,

.
5-10%
, ,
.
, , .
, 40-50%
,
.
: ,
,
.
1000
,
.
 :
.

.

.

.

:
.
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. (.
1) - 1-2-3-4-5
.

(. 2) .
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.
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.
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.) .


.
:

.
-
(, ,
).
-

.
(. 3), l
D, .
1-1 2-2
( ,
1 , 2 3 ). D
,
v1=v2=v.
 . 3.
, 1-1 2-2,
v 12 p 1 v 22 p 2
1 + + z1 = 2 + + z2 + hm ,
2g g 2g g

p m1 p m2
= z 2 z1 + + hm ,
g g
pm1 , pm2 - 1-1 2-2,
hm - .
p m1 / g = H c
. , .
p1 = p a + p m1 , v
.
z = z 2 z 1 ,
( 2-2) hm.

p m2 p m2
z 2 z1 + = z + = Hs ,
g g

, . h m = kQ m , -

Hc = Hs + k Qm , (1)

Hs - , Q - ,
m - , k -
( ).
 k m ,
.


l v 2 64 l v 2 64 l v 2 128l Q Q 4Q
hm = = = = 4 ; v= = 2 ,
D 2g Re D 2g vD D 2g D g A D
( )
128l Q
Hc = Hs +h m = Hs +
D4 g
, (1),
k = 128l / gD 4 , m = 1.

(. 3),
2 2
l v l 16Q
h m = + i = + i ,
2g D
4 2
D 2g D
 ( / D ),
(1),
8 l
k= + i , m = 2. (2)
gD D
4 2

(1)
. -
. . 4
(m = 2).

. 4.

(.
) k,
H c = f (Q) .
 ,
Hc, Q
, .
.
(1)
: Q, D, l
( ) Hc.
l .
, -

.
( Q Hc D)
(1).
(1)
g,
Y c = g H s + k Q m = f c (Q) , (1)

Yc = g H c -
Q . k k'
(1) (1)
k = g k.


- .

. 6
, ,


pm.
. 6. :
1 ,
2 ,
3 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 .

( ) Hu.
,
I
.
( ) II,
Hp.
Hp .
v1 p1
( 1-1),

v12 p1
e1 = +
2

v2 p2.


v 22 p 2
e2 = + + gz,
2
z - 1-1 2-2,
V (a 6).
.

. (.
) ,

. () .

, .

Y = e 2 e1 , J / kg ,
(6)

v 22 v12 p 2 p1
Y = + + gz . (6)
2

p1 p2 1-1 2-2

p1 = p a p v + g z V , p 2 = p a + p m + g z M ,

()

v 22 v12 p m + p v
Y = + + g(z + z M z V ) . (7)
2

() -
, pm
pv
. -
-
.
 Q ( 1v = 4Q / D 2
u , v 2 = 4 Q / D p ),
2

n
. Y = f (Q) , n = const. ,

.
Y = f (Q) .

-
.

,

Y = a 0 + a 1Q + a 2 Q 2 = f (Q),

a0 - ; a1,, a2 -

. Du - , Dp -
, zM -

zv -
.

lu
lp , Du Dp
u
p .
.

.


I 1-1,
p a v12 p1
= + + g H u + R mu , (8)
2
Rmu
;
1-1

v12 p1 pa
+ = e1 = g H u R mu .
2
 (8)

pa,
. p1
pi ,
.
, 2-2
II,
v 22 p 2 pa + pm
+ + gz = e2 = + g H p + R mp ,
2
Rmp -
.
(6),

pm
Y = e 2 e1 = + g ( H u + H p ) + R mu + R mp .


 Hu Hp
H , Rmu+Rmp
Rm
(. 6)
pm
Y = + gH + R m . (9)

(9) ( )
H,
II
.
(9)
Hs
pm
+ H =H s ,
g

Y = g H s + R m = g H s + k Q m = f c (Q),
(9)
k Q m - -
.
 (9)
Q; . Y = f c (Q) . (9) (1)

Y =Y c (10)
(9),

.
(10)
.
:
,
.
(10)
( )
:
Y = f (Q)

Yc = f c (Q)
 ,
. . 7

.
(10);
.
,
( )
.

. 7.

( )

;
(11)
N k = QY ,


QY
Nk = , kW

(11)
1000
- , Q - , .
Y - Q.

, (, ,
, ...) , Du=Dp;
v1
v2 . z, zM zv
.
, (6),
p 2 p1 p m + p v
Y = =
.

(
bari),
p m >> p v


p p (11)
Y m = ,

p - .
(11)

Nk = p Q . (12)

(8)
.
v1 0
,
p1 , ,

( R mu 0 ),
pa
g H ut .

 H u = H ut
.
p a = 101 325 Pa ,

pa
H ut = = 10,33 m.
g

H u < H ut Hu=7-8 m.
p1
pi ,
.
Q, Y , Nk

( )
.
Qt
qn
Qt = , (13)
60
q - ( m3 )
.
.
.
, .
; n - .
, .
,

qn
Q = v Q t = v , (14)
60
v

.

Nk
N= , (15)

() .


, -
, .
.

v = C RhI = S I
S = C R h - .
C
8g
C =
2
.


, .
.

C,

1 1/ 6
C = R h , Rh , m (16)
n
n - , Rh - ,

(16), n
.
:
n=0,011-
,
n=0,012 - ,
n=0,014 - .
(16)
Re ,
,
.

,

, . 8.
I II
.
 ,

,
pa pa
+H= + hm,
g g

. 8. H = hm, (17)

( H=const).
( ) H , ,

.
,
l v2
H = hm = h = , (17)
4 R h 2g
h - .

h H v2
I= = = . (18)
l l 8 g Rh

Q = A v = A C RhI . (19)

D ,
A, C Rh, , (
),

Q=K I, (20)

K = AC Rh , (21)

.
K
, .
M -
.
(18) (20),

H
Q=K , (22)
l
(a a
).

H,
l 2
H= 2Q , (22)
K
l / K 2 - ,
h - a .
 C
(16), K

0 , 667
D 2 1 1/ 6 1/ 2 D 2 1 D
K= Rh Rh = = K ( D, n ) ,
4 n 4 n 4
,
n ,
, :
K = 28,31 D 2, 667 (n = 0,011) ,
K = 25,95 D 2, 667 (n = 0,012) , (23)
K = 22,24 D 2, 667 (n = 0,014) .

S
0 , 667
1 D (24)
S = C Rh = = S ( D, n ) .
n 4
 (22), (1),
: Q, D,
h, l .
,
. , ,
H
D l Q.
:
, D,
(22)
H.

. 8.
H
I II.

,
, , ,
.
 . 9
D .
, 1-1
2-2 l
. D ,
,
Q = v A = const.,

v 1 = v 2 = v.
1-1 2-2 -
p1 p2
p1
p a + gH 1 = p1 = p a + p m1 ,
H1
H 1 = p m1 / g.
H2
p2
H 2 = p m 2 / g,
 ,

( 1-1) (
2-2) ,
v 12 p 1 v 22 p 2
1 + + z1 = 2 + + z2 + hm,
2 g g 2 g g

p1 p2
. 9. + z1 + z 2 = h .
g g

v1=v2=v

h (h m = h ),


p m1 p
+ z1 m 2 + z 2 = h ,
g g
 ,
,

(H 1 + z 1 ) (H 2 + z 2 ) = h .
9
(H 1 + z 1 ) (H 2 + z 2 ) = H.

H
h

h = H.

, .
H -
. (22),

H = (l / K 2 ) Q 2 .
 , . z1=z2,

p m1 p m 2
H = H1 H 2 = = h .
g
2-2 ,

p2 = pa , pm2 = 0 ;

H = H 1 = p m1 / g .


l
p m1 = g 2
Q 2
, (25)
K
K ,
D . .
-
(
1-1 2-2) .


(. 10) ,
-
.
li Di (i = 1, 2, 3,..., ),
Q=const.

. 10.

, H
, . H = h.m
,

. -

l1 v12 l 2 v 22 l 3 v 32
H = h m h = h 1 + h 2 + h 3 = 1 + 2 + 3 ,
D1 2g D 2 2g D 3 2g

h 1 , h 2 , h 3 -
. H
hi li
Di; (22), .
li
hi = 2 Q2.
Ki
. 10 p1 p2
2 hi.
 I-I
II-II
p I p II p mI p mII
= = h 2 .
g g
,
,
p mI p mII
= H1 H 2 = h 2 ,
g
h 2 = h 2 .

h 1 h 1 h 3 h 3 ,

H = h1 + h 2 + h 3 .
,
H,
Q ,
j
H = h 1 + h 2 + ... + h j = h i ,
i =1


l1 l2 lj j li

2

H = Q 2 + 2 + ... + 2 = Q 2 .
2
(26)
K1 K 2 Kj i =1 K
i

,
,

.

P.L.
.
P.L. (. 8).


(.
11).

. 11.

, Q0,
(=3)
B .
li
Di. -
.

HA HB p1 p2.
H=HA-HB .

.

,
.

Q 0 = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + ... + Q j , (27)
j
Q0 = Qi .
i =1
(27)

j
Qi = 0 , (27)
i =0

. .

. ,
.
 . 1 ( I-I)
B ( II-II)
, ( -
v I = v II = v1 ) ,
p I p II
1 1
= h m1 ,
g
h m1 - .

2
p I 2 p II 2
= h m2 ,
g
h m 2 - 2.
3 (
, ). ,
() :
p a + gH A = p A , p a + gH B = p B ,

pA pB
= H A H B = H.
g
A I-I

(p I p I p I = p I = p A ) ,
1 2 3

B
(p II p II p II = p II = p B ) ;
1 2 3

h m1 = h m 2 = h m 3 = ... = h m j , (28)

H = h mi , (28)
h mi
.
(28) . .

.
 ,
,
(22), (22).


.
1

l1 v12
h m1 = 1 + i1 ,
D1 2g
i1 - -
.
(
). 1
v1 = Q1 / A 1 ,
A1 ;

l1 Q12
h m1 = 1 + i1 2
= k 1 Q 2
1. (29)
D1 2g A 1
 k1 1
l1 1
k 1 = 1 + i1 2
.
D1 2g A 1
2,

l2 Q 22
h m 2 = 2 + i 2 2
,
D2 2g A 2
, ,

h m 2 = k 2 Q 22 . (30)

k2
2
l2 1
k 2 = 2 + i 2 2
.
D2 2g A 2
 , j-
( Aj),

lj Q 2j
h mj = j + i j 2
,
Dj 2g A j

h mj = k j Q 2j , (31)
kj
li, -
Di n ,
. -
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., j
. (15)
. k1,
k2, ..., kj
.
 -
Qi ,
Q0 .

Q1. , (28), (29) (30)
Q2
k1
Q 2 = Q1 . (32)
k2
(29) h m 3
Q3,

k1 (33)
Q 3 = Q1 .
k3

(29) (31) Qj j-

k1
Q j = Q1 . (34)
kj
 (27),

k1 k1 k 1
Q 0 = Q 1 1 + + + ... + , (35)
k2 k3 kj

, Q0, Q1.
(32), (33)
(34).
, H, (28),

(hm1 hm2).