CHNG 3 - IN MI

1. S phn cc trong cht in mi

2. Vector phn cc in mi

3. in trng trong cht in mi

4. Vt liu in mi c bit

1
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Hin tng phn cc in mi
) Cht in mi: in t lin kt cht
vi ht nhn nguyn t phn b in
tch i xng kh t do di chuyn
sut qua ton b th tch.
) in trng ca thanh tch in (+)
ht cc in t v y ht nhn mt
phn b in tch i xng.

) Phn b in tch b mt: in tch (-)

pha st thanh tch in v in tch (+)
pha i din Hin tng phn cc

) Do in trng thanh gim theo

khong cch vi vt lc ht s ln
hn lc y vt b ht v thanh tch
in.
2
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Hin tng phn cc in mi
Vt dn in mi

r
r E' 0
E=0 r
E0

r r
E0 E0

) Xut hin phn b cc in ) Xut hin phn b in tch lin

tch t do trn ton b b mt kt mt s vng trn b mt
mt in mt . mt in tch lin kt mt .
r r
) E khng th xuyn qua vt dn ) Hnh thnh in trng ph E '
r
hiu ng Mn chn tnh in ngc chiu E 0
) Vt dn trr li trng thi trung ) in tch lin ktrc th vn tn
ha in khi E 0 = 0 ti ngay c sau khi E0 = 0
r r r
E = E0 + E ' 3
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Hin tng phn cc in mi
M hnh phn cc nguyn t r
r
E0 E0


d


+ + + p

+q e -q


+ r
r
p e = qd

) Nguyn t c in t lin kt cht vi ht nhn phn b in tch i

xng trung ha v in.
r
) in trng ngoi E0: in t di chuyn ngc chiu trng ngoi hnh
thnh mt m my in t lch v mt pha m tm ca n khng trng
vi ht nhn nguyn t nguyn t b phn cc in.
r
) Nguyn t b phn cc in lng cc in, vi d l vector hng t
trng tm m my in t n ht nhn nguyn t.
4
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Hin tng phn cc in mi
Phn t t phn cc (phn cc t pht)
d
) Phn t c phn b in tch khng i
xng trng tmr inr tch (+) v (-) cch + p
nhau mt khong d khi E0 =. 0 , ngha l: +q e -q
r
pe 0
r
p
) in trng ngoi khng nh hng n ln ca e phn t l lng
cc cng.
) V d: H2O, NH3, HCL, CH3Cl...
Phn t khng t phn cc (phn cc cm ng) r
E0
r r r r
) pe = 0 khi E0 = 0 v pe 0 khi E0 0
r r d
) C: pe = ..E
vi : phn cc phn t, th tch phn t + p
+q e -q
) Phn t l lng cc n hi 5
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Cc dng phn cc in mi
in mi cu to bi cc phn t t phn cc: Phn cc nh hng
r r r
E0 = 0 E0 0 E0 0

r r
pei 0, pei = 0 r r
pei 0, pei 0
i
i

r r
) Khi khng c trng ngoi tng phn t c pei 0 nhng mi ei
p
r
c phng ngu nhin
pei = 0
i
r
p
r cc ei quay dn theo phng trng ngoi
) Khi c trng ngoi
r
cho
n khi ton b cc pei c phng trng phng trng ngoi pei 0
i

) Hnh thnh lp in tch ti b mt in mi khng phi l in tch

t do m l in tch lin kt.
6
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Cc dng phn cc in mi
in mi cu to bi cc phn t khng t phn cc: Phn cc in t
r
) Khi khng c trng ngoi tng phn t c pei = 0 do trng tm in
r
tch (+) v (-) trng nhau

p =0
i
ei

) Khi c trng ngoi cc lp v in t ca tng phn

r t b bin dng
trng tm in tch (+) v (-) khng trng nhau, nn pei 0v u cng
r
phng trng ngoi pei 0
i
in mi c cu trc tinh th: Phn cc i-n

) Khi tinh th c coi l nh

mt phn t khng l c cc
mng i-n (+) v (-) an xen
nhau.

7
 1. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Cc dng phn cc in mi
in mi c cu trc tinh th: Phn cc i-n r
Engoi 0
Cl- Na+

+ +

V d
r
pei 0

Cu trc tinh th NaCl

) i vi c 3 loi in mi s phn cc bin mt khi b i in trng ngoi.
8
 2. Vector phn cc in mi
nh ngha
i lng vt l o bng tng lng cc in ca cc
phn t c trong mt n v th tch ca khi in mi
n
r
r pei
Pe = i =1
V
in mi khng phn t cc v in mi tinh th
r r
khi E 0 mi p
r phn t u c cng ei
r n. pei r r
C: Pe = = n0 pei = n0 0 E
r V r
Hay: Pe = 0 e E (e: cm in mi)
Pe
in mi t phn cc
Pbh
r r n0 . pe2 r n0 . p e2
E thp Pe = E vi e =
3kT 3 0 kT
r r
E ln Pe t trng thi bo ha E
9
 2. Vector phn cc in mi
Vector phn cc in mi v mt in mt lin kt
S
in tch trn S = .S
-- +r
n - + +
- Pe
p r + +
+ + r
r i =1
ei
- E
c: Pe = Pe = -
V - + n
n
d
Trong : pei = '.S .d v V = S.d.cos
i =1

'.S .d '
V th: Pe = =
S .d . cos cos
= Pe.cos = Pen
Mt in mt cc in tch lin kt ca khi in mi c gi tr bng
hnh chiu ca vector phn cc trn php tuyn ca mt gii hn .
n v ca Pe: C/m2
10
10
 3. in trng trong cht in mi
Cng in trng trong cht in mi
r
E0 + +
r
E' r
E0 r
E

+ +

r r r
) in trng tng hp trong cht in mi: E = E0 + E '
11
 3. in trng trong cht in mi
+
Cng in trng trong cht in mi
r r
E'
) Chiu theo chiu ca E0 c: E = E0 - E
r
E0
E l in trng gy bi 2 mt
phng v hn mang in tch tri du
vi mt - v +, v:
E = /0
E =eE
vi: = Pen = 0eEn = 0eE
Chn khng in mi

) E = E0 - eE hay: E = E0 = E0
1 + e +
=1+0 l hng s in mi, c
trng cho tnh cht ca mi trng
Cng in trng trong cht
in mi ng cht v ng hng
gim i ln so vi cng in
trng trong chn khng. 12
 3. in trng trong cht in mi
in cm trong cht in mi Mi trng ng nht,
r r ng hng Tuyn tnh
) c: D = 0 E r r
D = 0 (1 + e )E =
= 1 + e r r Phi tuyn
= 0 E + 0 e E =
r r
= 0 E + Pe
r
in cm D trong mi trng
khng ng nht, khng r cng
phng, cng chiu vi E

ng sc trng qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng

) ng sc in trng gin on
khi qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng.

) ng sc in cm khng gin
on khi qua mt phn cch 2 mi
trng. 13
 3. in trng trong in mi
ng sc in trng qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng
r
) in trng E0 i qua mt phn
cch hai mi trng c hng s in
E1t
mi 1 v 2. r
E '1
Trn cc mt gii hn xut hin
E1n
cc in tch lin ktr xutr hin
cc in trng ph E '1 v E '2 (
r
E0
mt phn cch).
in trng tng hp trong cc E2t r
lp in mi: E '2
r r r E2n
E1 = E0 + E '1
r r r
E 2 = E0 + E ' 2
Chiu ln phng php tuyn v tip tuyn, c:
E1n = E0 n + E '1n E2 n = E0 n + E '2 n
v
E1t = E0t + E '1t E2t = E0t + E '2t 14
 3. in trng trong in mi
ng sc in trng qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng
) V: E1t = E2t = 0
E1t
r
E1t = E2t E '1
Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vector E1n
cng in trng tng hp bin r
thin lin tc khi i qua mt phn E0

cch 2 lp in mi. E2t r
) Mt khc: E1n = e1E1n E '2
E2n = e2E2n E2n
E1n = E0 n / (1 + e1 ) = E0 n / 1 2
1 E1n = 2 E2 n E1n = E2 n
E2 n = E0 n / (1 + e 2 ) = E0 n / 2 1
Thnh phn php tuyn ca vector cng in trng tng hp bin
thin khng lin tc khi i qua mt phn cch 2 lp in mi.
ng sc in trng l khng lin tc khi i qua mt phn cch 15
 3. in trng trong in mi
ng sc in cm qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng
r r
D1 = 0 E1 D1t

) c:
r r r
D2 = 0 E2 E '1
D1n
) Chiu ln phng tip tuyn, c: r r
E0 D1

D1t = 01E1t
D2t r
D2t = 02E2t E '2
r
1 D2n D2
) V: E1t = E2t nn: D1t = E2 t
2
Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vector cm ng in bin thin khng lin
tc khi i qua mt phn cch 2 lp in mi.

16
 3. in trng trong in mi
ng sc in cm qua mt phn cch 2 mi trng
) Chiu ln phng php tuyn, c:
D1t
D1n = 01E1n r
E '1
D2n = 02E2n D1n
r r
V: 1 E1n = 2 E2 n E0 D1

D1n = D2n D2t r
Thnh phn php tuyn ca vector E '2
r
cm ng in bin thin lin tc khi i D2n D2
qua mt phn cch 2 lp in mi.

) Thng lng cm ng in theo nh ngha:

e = D dS
(S )
n

ng sc cm ng in i lin tc trong cc mi trng in mi

17
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
Tinh th mui Sc-nht
) Cng thc: KNaC4H4O64H2O
) Tn gi: Kali Natri tctrt ngm nc
(Potassium sodium tartrate
Tetrahydrate)
) .
Lch s: c tng hp ln u tin
(khong 1675) bi dc s Pierre Seignette
(La Rochelle, Php) cn gi l mui
Rochelle.
) Tnh cht vt l:
Trong sut hoc vng nht;
D dng tan trong nc;
Cu trc orthorhombic;
Trng lng ring = 1.79;
Nhit nng chy = 75 C. 18
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
Nhm in mi Sc-nht (t nhin)
Tourmaline: Ca,K,Na (Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3;
Quartz: SiO2;
Topaz: Al2SiO4(F,OH)2;
P
Tinh th ng
Ps
Tnh cht phn cc ph thuc in trng ngoi

) Vect P khng c s ph thc tuyn

tnh vi vector E.
) Khi E tng n gi tr no P t 0 E
trng thi bo ha (Ps).
) Hng s in mi () ca cc Sc-nht
ph thuc vo Engoi.
19
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
Hin tng in tr P
) Khi Engoi gim 0 vt liu vn
cn b phn cc c P = Pr: hin Pr
tng phn cc d hay in tr
(hysteresis).
Khi Engoi thay i, cc tr s ca P
thay i chm hn so vi E P c Ec 0 E
xc nh khng nhng bi gi tr ca E
ti thi im ang xt m cn ph
thuc vo cc tr s ca E c trc
ph thuc vo lch s ca cht in
mi.
) P = 0 khi E = - Ec (lc khng in - coercive force).
) Tip tc thay i E thu c mt chu trnh in tr.
20
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
C ch hin tng tr (Thuyt min phn cc
t nhin)

) Cu trc tinh th c nhng min trong c

s nh hng ging nhau ca cc mmen lng
cc phn cc t pht to ra vct phn cc t
pht trong 1 min cc men (domain).

) Hng ca vct phn cc ca tng min

khc nhau t min ny qua min khc vct
phn cc tng cng ca tinh th = 0.
) Khi Engoi 0, cc mmen ca cc domain
quay nh cc lng cc n v sp xp theo
hng ca in trng.

21
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
C ch hin tng tr
Tng dn Engoi cho ti khi tt
c cc vector phn cc tng cng
ca tng min song song vi
nhau trng thi bo ha (Ps).
Khi Engoi gim 0, mmen
o chiu v tng E = - Ec
phn cc ca mt s domain
vct phn cc ca tng min
khng xoay kp tr li to ra
tr li v tr nh ban u
hin tng phn cc d c gi
vct phn cc tng cng = 0.
tr Pr.

22
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
C ch hin tng tr
) Tip tc tng dn Engoi cho ti
khi tt c cc vector phn cc
tng cng ca tng min song
song vi nhau t trng thi
bo ha (-Ps) ln na (i xng
vi Ps qua gc 0).

) Nu a Engoi 0 li to
ra hin tng phn cc d (tr Pr)
v P = 0 khi E = Ec cng nh
tip tc t gi tr Ps ban u khi
tng dn E to thnh chu trnh
kn.

23
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
in mi Sc-nht (Seignette)
Vt liu st in (ferroelectric materials)
) Vt liu c s phn cc ph thuc trng ngoi v c tnh cht tr vt
liu st in
) C hng s in mi ln (t vi chc hng ngn n v)

) Tnh cht st in ph thuc nhit

) Ti nhit xc nh tnh cht st in bin mt tr thnh vt liu in

mi thng thng nhit Curie (im Curie) - Tc.
Mui NaKC4H4O6.4H2O ch c tnh cht st in vi
15 0C < T < 22 0C c 2 im Curie, Tc = -15 0C v 22 0C.
) Vt liu st in tng hp
BaTiO3
PZT
AlN 24
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
Hiu ng p in (piezoelectric effect)
) Trn cc mt ca tinh th thch anh
(SiO2) xut hin cc in tch tri du
tng t nh cc in tch xut hin
trong hin tng phn cc in mi khi
c mt ng sut c hc (lc ko hoc
lc nn) tc dng ln cc mt ny.
) ln ca cc in tch cm ng t
l vi ng sut t vo, thay i du
theo ng sut v bin mt khi ngoi lc
ngng tc dng.

) Hiu ng p in thun
Lc nn ~ 1 N trn cc
mt i din ca tinh th
thch anh xut hin mt hiu
in th ~1 mV. 25
 4. Vt liu in mi c bit
Hiu ng p in (piezoelectric effect)
) Khi t in p ln 2 mt ca tinh th Tinh th
p in s b bin dng (dn hoc p in
nn) hiu ng p in nghch.
) Khi t in p xoay chiu ln 2 mt
ca tinh th p in tinh th s b dn
nn lin tip v to ra dao ng theo tn Ngun
s ca in p t vo. in

ng dung hiu ng p in trong k thut

) Ch to cc vi cm bin
(microsensor) o p sut, gia tc, khi
lng hoc nhn bit kh c
) Ch to cc dng c vi chp hnh
(microactuator) lm my pht in, my
pht siu m (ultrasound), 26