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Volcanology 1
Volcanology 1
Vladislav Rapprich
Czech Geological Survey, Klarov 3, 118 21
Prague, Czech Republic,
vladislav.rapprich@geology.cz
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Volcanoes, lavas
Pyroclastic rocks
Vesuvius, 79 AD
4
Source: internet
Wall-paint in Chatal Huyuk, Turkey, 7.000 BC
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USGS
Distribution of volcanoes on Earth is not random
Mainly follows plate-boundaries
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Schmincke: Volcanism, 2005
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Stratovolcanoes: San Miguel (El Salvador), Fuji (Japan)
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Caldera: Coatepeque (El Salvador)
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Spatter and scoria cones:
Iceland
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Lava Dome: Boren
(Czech Republic)
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Source: internet
Viscosity
crucial
point for
magma
behaviour
Viscosity depends on:
Composition (Si, Al frame-builders;
Mg, Ca, Na, K frame-modifiers)
Temperature
Crystals, vesicles 18
Le Bas et al.,
1986
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Lava tubes
(tunnels)
- when still molten
lava flows out of the
solidified crust
- thermal insultation
of lava
- effective proces to
get lava far from its
source
25
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Autoclastic fragmentation of lavas
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a) flowing lava with crust (b) formed on
the chilled margins. c) the crust cannot
deform and breaks 28
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autoclastic breccias are:
- monomict (clasts of associated lava)
- clast-supported (empty voids)
- in situ (only angular clasts)
- un-sorted, spaces between clasts can be
later filled with pyroclastic or
sedimentary material
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Columnar jointing
- due to thermal
contraction of lava
- oriented parallel to
thermal gradient
axes, perpendicular
to cooling surfaces
and fronts
- the original shape
of lava body can be
interpreted from
arrangement of
columns
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Lavas in water
Source: internet
36
- supercooling
- lobe-shaped pillows with chilled
margins
- imperfect crystallization hyaline
texture
- pillows have radial (+ concentric cracks)
- pillow lavas associated with
hyaloclastites
- hyaline glass is unstable turns to clay-
minerals
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38
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Hyaloclastites
- fragmentation due
to shock-contraction
(lava-water
interaction)
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- non-vesiculated
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McPhie et al. 2002, CODES 43
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48
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Root-less eruptions
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water-saturated gravel
vapour
Vapour
explodes
through
lava
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