BLANK PAGE
11
BLANK PAGE
12
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I (continued)
Marks
Question 16 (5 marks)
(a) Outline the procedure you would use to prepare a standard solution of sodium 3
hydrogen carbonate from solid sodium hydrogen carbonate.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the mass of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate required to make 2
250 mL of 0.12 mol L1 solution.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
116 13
Marks
Question 17 (5 marks)
H2C CH H2C CH
Cl
...............................................................................................................................
Discuss this statement with reference to a polymer made from one of the above
monomers.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Draw the structure of a polymer made from one of the above monomers. 1
14
Marks
Question 18 (4 marks)
Analyse the relationship between the position of elements in the Periodic Table, and 4
the acidbase behaviour of their oxides.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
15
Marks
Question 19 (6 marks)
The following experiment was performed to investigate the relative activity of metals.
The beaker initially contained 250.0 mL of 0.050 mol L1 copper sulfate solution.
Zinc
After several hours the dark blue colour of the solution had become lighter and a
red-brown deposit had formed on the piece of zinc metal.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
The red-brown deposit was removed from the piece of zinc metal and dried. It was
found to weigh 0.325 g.
(b) Calculate the concentration of copper sulfate solution remaining in the beaker. 3
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
16
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 20 (6 marks)
Prism
(or monochromator)
Light
source Lens
Flame
(with sample
in it)
Detector
Roland Smith, 2000, Conquering Chemistry, 3rd edition (C) McGraw - Hill Australia Pty Ltd.
(a) What is the purpose of the light source and the flame in the figure? 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
117 17
Marks
Question 20 (continued)
Soil from an industrial site was suspected of being contaminated with mercury.
A single sample of the soil was extracted using an approved method. The
resulting solution was analysed five times by atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS). The results are shown in the table.
Measurement Absorbance at
number 259 nm
1 0.90
2 0.89
3 0.89
4 0.64
5 0.91
The concentration of mercury in the soil sample was calculated using an average
absorbance of 0.85.
(b) Assess the validity and reliability of the concentration of mercury determined 4
using this procedure.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 20
18
Marks
Question 21 (7 marks)
You have performed first-hand investigations on water samples using qualitative and
quantitative analyses.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Describe TWO factors that affect the concentrations of ions in natural bodies of 2
water.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Complete the following table to show how the anions listed can be identified. 3
Cl
PO43
SO42
19
Marks
Question 22 (3 marks)
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Write TWO chemical equations to show that the dihydrogen phosphate ion 2
(H2PO4) is amphiprotic.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
20
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 23 (3 marks)
A natural indicator was made by heating yellow flowers with water. The resulting 3
yellow solution was tested with a range of substances. The results are recorded below.
Substance Colour
0.1 M hydrochloric acid Red
0.1 M ammonia Yellow
Lemon juice Orange
Oven cleaner Yellow
Pure water Yellow
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
118 21
Marks
Question 24 (5 marks)
(a) Calculate the pH after 10.0 mL of 0.01 mol L1 hydrochloric acid solution is 1
diluted by the addition of 90.0 mL of distilled water.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Explain the use of acetic acid and citric acid as food additives. 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
22
Marks
Question 24 (continued)
(c) Explain the difference in pH between the three acids in the diagram. 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 24
23
Marks
Question 25 (5 marks)
Assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel, making use of data from the
table.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
24
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 26 (4 marks)
Discuss the benefits and problems associated with the use of ONE radioactive isotope 4
in industry.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
119 25
Marks
Question 27 (7 marks)
The table shows ozone depletion potential (ODP) for different compounds. 7
HCFC 22 0.055
HCFC 123 0.02
HCFC 141b 0.11
HCFC 142b 0.065
HFC 32 0
HFC 125 0
HFC 134a 0
HFC 143a 0
http://www.princeton.edu/nchm333/2002/spring/ozone/alternatives_substitutes.htm
Discuss the problems associated with the use of CFCs, and assess the suitability of
alternative chemicals as replacements, using data in the table.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
26
Question 27 (continued)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
End of Question 27
27
BLANK PAGE
28
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Section II
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 2832
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Pages
120 29
Marks
Question 28 Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)
(a) (i) Identify a safety precaution used when diluting concentrated sulfuric acid. 1
(ii) Many of the steps in the Contact process for the manufacture of sulfuric 3
acid are reversible equilibrium reactions. Identify ONE of these
reactions and describe how the product yield can be maximised.
(b) The table shows the structures of three different classes of detergents.
Type of
Structure
detergent
Anionic SO3
Non-ionic OH
+
Cationic N
Roland Smith, 2000, Conquering Chemistry, 3rd edition (C) McGraw - Hill Australia Pty Ltd.
30
Marks
Question 28 (continued)
(c) Chemco Pty Ltd wishes to build two new industrial plants. One will be used for 7
the production of sodium carbonate and the other for production of sodium
hydroxide. The map shows three sites, labelled A, B and C, being considered for
the location of the industrial plants.
Small
town
Power
station
River
Large
Small city
town
Port
Limestone
deposits
Port
Coast
KEY
Railway line
Assess the suitability of the three sites for locating industrial plants to produce
each compound.
(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to gather
information and describe the properties of a named emulsion, and you related
these properties to its uses.
(ii) Outline the procedure used in your investigation, and describe the results 3
obtained.
(iii) Explain how the industrial method of producing soap differs from that 4
used in school laboratories.
End of Question 28
31
Marks
Question 29 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)
(ii) Explain the damage that occurs when drying wooden artefacts that have 3
been removed from long-submerged wrecks.
Platinum
electrode Platinum
electrode
Solution
of KBr
(i) Write half-equations for the main reactions occurring at the cathode and 2
anode.
(c) Assess how increasing knowledge of metals and alloys has resulted in materials 7
other than timber being used to construct ships.
32
Marks
Question 29 (continued)
(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to compare
and describe the rates of corrosion of materials at different oxygen concentrations.
(ii) Outline the procedure used in your investigation, and describe the results 3
obtained.
(iii) The diagram shows the locations of two identical steel ships that were 4
wrecked at the same time near a tropical island.
30 m
End of Question 29
33
Marks
Question 30 The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)
H OH O
H C C C
OH
H H
(ii) Compare the formation of this molecule by anaerobic respiration with 3
the process of fermentation.
(b) The diagram illustrates schematically the current model of muscle contraction.
Protein A Protein B
ATP
Metal
ion C
ADP + Pi
(ii) Explain why different energy sources are used in sprinting and light 4
exercise.
34
Marks
Question 30 (continued)
(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation on the
effect of pH on the reaction of an enzyme.
(ii) Outline the procedure used in your investigation, and describe the results 3
obtained.
(iii) Explain the possible effects of varying pH on the primary, secondary and 4
tertiary structures of enzymes.
End of Question 30
35
Marks
Question 31 The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)
[Cr(H O) ]
3+
2 6
[Cr(H O) Cl]
2+
2 5
[Cr(H O) Cl ]
+
2 4 2
(i) What is the electron configuration of chromium metal in the ground state? 1
(b) The diagram shows the emission spectrum of sodium seen through a spectroscope.
(i) Draw an energy level diagram to represent the origin of these spectral 2
lines.
(ii) Explain how the Bohr model of the atom was developed using the 4
emission spectrum of hydrogen, and outline its limitations.
(c) Assess the potential health risks associated with chemicals found in cosmetics 7
that were used in an ancient culture.
(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to observe
the colour changes of a named transition element as it changed in oxidation state.
(ii) Outline the procedure used in your investigation, and describe the results 3
obtained.
(iii) Explain why transition elements may have more than one oxidation state. 4
36
Marks
Question 32 Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)
(a) (i) Identify the technique used to separate amino acids on the basis of 1
differences in their charge.
(ii) Explain how a mass spectrometer operates, and identify its usefulness for 3
forensic science.
(b) Oxytocin and vasopressin are small proteins consisting of nine amino acids. A
forensic scientist decided to determine the amino acid composition of both
proteins using paper chromatography. Samples of both proteins were first
hydrolysed into their constituent amino acids using a mixture of enzymes. The
resulting protein hydrolysates were spotted onto a sheet of filter paper together
with eleven reference amino acids. After the filter paper had been placed in a
suitable solvent and developed, the chromatogram below was obtained.
KEY Solvent
Ty = Tyrosine front
As = Asparagine
Ph = Phenylalanine
Va = Valine
Gly = Glycine
Le = Leucine
Glu = Glutamic acid
Hi = Histidine
Ar = Arginine
Il = Isoleucine
Pr = Proline
S1 = Vasopressin
hydrolysate
S2 = Oxytocin
hydrolysate Solvent
flow
Start point
Ty As Ph Va Gly Le Glu Hi Ar Il Pr S1 S2
(i) Contrast the amino acid composition of both proteins after analysing the 2
chromatogram.
37
Marks
Question 32 (continued)
(c) Assess the usefulness of distinguishing tests for carbohydrates and metal ions 7
used in the school laboratory, compared with technology used by forensic
chemists in laboratories, for the same purposes.
(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to identify
the range of solvents that may be used for chromatography to separate and
identify mixtures.
(ii) Outline the procedure used in your investigation, and describe the results 3
obtained.
End of paper
38
BLANK PAGE
39
BLANK PAGE
40
Board of Studies NSW 2004
2004 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
DATA SHEET
Avogadro constant, NA .................................................................. 6.022 1023 mol1
Volume of 1 mole ideal gas: at 100 kPa and
at 0C (273.15 K) ...................... 22.71 L
at 25C (298.15 K) .................... 24.79 L
Ionisation constant for water at 25C (298.15 K), Kw ................. 1.0 1014
Specific heat capacity of water ..................................................... 4.18 103 J kg1 K1
Some useful formulae
pH = log10 [H+ ] H = m C T
Some standard potentials
K+ + e K(s) 2.94 V
Ba 2+
+ 2e
Ba(s) 2.91 V
Ca 2+
+ 2e
Ca(s) 2.87 V
+
Na + e
Na(s) 2.71 V
Mg 2+
+ 2e
Mg(s) 2.36 V
Al 3+
+ 3e
Al(s) 1.68 V
Mn2+ + 2e Mn(s) 1.18 V
H2O + e
12 H2(g) + OH
0.83 V
Zn 2+
+ 2e
Zn(s) 0.76 V
Fe 2+
+ 2e
Fe(s) 0.44 V
Ni 2+
+ 2e
Ni(s) 0.24 V
Sn 2+
+ 2e
Sn(s) 0.14 V
Pb 2+
+ 2e
Pb(s) 0.13 V
H+ + e 12 H2(g) 0.00 V
+
SO4 2
+ 4H + 2e
SO2(aq) + 2H2O 0.16 V
Cu 2+
+ 2e
Cu(s) 0.34 V
12 O2(g) + H2O + 2e
2OH
0.40 V
+
Cu + e
Cu(s) 0.52 V
12 I2(s) + e I
0.54 V
12 I2(aq) + e I
0.62 V
Fe 3+
+e
Fe2+ 0.77 V
+
Ag + e
Ag(s) 0.80 V
12 Br2(l) + e Br
1.08 V
12 Br2(aq) + e Br
1.10 V
12 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e H2O 1.23 V
12 Cl2(g) + e Cl
1.36 V
12 Cr2O72 + 7H+ + 3e Cr3+ + 72 H2O 1.36 V
12 Cl2(aq) + e Cl
1.40 V
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn 2+
+ 4H2O 1.51 V
12 F2(g) + e F
2.89 V
Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (5th Edition) is the principal source of data for
120a this examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.
41
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1 2
H He
1.008 4.003
Hydrogen KEY Helium
3 4 Atomic Number 79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au Symbol of element B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 Atomic Weight 197.0 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Lithium Beryllium Gold Name of element Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 [98.91] 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 56 5771 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 [210.0] [210.0] [222.0]
42
Caesium Barium Lanthanides Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
87 88 89103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
[223.0] [226.0] [261.1] [262.1] [263.1] [264.1] [265.1] [268]
Francium Radium Actinides Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununquadium Ununhexium Ununoctium
Lanthanides
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 [146.9] 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Actinides
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
[227.0] 232.0 231.0 238.0 [237.0] [239.1] [241.1] [244.1] [249.1] [252.1] [252.1] [257.1] [258.1] [259.1] [262.1]
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Where the atomic weight is not known, the relative atomic mass of the most common radioactive isotope is shown in brackets.
The atomic weights of Np and Tc are given for the isotopes 237Np and 99Tc.