Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)

ET 412

Digital Networks

Ally, J

jumannea@gmail.com

DIT
 Course Summary
„ Introduction to Wireless Broadband Network

„ Introduction to Digital Transmission

„ Signalling Network (SS7)

„ SDH Network

„ Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)

„ Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Principles

„ Multi-label Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

„ IP Network and Next Generation Network (NGN)

„ Network Management Basics

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Introduction to Wireless broadband
Network

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 Outline
„ Mobile Network Systems (3G & B3G)

„ Wireless MAN Systems

„ Wireless LAN Systems

„ Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Systems

„ 4G Network Systems

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Mobile Network System (3G & B3G)

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The Wireless Revolution
„ Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry
(exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users
worldwide today)
„ Three generations of wireless

‰ First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice

only, mostly vehicular communication
‰ Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and
CDMA, voice and low bit-rate data, portable units.
2.5G increased data transmission capabilities
‰ Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA,
voice and high bit-rate data, portable units
‰ Fourth Generation (in progress): true broadband
wireless: WIMAX, 3G LTE, 802.11 a/b/g/n, UWB

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 Progress of Mobile Networks
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

2G 3G
1G Digital (IMT-2000) 4G
Analog (IMT-Advanced)
2.5G 3.5G---------3.9G
Voice-based Voice & data Multimedia Multimedia BB IP based
(～144kbps) (～14.4Mbps) (～100Mbps) (1Gbps)
Seamless service
QoS
Technologies
FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDM, SC-FDMA
Diversity Distributed control RAKE receiver Adaptive antenna
Systems
AMPS PDC GSM EDGE W-CDMA LTE Advanced
TACS GSM cdma2000
cdmaOne TD-SCDMA
PHS etc.

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 Cellular Systems
General requirements
High capacity
High data rate
Wide service area (99% population coverage)
Low cost
Low power consumption (Terminal)
High reliability
Global

Cell

Base station Mobile station

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 Multiple Access Schemes
Many users have to share the radio channel
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
e e e e
1st Gen it m 2nd Gen ti m 3rd Gen ti m 4th Gen ti m

Power
Power

Power

Power

12.5 - 30kHz 30 – 200kHz 1.25 – 5MHz 5 – 100MHz

Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency

FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
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Multiple Access Schemes (Summary)
Pros. Cons.
• Technically simple • Difficult to handle traffics
FDMA with various rate

• Easy handling of various • Equalizer will be needed

rate traffics for wide-band systems
TDMA • The number of Tx can be
reduced in BS
• Easy handling of various • Accurate transmit
rate traffics power control needed
CDMA
• Easy cell planning
• Robust against interference
and multipath
• Robust against multipath • High efficiency linear
OFDMA for very high data rates amplifier is required

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 Different Mobile Technologies for Different
Services

1st generation in 1980s 2nd generation in 1990s 3rd generation

Analog Digital IMT-2000

AMPS GSM
GSM

Digital technology
UMTS
UMTS

Speech service

Broadband service
Analog technology

CDMA
CDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
TACS IS95
IS95
Driven by Driven by
demands demands cdma
cdma
NMT TDMA
TDMA 2000
2000
IS-136
IS-136
TD-
TD-
Other
PDC
PDC SCDMA
SCDMA

3G provides perfect solutions to integrated services for users and operators.

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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) R99 Network Architecture

Other PLMN
MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN,ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

PCU SCE
SS7
RNC
SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS
Internet,
backbone
SGSN Intranet
UMTS
GGSN
UTRAN

CG BG

Other PLMN’s
GPRS network

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Configuration of IMT-2000 System

BS SCP HLR
MT

BS PSTN
RNC MSC GMSC

RNC
BS PDSN PDGN Internet

BS
Radio access network
BS: Base Station
RNC: Radio Network Controller
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node
Core network
MT: Mobile Terminal
SCP: Service Control Point
HLR: Home Location Register
GMSC: Gateway MSC
PDGN: Packet Data Gateway Node
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
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 Air Interfaces of IMT-2000
2G GSM
GSM TDMA
TDMA (IS-136)
(IS-136) cdmaOne
cdmaOne
(10 kbps)
GPRS
GPRS
2.5G IS-95B
IS-95B
(64~144 kbps) EDGE
EDGE

3G W-CDMA
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-SCDMA UWC-136
UWC-136 cdma2000
cdma2000
(384k~2Mbps) FDD | TDD

3.5G HSDPA
HSDPA 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO
(DL: ~14.4Mbps) 1xEV-DV
1xEV-DV
(UL: ~5.7Mbps) HSUPA
HSUPA

3.9G 3G
3G LTE
LTE (S3G)
(S3G)
(DL: 100 Mbps)
(UL: 50 Mbps) HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access
GSM: Global System for Mobile communication HSUPA: High Speed Uplink Packet Access
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service 1xEV-DO: cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data only
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution 1xEV-DV: cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data and Voice
3G LTE: 3G Long Term Evolution
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S3G: Super 3G
 Mobile Multimedia Services by 3G
• High-speed packet communication
• Audio/Visual communication (ex. Video phone)
• Location service (ex. Navigation)
• Mobile e-Commerce
• Multi-call service (Voice+Packet+…)
• International roaming
• Contents distribution (Video, Music, Game, Map, etc.)

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 3G/Beyond 3G Cellular Systems
3.5G IMT-Advanced cdma2000 1xEV-DO
3G 3G LTE
(HSDPA,HSUPA) (4G) Rev.0 Rev.A

Access DL: CDMA DL: CDMA DL: OFDMA DL: OFDMA DL:CDMA DL:CDMA
method UL: CDMA UL: CDMA UL: SC-FDMA UL: SC-FDMA UL: CDMA UL: CDMA

Bandwidth 5 MHz 5 MHz 20 MHz >100 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

Modulation BPSK,QPSK BPSK,QPSK QPSK,16QAM QPSK,16QAM BPSK,QPSK BPSK,QPSK

16QAM 64QAM,etc. 64QAM,etc. 8PSK, 16QAM 8PSK,16QAM

Data rate DL: 384kbps DL: 14.4Mbps DL: 100Mbps DL: ~1Gbps DL: 2.4Mbps DL: 3.1Mbps
(max.) UL: 64kbps UL: 5.7Mbps UL: 50Mbps UL: >50Mbps UL: 154kbps UL: 1.8Mbps

Service-in Available Available Expected in Expected in Available Available

2010 2012-2015

Features Circuit Enhancement Great Further High speed Enhancement

switching of packetised improvement improvement low-cost data of data rate
data rate of data rate of data rate and QoS
and latency and mobility

3G LTE: 3G Long Term Evolution

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 Progress in Mobile Communications
Data Rate
1G
3G LTE & 4G
4G 100M-
100M 1Gbps
3G LTE
30-100Mbps
10M HSDPA 2-4M
Data Rate

3G & 3.5G average MAX14Mbps

2.4M 1x EV-DO
1M
384k W- CDMA
100k 144k CDMA 2000 1x
2G & 2.5G 64k PHS
32k PHS
28k PDC Packet
10k 14.4k cdma One
9.6k GSM/PDC
2.4k PDC
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

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 Mobile Subscribers (Worldwide)
2 .5
Number of subscribers (billion)

Mobile user growth:

Fixe d Mobile
14%/year
2

1 .5

0 .5

0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

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Operator Assessment of Growth in Data Demand on Relative Basis

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Relative Adoption of Technologies

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Wireless MAN Systems

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 Wireless MAN History
(Metropolitan Area Network)
„Fixed Wireless Access
zWireless MAN was first
developed as fixed wireless
access
zUsually LoS link
„Point to Multipoint Access
zToday, it has been enhanced
to be used as P-MP access
zCan be used in NLoS link
LoS :Line of Sight
NLoS :Non Line of Sight
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 WMAN and WLAN Comparison
„WMAN
zCoverage: Up to 50km
zOutput power: can be as high as 10W
zBitrate: Up to 75Mbps (in 20MHz BW)
zFrequency: < 11GHz (Licensed and Licence
exempt)
„WLAN
zCoverage: Up to 100m
zOutput power ~200mW
zBitrate: Up to 54Mbps
(500Mbps is under study in 802.11n)
zFrequency: 2.4GHz, 5GHz (Licence exempt)

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 Main Features of IEEE802.16

9 Provide low-cost solution

(networking, mobile performance)
9 Fit to IP Communication
9 Flexible depending on frequency assignment
9 Various operational parameters are defined
9 Only MAC/PHY layers are specified
(i.e. Core network is out of scope in the 802.16)

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 WiMAX Forum
„Non profitable organization
„Established in 2001 to promote
Broadband Wireless Access
„Objectives
zPromotion of IEEE802.16 based products
zDefine system profiles
zCreate end to end network specification
zConduct interoperability test
zGive the certificate logo allowance

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802.16 Series Wireless MAN Specification

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802.16j: Multi-hop Relay

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Specification of WiMAX (World Interoperability
for Microwave Access)

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IEEE802.16 Standard Family

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 WiMAX System Structure
Web Streaming PTT
Service
Service// WiMAX
WiMAX
Application
Applicationcont
cont Network
Network
QoS Authentification
Call Mobility
/Charge
Network
Network
Middleware
Middleware

IP
IPCore
CoreTransport
Transport
AGW
AGW
AGW (ASN-GW) AGW
（BRAS)
Layer
Layer22Access
Access WiMAX
FTTH 3G/E-UTRA WiFi

PHY PC Card
PHY//MAC
MAC

WiMAX
WiMAX
Client
Client Indoor CPE Outdoor
CPE
E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
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Wireless LAN Systems

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 LAN (Local Area Network)
„Local Area Network (Wired) 1980’s ~
zRemote Access to Main Computer
zPrinters, Data Storage, etc. are shared
„Internet Usage (e-mail, WWW, etc.) 1990’s ~

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 Wireless LAN
„Wide spread of WLAN 2000s ~

WLAN
(IEEE802.11)
802.11 (1997)
802.11b (2000)
802.11a (2000)
802.11g (2003)
802.11n ( 2007)

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 Wireless LANs: WiFi/802.11
„ Based on the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n family of standards, and is
primarily a local area networking technology designed to provide
in-building or campus broadband coverage.
‰ IEEE 802.11a/g peak physical layer data rate of 54 Mbps and
indoor coverage over a distance of 100 feet.
‰ Beyond buildings: municipal WiFi, Neighborhood Area Networks
(NaN), hotspots
„ Much higher peak data rates than 3G systems, primarily since it
operates over a larger bandwidth (20 MHz).
‰ Its MAC scheme CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is
inefficient for large numbers of users
‰ The interference constraints of operating in the license-exempt
band is likely to significantly reduce the actual capacity of outdoor
Wi-Fi systems.
‰ Wi-Fi systems are not designed to support high-speed mobility.

‰ Wide availability of terminal devices

„ 802.11n: MIMO techniques for range extension and higher bit

rates

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 Wireless LAN Standards
„ 802.11b (Current Generation)
‰ Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
‰ Frequency hopped spread spectrum
‰ 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
In 2006,
„ 802.11a (Emerging Generation)
‰ Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
WLAN
‰ OFDM with time division cards
‰ 20-70 Mbps, variable range have all 3
‰ Similar to HiperLAN in Europe standards
„ 802.11g (New Standard)
‰ Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
‰ OFDM
‰ Speeds up to 54 Mbps

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IEEE 802.11n
„ WG started in 2002
„ Two Groups: TGnsync and WWiSE
„ Joint proposal approved January 2006
„ Specification expected to fix in 2007
„ Features:
‰ Over 100Mbps Throughput
‰ Use MIMO
‰ Reduce the overhead for more efficiency
‰ Backward Compatibility to 802.11a,b,g

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WLAN Network Architecture
Basic Service Set (BSS): a set of stations which communicate
with one another

Ad hoc network Infrastructure Mode

• Only direct communication

• Stations communicate with AP
possible
• AP provides connection to wired network
• No relay function
(e.g. Ethernet)
• Stations not allowed to communicate directly
• Some similarities with cellular (covered later)

DIT Source: AirTight Networks

WLAN Network Architecture (2)
ESS: a set of BSSs interconnected by a distribution system (DS)

Local Area Network (e.g. Ethernet)

Future: Meshed Wireless Backhaul

DIT Source: AirTight Networks

In-building W-LAN and 3G Dual Mode
Effective
use of
existing
Coupler
W-LAN
system for Dual Band
Antenna
3G

Quick
Expansion
Coupler
of Dual Band
Filter/
coverage Antenna
COMBINER
area
W-LAN
ACCESS
PICO
POINT
Node-B

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Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Systems

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 UWB (Ultra Wide Band)
„Applications
zWireless USB
zWireless Personal Area Network
(WPAN)
Wireless USB
zSensor
zFeatures
zDifficult to intercept
zShort range communication (up to
10m) WPAN
zLocation identification
zLow power
Sensor
zHigh data rate >100Mbps
zLow cost
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 Concept of UWB
„Narrowband to Wideband
Noise floor
Thermal/Man made

Narrowband signal Spread spectrum Ultra Wide Band

Bandwidth Bandwidth Power spectrum
~ user data rate ~ user data rate * SF density becomes well
Normally bellow the noise floor
10 - 100 Using:
Short pulses
Signal energy should be the same so Big SF
as to satisfy Shannon limit.

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 UWB
„Challenges
zAntenna: wide bandwidth
zInterference to other systems
TV/Radio reception, Rader (military/civilian), Radio astronomy,
Wireless LAN
zMultiple-access
zMulti-path
zRegulation 3.1GHz 10.6GHz

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4G Network Systems

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Wireless Technology Trend

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 4G Mobile Network
Requirements (Partially realized in 3G LTE)
•Broadband packet communication (100M~1Gbps)
•High capacity
•Based on next generation Internet technologies (IPv6,
QoS)
•Seamless mobility/roaming (Home, Office, Outdoor, etc.)
•Seamless connectivity with various networks (ex. WLAN,
WMAN, Broadcasting)
•Connection with Ubiquitous networks (Sensor net, RFID)
•Low bit-cost
•One terminal (Reconfigurable radio terminal by software)

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 Next Generation Packet-based Network
Circuit switch IP multimedia Streaming service
Service
Emulated service Service

Control / Resource Control/Mobility Management

Management
PSTN
Internet
Transport/Access IP Core Network
AGW
3G/3.5G xGSN
xDSL/FTTx
RNC AGW AGW
E-UTRA WiFi/WiMAX HGW
BTS BTS
BTS BTS AP AP

BTS: Base station transceiver AGW: Access Gateway

RNC: Radio Network Controller AED: Access edge Device
xGSN: Serving/ Gateway GPRS Support Node E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

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 Summary
3G technologies and its evolutions are introduced

Towards Ubiquitous networking world, wireless network

technology will be a key component
1990 2000 2010 2020
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
• Voice-based • Multimedia • Broadband • Cognitive radio
• Low-rate data services services • Ad hoc network
services • Larger • Seamless • Mesh networks
• Digital bandwidth service • Radio on fiber
technology • New • Adaptive QoS • Virtual reality
business • Reconfigurabl • Remote
models e terminals operation
• International • End-to end IP • Context aware
standard systems • Five senses
communication

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 Thanks!

Technology changes but communication lasts.

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