,

.
.

,
.
" " " "
,
( g, mL moles)
(g Kg) (mL L) .

( )
moles .

.
.

(SI) . o (kg)

(g) (m3) (L)

(mL cm3). stp ( 1

Atm 0 C)
.
 ,
0.2 mg
.

1
2
3
4
5

(% w/w % ..)

100 g
. 100 g .
100 g , % w/w
. % w/w
()
.
:

5 % w/w 100 g 5 g
( 95 g . 300 g , '
15 g .
10 Kg 190 kg ,
( 190+10=200 kg) : 100 10 / 200 = 5 % w/w.
2 % w/w 2 g
98 g ( 4 g 196 g .)

' (% w/v % ..)

100 mL
. (.. )
,
 .
, . % w/v
.
:

5 % w/v 100 mL 5 g .
500 mL , ' 25g .
3 g 300 mL ,
( 300 mL) : 100 3 / 300 = 1 % w/v.
2 % w/v 2 g
100 mL ( 4 g 200 mL .)

(%w/w) (%w/v) : (%w/v) = d

(%w/w) d = (g/mL)

' (% v/v % .. % vol ()

mL , , 100
mL . ,

( .. )
. % v/v
, .
:

30 % v/v 100 mL
30 mL .
20 mL 200 mL ,
( 200 + 20 = 220 mL) : 100 20 / 220 =
9,09% w/v.
78 % v/v 21 % v/v .
5 % vol, 5 mL 100 mL
.
40, 40 mL 100 mL .
10 % v/v 10 mL
90 mL ( 20 mL 180 mL .)

' Molarity

Molarity () moles
. M
mol/L. C [ ] . 3 0.01

C = 0.01 M [3] = 0.01 .

Molarity
, .
, . ,
,
, .

m Mr V mL ,

C :

molality

molality (mol/kg molal m) moles

( ).
:

0.05 m 1000 g 0.05 mol

.
1 mol 2 kg molality 0.5 mol/kg
0,5 m.
0.01 m 0.01 mol
( 3,42 g) 1000 g .

molality m, Molarity M.
,
m .
molality
Molarity.
' , ,
molality Molarity 1 kg 1 L '
. ,
., ,
.

m1 Mr m2 ,

molality m :

Normality

(Normality), N, geq/L,

. 1 , 0.1 .
.
() Molarity (C) : N = n C n =

% w/w Molarity (M) Normality (N)
38 12.4 12.4
57 7 7
48 9 9
99 17.3 17.3
70 15.8 15.8
95 17.8 35.6
() 28 14.8 14.8
Formality

(Formality), F, gfw/L[1],
, .
(Mr) .

. :

0.1 aCl 0.1 mol ( 5.85 g) NaCl

1000 mL. To NaCl

(NaCl Na + + Cl-),
 NaCl Na+ Cl-.
0.1 F 0.1 .
Molarity Molarity
0.1 .
0.1 K 2SO4 0.1 mol ( 17.4 g)

2SO4 1 L. To 2SO4

(2SO4 2+ + SO42-) 2

+ 1 SO42- ,

2SO4 0.2 M + 0.1 SO42-. 0.1 F

,
0.1 .

" ..." (parts per..., pp...)

: Ppm ( )

" ..."

. " ..."

.

(%). "%" "pph".

100 , ,
.
(). "" "ppt"
,
. 1000 ,
, .
(ppm). "ppm"
1000000 , ,
.
(ppb). "ppb"
 1000000000 ,
.
(ppt). "ppt"
1000000000000 , ,
.
(ppq). "ppq"
1000000000000000
, .
.

,
,
,
. , ,
"pp..v" " ... ' " ..
ppm ppmv.
, , , ,

g/m 3 mg/m3 . ,


.

mg/m3 ppm : Mr

, 1 ppm (Mr = 92.15) 3.8 mg/m3.

Xi i 1,

2, 3, ..., moles i ni

moles n . moles

moles : Xi = ni/n : n = n1 + n2 + n3 + ...



(m1:m2)

(V1:V2)

.
, ,
moles.

% mole

% mole moles
100 mol . ,
,
% v/v.

moles . ,
,
.