epiy kpd;dpay; myF 1 AB vd;gJ kpd; ,UKid.

,U Kidapd; ikak; O tpypUe;J r njhiytpy; P

1. kpd; ,UKidahy; mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; vd;w Gs;sp mike;Js;sJ.
kpd;Gyr; nrwptpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
+q tpdhy; P apy; kpd;dOj;jk;
V1 =
-q tpdhy; P apy; kpd;dOj;jk;
AB vd;gJ kpd; ,UKid V2 =
,UKidapd; ikak; O tpypUe;J mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; r kpd; ,UKidahy; P apy; kpd;dOj;jk;
njhiytpy; mike;Js;s Gs;sp P. V= ----------- (1)
-q tpdhy; P-apy; kpd;Gyk;
nfhird; tpjp kw;Wk; <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk; Mfpatw;iwg;
= [BP topNa]
( ) gad;gLj;j,
+q tpdhy; P- apy; kpd;Gyk; = [1+ Cos ] ----------- (2)
= [PA topNa]
( )
= [1- Cos ] ----------- (3)
njhFgad; kpd;Gyk; E = E1+(-E2)
rkd;ghLfs; (2) kw;Wk; (3) I (1) y; gpujpapl
= - [BP topNa]
( ) ( ) V= .
= [BP topNa]
( ) V= .
d << r vdpy;
= [BP topNa] , P = q x 2d. rpwg;G Neh;Tfs;
1. P ahdJ +q f;F mUfpy; mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; mike;jhy; =0
E ahdJ kpd; ,UKidj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; jpirapy;
nray;gLfpwJ. / V= .
2. P ahdJ -q f;F mUfpy; mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; mike;jhy;
2. kpd; ,UKidahy; eLtiuf; Nfhl;by; cs;s xU
Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpTf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. =180
/ V= .
3. P ahdJ eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; mike;jhy; =90 , V= 0

4. fh]; tpjpiaf; $Wf. Neuhd Kbtpyh ePsk; nfhz;l

kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w fk;gpapdhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;Jf;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
AB vd;gJ kpd; ,UKid
,UKidapd; ikak; O tpypUe;J eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; r
njhiytpy; mike;Js;s Gs;sp P.

-q tpdhy; P-apy; kpd;Gyk;

= [BP topNa]
+q tpdhy; P- apy; kpd;Gyk;
= [PA topNa]
rPuhf kpd;D}l;lg;gl;l Kbtpyh ePsk; nfhz;l fk;gpiaf;
E1 kw;Wk; E2 d; vz;kjpg;Gfs; rkk;. E1 kw;Wk; E2 I fUJNthk;.
fpilj;js kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;Jf; $Wfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
nrq;Fj;Jf; $Wfs; mstpy; rkkhfTk; vjpnujph; ,jd; kpd;D}l;l ePs; mlh;j;jp
jpirapYk; miktjhy; rkd; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. fk;gpapypUe;J r njhiytpy; cs;s P apy; kpd;Gyk; E
fpilj;jsf; $Wfs; PR jpirapy; $l;lg;gLfpd;wd. vd;f.
njhFgad; kpd;Gyk; l ePsKk;, r MuKk; cila cUis fh]pad; gug;ghFk;.
E = E1Cos + E2Cos ds vd;gJ kpfr;rpwpa gug;G.
= 2 E1Cos tisgug;gpd; topNa kpd;Gyghak;
E=2x x = Eds
= E x 2 rl
E= Kidg;gug;gpd; topNa kpd;Gyghak;
( )
P = q x 2d = 0
d << r vdpy; nkhj;j kpd;Gyghak; = E x 2 rl
= fh]; tpjpg;gb = E x 2 rl
E d; jpir PR topahfTk;. p f;F vjph; jpirapYk; q=l
mikfpwJ. / E=
3. kpd; ,UKidahy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jj;Jf;fhd E d; jpir Neh;kpd;D}l;lkhf ,Ue;jhy; Muj;jpd; topNa
Nfhitiag; ngWf. Rpwg;G Neh;Tfis tpthp. ntspNehf;fpAk;, vjph;kpd;D}l;lkhf ,Ue;jhy;
cs;Nehf;fpAk; mikAk;.

1
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
5. kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpYk; gf;f ,izg;gpYk; nray;ghL
,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ tpisAk; njhFgad; kpd; Njf;F rPg;G D f;F mUfpYs;s cah; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy;,
jpwDf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. $h;Kidr; nray;ghL fhuzkhf fhw;W
madpahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhlh; ,izg;G vjph; madpfs; $h;Kidfis Nehf;fpAk;, Neh; madpfs;
gl;ilia Nehf;fpAk; tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd.
Neh; madpfs; rPg;G E- ia neUq;Fk; NghJ E
vjph;kpd;D}l;lKk; Nfhsk; Neh;kpd;D}l;lKk; ngWfpwJ.
[epiykpd; J}z;ly;].
rPg;G E d; $h;Kidr; nray;ghl;lhy; gl;il
fPopwq;Fk;NghJ kpd;D}l;lkw;w epiyia milfpwJ.
C1, C2, C3 Mfpa kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; nfhz;l kpd;Njf;fpfs; ve;jpuk; njhlh;r;rpahf Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;ij Nfhsj;jpw;F
njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khw;WfpwJ.
njhFg;Gf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V Nfhsj;jpd; kpd;dOj;jk; ngUk kjpg;ig mile;jTld;
V = V 1 + V2 + V3 kpd;D}l;lf;frpT Vw;gLfpwJ.
njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;Njf;fpfs; rk kpd;D}l;lk; (q) Cah; mOj;jj;jpy; fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l v/F fyj;jpdhy;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Nfhsj;ij %Ltjd; %yk; kpd;D}l;lf; frpitf;
V1 = , V2 = , V3 = Fiwf;fyhk;.
gad;ghL
V= + + mZf;fU gpsitapy; gad;gLk; Neh; madpfis
[GNuhl;lhd;, bA+l;uhd; KLf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ].
V= ; CS njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd;.
= + + myF 4
kpd;fhe;j J}z;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk;.
kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ,
njhFgad; kpd; Njf;Fjpwdpd; jiyfPo; kjpg;G , jdpj;jdp 1. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; jpiriag; nghUj;J xU fk;gpr; RUspd;
kpd;Njf;fpfspd; kpd;Njf;F jpwd;fspd; jiyfPopfspd; jpir mikg;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk; mjpy; kpd;dpaf;F
$LjYf;Fr; rkk;. tpiriaj; J}z;Lk; Kiwia fUj;jpay; tpsf;fq;fSld;
tpthp.
gf;f ,izg;G
PQRS vd;gJ N Rw;WfisAk;
C1, C2, C3 Mfpa kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; nfhz;l A gug;igAk; nfhz;l nrt;tf
kpd;Njf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; tbt fk;gpr; RUs;.
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. B vd;w fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;
njhFg;Gf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NtWghL V. fhe;jg;Gyj;Jf;F nrq;Fj;jhd
gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;Njf;fpfs; rk mr;irg; gw;wp vd;w
kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; (V) ,Uf;Fk;. Nfhzj;jpirNtfj;jpy;
kpd;D}l;lk; q = q1 + q2 + q3 tyQ;Ropahfr; Row;wg;gLfpwJ.
q1 = C1V, q2 = C2V, q3 = C3V RUSld; njhlh;Gila fhe;jg;ghak;
q = C1 V + C2 V + C3 V = NBA Cos , = wt
q = Cp V J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;Ftpir
Cp njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd;. e= = NBAwsinwt
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; ngUk kjpg;G E0 = NBAw
gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; kpd;Njf;fpfspd; / e = E0 Sinwt
njhFgad; kpd;Njf;F jpwdhdJ, jdpj;jdp fhyk; t Ig; nghWj;J e MdJ ird; miy tbtpy;
kpd;Njf;fpfspd; kpd;Njf;F jpwd;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. khWfpwJ.
mjph;ntz; Rw;Wfs;/tpdhb.
6. thd; - b fpuhg; kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtk;, mikg;G kpd;dpaf;F
kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjj;ij tpthp. t.vz; t RUspd; jsk; B f;F
tpir (e)
1 0 nrq;Fj;J e=0
thd; - b fpuhg; vd;gtuhy; ,iz
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 2 /2 e=E0
107V mstpy; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL 3 nrq;Fj;J e=0
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 4 3 /2 ,iz e=-E0
5 2 nrq;Fj;J e=0
jj;Jtk;: Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; ird; tisNfhlhf mikAk;.
1. $h;Kidr; nray;ghL
2. epiykpd; J}z;ly; 2. xU fl;l AC kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G (k)
Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpthp.
mikg;G
A vd;w cs;sPlw;w cNyhff; Nfhsk; kpd;fhg;Gj; J}z;
kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
B, C vd;gd fg;gpfs;
gl;Lj;Jzpahyhd gl;il fg;gpfs; topNa nry;fpwJ.
fg;gp C kpd;Nkhl;luhy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ.
D kw;Wk; E vd;gd $h;Kidfisf; nfhz;l rPg;G
tbtf; flj;jpfs;.
rPg;G D f; F 104V Neh;kpd;dOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 ,ae;jpu Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp. [I I tpl /2 fl;lk; Ke;jp ,Uf;Fk;]
epFyh nl];yh vd;gth; tbtikj;jhh;. kpd;Njf;fpf;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL VC= IXC
jj;Jtk; [I I tpl /2 fl;lk; gpd;jq;fp ,Uf;Fk;]
kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly; VL kw;Wk; VC f;F ,ilNa fl;l NtWghL 180
AC kpd;dpaw;wpapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; kpd;Rw;wpid kpd;epiykj;jd;ik cilajhff; fUJNthk;.
(i) Roy; RUs; V2 = + (VL- VC)2
jfLfshy; Md NjdpUk;G cs;sfk; my;yJ
tisaj;jpd; kPJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; kpd;fhg;Gila V= ( ) + ( )
jhkpuf;fk;gpahy; Rw;wg;gl;l nrt;tf tbtf; fk;gpr; RUs;. V=I + ( )
NjdpUk;G cs;sfk; fhe;jg;ghaj;ij mjpfhpf;fTk;; ,
Roy; RUisj; jhq;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ. =Z= + ( )
(ii) Gyf;fhe;jk; Zvd;gJ njhFgad; kpd;ndjph;g;G kpd;dOj;jj;Jf;Fk;
jpwd; Fiwe;j ildNkhtpy; epiyahd fhe;jKk;, kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jf;Fkhd fl;lf;Nfhzk;
jpwd; kpFe;j ildNkhtpy; kpd;fhe;jKk; gad;gLfpwJ. tan = =
Roy; RUs; fhe;jg;Gyj;Jf;F Fj;jhf mike;j
mr;irg;gw;wp Roy;fpwJ. = tan-1
(iii) eOT tisaq;fs; ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
R1, R2 vd;w eOT tisaq;fs; Roy; RUisr; I = Io sin( t )
Royr; nra;Ak; mr;Rj; jz;NlhL nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; Roy;
RUSld; Nrh;e;J RoYfpd;wd. 4. kpd;khw;wpapd; jj;Jtj;ij tpthp. mikg;G , Ntiy nra;Ak;
(iv) J}hpiffs; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
B1, B2 vd;w Jhpiffs; eOT tisaq;fSld; Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpf khWjpir
mOj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kpd;dOj;jkhfTk;, mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij
,it ntspr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;y Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; khw;Wk;
cjTfpd;wd. kpd;rhjdk;.
jj;Jtk;
Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk;
kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly;
fhe;jg;Gyj;ijg; nghWj;J RUspd; jpiraikg;ig mikg;G :
khw;Wtjd; %yk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
NjdpUk;G cs;sfj;jpd; kPJ Rw;wg;gl;l kpd;njhlh;gw;w
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria gpnskpq; tyJ Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Jiz RUs;fs; cs;sd.
if tpjpapypUe;J mwpayhk;.
khWjpir cs;sPL Kjd;ikr; RUSf;F
Roy; RUs; ABCD njhlf;fj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhf cs;sJ. nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,J ,lQ;Ropahfr; Row;wg;gLfpwJ.
Jizr; RUspy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
RUspd; AB gFjp fPo;Nehf;fpAk;, DC gFjp Nky;Nehf;fpAk;
efUk;. EP kw;Wk; ES vd;gd Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if.
gpnskpq; tyJif tpjpg;gb, fk;gpr; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,uz;L RUs;fspYk; Rw;W xd;wpw;fhd J}z;lg;gLk;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkk;.
DCBA jpirapy; ghAk;.
ntspr;Rw;wpy; B1 ypUe;J B2 f;F ghAk; = [my;yJ] = ----- (1)
RUs; NkYk; Row;wg;gLk; NghJ, Roy; RUspy; ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wpapy; cs;sPL jpwDk;, ntspaPL
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ABCD jpirapy; ghAk;. jpwDk; rkk;.
ntspr;Rw;wpy; B2 ypUe;J B1 f;F ghAk; EpIp = EsIs
,t;thW, ntspr;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xt;nthU = -------(2)
miur; Rw;Wf;Fk; jd; jpiria khw;wpf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;Fk;. (1) kw;Wk; (2) ypUe;J = = =k
khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; mjph;ntz; Rw;Wfs;/tpdhb.
ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir K kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk;
e= Eo sint K > 1 vdpy; Vw;W kpd;khw;wp
Eo = NBA K < 1 vdpy; ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp
N Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if gaDW jpwd;
B fhe;jg;ghak; ntspsPL jpwd; E S IS
A RUs; cs;slq;Fk; gug;G = =
NfhzjpirNtfk;. cs;sPL jpwd; E P IP

3. khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yk; xd;W njhlh; ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wpapd; gaDWjpwd;

,izg;gpy; cs;s kpd;jilahf;fp (R), kpd;J}z;b (L) kw;Wk; = 1 [mjhtJ 100%].
kpd;Njf;fp (C) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. myF 6.
ntf;lh; tiuglk; (k) kpd;ndjph;g;G tiuglk; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;L (i) njhFgad; kpd;dOj;jk; (ii) kpd;ndjph;g;G (iii) mZ ,aw;gpay;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;jk; ,ilapyhd fl;lj; njhlh;G 1. vnyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;l epiw jfT fhDk; J.J. jhk;rd;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd rkd;ghLfis tUtp. Nrhjidia tpthp.
kpd;jilahf;fp R, kpd;J}z;b L kw;Wk; kpd;Njf;fp C
Mfpad njhluhf e kpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l a.c
%yj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f.
kpd;jilf;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL VR = IR
[I cld; xj;j fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;]
kpd;J}z;bf;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL VL= IXL
3
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 J.J. jhk;rd; vnyf;l;uhdpd; e/m kjpg;igf; fzf;fpl;lhh;. Gtp <h;g;G tpirahy; ,af;fk;
XuyF epiwf;fhd kpd;D}l;lNk, kpd;D}l;l epiw jfT jptiy kPJ nray;gLk; fPo;Nehf;fpa
vdg;gLk;. .
<h;g;gpd; tpir = mg = g.
tspkj;ijNah kpd;tha;fisNa rhh;e;jpUf;fhJ. fhw;wpdhy; nray;gLk; Nky;Nehf;fpa
jj;Jtk;:
NfNjhL fjph;fis kpd;Gyj;jhYk;, fhe;jg;Gyj;jhYk; nrq;Fj;J tpir = g
tpyfilar; nra;Ak; jj;Jtk;. fPo;Nehf;fpa epfu tpir = (- ) g ------ (1)
mikg;G:
cah; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohapy; fPo;Nehf;fpa epfu tpir, jptiyapd; ,af;fj;Jf;F
vjpuhfr; nray;gLk; ghFepiy tpirf;Fr; rkk;.
NfNjhbw;Fk; D1,D2 vd;w MNdhLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
NfNjhL fjph;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ( - ) g = 6 av -------- (2)
ntsptUk; NfNjhL fjph;fs; P1,P2 f;F ,ilNa nrd;W 6 av - fhw;wpd; ghFepiy tpir.
Kfg;Gj;jl;bd; kPJ gLfpd;wd.
jptiyapd; Muk; a = ------ (3)
Q vd;w Gs;spapy; xspg;Gs;sp Vw;gLfpwJ. ( )
P1,P2 f;F ,ilNa kpd;dOj;j NtWghL mspf;fg;gl;lhy; kpd;Gyj;jhy; ,af;fk;
vnyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Q1 vd;w Gs;spf;F tpyf;fkilfpwJ. jfLfSf;fpilNa cs;s fhw;W madpahf;fg;gLtjhy;
P1 kw;Wk; P2 f;F ,ilNa rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyk; jptiyfs; kpd;D}l;lkilfpd;wd.
nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nehf;fg;gLk; jptiyapd; kpd;D}l;lk; q vd;f.
V If; fzf;fply;: jfLfSf;fpilNa kpd;Gyk; E mspf;fg;gLtjhy; jptiy
fhe;jg;Gyj;ijr; rhpnra;J vnyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Q I v1 vd;w Kw;W jpirNtfj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
milAkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kpd;Gyj;jhy; tpir = Eq
Ee = BeV / Eq - (p- ) g = 6 av1 ------- (4)
V = E/B ------(1) rkd; (2) kw;Wk; (4) If; $l;l
e/m If; fzf;fply; Eq = 6 a(v1+v2) ----- (5)
kpd;Gyj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpyf;fk; QQ1 = y a apd; kjpg;ig gpujpapl,
fPo;Nehf;fpa njhlf;f jpirNtfk; u = 0
fPo;Nehf;fpa KLf;fk; a = Ee/m Eq = 6 (v + v1)
( )
-------- (6)
kpd;Gyj;ij vnyf;l;uhd; flf;f MFk; fhyk; t = l/v E = v/d
fPo;Nehf;fpa jpirapy; NfNjhL fjph;fs; mile;j rkd;ghL (6) ypUe;J jptiyapd; q kjpg;igf; fz;lwpe;J,
tpyf;fk; mjd; %yk; vnyf;l;uhd; kpd;D}l;lk; e=1.602 x 10-19C vdf;
y1 = ------(2) fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

3. Nghh; mZkhjphpapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $W. Nghh; nfhs;if

(1) I (2) y; gpujpapl, mbg;gilapy; n- MtJ tl;lg;ghijapd; Muj;Jf;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
Y1 = Nghh; mZkhjphpapd; vLNfhs;fs;:
Kfg;Gj; jpiuapy; xspg;Gs;sp mile;j tpyf;fk; y = ky1 1. tiuaWj;jy; epge;jid
Xh; vnyf;l;uhd; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;J
= Rw;Wg;ghijfspYk; Rw;wptu ,ayhJ.
,r;Nrhjidapy; vnyf;l;uhdpd; kjpg;G 1.7592 x 1011 Ckg-1. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wg;ghijfspy; kl;LNk Rw;wptu
,aYk;.
2. vnyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;lk; fhZk; kpy;ypfd; vz;nza;j; vnyf;l;uhd; Nfhz ce;jk; h/2 -d; KO klq;fhf
Jsp Ma;it tpthp.
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jj;Jtk;
<h;g;G tpirapdhy; jhdhf ,e;jg; ghijfs; fjph;tPrhg; ghijfs; vdg;gLk;.
tpOfpd;w kpd;D}l;lkw;w mvr = n h/2 , n= 1,2,3..
Jfspd; ,af;fj;ijAk;, ,J Nghhpd; tiuaWj;jy; epge;jid MFk;.
rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy; 2. mjph;ntz; epge;jid:
kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; Mjpf Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjph;tPrhg; ghijapypUe;J
,af;fj;ijAk; Muha;jy;. Fiwe;j Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjph;tPrhg;ghijf;F vnyf;l;uhd;
jhTk; NghJ kl;LNk Mw;wiyf; fjph;tPRk;.
mikg;G: E2 Mw;wy; nfhz;l ghijapypUe;J E1 Mw;wy; nfhz;l
22 cm tpl;lKk; 16mm ,ilj;njhiyTk; nfhz;l A,B ghijf;F vnyf;l;uhd; jhTk; NghJ h = E2 - E1 Mw;wy;
,U cNyhfj; jfLfisf; nfhz;lJ. nfhz;l Nghl;lhd; ckpog;gLk;.
A apd; ikaj;jpy; H vd;w Jis cs;sJ. n MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapd; Muk; (rn).
jfLfisr;Rw;wp khwhj ntg;gepiy nfhz;l ePh;r;Roy;
(D), cyh;fhw;W nfhz;l C vd;w $lk; cs;sJ. Ze Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l Xh;
jfLfSf;F 10,000V jug;gLfpwJ. mZf;fUitf; fUJNthk;.
fUj;jpay; tpsf;fk; Xh; vnyf;l;uhd; rn Muk; nfhz;l n- MtJ
fpsprhpd; Nghd;w mjpf ghFepiy vz; nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ,aq;Ftjhff;
vz;nza;, Ez;zpa jptiyfshf H topahf nfhs;Nthk;.
njspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,J A,B f;fpilNa Eioe;J, <h;g;gpd; fhuzkhf epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpir
fPo;Nehf;fp ,aq;Fk; NghJ, xU jptiy Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; = ------- (1)
Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhw;wpd; ghFepiy tpirahy;, jptiy V vd;w Kw;W vnyf;l;uhd; kPjhd ikaNehf;F tpir
jpirNtfj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. = mrn n2 ------- (2)
4
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 ikaNehf;F tpirahdJ epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rp njhlh;r;rpahd, nrwpT kpf;f Nyrh; fw;iwapidg;
tpirahy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ngwyhk;.
/ = mrn n2------ (3) mikg;G:
Fthh;l;]; FohapDs; 1 mm Hg mOj;jj;jpy; 1:4 vd;w
n2 = -------- (4) tpfpjj;jpy; He-Ne thAf;fs; cs;sd.
Fohapd; xU Kid KOtJk; gpujpgypf;ff; $baJ.
vnyf;l;uhdpd; Nfhz ce;jk; kWKid gFjp CLUTk;.
L = mvnrn = mrn2 n ------- (5) jpwd;kpf;f NubNah mjph;ntz; kpd;dpaw;wp kpd;Nghf;if
Nghhpd; Kjy; vLNfhspd; gb L = ------- (6) epfo;j;JfpwJ.
nray;ghL:
(5) kw;Wk; (6) - ypUe;J
kpd;Nghf;F epfOk; NghJ, FohapDs;s vnyf;l;uhd;fs;
= -------- (7) `Pypa epahd mZf;fSld; NkhjYw;W mtw;iw
mbepiyapypUe;J 20.61 eV kw;Wk; 20.66 eV Mw;wy;
(4) kw;Wk; (7) ypUe;J nfhz;l ,ilepiyfSf;F cah;j;Jk;.
rn = -------- (8) `Pypa mZf;fs; epahd; mZf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf;
nfhLj;J mZj;njhif Vw;wj;Jf;F cjTfpd;wd.
n MtJ tl;lg;ghijapd; Muk;, Kjd;ikf; epahd; mZ 20.66 ev Mw;wy; epiyapy; ,Ue;J 18.70
Fthz;lk; vz;Zf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.
eV Mw;wy; epiyf;F jd;dpr;irahfr; nry;Yk;NghJ 6328
Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; Muq;fs; 1:4:9. vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;. A miyePsk; nfhz;l Nghl;lhid ntsptpLk;.
,e;j Nghl;lhd; fpsh;r;rp madpfisj; J}z;b Gjpa
4. &gp Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bid njspthd glj;Jld; tpthp. Nghl;lhd;fis cz;lhf;Fk;.
,e;j ngah;T Nyrh; epfo;T MFk;.
18.70 eV ypUe;J E Mw;wy; kl;lj;Jf;F jhTk;NghJ
Xhpay;gw;w xsp ntspg;gLk;.
E apypUe;J epahd; mZf;fs; Nkhjy; %yk; Mw;wiy
,oe;J mbepiyia milAk;. ,e;epfo;T fjph;tPr;rw;wJ.

myF 8
mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
1. ngkpd;gphpl;[; epiwkhiykhdpapd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
mikg;G mjidf; nfhz;L INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwfisf; fhZk;
T. nka;nkd; vd;gtuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Kiw Mfpatw;iw tpthp.
10 cm ePsK;, 0.8 cm tpl;lk; nfhz;l &gpj; jz;bidf;
nfhz;lJ. gad;:
&gp vd;gJ mYkpdpa Mf;i]lhy; MdJ. INrhNlhg;Gfspd; mZepiwfis
Jy;ypakhf mse;jwpAk; mikg;G
rpy mYkpdpa mZf;fs; Cr3+ My; ,lk; ngah;T
nra;ag;gLk;. nray;ghL:
&gpj; jz;bd; xU Kid KOtJk; nts;spg; G+r;R vnyf;l;uhd;fs; ePf;fg;gl;l Neh;kpd;
nfhLf;fg;gl;L MbahfTk;, kWKid gFjp CLUTk; madpf;fw;iw kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohap -
MbahfTk; nray;gLk;. ypUe;J ntspg;gLk;.
&gpj; jz;ilr; Rw;wp nrdhd; njwpg;Gf; Foha; cs;sJ. ,f;fw;iw S1, S2 vd;w gpsTfs;
nray;ghL topNa jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghid
rhjhuz epiyapy; FNuhkpa mZf;fs; mbepiy E1 y; milfpwJ.
,Uf;Fk;.
xspj;njwpg;Gf; FohapypUe;J tUk; 5500 A miyePsk; Fwpg;gpl;l jpirNtfk; nfhz;l madpfs; kl;Lk;
nfhz;l gr;ir epw xsp Nghl;lhd;fis cl;fth;e;J jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghid tpl;L ntspNaWk;.
fpsh;r;rp epiy E3 f;F nry;fpd;wd. jpirNtfj; Njh;e;njLg;ghdpy;, P1 kw;Wk; P2 jfLfshy; E
fpsh;r;rp madpfs; Mw;wiy gbfj;Jf;F nfhLj;Jtpl;L vd;w kpd;GyKk;, kpd; fhe;jk; %yk; B vd;w
,ilepiy E2 I milAk;. fhe;jg;GyKk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,jdhy; E1 kw;Wk; E2 ,ilNa mZj;njhif Vw;wk; E Ak; B Ak; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf mikAk;.
Vw;gLk;. madp kPjhd kpd;Gytpir = qE
E2 y; cs;s fpsh;r;rp madp, jd;dpr;irahf mbepiy E1 fhe;jg;Gy tpir = Bqv
f;F nry;Yk; NghJ 6943 A miyePsk; nfhz;l ,U tpirfSk; rkkhFk; NghJ madp tpyfyilahky;
Nghl;lhid ntsptpLk;. nry;Yk;
,e;j Nghl;lhd; fpsh;r;rp madpfisj; J}z;b Gjpa / Bqv = qE
Nghl;lhd;fis cz;lhf;Fk;. V= E/B
,e;j J}z;L ckpo;T Nyrh; epfo;T MFk;. V jpirNtfk; nfhz;l madpfs; kl;LNk jpirNtfj;
,Wjpahf 6943 A miyePsk; nfhz;l rptg;G epw xspj; Njh;e;njLg;ghid tpl;L ntspNawp, S3 topahf D vd;w
Jbg;Gfs; ntspNaWk;. ntw;wplf; fyj;jpDs; EioAk;.
,e;j madpfs; B vd;w fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy;
5. `Pypak; - epahd; Nyrh; nray;ghl;bid njspthd tpyf;fkile;J R MuKs;s tl;lg;ghijapy; nrd;W
glj;Jld; tpthp. xspg;glj; jfl;il milAk;.
,q;F B qv =
/ m=
rkd;ghl;bypUe;J INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwiaf;
fzf;fplyhk;.
5
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
2. nfa;fh; - Ky;yh; vz;zpapd; mikg;igAk; GSNlhdpak; (m) Nubak; (m) nghNyhdpaj;Jld;
nray;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Ff. nghpypak; fye;j fyit epA+l;uhd; %ykhfg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
fjphpaf;f fjph;tPr;Rfspd; nrwpit (iv) fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;Lfs;
mstpl gad;gLfpwJ.
njhlh;tpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jj;Jtk;: epA+l;uhd;fis mjpfstpy; cl;ftuf;$ba Nghuhd; (m)
mZf;fU fjph;tPr;Rfs; thAf;fspd; fhl;kpak; gad;gLfpwJ.
topNa nry;Yk;NghJ thAf;fis (v) Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G
madpahf;fk; nra;fpwJ. mZf;fU ciyapDs; cUthFk; ntg;gj;ij ePf;f
cjTfpwJ.
mikg;G: rhjhuz ePh;, fdePh; kw;Wk; jput Nrhbak; gad;gLfpwJ.
fz;zhbahy; #og;gl;l cNyhff; Foha; NfNjhlhfTk; ey;y Fsph;tpg;ghd; cah; jd;ntg;g Vw;gj; jpwidAk;,
(c), lq;f;];ld; fk;gp (w) MNdhlhfTk; nray;gLfpwJ. mjpf nfhjpepiyAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FohapDs; Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpy; Mh;fhd; Nghd;w (vi) epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;:-
ke;jthA epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. epA+l;uhd;fis vjpnuhspj;J kPz;Lk; mZf;fU
Fohapd; xUKid nky;ypa ikf;fh jfl;lhy; ciyapDs; mDg;gp epA+l;uhd; ,og;igj; jLf;fpd;wd.
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fjph;tPr;Rfs; FohapDs; cah; mOj;j fdePh; mZf;fU ciyapy; jzpg;ghNd
nry;tjw;fhd top MFk;. vjpnuhspg;ghdhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
1000V kpd;dOj;j NtWghL 100 mega ohm kpd;jil ANudpak;, Njhhpak; Mfpad vjpnuhspg;ghdhfg;
topNa MNdhLf;Fk; NfNjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa gad;gLfpwJ.
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nray;ghL:- (vii) ghJfhg;G mikg;G
madpahf;Fk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; vz;zpapDs; EioAk; NghJ fjph;tPr;rpypUe;J ghJfhf;f, mZf;fU ciy Rkhh; 2
Kjd;ik madpahf;fj;jhy; xU rpy madpfs; Kjy; 2.5m jbkd; nfhz;l fhd;fphPl; Rth;fshy;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
cah; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kw;Wk; Nkhjy; fhuzkhf
madpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;. 4. fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisit tpsf;Ff,
fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT Fj;Jauj;ij nghUj;J vt;thW
vdNt xU rpWfhy ,ilntspapy; Vuhskhd khWgLfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
vnyf;l;uhd;fs; cUthfp MNdhil mile;J
kpd;Ndhl;lj; Jbg;ig cUthf;Fk;. FWf;Ff; Nfhl;L tpisT:-
,J R topNa ghAk; NghJ cUthFk; kpd;dOj;j
NtWghL ngUf;fg;gl;L vz;zpiar; nray;glr;
nra;fpd;wd.
vz;zp Fwpg;gpLk; vz;zpf;if fjph; tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F
Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Fiw:
G.M. vz;zpahy; fjph;tPr;rpd; tifiaf; fz;lwpa
,ayhJ. FWf;F Nfhl;ilg; nghUj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT
khWgLtNj FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT vdg;gLk;.
3. njspthd glj;Jld; mZf;fU ciyapd; nray;ghl;il fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT JUtk; gFjpfspy;
tpsf;Ff. ngUkkhfTk;, eLtiuf;Nfhl;L gFjpfspy; rpWkkhfTk;,
42 f;Fk; 90 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; nrwpT
khwpypahfTk; mikfpwJ.
Gtp eLtiuf; Nfhl;Lg; gFjpfspy; nrwpT Fiwa
fhe;jg;GyNk fhuzk; MFk;.
JUtq;fis neUq;Fk; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfs;fs;
fhe;jtpirf;NfhLfSf;F Vwj;jho ,izahf tUtjhy;
vt;tpj tpirAk; nray;gLtjpy;iy.
vdNt mit vspjhf Gtpgug;ig miltjhy; nrwpT
ngUkkhf cs;sJ.
Gtp eLtiuf;Nfhl;il neUq;Ffpd;w kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w
mZf;fU ciy vd;gJ KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL, Jfs;fs; Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhf tUtjhy;
jw;rhh;Gila mZf;fU gpsT eilngWk; mikg;G tpyf;fkilfpd;wd.
MFk;. Cah; Mw;wYld; tUk; Jfs;fs; kl;LNk Gtp
(i) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUs; (m) vhpnghUs; eLtiuf;Nfhl;il mila ,aYk;. kw;wit
92 gpsitf;Fl;gLk; nghUshf nghJthf Nguz;lj;jpw;F jpUg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt Gtp eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; nrwpT rpWkkhf cs;sJ.
PU kw;Wk; U INrhNlhg;Gfs; Nghd;witAk; Fj;Jau tpisT
vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ. Fj;Jauj;ijg; nghUj;J fh];kpf;
fjph;fspd; nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; khWghL
(ii) jzpg;ghd; Fj;Jau tpisT vdg;gLk;.
mZf;fU gpstpd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; 2 MeV Mw;wYila fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT, cauk;
Ntf epA+l;uhd;fis 0.025 eV Mw;wYila ntg;g mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl
epA+l;uhd;fshf khw;WtJ. nrd;W Vwj;jho 20 km cauj;jpy;
rhjhuz ePh; (k) fdePh; Mfpad jzpg;ghdhfg; ngUkj;ij milfpwJ. mjw;F Nky;
gad;gLfpwJ. nrwpT FiwAk;.
(iii) epA+l;uhd; %yk; Gtpapd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;
mZf;fU gpsT njhlh;tpidiaj; njhlq;fp itf;fg; Nrhjid KbT xNu khjphpahf
gad;gLfpwJ. mikfpd;wJ.
6
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 UNIT 1 5. ,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;why;
epiykpd;dpay; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
1. xU Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpw;fhd ,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ
rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. mt;tpU kpd;D}l;lq;fis xUq;fikar; nra;ag;gl;l
Ntiy my;yJ xt;nthU kpd;D}l;lj;ijAk;
mg;Gs;spf;Ff; nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy my;yJ
xU kpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J
mg;Gs;spf;Ff; nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy vdg;gLk;.
kpd;D}l;lk; q tpypUe;J r njhiytpy; q0 kpd;D}l;lk; q1 ypUe;J r njhiytpy; kpd;dOj;jk; V =
cs;sJ.
q2 kPJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy w = Vq2
q tpdhy; q0 kPjhd tpir F =
kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U =
kpd;Gyk; vd;gJ XuyF Nrhjid kpd;D}l;lk; czUk;
tpir.
6. xU Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;fhd
E = F/q0 Nfhitiag; ngWf.
E=

2. kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; gz;Gfisf; $W.

1. Neh; kpd;D}l;lj;jpy; njhlq;fp vjph; kpd;D}l;lj;jpy;
KbAk;.
2. xd;iwnahd;W ntl;br; nry;yhJ. kpd;D}l;lk; q tpypUe;J r njhiytpy; P vd;w Gs;spapy;
3. kpd;Gyj;jpd; jpir kpd;tpirf; Nfhl;Lf;F tiuag;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk; fzf;fplg;gl cs;sJ.
njhLNfhl;lhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. A kw;Wk; B f;F ,ilNa kpd;dOj;j NtWghL dv = -Edx
4. kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; jpir kpd;Gyr; nrwpTf;F XuyF Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; czug;gLk; tpir
Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
E= . dx
5. xt;nthU XuyF Neh;kpd;D}l;lKk; msTs;s
kpd;tpirf; NfhLfis ntw;wplj;jpy; cUthf;Fk;. kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ XuyF Neh; kpd;D}l;lj;ij
Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;L tur;
3. rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd; ,U Kidapd; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy MFk;.
kPJ nray;gLk; jpUg;G tpirf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. V=
P apy; kpd;dOj;jk; v =
rPuhd kpd;Gyk; E apy; kpd;
,UKid Nfhzk; rha;thf 7. kpd;Njf;fpapDs; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; Mw;wYf;fhd
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhitiag; ngWf.
kpd;D}l;lj;ij Nrkpf;f nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy epiy
kpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhf Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpUg;Gtpir = tpirfspy; xd;W x tpirfSf;F kpd;dOj;jk; V apy; jug;gl;l $Ljy; kpd;D}l;lk; dq
,ilNaahd nrq;Fj;J njhiyT. vdpy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy dw = Vdq
= F x 2dsin dw = dq
= qE x 2dsin
= pE sin nkhj;j Ntiy w = =
ntf;lh; tbtk; : = P x E epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U= CV2
4. rPuhd kpd;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd; ,UKidapd;
kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. 8. ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;F jpwDf;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngWf.

rPuhd kpd;Gyk; E apy; kpd; A gug;Gila x,y vd;w cNyhfj;

,UKid Nfhzk; rha;thf jl;Lfs; d ,ilntspapy; cs;sd.
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;D}l;l gug;glh;j;jp
Clfk; fhw;W.

kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs; jl;LfSf;F Fj;jhfTk;,

jpUg;G tpir = pE sin xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahfTk; mikfpd;wd.
kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ kpd;Gyj;jpy; kpd; fh]; tpjpapd; gad;ghl;bd;gb, ,U jl;LfSf;F
,UKidia Njitahd epiyf;F Row;Wtjw;Fhpa ,ilNaAs;s Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyk; E =
Ntiy.
d Nfhzk; Row;Wtjw;Fhpa Ntiy kpd;dOj;j NtWghL v = .
dw = d
V=
Nfhzk; Row;Wtjw;Fhpa Ntiy
w = -pE Cos kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; c =
epiy Mw;wy; w = - pE cos q = A
Gyj;jpd; jpirapy; xUq;fikj;jhy;
U = -pE /kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; C =

7
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
9. kpd;dy; flj;jp tpthp
gad;: 5. Nthy;l; kPl;liuf; nfhz;L kpd; fyj;jpd;
caukhd fl;llq;fis kpd;dypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ. mfkpd;jiliaf; fhZk; Kiwia tpthp.
mikg;G:
fl;llk; topNa jiuf;Fr; nry;Yk; jhkpuj; jz;bd; fPo;
Kid mjpf Moj;jpy; Gijf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Nthy;l; kPl;lh;
fl;llj;jpd; cr;rpapy; $h;Kidfs; nfhz;l jhkpu mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd;
Crpfs; cs;sJ. kpd;dpaf;F tpir E iaj;
nray;ghL: jUk;.
vjph; kpd;D}l;l Nkfk; fl;llk; NkNy nry;Yk;NghJ
$h;Kidfspy; Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. %ba Rw;wpy; R f;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
$h;Kidfs; fhw;iw madpahf;fk; nry;fpd;wd. kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;Lf;Fr; rkk;.
Nkfj;jpy; cs;s vjph; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; xU gFjp V = IR
rkd;nra;ag;gl;L Nkfj;jpd; kpd;dOj;jk; FiwfpwJ. V = E Ir
vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fs; jiuia milfpd;wd. kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r = R
myF-2
kpd;Ndhl;ltpay; 6. tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;W rkepiyf;fhd epge;jidiag; ngWf.
1. kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; ,Og;G jpir Ntfj;Jf;F
,ilNaahd njhlh;igg; ngWf. fph;rh/g; tpjpfspd; Kf;fpakhd
flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vnyf;l;uhd;fs; = nAL gad;ghL
flj;jpapy; ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; P,Q,R,S vd;w kpd;jilfs; %ba
q = (nAL) e Rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
kpd;fyk; E AC
kpd;D}l;lk; nry;y MFk; fhyk; t = KidfSf;fpilNa
flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhy;tdh kPl;lh; topNa ghAk;
I = nAevd
kpd;Ndhl;lk; Ig, kpd;jil G.
kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp J = nevd
fph;rh/g; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpia B re;jpf;F gad;gLj;j,
2. kPf;flj;jpapd; gad;fs; ahit? I1 Ig I3 = 0
1. kPf;flj;J ,aw;wpfspy; Mw;wy; Nrkpg;G mikg;Gfshf, fph;rh/g; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpia D re;jpf;F gad;gLj;j
2. kPf;flj;J fhe;jq;fs; ,uapy; tz;bfis I2 Ig I4 = 0
jz;lthsq;fspy; ,Ue;J cah;j;j fph;rh/g; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb %baghij ABDA apy;
3. uhf;nfl; cjtpapd;wp Jizf;Nfhs;fis Vt I1P + IgG I2R = 0
4. kPf;flj;J fhe;jq;fs; jhJf;fisg; gphpj;njLf;f
5. fzpzpfspy; Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf. fph;rh/g; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb %baghij ABCDA apy;
I1P + I3Q I4S I2R = 0
3. kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;s NghJ B kw;Wk; D rkkpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;s NghJ Ig = 0
njhFgad; kpd;jilf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. rkdr;Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid:
=

7. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fp topNaAk; XNu msT

kpd;Ndhl;lk; I ghAk;.
V = V 1 + V2 + V3 + V4
Xk; tpjpg;gb, V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3, V4 = IR4, V= IRs
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; kpd;dOj;jkhdpf;fk;gp topNa IA
kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
njhFgad; kpd;jil jdpj;jdp kpd;jilfspd;
$LjYf;Fr; rkk;. Ji zr;Rw;wpy; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
AJ f;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = Irl
4. kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;s NghJ E = Irl
njhFgad; kpd;jilf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. El
kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;Jf;F
Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V rkk;. 8. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiaf; nfhz;L ,U kpd;fyd;fspd;
kpd;dpaf;F tpirfs; vt;thW xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; kpd;dOj;jkhdp

I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 fk;gp topNa IA kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Xk; tpjpg;gb, gha;fpwJ.
I1 = , I2 = , I3 = , I4 = kw;Wk; I = Jizr;Rw;wpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,U
Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;fs; DPDT rhtp
= + + + %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir cila
njhFgad; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPop jdpj;jdp kpd;fyd; Jizr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;
kpd;jilfspd; jiyfPpopfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. -gLk; NghJ kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd;
8
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
jj;Jtg;gb, kpd;fyd; kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ,
E1 = Irl1 jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir cila kpd;fyd; Jizr;Rw;wpy; kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08v.
,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ,
E2 = Irl2 12. Nthy;lh kpd;fyd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
/ =
Neh;kpd;tha; - jhkpuk;
9. ghuNl kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; Kjy; tpjpia Nrhjid %yk; vjph;kpd;tha; - Jj;jehfk;
vt;thW rhpghh;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;gF jputk; - ePh;j;j H2So4
Kjy; tpjp:-
kpd;dhw;gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk;
nghUspd; epiwahdJ kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; nray;ghL
kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. 1. kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w madpfspd; ,af;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
rhpghh;j;jy;: kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;ghL tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. vjph;kpd;thapy; Jj;jehf mZf;fs; madpahf;fg;gl;L
vjph; kpd;thia ntspNa zn++ madpahf fiurypDs; nry;fpd;wd.
vLj;J Nja;j;Jf;fOtp, Jilj;J 3. ,jdhy; vjph;kpd;tha; ,U vnyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W
cyu itj;J epiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. vjph;kpd;D}l;lk; cilajhfpwJ.
vjph; kpd;thia kPz;Lk; 4. mNj rkak;, jhkpu Neh;kpd;thapy; ,Ue;J ,U
gioa ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jp I1 vnyf;l;uhd;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ,U i`l;u[d;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;jp epiw M1 madpfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; jhkpuk;
mstplg;gLfpwJ. Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; cilajhfpwJ.
5. Jj;jehfj;jpy; mjpfg;gbahd vnyf;l;uhd;fs; ,Uf;Fk;
= tiu ,e;epfo;T njhlUk;.
mI 6. kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08V.
I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; t1,t2 vd;w fhy msT nrYj;jp
13. nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
epiw m3, m4 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
=
Neh;kpd;tha; - fhh;gd;
mt vjph;kpd;tha; - Jj;jehfk;
m It kpd;gFjputk; - mNkhdpak;
mq FNshiuL

10. ghuNl kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia Nrhjid

%yk; vt;thW rhpghh;ffg;gLfpwJ. nray;ghL:
,uz;lhk; tpjp: 1. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; %yk; Jj;jehf mZf;fs; Zn++
kpd;gF jputk; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;D}l;lk; madpfshfTk; ,U vnyf;l;uhd;fshfTk;
nrYj;jg;gLk; NghJ xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; khw;wkilfpd;wd.
jdpkj;jpd; epiw, mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F 2. Zn++ madpfs; mNkhdpak; FNshiuLld; tpidGhpe;J
Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. Jj;jehff; FNshiuilAk;, mNkhdpah thAitAk;
rhpghh;j;jy;: jUfpwJ.
Zn++ + 2NH4Cl 2NH3 + zncl2 +2H+ + 2e-
vjph; kpd; tha;fis 3. i`l;u[d; madpfs; khq;fdPR il Mf;i]Lld;
ntspNa vLj;J Nja;j;Jf; fOtp, tpidGhpAk; NghJ, i`l;u[d; madpfspd;
Jilj;J cyu itj;J epiw Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; fhh;gd; jz;Lf;F khw;wkilfpwJ.
fhzg;gLfpwJ. 4. fhh;gdpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;Jf;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
kPz;Lk; gioa ,lj;jpy; 5. kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V, kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A.
nghUj;jp kpd;Ndhl;lk;
nrYj;jg;gl;L mtw;wpd; epiwfs; 14. fhhPa mkpy Nrkf;fyk; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
m1, m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
Neh;kpd;tha; - PbO2
= vjph;kpd;tha; - Pb
mE kpd;gFjputk; -ePh;j;j H2SO4.

11. Nldpay; kpd;fyd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.

nray;ghL:
ePz;l Neuj;Jf;F epiyahd 1. vjph;kpd; thapy;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j eilngWk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w tpidahy; fhhPak;, fe;jf
,ayhj Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;. mkpyj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J fhhPa ry;Ngl;ilAk; ,U
Neh;kpd;tha; - jhkpuk; vnyf;l;uhd;fisAk; jUk;.
vjph;kpd;tha; - Jj;jehfk; 2. Neh;kpd;thapy; eilngWk; Mf;]pwd; ,wf;f
kpd;gF jputk; - ePh;j;j H2So4 tpidahy; fhhPa Mf;i]L fe;jf mkpyj;Jld;
tpidGhpe;J fhhPa ry;Ngl;ilj; jUk; NghJ ,U
vnyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiyahf;fg;gLk;.
nray;ghL: 3. ntspr;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Neh;kpd; thapypUe;J
Jj;jehfj; jz;L fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++ vjph;kpd;tha;f;Fg; ghAk;.
madpfisAk; ,U vnyf;l;uhd;fisAk; jUk;. 4. kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 2.2V, kpd;gF
Zn++ madpfs; cuso4 fiurYld; tpidGhpe;J cu++ jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jp 1.28.
madpfisj; jUk;. 5. kpd;dpwf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ kpd;dpaf;F tpir 2V
cu++ madpfs; jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Mff; FiwAk;.
9
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 / Ig.G = (I - Ig) S
15. kPl;lh; rkdr; Rw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kpd;jil kw;Wk;
kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; fhZk; Nrhjidia tpthp. S=G

mk;kPl;lhpd; gaDW kpd;jil Ra =

mk;kPl;liu Rw;wpy; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpwe;j mk;kPl;lhpd; kpd;jil Rop.

3. fhy;tdhkPl;liu vt;thW Nthy;l; kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;.

mikg;G:
tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; kw;nwhU tbtk;
AC khq;fdpd; fk;gp
G1 vd;w ,ilntspapy; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w
kpd;jilAk;, G2 vd;w ,ilntspapy; Q vd;w gbj;ju
kpd;jilAk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. cah; kpd;jilia njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izg;gjd; %yk;
AC f;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd;, rhtp fhy;tdh kPl;liu Nthy;l; kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;.
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2. fhy;tdhkPl;lh; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
nray;ghL:
Ig =
kPl;lh; rkdr;Rw;Wf; fk;gp kPJ njhLNfhiy efh;j;jp
fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a 3. R= G
Ntz;Lk;.
,g;Gs;sp J vd;f. 4. kpd;Rw;wpy; Nthy;l; kPl;liu gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
AJ (k) JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; R,S f;F
gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. 5. rpwe;j Nthy;l; kPl;lhpd; kpd;jil <wpyh kjpg;G ()

= = myF 4

kpd;fhe;jk; J}z;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk;
= =
1. xU ePz;l thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz;Zf;fhd

P=Q rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.

ePsKk; A FWf;Fg; gug;Gk; N Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l
jd;kpd;jil vz;: = thpr;RUisf; fUJNthk;.
I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhy; thpr;RUspDs; fhe;jg;Gyk;
kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; = . B vd;f.
xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;Gyk; B vd;f.
myF 3 xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak; = B x A
kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
1. fhe;jtpay; nyhud;]; tpirapd; rpwg;Gfis tpthp. thpr;RUSld; njhlh;G nfhz;l nkhj;j fhe;jg;ghak;
=BxAxN
B=

/ = -------- (1)
= LI -------- (2)
nyhud;]; tpirapd; rpwg;Gfs;:
1. kpd;D}l;lk; mikjp epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; tpir Rop. (1) kw;Wk; (2) ypUe;J
,aq;Fk; Jfs;fs; kl;LNk fhe;jg;Gyj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
2. kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;F ,izahf (m) vjpuhf L=
,aq;fpdhy; tpir Rop. nrq;Fj;jhf ,aq;fpdhy; tpir
ngUkk;. cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpw;F
3. tpirahdJ kpd;D}l;lj;Jf;F Neh;j;jfT. L=
4. tpirahdJ fhe;jj; J}z;lYf;F Neh;j;jfT.
5. tpirahdJ jpirNtff; $Wf;F Neh;j;jfT.
6. vjph;f;Fwp kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;F tpir vjph;jpirapy; 2. ,U ePz;l thpr;RUs;fspd; ghpkhw;W kpd; J}z;ly;
nray;gLk;. vz;Zf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
ntf;lh; FwpaPl;by; S1, S2 vd;w ePsKila ,U thpr;RUs;fs; neUf;fkhfr;
F = q (v x B) Rw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vz;kjpg;G S1 y; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if N1
F = Bqv Sin S2 y; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if N2
E kw;Wk; B ,uz;Lk; nray;gl;lhy; FWf;Fg; gug;G A.
F = q [v x B + E] I1 vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhy; S1 y; fhe;jg;Gyk; B1
vd;f.
2. fhy;tdhkPl;liu vt;thW mk;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;? S2 d; xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak;
2 = B x A
Fiwe;j kpd;jilia S2 cld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; nkhj;j fhe;jg;ghak;
gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izg;gjd; 2 = B1 A N2
%yk; fhy;tdhkPl;liu
mk;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;. B1 =
fhy;tdh kPl;lUld; 2 = --------(1)
,izj;jlk; gf;f ,izg;gpy; 2 = MI1
cs;sjhy; kpd;dOj;jk; rkk;
10
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 (1) kw;Wk; (2) ypUe;J I0 =
M=
kpd;dOj;jk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij tpl fl;lk;
cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpw;F
Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
M=
6. khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir nray;gLj;jg;gLk;, kpd;Njf;fp
3. xU RUs; cs;slf;Fk; gug;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk; kl;LNk cila xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff. kpd;dOj;jj;Jf;Fk; cs;s fl;lj; njhlh;igg; ngWf.

PQRS vd;w flj;jp kPJ L1M1 vd;w eOTk; flj;jp nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = Eo sint
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpdNjf;fpf;F FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL e =
B vd;w rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
flj;jpapd; %lg;gl;l gug;G = L1QRM1 = Eo sint
eOTk; flj;jp dt fhyj;jpy; dx njhiyT efh;tjhy;
i =
flj;jp cs;slf;Fk; Gjpa gug;G = L2QRM2
gug;gpy; khWghL dA = L2L1M1M2
dA = .dx
i = . sin (t + )
d = B.dA = B dx
Io =
J}z;lg;gl;l emf e =
e = -B v
i = Io sin(t + )
4. khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
kpd;dOj;jk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij tpl fl;lk; gpd;jq;fp
kpd;jilahf;fp kl;LNk cila xU ac Rw;wpy; ghAk;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; cs;s fl;lj; njhlh;igg; ngWf.
7. kpd;khw;wpapd; jpwd; ,og;Gfis tpthp.
t.
vz; ,og;G Vw;gLk; fhuzk; Fiwf;Fk; Kiw
cs;sPL khWjpir
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
cs;sfj;ij kpA+nkl;ly; kw;Wk;
nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = E0 sint jaf;f jpUk;gj; jpUk;g rpypf;fd; ];By;
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL e = iR 1
,og;G fhe;jkhf;FtjhYk; gad;gLj;jp
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F fhe;jj;jd;ikia Fiwf;fyhk;.
tpirf;Fr; rkk;. ,of;fr; nra;tjhYk;
iR = Eo sint Vw;gLfpwJ.
Fiwe;j kpd;jil
i = sint [Py; ntg;g nfhz;l jbkdhd
jhkpu
i = I0 sint 2 ,og;G tpisthy; fk;gpfisg;
kpd;dOj;jKk; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; xj;j fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Vw;gLfpwJ gad;gLj;jp
Fiwf;fyhk;.
5. J}a kpd;J}z;b kl;LNk cila xU khWjpir kpd;Rw;wpy; nky;ypa
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtp. kpd;dOj;jk; (k) khWgLk; jfLfshy; Md
Roy;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F ,ilNaAs;s fl;lj; njhlh;igf; fhz;f. kpd;Ndhl;l fhe;jg;ghak; ];nly;yha; vd;w
3 cUthf;Fk; Roy; cNyhff;
,og;G kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; fyitiag;
,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ. gad;gLj;jp
Fiwf;fyhk;.
Kjd;ikr; RUspy;
cUthFk; $Ltif
gha fhe;jg;ghak; ghaf; cs;sfj;ijg;
4 ,og;G frpT fhuzkhf gad;gLj;jp
Jizr; RUSld; Fiwf;fyhk;.
njhlh;G nfhs;shJ.
5 xyp mjph;Tfshy; -
nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = E0 sint ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -L
e = -e
E0sin t = L
i= sint dt
i = I0 sin(t - )

11
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 myF 5 4. Nghyuha;Lfspd; gad;fs; ahit?
kpd;fhe;j miyfSk; miy xspapaYk; 1. jstpisTw;w xspia cUthf;fTk;, MuhaTk;.
1. G&];lh; tpjpiaf; $wp tpsf;Ff. 2. ntapy; fhg;Gf; fz;zhbfshf
3. thfdj;jpy; cs;s xsp%yq;fshy; fz;fs; $Rtijj;
glj;jpd;gb, ip + 90 + r = 180 jLf;f
r = 90 ip 4. gioa vz;nza; Xtpaj;jpy; epwq;fspd; NtWghl;il
];ney; tpjpg;gb, njspTgLj;j
5. Nghyuha;L glyk; Kg;ghpkhz efUk; gpk;gq;fisj;
= Njhw;Wtpf;f.

= myF 6
mZ ,aw;gpay;
= tan ip 1. i`l;u[d; epwkhiy thpirfis tpthp.
jstpisTf; Nfhzj;jpd; Nld;[d;l; kjpg;G vz;zstp;y; vnyf;l;uhd;
me;j Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;zpw;Fr; rkk;. epwkhiy jhTjy; miyePsg; miy vz;
thpir n2 n1 gFjp
2. jl;lLf;F tpthp ypUe;J f;F
1. iykd;
2,3,4,5,6, 1 Gw Cjh =R 1
thpir
2. ghkh;
3,4,5,6, 2
fz;ZW = R
thpir xsp
3. gh\d;
4,5,6, 3 mfr;rptg;G =R
thpir
4. gpuhf;nfl;
5,6,7, 4 mfr;rptg;G =R
thpir
5. /gz;l;
6,7, 5 mfr;rptg;G =R
thpir
jj;Jtk;:
vjpnuhspg;ghy; Vw;gLk; jstpisT
mikg;G: 2. Nyrhpd; gad;fis tpthp.
njhopy;Jiwg; gad;fs;:
rhpahd msTs;s xU FohapDs; gy fz;zhbj; 1. ituk; (k) fbdkhd jfLfspy; Ez;zpa Jisapl
jl;Lfs; ,izahf xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nghUj;jg;gl;L 2. cNyhfj; jfLfis ntl;lTk; gw;w itf;fTk;
Fohapd; mr;Rf;F 32.5 rha;thf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 3. kpd;dZ, Fiwf;flj;jp Rw;Wfspy; Njitaw;wij
nray;ghL: Mtpahf;fTk;.
Fohapd; mr;rpd; topNa nry;Yk; xw;iw epw xspf; 4. nghUs;fspd; juj;jpid Nrhjpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
fjphpd; gLNfhzk; 57.5. kUj;Jtg; gad;fs;:
,J fz;zhbapd; jstpisTf; Nfhzk; MFk;. 1. Ez;zpa mWitr; rpfpr;ir;F
gLjsj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhd mjph;Tfs; vjpnuhspf;fg;gLk; , 2. rpWePuff; fy;, fl;bfis mfw;w
,izahdit CLUtpr; nry;Yk;. 3. ,uj;jf; Foha;fis ntl;Tk; xl;lTk;
4. vz;Nlh];Nfhg;gpfspy;
jl;lLf;F jstpisthf;fpahfTk; gFg;ghdhfTk; 5. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
nray;gLk;. Mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; gad;fs;
1. NubNah, njhiyf;fhl;rp, njhiyNgrpfspy; gy
3. ief;fy; gl;lfk; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
nra;jpfis xNu Neuj;jpy; mDg;g,
2. xsp ,io nra;jpj; njhlh;gpy;
3. Gtp Jizf;Nfhs;fs; (k) uhf;nfl; Jiwfspy; njhlh;G
nfhs;s
4. Gtpf;Fk; epyTf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyitf; fz;lwpa
5. ,uhkd; epwkhiyapy; gad;gLfpwJ.

myF 7
fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg;gz;G kw;Wk;
rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;
mfyj;ij Nghd;W 3 klq;F ePsKk; 72 kw;Wk; 108
Nfhzq;fs; nfhz;l fhy;irl; gbfk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf 1. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
%iy tpl;lk; AB topahf ntl;lg;gl;L fdlh ghy;rk; Id;];Bd; Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifapid xspkpd;
vd;w xsp CLUGk; rpnkz;lhy; xl;lg;gLfpwJ. tpisTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
Nrhbak; xspf;F rhjhuzf; fjphpd; xsptpyfy; vz; gLfjph; tPr;rpd; xU Nghl;lhDf;Fk;, cNyhfj;jpy; cs;s
1.658, mrhjhuzf; fjphpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.486 kw;Wk; xU vnyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpar; nray;
fdlh ghy;rj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.550. tpidahy; xsp vnyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
fdlh ghy;rk; jstpisT xspiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy;iy. Nghl;lhd;fspd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
,ul;il xsptpyfy; Vw;gl;L, rhjhuzf; fjpuhfTk; 1. vnyf;l;uhid cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy; ,Ue;J
gphpfpwJ. ntspNaw;w
rhjhuzf; fjph; KO mf vjpnuhspg;ghy; CLUtp 2. ntspNawpa vnyf;l;uhid ,aq;f itf;f
tUtjpy;iy. gLfpd;w Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; = ntspNaw;W Mw;wy;
Mdhy; fdlh ghy;rk; topahf CLUtp tUk; mrhjhuz + vnyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;
fjph; jstpisTw;w fjpuhf ,Uf;Fk;. h = w + mv2
ief;fy; gl;lfk; jstpisthf;fpahfTk; gFg;ghdhfTk; mf Nkhjy;fshy; Mw;wy; ,og;G ,y;iy vdpy;
nray;gLfpwJ. (h -w) vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vnyf;l;uhdpd; ngUk
,af;f Mw;wyhf mikAk;.
h =w+ m (or) h( - 0) = m
12
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
 6. Id;];Bd; epiw Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghl;ilg;
2. xsp kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit? ngWf.
1. jpiug;glj;Jiwapy,; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;j epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp
2. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
3. njUtpsf;Ffs; jhdhf ,aq;f F = (mv) ------ (1)
4. xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ikia mstpLk; fUtpfspy; rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb
5. jpUlh; mwptpg;G kzp, jP mwptpg;G kdpfspy; F=m +v ------- (2)
6. fjTfisj; jhdhfj; jpwf;fTk;, %lTk;.
dEK = Fdx = [m + v ] dx
3. gUg;nghUspd; b-gpuhyp miyePsj;Jf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; 2
ngWf. dEK = mvdv + v dm ---------- (3)
rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb
gpshq;f; rkd;ghL E = h -------(1)
Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL E = mc2 ------(2) m=
h = mc
2
m2c2 m2v2 = m c2
= mc2 tiff;nfO fhz:
C2 dm = mvdv + v2dm ------ (4)
= (3) kw;Wk; (4) ypUe;J
c = v vdpy; = dEK = c2 dm
EK =
=
EK = mc2 moc2
3. ePsf;FWf;fk; tpthp. nkhj;j Mw;wy; E = EK + moc2
E = mc2

7. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? xspkpd; ckpo;T

tpjpfisf; $Wf.
Xspkpd; tpisT:
rpy cNyhfg; nghUl;fspd; kPJ - fjph;fs;, X fjph;fs;,
UV fjph;fs; kw;Wk; fz;ZW xsp Nghd;wit gLk; NghJ
vnyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T xspkpd; tpisT
S, S vd;gd Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
S y; jz;L itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfs;:
S y; cs;s Ma;thsh; mstpLk; jz;bd; ePsk; = 0 xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpDk;, ve;j
mjph;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk;
S Fwpg;ghak; x jpirapy; v jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;
epfohNjh, gLfjphpd; me;j rpWk mjph;ntz;
NghJ S y; cs;s Ma;thsh; mstpLk; jz;bd; ePsk; = gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz; vdg;gLk;.
= 1 Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F,
gLfjph;tPr;rpd; mjph;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz;iz
< 0 tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ, xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;
gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,aq;Fk; jz;bd; ePsk; 1 vd;w msT
xspkpd; ckpo;T Xh; cldb epfo;T
FWf;fkilAk;. ,J nyhud;l;]; - gpl;];n[uhy;L xsp vnyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy;, gLfjphpd;
FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. mjph;ntz;Zf;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;
v.fh. nrwptpidr; rhh;e;jjy;y.
tl;lk; ePs;tl;lkhfj; njhpAk;
myF 9
5. fhy ePl;bg;G tpthp Fiwflj;jp rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfs;
S, S vd;gd Fwpg;ghaq;fs;
S -x jpirapy; v jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;FfpwJ. 1. b khh;fd; tpjpiaf; $wp epWTf.
S y; cs;s fbfhuk; iriffis ntspapLk; fhy Kjy; Njw;wk;:
,ilntsp = t0
S y; cs;s Ma;thsUf;F, iriffis ntspapLk; fhy $Ljypd; epug;gp epug;gpfspd; ngUf;fYf;Fr; rkk;.
,ilntsp = t A + B = A .B
t=
,uz;lhk; Njw;wk;:

t > to ngUf;fypd; epug;gp epug;gpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;.

A. B = A + B
Xa;T epiy Ma;thsUf;F, fhy ,ilntsp vd;w
ep&gpf;Fk; ml;ltiz:
msT ePz;L fhzg;gLk;.
v.fh.
A B . + + .
,aq;Fk; tpz;ntspf; fyj;jpy; cs;s fbfhuk;, Gtpapy;
cs;s fbfhuq;fis tpl nkJthfr; nry;tjhfj; 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Njhd;Wk;. 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

13
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.
2. buhd;]p];lhpy; - tpw;Fk; tpw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig 2. Nulhhpd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $W. Nulhhpd; gad;fis vOJf.
epWTf.
1. CB Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;f vz; jj;Jtk;:
NubNah vjpnuhspg;G
=
gad;fs;:
2. CE Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;f vz;
1. tpkhdq;fs;, fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk; topfspy; cs;s
= kiyfs;, gdpg;ghiwfs;, MWfs;, Fsq;fs;, flw;fiufs;
Nghd;wtw;iw mwpa Nulhh; gad;gLfpwJ.
3. IE = IC + IB 2. tpkhdq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf jiuapwq;f cjTfpd;wd.
3. kpfj; Jy;ypakhf thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G nra;ag;
4. = gad;gLfpwJ.
4. Nulhh; Jbg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp cNyhfq;fs;, vz;nza;
5. =1+ (k) jhJg;nghUl;fs; Gije;Js;s ,lj;ij mwpa KbAk;.

3. xsp ,io vd;why; vd;d? xsp ,ioj;jfty; njhlh;gpd;

6. = ew;gad;fs; ahit?

Xsp ,io
Xsp ,io vd;gJ xsp CLUTk; fz;zhb my;yJ
3. rkdr; Rw;W miyj; jpUj;jp (Bridge Rectifier) gpsh];bf;fhy; Md kpf nky;ypa jz;L.
nray;gLj;jiy tpthp.
Xsp iriffis mDg;g KO mf vjpnuhspg;G jj;Jtk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

ew;gz;Gfs;:
1. mDg;gPl;bd; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,Og;G FiwT.
2. xsp ,io ,NyrhdJ, ,lj;ij milj;Jf; nfhs;shJ.
3. jhkpuf; fk;gp tlk; topahfr; nry;Yk; nra;jpfis tpl
mjpf nra;jpfs; mDg;g KbAk;.
4. kpd; khWghLfs; (m) kpd; ,iur;ry;fshy; irif
mikg;G: mDg;gPL ghjpf;fg;glhJ.
D1, D2, D3, D4 vd;w ilNahLfs; tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;gpy; 5. njhiyNgrp, nra;jpr; Nrit, ,izak; ,tw;wpy;
,izf;fg;gl;ls;sd. gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
cs;sPLfs; Jizr; RUSlDk;, ntspaPLfs; RL
clDk; ,izfpd;wd.
nray;ghL:
Neh; miur;Rw;W:
D1, D3 Kd;Ndhf;F rhh;G
D2, D4 gpd;Ndhf;F rhh;G
kpd;Ndhl;lk; S1ABCDS2 %yk; RL topNa ghAk;.
vjph; miur;Rw;W:
D2, D4 Kd;Ndhf;F rhh;G
D1, D3 gpd;Ndhf;F rhh;G
kpd;Ndhl;lk; S2CBDAS1 %yk; RL topNa ghAk;.
,U miur;Rw;Wfspd; NghJk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RL topNa
xNu jpirapy; ghAk;.
gaDW jpwd; 81.2 %.

myF 10
jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs;

1. ,yf;f Kiwj; jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

FiwghLfs; ahit?

rpwg;Gfs;:
1. mDg;Gifapd; juk; cah;thf ,Uf;Fk;. mDg;Gk; (k)
Vw;Fk; KidfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s njhiyitr;
rhh;e;jJ my;y.
2. mDg;Gif mikg;gpd; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;.
3. xsp ,iofspy; xspf;fw;iw kw;Wk; ikf;Nuh miy
mjph;ntz;zpy; nray;gLk; miytopg;gLj;jpfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

FiwghLfs;:
1. mfd;w gl;il mfyk; Njit
2. njhlh;irifia ,yf;f Kiwf;F khw;WtJ kpff;
fbdk;.

14
Prepared By
K. Lakshmanan M.Sc(Psy)., M.Sc(Phy).,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
GHSS, VETTANVIDUTHI.