TRNG I HC THU SN

KHOA C KH

HNG DN THIT K

THIT B NNG LNG TU C

BIN SON: NGUYN NH LONG

Chng I : NI DUNG V NHIM V CA QU TRNH THIT K THIT B
NNG LNG TU THU

I.1- Vai tr, v tr ca Thit b nng lng trn con tu

Thit b nng lng tu l t hp cc trang thit b (cc ng c nhit, my mc, thit
b, ng ng v h thng), c dng bin nng lng ca nhin liu thnh c nng,
in nng v nhit nng v chuyn chng n cc h tiu dng nhm m bo c cc iu
sau:
- m bo tu chy an ton v tin cy.
- m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca my mc trong bung my, my mc v trang
thit b mt boong.
- m bo vic chiu sng bng in.
- m bo s hot ng ca cc phng tin hng hi, s iu khin my mc, h
thng tn hiu v t ng.
- m bo nhu cu chung trn tu v nhu cu sinh hot ca ngi i tu.
- m bo vic thc hin cc cng on sn xut trn cc tu chuyn dng.
I.2- Nhim v c bn ca vic thit k thit b nng lng tu
1- Thit k c xem nh vic tm kim cc gii php k thut ti u
Cn coi qu trnh thit k nh l mt trong nhng giai on hot ng sng to ca
con ngi (yu cu trnh k s phi c kh nng thit k) nhm to ra nhng i tng
vt cht mi. Nhng i tng vt cht ny p ng c yu cu ca thc t sn xut v
i sng. Chnh nhng i hi thc t l bi ton t ra i vi ngi lm cng tc thit k.
Cc bi ton ny cho php c nhiu cch gii. Mi cch gii ny c gi l phng n gii
quyt.
Mc ch chnh ca vic thit k l vch ra v c th ho cc gii php k thut v
chn ra phng n ti u, ph hp vi bi ton t ra. Kt qu cui cng l a ra thng tin
thit k, trn c s c th ch to c i tng vt cht mi.
Vic thit k cn m bo kh nng thc hin cc gii php k thut, ngha l m
bo tnh tng hp ca cc c tnh k thut ca i tng mi v s thch ng ca cc gii
php k thut vi mc pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, cng nh kh nng thc tin ca
nn sn xut.
2- Yu cu k thut vn hnh i vi TBNL tu
Khi thit k TBNL tu cn phi m bo tho mn cc yu cu c bn sau:
a) TBNL tu phi kinh t, ngha l gi thnh ng mi v cc chi ph vn hnh n phi thp
nht.
b) TBNL chnh cn phi m bo c tc tu cho trc, c cht lng c ng tt tt
c cc ch chy tu v c tui bn cao.
c) m bo cung cp cc dng nng lng khc nhau cho cc h tiu dng vi tnh kinh
t cao trong qu trnh bin i nng lng.
d) Cc qu trnh iu kin v iu chnh phi c p dng t xa v t ng ho.
e) TBNL tu phi tin cy, ngha l xc sut lm vic khng hng hc mc ti u, i hi
thi gian khc phc nhng trc trc t nht v m bo kh nng lm vic trong cc trng
hp s c.
g) Khi lm vic khng gy tc ng c hi n ngi vn hnh, ngi i tu v khng gy
nhim mi trng xung quanh.
h) C kch thc v khi lng nh.
Tu thuc vo kiu loi v cng dng tu, c th c thm cc yu cu c bit i
vi TBNL tu.
3 - Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca TBNL tu
TBNL tu c thit k phi m bo tt cc ch tiu sau:
a) Ch tiu cng sut.
b) Ch tiu tnh c ng.
c) Kh nng hot ng c lp.
d) Ch tiu kch thc v khi lng.
) Ch tiu tin cy.
e) Ch tiu iu kin sng.
Ngoi ra, TBNL tu cn phi c cc ch tiu hiu qu kinh t nhit tt.
1.3 Xc nh kiu TBNL tu khi thit k. Chun ho khi thit k
1 Thng tin ban u chn kiu TBNL
Vic xc nh kiu TBNL khi thit k tu l tin ca vic chn kiu loi v s
lng thit b y v ng c chnh, phng php o chiu v kiu truyn ng chnh, s
nguyn l nhit, cc thng s c bn ca n, phng php m bo nng lng ca my
ph v cc h tiu th khc, cng nh vic chn phng php chm sc, bo dng thit b
v mc t ng ho ca n.
Cc t liu c bn cn s dng c th ho cc yu cu i vi thit b ca tu
c thit k v vic chn kiu loi ca n bao gm nh sau:
- Kiu loi v cng dng tu.
- Tc tu cc ch hnh trnh ch yu.
- Vng hot ng, tm hot ng v kh nng hot ng c lp ca tu.
- Cc phn t chnh ca tu c xc nh ln th nht, s lng v kiu loi thit b
y, cng sut yu cu ca TBNL tu.
- Cc s liu ng chng c trng cho ch lm vic ca TBNL tu khi chy v u
bn, lu ca ch chy tu v u bn trung bnh nm.
- Tnh hng lot theo k hoch v tc ng tu.
- Danh mc v cc c tnh k thut ca trang thit b c bn ca TBNL tu hon
chnh v c la chn theo hng hon chnh.
Trong mt chng mc nht nh, cc t liu nu trn c xc nh trong qu
trnh phc tho nhim v thit k. C th nhn c mt vi t liu trong chng bng cch
chn v h thng ho cc s liu thng tin tng ng.
2 Xc nh kiu TBNL tu cho tu thit k
Vic chn kiu TBNL cho tu thit k c tin hnh trn c s nghin cu thit k
v nh gi so snh mt lot cc phng n c th tho mn cc yu cu t ra. Trong a s
cc trng hp ngi ta ch chn ch tiu hiu qu kinh t lm chnh. i khi ngi ta chn
ch tiu khc, nh trng hp trn cc tu c nh, ngi ta chn ch tiu kch thc v khi
lng lm chnh.
Trn hm tu c ngi ta s dng kiu TBNL iden.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu xy dng cc phng n kh thi, vic nghin cu tng
tn i tng c (tu mu) l iu cn thit. T , c th xy dng c phng n ti
u.
C th tin hnh nghin cu cc phng n TBNL tu em ra so snh theo cc mt
trong cc iu kin sau:
1/ i vi cc phng n th cng sut TBNL tu v kh nng hot ng c lp ca tu
c gi khng i. Lc ny, lng chim nc v tc tu c th thay i tu thuc s
thay i cc ch tiu khi lng TBNL tu v d tr nng lng.
2/ i vi tt c cc phng n, cc phn t chnh, lng chim nc, tc v tnh c
lp ca tu c gi khng i. Lc ny, cng sut TBNL v trng ti c ch ca tu c th
thay i tu thuc vo s thay i ca hiu sut y, cc ch tiu khi lng TBNL tu v
d tr nng lng.
3/ i vi tt c cc phng n, trng ti c ch, tc v tnh c lp ca tu c gi
khng i. Lc ny, lng chim nc ca tu v cng sut TBNL tu c th thay i.
Cn tin hnh nh gi ln cui cc phng n c nghin cu bng cch so snh
chng vi nhau v so snh vi TBNL ca tu c (tu mu).
3 Kiu thit b y v s lng ca chng
Hin ti, chn vt chim u th trong vic s dng lm thit b y tu, c bit i
vi tu c.
Kiu thit b y, cc tnh nng k thut ca chng, s lng v cch b tr c nh
hng ng k n vic chn kiu ng c chnh, truyn ng chnh, cng nh vic b tr
thit b.
Chn vt c bc xon c nh c s cnh t (26), ng knh t n 9m, cng
sut ln nht truyn n n i vi thit b mt trc khong 35.000 kW v i vi thit b
nhiu trc khong 50.000 kW.
Chn vt c bc xon thay i c s dng trn cc tu thng xuyn lm vic
ch c ng. Mc d kt cu tng i phc tp v gi thnh cao, nhng lnh vc p
dng ca chng c m rng khng ngng. Loi chn vt ny m bo kh nng s dng
trit cng sut ca ng c chnh cc ch chy tu khc nhau, nng cao cht lng
c ng ca tu, n gin ho vic iu khin thit b, to kh nng thc hin d dng vic
trch cng sut t ng c chnh dn ng cc my pht trm in tu. Chn vt bin
bc c s cnh t (34), ng vi cng sut cn truyn t (20.00025.000) kW.
Chn vt c ng o lu c trang b trn cc tu cao tc, tu c, tu ko, n cho
php nhn c lc y b sung v gia tng hiu sut chn vt, c bit trong trng hp
ng knh chn vt nh hn gi tr ti u. Vic s dng chn vt c ng o lu cn gp
phn ci thin iu kin lm vic ca chn vt khi c sng v lm gim lc thu ng thay
i, xut hin khi chn vt lm vic.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta ang ch nhiu n vic s dng cc chn vt ng trc quay
ngc chiu nhau. Chng c hiu sut cao hn v cho php trit tiu cc mmen phn lc
khng t iu ho. Tr ngi chnh ca vic s dng loi chn vt ny l tnh phc tp v kt
cu ca h trc v truyn ng chnh.
Hin ti, cn tn ti vn b tr cc chn vt c hiu sut cao. Thng thng,
chn vt c b tr sau vm ui tu. cch b tr ny c nhc im l cc khe h gia
chn vt v v tu b gii hn, iu ny khin cho gi tr p lc thu ng thay i rt nhiu.
Hn na, nu khe h ny khng thch hp s dn n hin tng gy rung ng v tu.
Ph bin hn c l loi chn vt mt trc. N c u im l hiu sut y cao, cc ch
tiu khi lng v kch thc tt, n gin v thun tin phc v v c hiu qu kinh t cao.
Khi s dng thit b nhiu trc (nhiu chn vt) cn gii quyt nhng vn sau:
- Phn phi cng sut gia cc chn vt.
- Nng cao cht lng c ng tu v c bit l m bo tnh iu khin ca tu
hnh trnh li.
- Nng cao sc sng ca TBNL tu.
Trong s cc thit b nhiu trc th thit b hai trc c s dng ph bin hn c.
4 Kiu ng c v truyn ng chnh
Cc yu t sau nh hng ng k n vic chn kiu ng c v truyn ng chnh:
- Kiu loi v cng dng tu.
- Cng sut thit b y v b bo ho nng lng ca tu.
- Kh nng hot ng c lp ca tu.
- Cc c tnh v lu tng i ca ch hnh trnh ch yu.
- Cc yu cu i vi cht lng c ng tu.
Ngoi ra, kiu truyn ng chnh cn ph thuc vo kiu c ng chnh.
5 Mc t ng ho TBNL tu
T ng ho TBNL tu l vn c t ra i vi cc nh nghin cu, thit k,
ng mi v s dng tu thuyn. Tu theo c loi v cng dng tu m TBNL ca n c
trang b iu khin t xa v t ng ho mc khc nhau.
Mc ch ca vic ng dng t ng ho l:
- Gim bt chi ph lao ng phc v TBNL tu.
- Ci thin iu kin lm vic ca i my.
- m bo cc ch lm vic thun tin ca trang thit b ca TBNL tu, nng cao
hiu sut v tin cy ca n.
- Nng cao tnh c ng ca TBNL tu.
6 Tiu chun ho khi thit k
Tiu chun ho c p dng khi thit k nhm m bo tnh kinh t ti u. Cc
dng c trng ca tiu chun ho l tiu chun, s thng nht ho, in hnh ho v t hp
ho (ghp b).
Nhim v c bn ca tiu chun ho l nng cao cht lng sn phm ch to, lp
rp trong khi gim bt ng thi c thi gian v gi thnh thit k, ch to, lp rp v sa
cha.
Chng II: TC NG TNG H GIA MY CHNH V THIT B Y

2.1 Cng sut ca TBNL chnh

Cng sut ca TBNL chnh c xc nh ph thuc vo tc tu, sc cn thn tu
khi chuyn ng vi tc cho, kiu truyn ng v thit b y.
1 Cng sut ko
Cng sut ko c xc nh bng biu thc:
RV RV
NR , ML ( hay N R , kW) (2.1)
75 102

Trong :
R Sc cn thn tu khi chuyn ng trong nc vi tc V, kG.
V Tc tu, m/s.
Sc cn thn tu bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
R Rms Rhd Rss R pl Rkk , kG (2.2)
Trong :
Rms - Sc cn ma st, kG;
Rhd - Sc cn hnh dng, kG;
Rss - Sc cn sinh sng, kG;
R pl - Sc cn phn li, kG;
Rkk - Sc cn ca khng kh i vi phn nh trn mt nc, kG.
Tng sc cn R0 Rhd Rss , kG c gi l sc cn d.
i vi tu nh c li ko, khi ko li, sc cn ca c h thng tu v li c
tnh nh sau:
R R v Rl , kG
Trong :
Rv - Sc cn ca thn tu, kG;
Rl - Sc cn ca li, kG.
Sc cn l hm s ca tc .
Hin ti c nhiu phng php tnh sc cn. l cc phng php tnh gn ng.
Mi phng php c phm vi p dng nht nh.
2- Cng sut truyn n thit b y
 Xt trng hp tng qut, thit b c nhiu trc v c b tr vi cc gc nghing
i v gc lch i (so vi mt phng c bn v mt phng ct dc gia tu) khc khng

( i 0 ; i 0) .
Lc y do thit b y to ra c quan h vi sc cn v tu hoc lc y c ch qua
cng thc tng qut sau:
n
R (1 t ) Pi cos i cos i , kG (2.4)
i 1

Trong :
t- H s ht;
Pi Lc y do chn vt th i to ra, kG;
i , i Cc gc nghing v gc lch tng ng ca ng trc th i.

R rng l:
n
R Pe i , kG (2.5)
i 1

Trong :
Pe i Lc y c ch ca chn vt th i, kG.
Pe i (1 t ) Pi cos i cos i , kG (2.6)
Lu rng khi tu ko li th:
n

P
i 1
ei Rv Rl , kG (2.7)

Trng hp i 0 ; i 0 th:
n
R (1 t ) Pi , kG (2.8)
i 1

V khi n = 1 (thit b mt trc) th:

R (1 t ) P Pe , kG (2.9)
Cng sut cn truyn n chn vt th i:
Pe i V
N Di , ML (2.10)
75 D

Trong :
D - Hiu sut ng lc, xut hin khi chn vt lm vic vi thn tu, c xc nh

bi cng thc:
 D p K R (2.11)
NR R V P V p 2 n M '
( D p k R )
2 n M P V P 2 n M ' 2 n M

Trong :
p Hiu sut ca chn vt lm vic trong nc t do;
1 t
K Hiu sut thn tu (h s nh hng ca thn tu), K
1
(vi - H s

dng theo), thng thng K (1,01 1,06) ;

R Hiu sut xoy, xut hin do s thay i mmen chn vt to ra trong iu kin

thc t so vi khi lm vic trong nc t do, R (0,95 1,05) . thun tin trong tnh
ton, ngi ta thng nhn R 1,0 .
Hiu sut chn vt p ph thuc vo kiu chn vt v tc quay ca n.
Hiu sut thn tu K ph thuc vo hnh dng thn tu.
Hiu sut xoy R ph thuc vo s thay i mmen so vi trng hp lm vic
trong nc t do.
3- Cng sut ca ng c chnh
Khi xc nh cng sut ca ng c chnh Nei t cng sut cn truyn n chn vt
N Di , ngi ta tnh n cc tn tht trn ng trc, b truyn, iu kin vi kh hu trong
bung my, cng nh phn cng sut d tr cn thit.
Theo , cng sut ca ng c chnh lm vic vi chn vt th i c xc nh theo
cng thc:
N Di
Nei K dt , ML (2.12)
t hs mt

Trong :
t Hiu sut ng trc, t (0,95 0,97) , vi h trc ngn - t (0,97 0,99) ;

K dt - H s d tr cng sut, K dt (1,15 1,20) ;

mt Hiu sut mi trng, mt (0,89 0,96) ;

hs Hiu sut b truyn (hp s). Tu theo dng truyn ng m hs c gi tr nh

sau:
Truyn ng bnh rng 1 cp hs 0,98 ;

Truyn ng bnh rng hai cp hs (0,96 0,97) ;

Truyn ng in dng mt chiu hs (0,85 0,90) ;
 Truyn ng in dng xoay chiu hs (0,88 0,93) ;
Truyn ng thu lc thu ng hs (0,84 0,91) ;
Truyn ng thu lc th tch hs (0,83 0,88) ;
Qua khp ni in hs (0,96 0,97) ;
Qua khp ni thu lc hs (0,97 0,98) ;
Khi c vi ng c chnh cng truyn cng sut cho mt chn vt th N ei l tng cng
sut ca cc ng c chnh .
Trng hp d tnh trch cng sut t ng c chnh lai my mc ph th cng
sut ca ng c chnh c xc nh nh sau:
N Di
Nei K dt N k , ML (2.13)
t hs mt

Trong :
Nk Tng cng sut cc my mc ph do ng c chnh th i lai, ML.
Kh nng trch cng sut t u t do ca ng c chnh c nh ch to cho trc
i vi tng loi ng c v phng n dn ng (phng n trch).
2.2- c tnh ti tc ca chn vt v ca ng c chnh
1- c tnh chn vt
Lc y, mmen quay, cng sut yu cu v hiu sut l cc i lng c bn c
trng cho s lm vic ca chn vt.
Lc y do chn vt to ra y tu c xc nh theo cng thc:
P K 1 D 4 ncv
2
, kG (2.14)
Trong :
K 1 H s khng u lc y ca chn vt;

D- ng knh ca chn vt, m;

ncv Tc quay ca chn vt, v/s;
- Mt ca nc, kGs2/m4.
Mmen quay ca chn vt c xc nh theo cng thc:
M K 2 D 5 ncv
2
, kGm (2.15)
Trong :
K 2 H s khng u mmen ca chn vt.
 Cng sut cn truyn n chn vt (cha k n nh hng ca thn tu) c th c
xc nh theo mmen nh sau:
M 2
Np K 2 D 5 ncv
3
, ML (2.16)
75 75

Hiu sut ca chn vt

K1 p
p (2.17)
2 K 2

Trong :
p Bc trt tng i ca chn vt
Vp
p (2.18)
ncv D

Vp - Tc ca chn vt trong nc t do, m/s;

V p (1 ) V

- H s trt ca chn vt;

V- Tc tu, m/s.
Cc gin xy dng theo K 1 , K 2 v p ph thuc vo bc trt p c trng
cho s lm vic ca chn vt v cho php xc nh lc y, mmen quay v hiu sut ca n
cc ch lm vic khc nhau.
th tc dng ca chn vt trong nc t do c th hin trn hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1 th tc dng ca chn vt trong nc t do

Khi p 0 th K 1 , K 2 t cc i v p 0.

Khi p tng th K 1 , K 2 gim, cn p tng n gi tr cc i ti mt tr s p nht

nh, ri sau gim nhanh n tr s p 0.

Khi K 1 0 ng vi 1 H 1 D ( 1 H 1 D c gi l t s bc lc bng khng,

cn H 1 c gi l bc lc y bng khng hoc bc thu ng). Khi t s bc t n
gi tr H 2 D 2 th h s mmen K 2 0 .
Chn vt ch ny lm vic vi mmen bng khng v 2 c gi l t s bc
mmen bng khng, cn H 2 l bc mmen bng khng.
 R rng trong phm vi 0 p 1 chn vt lm vic to c lc y v mmen dng,

cn trong phm vi 1 p 2 chn vt khng th lm vic nh mt thit b y v lc y

P 0. Khi p 2 , chn vt lm vic ch tuabin, chng hn nh giai on u ca s

o chiu.
Cc h s lc y K 1 v h s mmen K 2 ph thuc vo cc phn t c bn ca
chn vt: T s bc H D, t s mt a , s cnh , cng nh ch lm vic ca chn
vt v c tnh hnh hc ca n.
chn vt c bc xon c nh (chn vt nh bc), cc iu kin lm vic ca
chn vt, trt ca n, h s trt, cng nh cc h s K 1 v K 2 thay i cng vi s
thay i ca cc iu kin ngoi.
H
V vy: p (1 ) (2.19)
D

T s bc thay i gy nn s thay i c bn ca cc c tnh cng tc ca chn

vt.

Hnh 2.2 nh hng ca t s bc i vi c tnh chn vt

Trn hnh 2.2, gii thiu c tnh cng tc ca 3 chn vt c c tnh hnh hc ging
nhau, ch c t s bc khc nhau. T s bc cng tng, cc ng h s lc y, h s
mmen v hiu sut dch v pha phi. Hiu sut ca chn vt c bc ln hn cng mt

h s tnh tin p nh hn, nhng hiu sut cc i thc t cng ln khi bc cng ln.
Trong thc t, t s bc thay i trong khong (0,50 2,00).
Khi cng gim t s mt a th hiu sut chn vt cng tng (nu nh khng xut
hin si bt). T s mt a thay i trong phm vi (0,31,2). R rng, nu khng b gii hn
bi nhng iu kin khc, t s mt a cng nh cng tt.
Tc quay ca chn vt ncv cng tng th hiu sut p cng gim.
 Khi thit k TBNL tu, chn thit b y v tc quay ti u ca n, ngi ta s
dng cc c tnh ti tc ca chn vt (c tnh chn vt). chnh l s ph thuc ca
cng sut truyn n chn vt hoc mmen xon vo tc quay hoc tc ca tu.
Ngi ta thng th hin mt cch gn ng mmen quay v cng sut ca chn vt
qua tc quay ca n nh sau:
M A1 ncv
2
, kGm (2.20)
N p C ' ncv
3
, ML (2.21)
Trong : A1 v C ' l hm s ca K 2 .
Trong khi thit k TBNL tu v chn chn vt, ngi ta s dng h cc c tnh chn
vt tng ng vi:
- Ch chy tu tnh ton mn nc cho trong nc yn tnh v su, lc ny, ng c
chnh pht ra cng sut bng gi tr nh mc.
- Ch chy tu vn hnh.
- Cc ch ti b phn i vi hnh trnh ca tu vi gi tr mn nc.
- Ch tc ln nht.
- Ch buc tu.
Vic xc nh gi tr bc trt tng i p phi tng ng vi mi mt trong cc
ch hot ng ca tu nu trn.
2 c tnh ng c iden
Ngi ta xy dng cc c tnh ng c t kt qu th nghim (kho nghim) ng
c trn b th nh cc cng thc sau:
Cng sut ca ng c c xc nh theo cng thc:
N e A1 i p e z n , ML (2.22)
Trong :
i S xlanh ca ng c;
- H s k, = 1 i vi ng c 2 k,
= 0,5 i vi ng c 4 k;
pe p sut c ch trung bnh, Mpa;
n1 Tc quay ca ng c, v/ph;

D2S
A1 Hng s ca ng c, A1 ,
180

D - ng knh xilanh, cm,

 S Hnh trnh pittng, m.
Mmen ca ng c c xc nh theo cng thc:
Ne
M e 793,6 , kGm (2.23)
n
i vi ng c iden dng lm my chnh di tu c cc c tnh ng c v c
tnh chn vt to nn min cng sut c th s dng ca ng c v min cc ch lm
vic ca lin hp My Thn tu Chn vt (hnh 2.3)

Hnh 2.3 c tnh ng c v c tnh chn vt. Min cng sut s dng v min cc ch
lm vic ca lin hp My Thn tu Chn vt
1- c tnh ngoi cng sut cc i.
2- c tnh ngoi cng sut nh mc.
3- c tnh ngoi cng sut vn hnh.
4- c tnh gii hn theo mmen xon (trng hp ng c khng tng p).
5- c tnh ngoi gii hn theo ng sut nhit mmen xon (trng hp ng c tng p)
6- c tnh chn vt theo tnh ton.
7- c tnh iu tc.
8- c tnh tc quay thp nht n nh.
9- c tnh tc quay vn hnh nh nht.
10 - c tnh cng sut nh nht lm vic lu di.
11- c tnh chn vt khi buc tu.
12- c tnh chn vt khi tu chy khng hng
Min cng sut s dng ca ng c
Min cc ch lm vic ca lin hp My chnh Thn tu Chn vt

2.3- S phi hp lm vic gia c tnh ng c v c tnh chn vt

Khi xc nh cc iu kin lm vic ng thi ca ng c v chn vt vi thn tu,
ngi ta phi hp cc c tnh ca ng c vi c tnh chn vt trn cng mt h to
(Hnh 2.3). T c th xc nh c im lm vic ca lin hp My Thn tu Chn
vt, cng nh chn ch lm vic hp l cho lin hp.
T s cng sut v mmen khi thay i cc iu kin bn ngoi vi cc gi tr nh
mc ca chng tc quay khng i c gi l s gia trng ca c tnh chn vt:
Ne Me
khi n = const (2.24)
N e dm M e dm

Lc ny tng ng vi cng thc (2.21), cng sut ca thit b khi cc iu kin bn

ngoi thay i c tnh nh sau:
N p C 0 ncv
3
, ML (2.25)
Trong : C 0 - H s tng ng vi c tnh chn vt tnh ton.
i vi cc tu giao thng bin trang b chn vt c bc xon khng i v c v
sch, gi tr ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca tu v cc iu kin bn ngoi nh sau:
Ch lm vic ca tu H s
Chy ton ti 1,0
Chy khng hng 0,850,95
C sng hoc gi 1,21,4
Chy li 1,11,15
Lm vic ch buc tu 1,82,4

Chng 3 THIT K THIT B NNG LNG CHNH TU C

3.1- Nguyn tc chung ca vic thit k t hp ng c Truyn ng Thit b y

1- Chn cng sut ng c chnh
Cng sut ng c chnh c xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton thu ng chn vt
trn c s sc cn thn tu chuyn ng trong nc v tc chy tu. Vic xc nh cng
sut ng c chnh khng th trnh khi cc sai st, do n da trn c s kt qu ca cc
nghin cu thc nghim. nh hng ca nhng sai st c th rt ln trong trng hp
khi tu c thit k cha c mu gn vi n trong thc t.
Thc ra phn d tr cng sut c k trong tnh ton, ngoi vic b sung cho cc
iu kin vn hnh thc t, n cn c dng b tr nhng sai st tnh ton. Nhng kh
xc nh c sai st tnh ton, do vy vic quy nh lng d tr cng sut cng khng st
vi thc t. Tuy nhin trong thc t c y c s tha nhn rng thit b iden vi
chn vt nh bc cn lng d tr cng sut tng i ln; cn thit b iden vi chn
vt bin bc cn lng d tr cng sut nh hn.
S lng thit b y v tc quay ca n nh hng ng k n cng sut tnh
ton. Thng thng, ngi ta tnh ton cho nhiu phng n, t phn tch chn kiu thit
b chnh ti u.
2- S liu ban u chn kiu truyn ng chnh
Vic chn kiu truyn ng chnh khng phi l vn c lp m trong mt chng
mc no c xc nh bi kiu ng c chnh chn, cng nh c tnh ca n.
Cc s liu ban u c bn chn kiu truyn ng chnh l yu cu i vi tnh c
ng tu; s kt cu b truyn; cng sut b truyn; t s truyn; iu kin ghp b ca
vic b tr chung vi ng c chnh, b truyn v h trc trong thn tu.
Khi chn truyn ng chnh cn xem xt vn cn kim tra dao ng xon cc phn
t ca b truyn.
3- Cc bi ton v phng php thit k chn vt
Khi tnh cc c tnh c bn ca chn vt, tu theo iu kin ca bi ton, ngi ta
gp hai trng hp:
- Trng hp 1: Xc nh cc c tnh ca chn vt, tc quay v cng sut truyn
n n theo tc tu cho.
-Trng hp 2: Xc nh cc c tnh chn vt v tc tu theo cng sut v tc
quay truyn n n.
Trong thc t thng gp l bi ton ca trng hp 1. Tuy nhin bi ton ca trng
hp 2 hay gp ngay trong bi ton ca trng hp 1.
 Hin nay hu ht cc nc ngi ta thit k chn vt theo phng php th ca
Papmen hoc ca Taylo. Tuy 2 phng php s dng nhm th khc nhau, nhng c bn
ging nhau trong qu trnh thc hin, cng nh kt qu.
i vi tu nh c li ko trang b chn vt nh bc c 3 xu hng thit k chn
vt:
a)- Thit k chn vt theo ch hng hi t do. R rng trng hp ny chn vt b
nng thu ng khi lm vic ch ko li. y l xu hng ca Lin X c.
b)- Thit k chn vt theo ch ko li. R rng trng hp ny chn vt s b
nh thu ng khi lm vic ch hng hi t do. y l xu hng ca Nht Bn.
c)- Thit k chn vt theo ch trung gian gia hng hi t do v ko li. y l
xu hng ca Ba Lan. Trng hp ny chn vt khng lm vic ti u c hai ch hng
hi t do v ko li.
V phn ln thi gian hot ng trn bin tu nh c li ko lm vic ch ko
li nn xu hng thit k chn vt theo ch ko li l hp l. Tuy nhin, vic chn
thng s ban u gp nhiu kh khn. Do , trong ti liu ny gii thiu ni dung thit k
theo xu hng Thit k chn vt theo ch hng hi t do , sau kim tra li theo ch
ko li v ch tnh cho chn vt c bc xon khng i.
3.2- Nguyn tc chn v tnh cc thng s ban u
Bi ton cn gii quyt y l thit k chn vt chn my chnh cho tu nhm
m bo tc cho trc. Khi thit k chn vt cn xc nh cc yu t sau:
1- S lng trc chn vt
Thng thng, tu c c mt trc chn vt. Tuy nhin, theo yu cu c th v tnh
quay tr, cng nh tnh tng tc v an ton ca tu m s lng trc chn vt c th l 2
hoc nhiu hn.
2- Chiu quay ca chn vt
Trong trng hp tu c mt chn vt th chiu quay khng nh hng nhiu n
hiu qu lm vic ca chn vt. Nhng i vi tu c 2 chn vt tr ln th vic chn chiu
quay ca chn vt ng vai tr quan trng, v n quyt nh n hiu sut lm vic ca chn
vt. Thng cc chn vt gn nhau c chiu quay ngc nhau.
3- ng knh chn vt
V nguyn tc th chn vt c ng knh cng ln, tc quay cng nh th hiu
sut cng cao. Nhng ng knh khng th qu ln v b mn nc v hnh dng ui tu
khng ch. Hn na, nu chn vt qu ln s nh hng khng tt n tc dng nc sau
ui tu, khin hiu sut thn tu gim i, khng li cho hiu sut y tu.
ng knh ln nht ca chn vt c xc nh t iu kin b tr n sau ui tu
(Hnh 3.9).
Thng th ng knh ln nht ca chn vt c xc nh nh sau:
Dmax (0,7 0,8) Td - i vi tu c mt chn vt;
Dmax (0,6 0,7) Td - i vi tu c hai chn vt.
Vi Td Mn nc ui tu, m.
Ngoi ra, cng c th xc nh ng knh ti u ca chn vt Dtw theo cng thc:
8P
Dtw ,m (3.1)
0,4 V p2

Trong :
P - Lc y ca chn vt, kG;
- Mt ca nc bin, kGS2/m4;
Vp - Tc chn vt trong nc t do, m/s.

Nu Dtw Dmax th chn Dtw tnh.

Nu Dtw Dmax th chn D max tnh.

4- S cnh chn vt
S lng cnh c nh hng rt ln n tn s v bin ca cc lc kch thch sinh
ra trong khi chn vt lm vic. Chn vt c t cnh cng d ch to, song khi lm vic gy
rung ng nhiu. Ngc li, chn vt c nhiu cnh s kh ch to hn, nhng khi lm vic
th t gy rung ng.
Hin nay tu c s cnh chn vt thng c t (3 4) cnh.
Theo quan im ca Papmeil, trnh rung ng nhiu th s cnh khng nn chn
l bi s chn ca s xilanh.
5 T s mt a
T s mt a ca chn vt c gi tr t (0,301,20). Khi t s mt a cng tng th
hiu sut chn vt cng gim. V vy, chn vt c hiu sut cao, nn chn t s mt a
nh. Tuy vy, chn vt phi m bo iu kin bn v khng si bt.
 iu kin bn ca chn vt khi chn t s mt a nh sau:
2/3
C' Z m' P
'
0,375 3
(3.2)
D max
min
10 4

Trong :
C - H s c trng bn ca chn vt,
C = 0,115 i vi chn vt lm bng gang xm,
C = 0,100 i vi chn vt lm bng gang bin tnh,
C = 0,065 i vi chn vt lm bng thp cacbon,
C = 0,060 i vi chn vt lm bng ng thau,
C = 0,055 i vi chn vt lm bng hp kim ng mngan,
C = 0,050 i vi chn vt lm bng thp khng g v thp hp kim;
D ng knh chn vt, m;
- S cnh chn vt;
max dy tng i ca cnh chn vt bn knh tng i r (0,6 0,7) R ,

max (0,08 0,10) .

m H s kh nng ti ca chn vt,

m = 1,50 i vi chn vt tu ko, lai dt,
m = 1,15 i vi chn vt cc tu cn li;
P Lc y ca chn vt, kG.
iu kin khng si bt:
Kc
min
''
130 ncv D 2 (3.3)
p1

Trong :
- H s thc nghim, = (1,3 1,6), cn ly gi tr ln v vi = 1,3 bt u c
hin tng sinh bt kh nh cnh chn vt;
Kc H s c trng bt kh ca cnh chn vt, K c f ( p ) - Tra th;
ncv Tc quay ca chn vt, v/s;
D ng knh chn vt, m;
p1 p sut thu tnh, p1 p 0 pbh 10.330 hs pbh , kG/m2,

hs chm ca chn vt, m; hs Td D 2 ,

p bh p sut hi bo ho, kG/m2 Tra bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1 p sut hi bo ho
t, 0C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
p bh , 62 89 125 174 238 323 433 573
kG/m2

Sau khi kim tra t s mt a theo (3.2) v (3.3), nu khng ph hp th chn li v

tnh li chn vt, ri kim tra li.
6 Cc h s nh hng ca thn tu
a) H s dng theo
H s dng theo l t s gia tc ca dng theo v tc tu:
C
(3.4)
V

Trong :
C Tc dng theo, m/s;
V Tc tu, m/s.
H s dng theo ph thuc ch yu vo hnh dng ui tu v kh xc nh mt cch
chnh xc.
Do , n thng c xc nh theo cc cng thc gn ng.
Cng thc ca Taylo i vi tu bin:
i vi tu 1 chn vt: 0,50 0,05 (3.5)
i vi tu 2 chn vt: 0,55 0,20 (3.6)
Cng thc ca Heckscher cho tu nh c li ko:
0,77 0,28 (3.7)
Cng thc ca Keldvil:
1
i vi tu ko mt trc chn vt: 0,01 (3.8)
3
1
i vi tu ko hai trc chn vt: 0,03 (3.9)
3
b) H s dng ht.
H s dng ht l t s gia lc ht do chn vt lm vic sau ui tu sinh ra v lc
y ca chn vt:
P
t (3.10)
P
 Trong :
P Lc ht do chn vt lm vic sau ui tu sinh ra, kG;
P Lc y ca chn vt, kG.
H s dng ht cng c xc nh theo cc cng thc thc nghim.
Cng thc ca Taylo:
i vi tu 1 chn vt: t K t (3.11)
i vi tu 2 chn vt: t 0,7 0,06 (3.12)
Trong :
K t (0,5 0,7) khi bnh li v trc li c dng kh ng hc,
K t (0,90 1,05) khi bnh li khng c dng kh ng hc.
Cng thc ca Heckscher i vi tu li ko:
t 0,7 7 0,30 (3.13)
Hoc c th xc nh t theo cng thc sau:
t q (3.14)
Khi bnh li c dng lu tuyn th q (0,7 0,9) .
Trng hp chn vt lm vic ch khc vi ch tnh ton cn xc nh t ph
thuc vo bc trt tng i p hoc h s trt theo cng thc ca Taylo:
t0
t (3.15)

Trong :
t H s dng ht ch bt k;
t0 - H s dng ht ch buc tu, i vi tu c v tu ko thng
t (0,04 0,05)

p
- trt ch ny, 1 1 ,
p - Bc trt tng i ch ny.
1 - Bc trt tng i khi lc y bng khng c th xc nh t 0 theo cng

thc:
p
t 0 t tt 1 (3.16)
1
Trong : t tt v p tt c xc nh theo mt ch t mt trong nhng cng thc gn
ng ni trn.
 th t f ( p ) c xy dng sau khi xc nh c chn vt cho tu. T c th
xc nh tr s t tng ch xem xt.
3.3- Tnh chn my chnh
y l bi ton c bn trong qu trnh thit k TBNL tu. Vn chnh y l tin
hnh tnh ton thu ng chn vt chn my.
Trong ti liu ny gii thiu xu hng thit k chn vt theo ch hng hi t do.
i vi tu nh c li ko th sau kim tra li ch ko li. Vic tnh ton c
thc hin theo phng php th Papmen. i vi phng php Taylo cng c tin
hnh theo cch tng t.
1- Thng s cho trc
Cc kch thc c bn ca thn tu, tc tu, sc cn thn tu, vng hot ng, tm
hot ng,
2- Tnh v chn cc thng s ban u
- Chn thng s Z v ca chn vt
- Xc nh h s dng theo v h s dng ht t. Tnh kim tra hiu sut thn tu
K (1,01 1,06) .

- Xc nh ng knh cc i ca chn vt.

- Xc nh sc cn thn tu ng vi tc tu cho trc.
- Tnh lc y ca chn vt:
R P
P e , kG
1 t 1 t
- Tnh tc tin ca chn vt:
V p (1 ) V , m/s
Trong : V Tc tu cho trc, m/s.
3- Tnh chn vt chn my
Vic tnh ton chn vt chn my c tin hnh theo bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2- Tnh chn vt chn my

TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr

1 Tc quay gi thit n v/ph n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
v/s
2 Vp -
K n' 4
ncv P
 3 p f K n' - Tra th -
4 'p a p -
5 Vp m
D
ncv 'p
6 K1
P -
n D 2
cv
4

7 H D f K 1 , 'p - Tra th -
8 p f K 1 , 'p - Tra th -
9 ND
RV ML
75 p K R
10 ND ML
Ne
75 hs t mt

Trong bng tnh trn:

a- H s nh hng ca thn tu, i vi tu 1 chn vt, nhn a 1,05 ; i vi tu 2
chn vt, nhn a 1,03 .

Hiu sut xoy R , c th nhn bng 1,0.

Cc hng 3, 7, 8 tra th dng thit k chn vt ca Papmeil.
4- Chn my
T cc gi tr D, H/D, p , N e tnh c bng 3.2 ta xy dng th biu th s
ph thuc ca chng vo tc quay ca chn vt ncv (Hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1- th chn my

T th, xc nh vng ng knh chn vt c th chn cho tu thit k t gi tr

D Dmax . Sau , tin hnh bc chn my chnh.
m bo ng c chn c ph hp vi thn tu v chn vt, cn ch n cc
iu kin sau:
- Chn trong danh mc ng c chnh.
- Chn kiu loi ng c ph hp vi c im ngh nghip.
- Chn tc quay v cng sut nh mc ph hp vi chn vt (c ch n hp s km
theo my, phn d tr cng sut v phn cng sut d tnh trch lai my ph, cng nh
kh nng trch cng sut t my chnh).
 - Phi ch n mt mt cng sut do iu kin mi trng thay i, c bit i vi ng
c nhp ngoi.
- Kch thc, khi lng v iu kin lp t phi ph hp vi thn tu.
Trn c s chn vt c ng knh cng ln, tc quay cng nh th hiu sut cng
cao, cn chn nhiu ng c kh d, t phn tch chn ra ng c ti u.
3.4- Thit k chn vt s dng ht cng sut my
Do vic chn my khng phi lc no cng c c cng sut ng yu cu, v danh
mc ng c c di cng sut nhy bc, hp s c ch to sn, cng nh do cng dng
tu buc phi chn ng c thch hp, nn thng ng c c chn c cng sut ln hn
gi tr yu cu.
Do , s dng c hiu qu TBNL, cn thit k chn vt s dng trit cng
sut ca my chnh, gp phn nng cao tnh kinh t ca thit b.
Trong bc ny, ta dng phng php tnh gn ng k tip vi gi thit hng lot
gi tr tc tu tnh chn vt. Trnh t tnh c thc hin theo bng 3.3.
1- Chn cc thng s ban u
- Chn Z v ca chn vt
- Chn h s dng theo v h s dng ht t. Tnh kim tra hiu sut thn tu K .
- Tc quay ca chn vt ncv , v/s.
- Cng sut truyn n mt trc chn vt N D* N e hs t mt ( N p ND K R
*
- xt ch
nh mc).
2- Thit k chn vt s dng ht cng sut my
Trnh t tnh c tin hnh theo bng 3.3, vi cch thc tng t nh bng 3.2.
Bng 3.3- Tnh chn vt s dng ht cng sut my

TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr

1 Tc gi thit Hl/h V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
2 V p 0,515 1 V m/s
3 Vp Vp -
Kn
''
4
ncv N *p
4 p f K n'' - Tra th -
5 'p a p -
6 Vp m
D
ncv 'p
 7 N *p -
K2
2 ncv
3
D5
8 H D f K 2 , 'p - Tra th -
9 p f K 2 , 'p - Tra th -
10 R f V kG
11 ND
RV ML
75 p K R

Trong bng tnh ny, h s a c chn nh trc.

Cc hng 4, 8, 9, tra th ph lc I.
Tc hng 11 c n v l m/s.
N *p hng 3 v 7 l cng sut truyn n chn vt ch nh mc.
Da vo kt qu tnh c bng 3.3, ta xy dng th biu th mi quan h gia
cc thng s D, H/D, p , N D vo tc tu (Hnh 3.2).

Hnh 3.2- th thit k chn vt s dng ht cng sut my

T trc N D , ta t tr s N D* N e hs t mt (xc nh v tr), ri k qua ng

song song vi trc honh, ct ng N D f V ti mt im. Qua im , ta k ng

song song vi trc tung, ct trc honh v cc ng D f V , p f V , H D f V .
Cc giao im y cho ta tr s cc thng s D, H/D, p ca chn vt cn xc nh v
tc tu t c V A .
Trong trng hp, nu ng knh chn vt xc nh c ln hn Dmax th chn
D Dmax ri tnh ton xc nh cc thng s cn li theo trnh t bng 3.4. Ch rng,
y l cch tnh chn vt khi c , v D.
Thng s cho trc hoc xc nh trc: N p , ncv , D, t.
11,93 N p
K2
D 5 ncv3

Bng 3.4 tnh chn vt s dng ht cng sut my khi bit ng knh chn vt D,
N p , ncv
TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr
1 Tc gi thit Hl/h V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
2 V p 0,515 1 V m/s
3 Vp -
p
ncv D
4 N D* K R -
K2
2 ncv3 D 5
5 H D f K 2 , p - Tra th -
6 p f K2 , p - Tra th -
7 N D* p K R kG
Pe 1 t
Vp
8 R f V kG

Cc hng 4, 5, tra th ph lc I.
T kt qu xc nh bng 3.4, ta xy dng th biu th mi quan h ca R, Pe ,
H/D ph thuc tc tu V (Hnh 3.3).

Hnh 3.3 th thit k chn vt ti u khi bit D

Khi chn vt lm vic trong t hp cng vi my v thn tu tc nht nh th

lc y c ch ca chn vt Pe phi bng sc cn thn tu khi chuyn ng trong nc vi
tc y. Do , qua giao im ca hai ng R v Pe , ta k ng song song vi trc
tung, ct trc honh v ng H/D. Ti cc im ct ny, cho ta tr s H/D ca chn vt cn
xc nh v tc cn tng ng.
3.5 Xy dng c tnh thu ng hc ca chn vt trong nc t do
Mc ch ca vic xy dng c tnh thu ng ca chn vt trong nc t do l
gip cho vic nghin cu s lm vic ca chn vt cc ch khc vi ch tnh ton.
Trnh t tnh theo bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5 Bng tnh xy dng c tnh thu ng hc ca chn vt trong nc t do

TT i lng cn xc nh Gi tr
1 p (t cho) 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
2 K f H ,
1 p - Tra th
D
3 K2 f
H
, p - Tra th
D
 4 K1 p
p
K 2 2
5 p
K d'
K1
6 t0
t
p
1
1

Cc hng 2, 3 tra th ph lc I.
T kt qu xc nh c cc hng (25), ta xy dng th biu th mi quan h

gia K 1 , K 2 , p , K d' vi p . T xc nh tr s 1 (bc trt tng i lc y

p tt
bng khng). Ri tnh t 0 t tt (1 ) (Hnh 3.4).
1

Hnh 3.4 c tnh thu ng ca chn vt trong nc t do

Vi t tt v p tt l h s dng ht v bc trt tng i tng ng vi ch tnh

ton.
0,515 1 Vtt
p tt
ncv D

Sau , tnh ton tip hng 6 trong bng 3.5 dng ng t f ( p ) trn hnh III.4.
V rng, trong phm vi mt ch , bc trt tng i p thay i t nn coi n
khng i ( p const ).

3.6 Xy dng c tnh chn vt

Mc ch ca vic xy dng c tnh chn vt l kim tra s ph hp gia t My
V Chn vt cc ch lm vic: ch hng hi t do, ch ko li v ch
buc tu.
Khi tnh ton cn ch cc thng s khc bit sau:
- ch hng hi t do: p p tt ; t t tt .

p tt Rv Rl
- ch ko li: p ; t t KL ; P
2 1 t

- ch buc tu p 0 ; t t0 .

Trnh t tnh ton c tin hnh qua cc bng 3.6, 3.7, 3.8.
Bng 3.6 Bng tnh c tnh chn vt ch hng hi t do
 ;t= ; t hs mt ; K R ; 1t= ; 0,515 (1 )
TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr
1 Tc gi thit Hl/h V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
2 V p 0,515 1 V m/s
3 R f V kG
4 P R kG
1 t
5 -
K d' V p D
P
6 p f K d' - Tra th -
7 p f p , H D - Tra th -
8 D p K R -
9 60 V p v/ph
ncv
p D
10 Ne
RV ML
75 D t hs mt

Hng 3 tra th ng cong sc cn hnh 3.6. Cc hng 6, 7 tra th hnh 3.4.

Bng 3.7 Bng c tnh chn vt ch buc tu

TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr

1 Tc quay chn vt (t cho) v/ph ncv 1 ncv 2 ncv 3 n cv 4 ncv 5
v/s
2 3
ncv v3/s3
3 2 ML
N e bt K 2 bt D 5 ncv
3

75 t hs mt

Lu Trong qu trnh tnh ton cc bng 3.6 v 3.8 s dng cc th hnh 3.4 v 3.6.
Bng 3.8 Bng tnh c tnh chn vt ch ko li

; t kl ; t hs mt ; K R ; 1 t kl ;
0,515 (1 )
TT i lng cn tnh hoc xc nh n v Gi tr
1 Tc gi thit V Hl/h V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
2 V p 0,515 1 V m/s
3 Rkl f V kG
4 Rkl kG
P
1 t kl
 5 -
K d' V p D
P
6 p f K d' - Tra th -
7 p f p , H D - Tra th -
8 D p K R -
9 60 V p v/ph
ncv
p D
10 Rkl V ML
Ne
75 D t hs mt

Hng 3 tra th hnh 3.6. Cc hng 5, 6 tra th 3.4.

T kt qu tnh ton cc bng 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, xy dng cc ng N e , V ph thuc
tc quay chn vt ncv .
Xy dng ng cng sut gii hn qu ti ca ng c chnh N e gh N e dngh (
ngh).
N e dm
- i vi ng c khng tng p: N e gh N e dngh
n dm

N e dm
- i vi ng c tng p: N e gh N e dngh
3
Hnh 3.5 c tnh chn vt

Cn ch n vn truyn ng trn tu. Trng hp truyn ng trc tip th vic

xy dng nh hnh 3.5. Trong trng hp truyn ng gin tip th cn chuyn i vic
dng cc c tnh ng c theo ncv (qua t s truyn ca hp s).
T th, cn ch ra cng sut ng c, tc quay ng c (chn vt) v tc tu
ln nht v nh nht ch hng hi t do v ch ko li; cng sut v tc quay
ca ng c (chn vt) ch buc tu. nh gi mc ph hp ca t my My V
Chn vt.
3.7 Xy dng ng lc ko gii hn
Mc ch ca vic xy dng ng ko gii hn l nhm xc nh kh nng ko ca
tu cc ch khc nhau. iu ny c ngha ln i vi tu nh c li ko v tu ko.
Trnh t tnh ton c thc hin theo bng 3.9. Trong , chn gi tr tc quay
chn vt t gi tr ncv bt n gi tr ncv dm tnh, ng thi s dng th hnh 3.4.
Bng 3.9 Bng tnh xy dng ng lc ko gii hn
 75 N D Mx D
Mx ; ; 0,515 (1 ) ; D4
2 ncv D5
TT i lng cn xc nh n v Gi tr
1 ncv t cho v/ph ncv bt ncv 2 ncv 3 ncv 4 n cv dm
2 ncv v/s
3 Mx -
K2
ncv2 D 5
4 p f K 2 - Tra th -
5 K 1 f p - Tra th -
6 p ncv D Hl/h
V
0,515 1
7 Pgh K 1 ncv
2
D4 kG
8 t f p - Tra th -
9 Pe gh 1 t Pgh kG

Cc hng 4, 5, 8, tra th hnh 3.4.

Gi tr ncv bt tra th hnh 3.5.
T kt qu tnh ton bng 3.9, ta dng ng cong ko gii hn ph thuc vo tc
tu (Hnh 3.6), trn , dng c ng cong sc cn v tu khi khng ko li v sau khi
thit k li xong th tin hnh tnh ton v v thm ng cong sc cn khi tu ko li
(tc ko li ca tu ph thuc vo i tng nh bt).

Hnh 3.6 ng cong gii hn ko ca tu

3.8 Xy dng c tnh vn hnh tu

c tnh vn hnh tu l nhm cc ng cong biu th s phi hp lm vic gia
My V Chn vt. N bao gm 2 phn c b tr chung trn mt bn v. Phn th nht
bao gm ng cong biu din lc, phn th 2 biu din cng sut tng ng. Ngoi ra, cn
c phn b sung biu th mmen. Tt c cc ng cong u ph thuc vo tc tu v tc
quay ca ng c (chn vt).
c tnh vn hnh tu l c s phn tch cc ch lm vic ca t hp tu cc
iu kin khc nhau.
 c tnh vn hnh tu ch c th xy dng c khi bit n: cc thng s c bn
ca chn vt, ca my chnh, ng cong sc cn ca tu hoc cng sut ko ph thuc tc
tu, cc h s nh hng ca thn tu.
C s xy dng c tnh vn hnh l mi quan h gia My V Chn vt vi cc
iu kin nh sau:
1) Tc quay ca chn vt phi bng tc quay ca my chnh (c ch n hp s).
2) Mmen quay ca chn vt phi bng mmen quay ca my chnh (c ch n hp s).
Hoc cng sut thu c chn vt phi bng cng sut ng c truyn n u mt trc.
3) Tc tin ca chn vt (i vi nc yn tnh) phi tng ng vi tc tu.
4) Lc y do chn vt to ra bng sc cn ca tu tc nht nh.
Da vo cc mi quan h trn v cc s liu khc bit, ta xc nh cc c trng
ca chn vt vi thn tu.
tnh ton xy dng cc c tnh vn hnh tu, ta c th vit li cc cng thc xc
nh Pe , M e , N e , V nh sau:
Pe K 1 D 4 (1 t ) ncv
2
C P ncv
2
, kG.
1
M e K 2 D 5 ncv
2
C M ncv
2
, kGm.
K R t hs mt

2 K2 D5
Ne ncv3 C N ncv3 , ML.
75 K R t hs mt
p D
V ncv CV ncv , HL/h.
0,515 (1 )

Ngi ta tnh cho mt lot cc gi tr p t p 0 n p p tt cho mt lot cc

tc quay khng i t ncv min n n cv dm {(57) gi tr}.
Trnh t tnh c thc hin qua bng 3.10.
Bng 3.10 Bng c tnh vn hnh tu

1 Tc quay chn vt (t cho) v/ph ncv 1 ncv 2 ncv 3 n cv 4 ncv 5

2 ncv v/s
3 2
ncv v2/s2
4 3
ncv v3/s3

p1 0 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 1 0 ; C P1 ; CM 1 ; CN1
5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P n 2
cv kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

p 2 0,2 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 2 ; CP 2 ; CM 2 ; CN 2

5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P n 2
cv kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

p 3 0,4 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 3 ; CP3 ; CM 3 ; CN 3

5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P n 2
cv kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

p 4 0,6 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 4 ; CP 4 ; CM 4 ; CN 4

5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P n 2
cv kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

p 5 0,8 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 5 ; CP5 ; CM 5 ; CN 5

5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P ncv
2
kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

p 6 1,0 ; K1 ; K2 ;t= ;= ;
CV 6 ; CP 6 ; CM 6 ; CN 6

5 V CV ncv Hl/h
6 Pe C P n 2
cv kG
7 M e C M ncv2 kGm
8 N e C N ncv
3
ML

Nn tnh sn cc h s cho cc trng hp ca p

p1 0 ; CV 1 ; C P1 ; CM 1 ; CN1

p 2 0,2 ; CV 2 ; CP 2 ; CM 2 ; CN 2

p 3 0,4 ; CV 3 ; CP 3 ; CM 3 ; CN 3

p 4 0,6 ; CV 4 ; CP 4 ; CM 4 ; CN 4

p 5 0,8 ; CV 5 ; CP 5 ; CM 5 ; CN 5

p 6 1,0 ; CV 6 ; CP 6 ; CM 6 ; CN 6

T kt qu tnh ton bng 3.10, ta dng th gm cc ng cong Pe f V ,

M e f V , N e f V trn 3 phn th ng vi cc gi tr tc quay chn vt ncv khng

i (Hnh 3.7).
t ng cong sc cn R f V vo th lc, ri dng tng ng trn th cng
sut ng c tnh chn vt.
Trn th mmen, ta k ng mmen nh mc khng i, t , xy ng lc
ko gii hn trn th lc v cng sut i hi ca ng c trn th cng sut.
C th v gp chung 2 phn th sc cn (lc ) v cng sut lm mt. V t th,
phn tch, nh gi s ph hp ca t hp My V Chn vt v gip chn ch lm
vic hp l khi vn hnh.

Hnh 3.7 th c tnh vn hnh tu

3.9 Kt lun
Nu thng s tu, thng s my, thng s chn vt v cc ch lm vic ch yu
ca tu (cng sut, tc quay, tc tu).
3.10 Thit k h trc tu
1- Cng dng v s b tr h trc
H trc c dng truyn cng sut v mmen quay t ng c chnh n thit b
y v nhn lc y t chn vt truyn n kt cu thn tu, ng thi chng l cm kt cu
quan trng ca TBNL tu. Trong mt chng mc nht nh, tin cy ca chng xc nh
tin cy ca ton b TBNL tu. Nhng trc trc khi vn hnh ca h trc thng buc
phi tin hnh cc cng vic sa cha phc tp, c bit l trn cc tu c ln. H hng ca
h trc, gn lin vi tn tht hnh trnh, c th l nguyn nhn ca tai nn m tu. V vy,
cn phi lun ch hng u n cc vn thit k, ch to v lp rp h trc TBNL tu.
S kt cu chung h trc tu c th hin trn hnh 3.8.

Hnh 3.8 H trc tu mt chn vt

1 Chn vt; 7 Gi trc trung gian;
2 ng bao trc; 8 Cm kn nc;
3 Trc chn v; 9 Trc y;
4 Thit b hm (phanh); 10 Gi ph;
5 Gi trc trung gian pha li; 11 Thit b quay trc;
6 Trc trung gian; 12 Gi chn.

Trong trng hp chung h trc tu gm c: Trc chn vt, ng bao trc, cc trc
trung gian, trc y, trc , cc gi v cc gi chn, khp ni v phanh. i khi,
ngi ta trang b thm cc thit b quay trc, o mmen quay v trch cng sut.
Tu theo c loi v cng dng tu, v tr bung my v thnh phn h trc c th thay
i.
Khi lp t h trc, nghing cho php so vi ng c bn l 5 0 v gc lch
cho php ca ng trc so mt ct dc gia tu l 30 . nghing ca h trc quyt
nh nghing ca my chnh. Tr s nghing cho php ca my chnh c nh ch
to qui nh. Thng thng, nghing cho php ca my chnh nm trong khong
(7 12) 0 .
 Chiu di h trc ph thuc vo v tr bung my, v tr b tr chn vt sau ui tu,
kt cu ng c v b truyn.
Khi b tr chn vt sau ui tu, cn m bo cc iu kin sau (Hnh 3.9):
a 0,1 D

b 0,15 D

c 0,1 D

d 0,04 D

e (20 25) cm

m bo chn vt hot ng vi hiu sut cao nht, gim hin tng rung ng v tu do
chn vt gy ra.

Hnh 3.9 Cch b tr chn vt sau ui tu

2 B tr h trc v cc gi trn tu
a) Vic b tr ng tm h trc
Vic b tr ng tm h trc v chim ch ca n c qui nh mt mt bi
kch thc chim ch v vic b tr chn vt tng quan vi thn tu, mt khc bi kch
thc chim ch v vic b tr ng c chnh v truyn ng bn trong thn tu.
Khi xc nh vic b tr chn vt cn c bit ch n vic m bo khe h gia
chn vt v thn tu, cng nh nhng chm ca chn vt. Vic m bo khe h
khng ch c ngha i vi vic t c gi tr ti u ca h s nh hng thn tu, m
cn i vi vic to ra vng tc c li v gim tng ng bin thay i chu k ca
cc lc thu ng, xut hin khi chn vt lm vic. nhng chm y ca chn vt l
mt trong nhng iu kin ngn nga khng cn bng thu ng ca chng.
Hin ti, c nhiu ngh xc nh khe h nh nht gia chn vt v thn tu ph
thuc vo ng knh. Tuy nhin, khi chn tr s khe h ny cng cn tnh n cng sut
truyn n chn vt. Khe h ny tng ln cng vi s gia tng cng sut.
ng tm h trc c th c cc gc nghing v gc lch tu theo s lng thit
b y v c tnh ca tu.
Ngi ta c xu hng ch to trc chn vt ngn m bo vic tho d, sa cha
v thay th n d dng. nhiu h trc di cn nhiu on trc trung gian, chiu di trc
trung gian khng vt qu (10 12) m .
 n gin cho vic sa cha h trc v gim khi lng lao ng ca vic ny, cn
d tnh kh nng ly trc ra m khng cn tho thit b li, cc gi chn chnh, truyn
ng chnh v ng c chnh.
b) B tr cc gi ca h trc
Theo Quy phm ng kim Lin X th khong cch gia cc gi h trc phi
tho mn iu kin:
12d tg L 22d tg , cm. (3.17)
Trong :

d tg ng knh trung gian, cm; gi tr ln dng cho khi d tg 100 mm .

Cng c th xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim:

L 125 d tg , cm (3.18)
Trong : d tg v L tnh bng cm.
i vi h trc tu nh, khi d tg 100 mm , ngi ta xc nh khong cch gia cc
gi theo cng thc:
L 91 3 d tg2 , cm (3.19)
c xy dng theo iu kin vng cc i ca trc, do trng lng bn thn, khng
c vt qu L 1750 .

Ngi ta b tr cc gi ca h trc sao cho cc b ca chng c th ta ln cc

cm cng vng ca thn tu. Khi b tr gi kiu ny th bin dng cc b ca v nh
hng nh n khng ng tm ca h trc. Nu trc c mt gi hoc ni chung
khng c gi lm vic th m bo kh nng nh tm n khi lp rp, ngi ta s dng
1 hoc 2 gi ph lp rp tm thi.
Cc gi c b tr v mt trc sao cho vng v gc xoay ca cc bch ni
di tc ng ca trng lng bn thn l nh nht. Vic b tr cc gi khong cch
chng 0,2 L t mt trc tho mn iu kin ny ( y :L chiu di trc).
3 C s tnh ton sc bn h trc
a) Trnh t chung ca vic tnh ton
Do tnh phc tp ca trng thi ng sut khi h trc lm vic, cng nh kh c th
tnh chnh xc tt c cc yu t xc nh c trng ph ti do chng tip nhn, nn buc phi
chp nhn mt lot cc c l khi tin hnh tnh ton sc bn ca chng. Trong trng hp
chung cc tnh ton ny, c th chia ra thnh cc giai on sau:
 - Chn m hiu (mc) vt liu trc v tnh bn cc kch thc xc nh trn c s cc cng
thc l thuyt xon.
- Xc nh phn lc ca cc gi v cng thc tim cong h trc, kim tra sc bn tnh h
trc trng thi ng sut phc tp.
- Kim tra dao ng ngang h trc.
- Kim tra dao ng xon h trc.
- Kim tra dao ng dc h trc.
i vi tt c cc trng hp nht thit phi tnh 3 giai on tnh ton u. Vic kim
tra dao ng xon l bt buc i vi h trc ni vi ng c t trong. Tuy nhin, cng cn
tin hnh s kim tra ny khi c bin thay i chu k ln ca mmen xon, gy ra cho
chn vt lm vic trong vng tc khng u.
Trong nhiu trng hp, khng cn kim tra dao ng dc h trc. Ch cn kim tra
khi bin thay i chu k ln ca lc y truyn t chn vt.
b) Chn mc vt liu cho trc
Theo Quy phm phn cp v ng tu ni a Vit Nam nm 1984. Vt liu ch to
trc phi l thp c gii hn bn khong (44 70) kG / mm 2 .
Vic s dng cc loi thp c c tnh khc s c ng kim xt ring. Khi chn
vt liu ch to trc khng nhng quan tm n bn m cn quan tm n c n
cng.
c) Xc nh kch thc trc
Nh chng ta bit, h trc tu lm vic trong trng thi ng sut phc tp. N chu
xon, chu tc dng ca lc nn hoc lc ko do chn vt gy ra, chu un do trng lng
bn thn v cc ph kin. Cc ti trng ny mang c tnh thay i lp li tun hon. Ngoi
ra cn c nhng ph ti b sung phc tp khc. Do vy, vic tnh ton chnh xc cc phn t
ca h trc cc iu kin ch trn rt phc tp, nn thng c tnh ton trn c s coi
trc ch chu tc ng ca mmen xon tnh l chnh. Phng php ny da trn c s cng
thc ca ng kim hoc c ng kim chp nhn.
Theo Quy phm phn cp v ng tu ni a Vit Nam nm 1984 th ng knh
trc trung gian khng c nh hn gi tr tnh theo cng thc:
N
d tg L0 3 (1 k ) , mm (3.20)
ncv

Vi L0 87 cho trc tu cp A v cp B
 L0 83 cho trc tu cp C v cp D
Hoc xc nh theo cng thc c ng kim chp nhn:
N
d tg 92 3 (1 k ) , mm (3.21)
ncv

Trong cc cng thc (3.20) v (3.21):

N- Cng sut trn trc trung gian, kW cho cng thc (3.20) v ML cho cng thc
(3.21);
ncv - Tc quay ca trc trung gian, v/ph;
k - H s k n tnh khng u ca mmen xon.
i vi thit b c ng c chnh kiu rto (tuabin , ng c in, ng c thu lc),
cng nh vi cc khp ni thu lc v in th k 0 .
i vi ng c t trong th k q (a 1) .
1,4 I cv
Vi q
I c 1,4 I cv

Trong :
I cv Mmen qun tnh ca chn vt khng tnh n khi lng nc bm theo,
kGmm/s2
2
n
I c ( I I bd ) , kGmm/s2
ncv

nu khng c hp s th ncv n
I- Mmen qun tnh ca cc khi lng chuyn ng quay v tnh tin ca ng c,
kGmm/s2;
Ib - Mmen qun tnh ca bnh , kGmm/s2.
Thng i vi ng c t trong 4 k th q 0,4 v ng c 2 k q 0,5 .

M i max
a
Mi

Vi M i max v M i Mmen ch th tng ln nht v ch th trung bnh tng ng do

ng c sn ra.
H s a c xc nh theo bng 3.11.
Bng 3.11 Gi tr h s a

S ng c tc dng S ng c tc dng S ng c tc dng

 xilanh n xilanh n xilanh n
4 k 2 k 4 k 2 k 4 k 2 k
1 14,0 8,0 5 2,4 1,8 9 1,85 1,15
2 6,4 3,8 6 2,15 1,5 10 1,6 1,15
3 4,5 2,6 7 2,1 1,3 11 1,5 1,1
4 2,8 2,2 8 2,0 1,2 12 1,4 1,05

Khi vt liu ch to trc c b 44 kG / mm 2 th ly

b
d tg' d tg 3 , mm (3.22)
2 b 44

ng knh trc y d d 1,1 d tg , mm (3.23)

ng knh trc chn vt theo Quy phm phn cp v ng tu ni a Vit Nam
nm 1984:
d cv 1,1 d tg k D , mm (3.24)
Trong :
D ng knh chn vt, m;
k 7 cho trc c o bao lin v trc khng c o bao c gi c bi trn

bng du;
k 10 cho trc c o bao ri.

Nu vt liu ch to trc chn vt c b 44 kG / mm 2 th ly

b
d cv' d cv 3 , mm (3.25)
2 b 44

Phn trc chn vt t cm kn nc (bn ngoi ng bao trc) n bch pha mi c th

gim ng knh n 1,05 d tg .
Chiu dy o bao trc bng ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
S 0,03 d cv' 7,5 , mm (3.26)
Trong : d cv' - ng knh thc t ca trc chn vt, mm.
Chiu dy lp o bao lin gia cc gi c th gim n 0,75 S .
Chiu di lm vic ca gi trc chn vt:
Gi pha mi: L1 (3,0 4,0) d cv
Gi pha li: L2 (4,0 5,5) d cv
d) Kim tra sc bn tnh h trc
bn ca trc c kim tra nh vic tnh ng sut tng ng (phn nh cc
trng thi ng sut phc tp):
tgdg p2 3 c2 , kG/mm2 (3.27)
Trong :
p ng sut php ln nht kG/mm2;
c ng sut ct do lc xon, kG/mm2.

Ngoi ra: p n u bs
Vi n ng sut nn do tc ng ca lc y chn vt, kG/mm2;
u ng sut tnh ton ln nht khi un, kG/mm2;

bs ng sut b sung do rp rp khng chnh xc, nhn bng bs 0,003 kG / mm 2

.
Khi kim tra sc bn trc trung gian, ngi ta tnh cho nhp c chiu di ln nht
gia cc tm ca cc gi (Hnh 3.10).

Hnh 3.10 S tnh kim tra sc bn tnh trc trung gian

Ngi ta coi on trc trung gian chn tnh nh dm t do nm trn 2 gi , b qua

nh hng ca cc nhp ln cn. Trng lng bn thn trc c coi nh phn b u sut
chiu di trc. Trc mang khp ni c trng lng G0 . Gi chn c lc tc dng P v
chu mmen xon t my chnh M x . Ngoi ra cn c cc lc b sung, do lp rp khng
chnh xc hoc chnh tm cha t yu cu, tc ng ln trc.
ng sut xon c tnh:
M x 11,4592 N e
c .10 6 , kG/mm2 (3.28)
Wx ncv d tg3

Trong :
716,2 N e
Mx Mmen xon, M x .10 3 , kGm;
ncv

Ne Cng sut c ch ca ng c ML;

ncv Tc quay trc trung gian (trc chn vt), v/ph;

Wx - Mmen chng xon ca trc, W x d tg3 , mm3.
16

ng sut nn c tnh theo cng thc:

4P
n 2
d tg2 , kG/mm (3.29)

Trong : P- Lc y ca chn vt, kG.

Trng hp chn vt c ng o lu c lc y l Pdl th khi tnh ton ly
P 0,6 Pdl

ng sut un c tnh theo cng thc:

M u max
u , kG/mm2 (3.30)
Wu

Trong :
M u max - Mmen un ln nht, kGmm;

Wu - Mmen chng un ti mt ct tnh ton ca trc, Wu d tg3 , mm3.
32

Nu trn nhp khng c lc tp trung, ngha l G0 0 th:

ql2
M u max , kGmm (3.31)
8

Trong :

q - Cng ph ti trc do trng lng ca bn thn, q d tg2 , kG/m;

4

- Trng lng ring ca vt liu ch to trc, kG/dm 3, vi thp th 7,85 kG / dm 3

;
l- Chiu di nhp gia 2 gi , m.
Trong trng hp G0 0 , xc nh mmen un, cn xc nh phn lc trn cc
gi .
Theo s phn b ti trn trc, ta c:
ql b
RA G0 , kG (3.32)
2 l
ql a
RB G0 , kG (3.33)
2 l

Mmen un i vi mt ct bt k x c tnh theo phng trnh:

q x2
M x RA x G0 ( x a ) (3.34)
2
 tm M u max , ta tin hnh o hm bc nht biu thc (3.34) theo x ri cho bng 0
xc nh x m :
dM x
R A q x G0 0
dx
R A G0
T : x m (3.35)
q

Thay x m vo (3.34), ta c:
R A G0 2
M u max G0 a , kGmm (3.36)
2q

ng sut un:
32 R A G0
2

u [ G0 a] , kGmm2 (3.37)
d tg3 2q

Thay cc gi tr ng sut thnh phn u , n , bs , c vo (3.27), ta xc nh c

tr s ng sut tng ng tgdg .
iu kin d tr bn so vi gii hn chy ca vt liu ch to trc:
c
nb tgdg c
tgdg nb

Vi c Gii hn chy ca vt liu ch to trc, kG/mm2;

nb H s d tr bn, thng ly nb (2,5 5,5) cho trc trung gian.
Trc chn vt c tnh kim tra cho phn gia cc gi trong ng bao trc v phn
cng xn gn chn vt (Hnh 3.11).

Hnh 3.11- S tnh kim tra sc bn tnh trc chn vt

Ngi ta coi trng lng chn vt Gcv tc dng ln trc chn vt nh mt lc tp

trung, t tm phn cngxn. Vic tnh ton ging nh i vi trc trung gian.
ng sut xon
M x 11,4592 N e
c .10 6 , kG/mm2 (3.38)
wx ncv d cv3

V trc chn vt c phn cngxn v c ti trng tp trung trn nn mt ct nguy

him do un s l ti gi pha li. Do ng sut un ln nht:
 M0
u ' , kG/mm2 (3.39)
Wu

Trong :
q
M0 Mmen un, M 0 Gcv l p2 l 0 , kGmm
2

Wu' v W x' - Cc Mmen chng un v chng xon tng ng ca trc chn vt,

mm3
Vic xc nh q, Wu' v tng t nh phn tnh kim tra trc trung gian (thay d tg

bng d cv ).
ng sut php ln nht trn trc chn vt:
'p = u' + n' + bs

ng sut tng ng:

tgdg
'
'p2 3 c2 , kG/mm2 (3.40)
D tr bn so vi gii hn chy ca vt liu ch to trc chn vt:
nb' ( 2,8 5,8)

V iu kin bn:
c
nb' tgdg
'
'c
tgdg
'
nb

) Xc nh phn lc trn cc gi . Tnh p lc ring trn cc gi

Thc t s dng h trc cho thy rng ph ti do trng lng bn thn trc v cc
phn t khc gn trn n phn b khng u theo chiu di. Do c c phn cngxn nn gi
trc chn vt chu tc dng ca ph ti ln nht.
Mun tnh p lc ring trn cc gi , trc ht, cn tnh phn lc trn cc gi .
gii bi ton ny, ngi ta coi h trc nh mt dm lin tc c t trn cc gi ,
mt u l on cngxn (on lp chn vt) v u kia c lin kt ngm.
Nguyn tc gii bi ton ny l da vo phng trnh 3 mmen c thit lp cho
dm lin tc ny. S tnh ton c thit lp t s b tr h trc, b qua khi lng
cc bch. S tnh c th hin trn hnh 3.12.

Hnh 3.12 S tnh phn lc ca cc gi trn h trc

 tin li cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thay ti trn on cngxn bng mmen gi
M0, cn ngm B c gii phng v thay bng nhp gi nh l n 2 c chiu di bng khng
( l n 2 0 ), mt u ta ln gi n 1 v u ta ln gi n 2 v gc xoay ti ngm (ti gi
n 1 ) bng khng ( 0 ).

Cc bc tnh nh sau:
1- Phng trnh 3 mmen vit cho trng hp tng qut (nhp n v n 1 ):
Fn a n F b
M n 1 l n 2 M n (l n l n 1 ) M n 1 l n 1 6 6 n 1 n 1 0 (3.41)
ln l n 1

Trong :
Fn v Fn 1 Din tch biu mmen cho nhp n v n+1.
an v bn 1 Khong cch t trng tm ca din tch biu trn n gi th n 1
v n 1 .
2- i vi mi nhp nm t do trn 2 gi ta th mmen un cc i c xc nh:
q l n2
Mn
8
3- Din tch biu mmen (Hnh 3.13):
2 2 q q 3
Fn l n M n l n l n2 ln
3 3 8 12

Hnh 3.13 Din tch biu mmen un

4- Khong cch t trng tm din tch biu n cc gi ta:

ln l
an ; bn 1 n 1
2 2
5- Thay Fn , Fn 1 , a n , bn 1 vo phng trnh 3 mmen tng qut (3.41), ta c phng trnh
c s:
q 3
M n 1 .l n 2 M n (l n l n 1 ) M n 1 .l n 1 (l n l n31 ) (3.42)
4

6- Phng trnh 3 m men vit cho tt c h trc:

 q
Nhip 1 & 2 : M 0 l1 2 M 1 (l1 l 2 ) M 2 l 2 (l13 l 23 )
4

q
Nhip 2 & 3: M 1 l 2 2 M 2 (l 2 l 3 ) M 3 l 3 (l 23 l 33 )
4

.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

q
Nhip n & n 1 : M n 1 l n 2 M n (l n l n 1 ) M n 1 l n 1 (l n3 l n31 )
4

(3.43)
7- Phng trnh mmen thnh lp t iu kin cho trc gc xoay ti ngm lin kt (gi
gi nh) 0 :
q.l n31 M n .l n21 M n 1 .l n 1
0 (3.44)
24 E.J 6 E.J 3 E. J
Lu : Nu gi mmen ti ngm B l MB th Mn+1 chnh l M B ( M n1 M B ) .
8- Mmen M 0 ti gi cui cng pha li:
q 2
M 0 (Gcv .l p l0 ) (3.45)
2

Trong :
Gcv Trng lng chn vt, kG (Tnh theo cng thc ca Mkasman);
lp Khong cch t trng tm c chn vt n trng tm gi pha li ngoi cng,
m;
l0 Chiu di on cngxn tnh t trng tm gi pha li ngoi cng n mt
np xuyn dng hay mt u ren ui (khng c np xuyn dng), m.

Hnh 3.14 - V tr ca chn vt

Gii h thng cc phng trnh (3.43), (3.44) v (3.45) trn s tm c cc mmen

phn lc trn cc gi ca h trc.
9- Phn lc trn cc gi Rn l tng phn lc t trng lng ring ca trc Rq n v phn
lc mmen RM n :
Rn Rq n R M n

ln l
M Rq n q q n 1
2 2
 M n 1 M n M n M n 1
V RM n
ln l n 1

q q M n 1 M n M n M n 1
Do : Rn l n l n1 (3.46)
2 2 ln l n 1

10 Sau khi tnh c cc phn lc Rn , cn kim tra s ng n ca php tnh qua

phng trnh sau:
n 1

R
i 1
1 Gcv Pt , kG (3.47)

Trong : Pt Trng lng bn thn ca trc.

11- p lc ring trung bnh trn gi :
Rn
p , kG/cm2 (3.48)
S
Trong :
S- Din tch qui c ca gi , S d cv L , cm 2 , vi vt liu ch to bc l g th
S (0,90 0,95) d cv L , cm 2 ;

L- Chiu di bc lt gi , cm;
d cv ng knh trc chn vt, cm;
V yu cu p p (3.49)
Trong :
p - p lc ring cho php trn gi , kG/cm2;
i vi bc babit v ng ch th p 5 kG / cm 2 ;
i vi bc g v cao su th p (2,5 3,0) kG / cm 2 .
Nu iu kin trn khng tho mn th phi tng din tch qui c S ca gi bng
cch tng chiu di bc lt gi hoc tng ng knh trc hay ng knh ngng trc.
Lu : nh hng ca mmen v lc n cc gi trung gian khng ln v nm
trong gii hn chnh xc ca phng php tnh ny, nn khng cn xt n chng. Khi ,
s tnh ton ng trc c th n gin bt v c th nhn phn cui bn phi trc chn
vt lm ngm cng v tnh p lc ring trn cc gi trc chn vt l chnh.
e) Cng thc ng tm cong ca h trc
Trong khi s dng biu tnh mmen un ca ngoi lc tc dng ln h trc v
mmen phn lc ca gi , nh phng php phn tch gin c th xc nh cng thc
tm cong ca h trc.
 Trong trng hp chung, s b tr ng tm cc gi ca h trc khng th m
bo s phn b thun li phn lc theo cc gi . c bit, lc ny vi gi c s phn
b ti t hoc thm ch c phn lc mang du ngc li, chng hn, thng gp gi 1 v
gi 2 (Hnh 3.5).
ng thi, mmen gi ti ngm gi nh thng qu ln, chng t trc truyn ph ti
ln n gi chnh, truyn ng chnh hoc my chnh.
Nhm mc ch m bo vic phn b tt hn phn lc cho cc gi , hin ti,
ngi ta thng nh n s chuyn v cc gi theo mt phng thng ng. i vi h
trc c ln c mm un ngang ln, tr s chuyn v ca cc gi c thit lp khi lp
rp bng cch iu chnh ph ti trn cc gi ca lc k. i vi h trc tng i ngn
c cng un ngang ln, ngi ta tm tr s khng ng tm nu ca cc gi bng
cch tnh ton. Hn na, cn thit lp phm vi cho php cc chuyn v b sung ca cc gi
khi lp rp trong qu trnh vn hnh tu.
S nh gi nh hng ca chuyn v thng ng ca cc gi c thc hin
bng cch tnh ton ln lt vng ca h trc di tc dng ca lc n v thay cho mi
gi .
S tnh v d nh gi nh hng chuyn v ca mt trong cc gi c gii
thiu trn hnh 3.15c.

Hnh 3.15 Xc nh phn lc trn cc gi

a- S b tr cc gi
b- S ti tnh ton ti trng lng trc v chn vt
c- S ti tnh ton khi thay phn lc bng lc n v

Sau khi xc nh vng ca h trc ti cc ni tc dng lc n v, cng nh phn

lc cc gi di tc dng ca cc lc ny, d dng nhn c tr s thay i phn lc cc
gi khi dch chuyn theo phng thng ng mt gi bt k i 1mm.
Ri' k
Ri k , kG (3.50)
Yk'

Trong :
 Ri k S thay i phn lc ca gi th i khi dch chuyn thng ng gi th k i
mt lng Yk 1 mm ;
Ri' k - S thay i phn lc ca gi th i khi thay gi th k bng lc Pk 1 kG (lc
n v);
Yk' - vng thng ng ca h trc ti ni b tr gi th k khi thay n bng lc

n v.
Vic tnh ton c thc hin qua bng tnh, khi s dng kt qu tnh c c th xc
nh nhanh tr s chuyn v thng ng ca gi t c s phn b ti trn chng ti u.

Hnh 3.16 ng tm cong ca h trc

V d trn hnh 3.16 th hin vic b tr cc gi khng ng tm, cho php gim
bt ti gi pha li v m bo phn b u ti n cc gi pha mi v trung gian,
cng nh cc gi trc bnh rng ca b truyn bnh rng chnh.
g) Cc bi ton v trnh t chung tin hnh tnh ton kim tra dao ng h trc
ng sut do cc dao ng cng bc cng hng, gn cng hng v khng cng
hng l tiu chun c bn ca s lm vic tin cy ca h trc khi kim tra dao ng ngang
v dao ng xon.
Quy phm phn cp v ng tu ni a Vit Nam nm 1984 qui nh: ng sut cho
php do dao ng cng hng, dao ng gn cng hng v dao ng cng bc khng
cng hng khi lm vic lu di khng c ln hn tr s tnh ton theo cng thc:
i vi trc khuu ng c chnh v trc chn vt:
n
cp ( 460 4 d 130 ) , kG/cm2 (3.51)
n dm

i vi trc trung gian v trc y:

n
cp (700 6 d 200 ) , kG/cm2 (3.52)
n dm

Trong :
cp ng sut cho php, kG/cm2;
d ng knh trc ti mt ct yu nht, mm;
n Tc quay ng vi vng xc nh ng sut, v/ph;
 n dm Tc quay nh mc.
i vi tu c ng c chnh lm vic lu di tc quay thp hn nh mc (nh
tu ko, tu c) th trong mi trng hp cn ly n ndm .
Nn trnh cng hng vng tc quay lm vic lu di ca ng c chnh. Nu
hin tng cng hng xy ra trong vng t (0,85 1,05) ndm th ng sut do chng gy ra
khng c ln hn 0,5 ng sut cho php tnh theo cc cng thc (3.51) v (3.52).
ng sut cho php trong dao ng xon nu trn c p dng cho cc trc c
ch to bng thp c gii hn bn t ( 44 52) kG / cm 2 .
i vi cc trc c ch to bng thp c gii hn bn ln hn 52 kG / cm 2 th ng
sut cho php c th tnh theo cng thc:
2 b 52
cp' cp ( ) , kG/cm2 (3.53)
b

Trong :
cp ng sut cho php tnh theo cng thc (3.51) v (3.52), kG/cm2 ;
b Gii hn bn ko ca vt liu, kG/mm2.

Khi dng vt liu c gii hn bn ln hn 80 kG / cm 2 th ly b 80 kG / cm 2

tnh.
ng sut ng vi tc quay b cm lm vic lu di, nhng cho php vt nhanh
qua vng , khng c ln hn tr s tnh theo cng thc:
i vi trc khuu ng c chnh v trc chn vt:
cp
'
2 cp , kG/cm2 (3.54)
i vi trc trung gian v trc y:
cp
'
1,7 cp , kG/cm2 (3.55)
Trong : cp ng sut cho php c tnh tng ng theo cng thc (3.51) v (3.52),
kG/cm2; cc cng thc (3.54) v (3.55) khng c p dng cho vng (0,85 1,05) ndm v
trong vng khng cho php c vng tc quay b cm.
Quy phm phn cp v ng tu ni a Vit Nam nm 1984 cn qui nh thit b
ng lc c cng sut my chnh t 150 ML tr ln phi c tnh dao ng xon trong
trng hp lm vic ch yu v cc trng hp sau y:
- Khi trch cng sut ln nht v khi chy khng ti i vi thit b ng lc c chn vt
bin bc v thit b y kiu c cnh.
 - Khi ng thit b ph nhn cng sut, nu mmen qun tnh ca n bng momen qun
tnh ca c cu khuu trc ca ng c.
- Khi tu chy li, i vi thit b ng lc c ly hp o chiu.
Bin dao ng ca gi chnh hoc ng sut pht sinh trn b ca gi ny do
cc dao ng dc cng bc cng hng, gn cng hng v khng cng hng ca h trc
c th l tiu chun cho php dao ng dc.
Trnh t tin hnh cc tnh ton kim tra cc dao ng ngang, xon v dc c nhiu
im chung, mc d bn thn cc tnh ton c khc v ni dung.
Cc giai on tnh ton ch yu sau:
+ Xc nh cc c tnh ca lc v mmen hn tp thay i chu k.
+ Thay th h thng thc bng m hnh tnh ton tng ng.
+ Tnh c tnh ca cc dao ng t do ca m hnh tng ng v kt lun s b vic
loi b mt t tn s kch thch khi tn s dao ng ring ca h thng.
+ Xc nh nh hng ca sc bn chng rung.
+ Tnh bin dao ng cng hng v gn cng hng, ng sut v kim tra sc bn
mi.
+ Xc nh vng cm v khi tho bin php bo v trc v cc phn t gn trn chng
lm vic tin cy.
Vic tnh ton dao ng xon rt phc tp, c gii thiu trong cc tu liu chuyn
mn su (C th tham kho trong [14]).
tnh dao ng ngang ca h trc, c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau
(Xem [14]). Sau y l cch xc nh tc quay ti hn ca trc chn vt khi c dao ng
ngang theo phng php gn ng ca Brinell.
H trc c thay bng dm c hai gi vi mt u treo (Hnh 3.17).

Hnh 3.17 S tnh tc quay ti hn ca trc chn vt

Chn vt c t trn on cng xn ti khong cch l 2 so vi tm gi trc chn

vt pha li. Phn cn li ca trc ng bao c chiu di l1 (gia tm cc gi A v B). Gi
thit rng, mi mt nhp l1 , l 2 ca dm mang ti phn b u (trng lng bn thn trc),

nhng ln trn hai on trc khc nhau ( q2 q1 ).

 Gcv
q 2 q1 , kG/m
12

Trong :
2
q1 Cng ti do khi lng bn thn trc, kG/m, q1 d cv , kG/m;
4

Gcv Trng lng chn vt kG.

Trng lng chn vt theo cng thc ca Mkasman cho chn vt ca Troost:
Gcv (1,4 15,3 D) A 600 ( d 02 d k2 ) l , kG

Trong :
D ng knh chn vt, m.
D2
A - Din tch b mt dui thng cnh chn vt, m , A 2
, m2;
4

- Trng lng ring vt liu ch to chn vt v c, kG/m3;

L - Chiu di c chn vt, m;
d0 - ng knh trung bnh c chn vt, m;
dk - ng knh trung bnh l khot c chn vt, m;
- T s mt a ca chn vt.
Tc quay ti hn n cv th khi xut hin dao ng ngang trn trc c tnh theo
cng thc:
1
3
q 2 30 EI g
ncv th 1 3,3 2 , v/ph (3.56)
11 q1 112 q1

Trong :
E Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to trc, vi thp E 220,32 .10 8 kG / m 2 ;

I - Mmen qun tnh ca mt ct trc, m4, I d cv4 , m4;
64

g Gia tc trng trng, m/s2, g 9,81 m / s 2 .

Tc quay ti hn ca trc cn phi ln hn gi tr nh mc ca n rt nhiu. Lc

ny, cn c d tr tc quay, %:
ncv th ncv dm
K dt .100 20 (3.57)
ncv dm

Khi khng m bo d tr ny th cn thay i khong cch gia cc gi .

 n nh dc ca trc c kim tra theo nhp c di ln nht v mt ct trc
nh nht. Cng vic ch yu l tm ra lc ti hn Pth , kG hoc ng sut ti hn v nh gi
d tr n nh dc.
Cc trc ca h trc tu nm t do trong cc gi . V nh vy, c th trc coi c
kim tra, nm trong nhp, nh mt thanh quay, nm t do trn 2 gi ta bn l v b nn bi
lc y, do thit b y to ra (Hnh 3.18).

Hnh 3.18 S tnh n nh dc ca trc

Khi tnh ton, gi thit rng, lc nn dc trc c t vo gia trc v mt ct trc

khng i sut chiu di nhp.
Cn kim tra n nh dc ca trc theo do ca n:
l max
(3.58)
i
Trong :
I
i - Bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct trc, m, i , m;
F

F Din tch mt ct ngang ca trc, m2.

Nu 80 th trc c gi l cng v khng cn kim tra n nh dc.

Nu 80 th trc c gi l trc do v cn kim tra n nh dc.

i vi trc do, c th xc nh lc nn ti hn Pth theo cng thc Papcovich:

2E I ncv2 max
Pth 2 1 , kG (3.59)
l max ncv2 th

Trong :
ncv max Tc quay cc i ca trc, v/ph.
ncv th Tc quay ti hn ca trc khi dao ng ngang v/ph.
2

Khi ncv max ncv th th nhn tha s (1 2 ) bng 1.

ncv max

ncv th

Ngi ta kin ngh ly h s d tr n nh dc nh sau:

Pth
K dt od 2,5 (3.60)
Pmax
 y, Pmax Lc y cc i ca chn vt, kG, Pmax (1,25 1,30) P .
Nu K dt od nh hn tr s kin ngh th cn thay i khong cch gia cc gi trc.
Ngoi nhng tnh ton kim tra trn, cn kim tra thm s dao ng v tu chn
v tr t ng c thch hp, cng nh gim chn ng cho ng c.

Chng IV THIT K THIT B NNG LNG PH V CC H THNG

TU.

4.1 Thit k h thng phc v TBNL v h thng tu

1 Nguyn tc
Tu theo c loi v cng dng tu m s lng cng nh phc tp va cc h
thng phc v TBNL v h thng tu c khc nhau. C th c trng hp, cc h thng
cng loi mi cht c cc nhnh ng ni phi hp vi nhau h tr cho nhau trong s
dng.
Ni chung trnh t thit k h thng ng ng nh sau:
- Phc tho s nguyn l ca h thng.
- Xc nh li thng qui c ca cc on ng ring.
- Chn ng v cc ph tng cho h thng.
- Tin hnh tnh thu lc ng ng.
 - Hon thnh vic tnh bn ng ng.
- Thc hin tnh v chn lp cch nhit.
- Lp bng thuyt minh v d tr vt t.
- Phc tho s lp rp v bn v thi cng.
2 Tnh ton thu lc ng ng
Mc ch ca vic tnh ton thu lc ng ng l chn bm v kim tra s ph
hp ca my thu lc trong h thng. Vic tnh ton c th cn tham kho trong [3].
3 Tnh bn v cch nhit ng ng
Vic tnh ton sc bn ng ng c tin hnh cho cc ng ng lm vic vi
mi cht c p sut cao.
Vic tnh cch nhit ng ng c tin hnh cho trng hp cn hn ch s to
nhit ca mi cht ra mi trng xung quanh (nh cc ng kh x, ng dn hi nc) hoc
cn hn ch s mt mt nhit cho mi trng xung quanh (ng dn hi mi cht lnh, )
Vic tnh ton c th cn tham kho trong [12].
4.2 Chn hnh thc dn ng ph
Hin ti, trong khi thit k TBNL tu c, ngi ta thng chn cc hnh thc dn
ng ph ch yu sau:
a Dn ng c lp: hnh thc ny, mi thit b c mt ng c ring lai.
Hnh thc dn ng ny c tnh kinh t v hiu sut lm vic cao, d b tr, s dng
v sa cha. Tuy nhin, c s lng thit b trong bung my nhiu v h s s dng thit
b khng cao.
b Dn ng ph thuc:
) Dn ng cm nhm: hnh thc ny, mi ng c lai nhiu thit b, to ra cc cm nh
lin v tam lin.
Hnh thc dn ng ny cho php gim c s lng thit b trong bung my,
nng cao c h s s dng i vi cc thit b lm vic ngn hn. Tuy nhin, kh thc
hin vic b tr v chim nhiu din tch, kh c th phi hp s lm vic ca cc thit b
tn dng ht cng sut ca my.
) Dn ng tp trung: hnh thc ny, nhiu thit b c lai t my chnh.
Hnh thc dn ng ny cho php tn dng ht cng sut ca my chnh trong mi
iu kin hot ng, gim c s lng trang thit b trong bung my. Tuy nhin, s lm
vic ca thit b ph ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca my chnh v kh b tr h thng
truyn dn (lc ny, ch yu l s dng b truyn ng ai). Hnh thc dn ng ny
thng c p dng trn cc tu c c nh.
Ngoi ra, tu theo c loi v cng dng tu, hnh thc v phng php nh bt
m ngi ta chn phi hp 2 trong 3 hnh thc dn ng trn.
Trng hp dn ng tp trung: My chnh lai thm thit b ph.
thc hin mc ch gim bt trang thit b v nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho h
ng lc trong trng hp ny, ngi ta da trn 2 c s thit k:
+ Cch th nht l cng sut ca ng c chnh bng cng sut yu cu ca ng c cng
thm phn d tr cng sut, cng vi phn cng sut cn trch lai thit b ph.
N e N e ycdc N k hoc N e K dt N e ycdc N k (4.1)
Trong :
N e ycdc - Cng sut yu cu ng c;
N - Phn cng sut lai thm thit b ph;
k

Ne - Cng sut thit k ca ng c;

K dt - H s d tr cng sut.
Kh nng trch cng sut trong trng hp ny c th hin trn hnh IV.1a. T
th ny cho ta thy ti mt tc quay chn vt bt k ncv trong phm vi
ncv min ncv ncv dm ng c u c kh nng lai thm thit b ph. Phn cng sut lai thm
thit b ph c th hin bng phn din tch gch thng.
+ Cch th hai l cng sut ca ng c chnh bng cng sut yu cu ca ng c, khng
tnh n phn cng sut d tr
N e N e ycdc (4.2)
Trong trng hp ny, kh nng trch cng sut t ng c chnh c th hin trn

hnh IV.1b. T th ny cho ta thy khi ncv ncvdm th ng c mi c kh nng lai thm thit

b ph. Ti ch ncv ncv dm th cng sut ca ng c cung cp hon ton cho chn vt.
Nh vy ng c c th li thm thit b ph trong phm vi ncv min ncv ncv dm , vi mc
cng sut khc nhau.

Hnh 4.1a Kh nng trch cng sut khi ng c lm vic ncv dm

Hnh 4.1b Kh nng trch cng sut khi ng c lm vic ncv ncvdm
1-c tnh gii hn p e hoc M e ca ng c chnh khng tng p;
2- c tnh chn vt.

R rng thit b ph do ng c chnh lai ch lm vic khi ng c chnh lm vic.

Nu thit b ph l my pht in th phm vi tc quay s dng thch hp cho n rt
hn ch, mc d c trang b thm thit b n nh in p.
Khi ng c lm vic vng tc quay nh hn tc quay thit k, th vic lai
thm thit b ph c ngha rt ln i vi vic nng cao hiu qu s dng ng c. Vic
ny rt ph hp vi thit b ng lc cc tu c c nh l b tr trch cng sut ca my
chnh lai cc my ti khai thc khi th v thu li, lc ng c lm vic tc quay
nh hn gi tr nh mc rt nhiu.
ng cong biu din phn cng sut c th trch t ng c chnh c th hin
trn hnh 4.2.
c tnh cng sut ng c gii hn theo mmen c biu din qua hm s:
N e B ncv (4.3)
(Xt trng hp truyn ng trc tip)
c tnh chn vt c th hin qua hm s:
N cv C ncv
3
(4.4)
Ti im lm vic ( ncv dm ) th N e N cv .
B
Do : C n 2
cv dm

Nh vy, cng sut c th trch t my chnh:

N KN N e N B B ncv C ncv3 (4.5)
dN KN
Ta c: B 3 C ncv2 0
dn
B
ncv
3C

Thay tr s C vo biu thc trn, ta c:

ncv dm
ncv 0,518 ncv dm ncv 2 (4.6)
3
 T :
3
B B 2 B
N KN max B n cv 2 C n 3
B C B
cv 2
3C 3C 3 3C

2 N e dm ncv dm
N KN max 0,385 N e dm (4.7)
3 ncv dm 3

Nh vy, cng sut ln nht c th trch t my chnh c gi tr 0,385 N e dm ti tc

quay chn vt ncv 2 0,518 ncv dm .

Hnh 4.2 ng cng sut lai thit b ph ca my chnh

Trong thc t, cng sut trch t my chnh khng nhng ph thuc vo vo ng

cong cng sut c th trch, m cn ph thuc vo c tnh vn ti ca thit b c lai thm
(Hnh 4.3).

Hnh 4.3 im lm vic ca thit b c my chnh lai thm

Trong trng hp phng n trch cng sut dn ng ai vi puly c cngxn th

kh nng trch cng sut cn ph thuc vo kh nng chu un ca trc khuu do trc
cngxn tc dng.
4.3 Tnh v chn thit b ph
1 Chn thit b ph
Vic chn thit b ph trn tu cn cn c vo cc kt qu tnh ton c th v cn c
vo cc yu cu ca Quy phm. Chng hn, Quy phm qui nh s lng bm c chn
cn c vo kt qu tnh ton thu lc ng ng.
i vi bm ht kh, bm c chn theo lu lng yu cu v chiu cao ht khng
nh hn 6 m. Ngi ta s dng bm ly tm lm bm ht kh. Lu lng yu cu c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Qb 0,0056 d 12 , m3/h.

Vi d1 ng knh trong ca ng ht, mm.

d 1 c tnh theo cng thc:

d1 1,5 L B H 2,5 ,mm (i vi trng hp ht kh tp trung).

Trong : L, B, H l chiu di thit k, chiu rng thit k v chiu cao mn tu, m.
 Nhng tu c cng sut my chnh N e 300 ML phi trang b 2 bm ht kh c

truyn ng c gii. Nhng tu c cng sut my chnh Ne 300 ML th cho php mt bm

c dn ng t my chnh, cn bm kia l bm tay.

i vi nhng tu c c cng sut my chnh N e 225 ML th phi trang b h thng
cu ho bng nc. Tu c trng ti nh hn hoc bng 300 tn ng k th trang b mt
bm cu ho; tu c trng ti ln hn th phi trang b 2 bm. Lu lng bm c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Qb k m 2 , m3/h.

Vi k 0,012

m 1,68 LLL B H
2

Trong : LLL, B, H l chiu di hai tr, chiu rng thit k v chiu cao mn tu, m.
Tng lu lng bm cu ho phi m bo 15% tng s vi rng hot ng ng
thi. Ct p ca bm cu ho c xc nh t bi ton tnh thu lc ng ng.
Bm c chn theo ct p v lu lng. Bm ly tm ct p cao c dng lm
bm cu ho.
i vi my kh nn, ngi ta chn my nn theo lu lng khng kh t do.
p1 p 2
Qmn
p 0 . n
V b , m3/h.

Trong :
p1 p sut khng kh trong bnh khi np y, kG/cm2, p1 30 kG / cm 2 ;

p 2 p sut gii hn thp nht trong bnh c th khi ng c, kG/cm 2,

p 2 (5 10) kG / cm 2 ;

p0 p sut mi trng xung quanh, kG/cm2, p0 1 kG / cm 2 ;

n Thi gian np y bnh, h, thng th n 1 h ;

V Tng dung tch cc bnh cha, m3.

b

V p sut my nn ln hn p sut np y bnh.

S lng my nn chnh khng t hn 2, mt chic c th do ng c chnh lai, cn
chic kia c dn ng in c lp hoc iden ph lai.
 Trng hp my chnh c cng sut Ne 150 ML th dc php trang b mt my nn

kh dn ng c lp vi iu kin c th trch khng kh nn t my chnh.

ng c c chn lai thit b ph tu thuc vo hnh thc dn ng chn v
m bo cng sut yu cu.
2 Tnh ton v chn my pht cho trm in tu
Sau khi chn thit b ph cho tu, cn c vo hnh thc dn ng ph b tr dn
ng cho thit b ph. Sau , xc nh cc h tiu th in tin hnh tnh v chn my
pht cho trm in tu.
Vic tnh cng sut cho trm in tu v chn my pht cho trm in tu c th
tham kho trong [13].
4.4 Tnh ton lng d tr
Cc phn d tr ca cc thit b nng lng tu, ngoi cc ph tng d tr th nng
lng d tr nhin liu, du nhn v nc ngt (k thut) cn c xc nh y ngay
trong giai on thit k.
Ni chung, lng d tr nhin liu, du nhn v nc ph thuc vo kh nng hot
ng c lp ca tu, tm hot ng, tc tu v lu ca cc ch lm vic, cng sut
thit b nng lng, mc chi ph nhin liu gi.
1- Xc nh lng d tr nhin liu
Lng d tr nhin liu c xc nh xut pht t tc tu cc ch hnh
trnh ch yu, tm hot ng, tnh c lp, cng nh chi ph nhin liu ring ca ng c
trn c s loi nhin liu c s dng.
C th xc nh lng d tr nhin liu theo cng thc sau:
G nl {k dt [(G mc
ht
Gmp
ht
) ht (G mc
db
Gmp
db
) db ] Gmp
d1
d 1 G mp
d2
d 2 }.10 3 , T (4.8)
Trong :
Kdt H s d tr tnh n kh nng tng chi ph nhin liu do h bm, nh hng
ca sng, gi, dng chy, , k dt (1,1 1,2) ;
ht
G mc - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my chnh ch hnh trnh i v v di chuyn
ng trng, kg/h;
ht
G mp - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my ph ch hnh trnh i v v di chuyn ng
trng, kg/h;
 db
G mc - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my chnh ch nh bt, kg/h;
db
G mp - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my ph ch nh bt, kg/h
d1
G mp - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my ph ch u bn c bc d hng
(c),kg/h;
d2
G mp - Chi ph nhin liu gi ca my ph ch u bn khng bc d hng (c),
kg/h;
ht Thi gian tu chy hnh trnh i v v di chuyn ng trng, h;
b Thi gian tu hot ng ch nh bt, h;
1 Thi gian tu u bn c bc d hng, h;
2 Thi gian tu u bn khng bc d hng, h.
Hoc tnh theo cng thc:

Gnl {kdt [(g ehtmc N ehtmc gehtmp N ehtmp ) ht (gedbmc N edbmc g edbmp Gmpdb ) db ]
g edmp1 N edmp1 d1 g edmp2 N edmp2 d 2 }. 10 3 , T (4.8)

Trong :
g ehtmc , g edbmc - Chi ph nhin liu ring ca my chnh ch hnh trnh v nh
bt, kg/h;
g ehtmp , g edbmp , g edmp
1 d2
, g e mp - Chi ph nhin liu ring ca my ph ch hnh
trnh, nh bt, u bn c bc d hng v u bn khng bc d hng, kg/h;
N ehtmc , N edbmc - Cng sut ca my chnh ch hnh trnh v ch nh bt,
ML;
N ehtmp db d1 d2
, N e mp , N e mp , N e mp - Cng sut ca my ph ch hnh trnh, nh bt,
u bn c bc d hng v u bn khng bc d hng, ML.
Ch : Cc cng thc trn ch tnh cho trng hp TBNL tu khng c ni hi ph
c lp v s dng cng mt loi nhin liu iden. Trng hp TBNL tu c thm ni hi
ph c lp th phi tnh thm lng d tr nhin liu cho ni hi vi cc thnh phn ging
nh my ph. Trng hp tu s dng nhin liu nng th tnh lng d tr nhin liu nng
cho ring my chnh v tnh lng d tr nhin liu nh cho ring my ph. Sau , tnh
thm lng d tr nhin liu nh phc v my chnh ch khi ng v c ng tu
bng 20% lng d tr nhin liu nng.
2 - Xc nh lng d tr du nhn
Tu theo qui nh ca nh ch to m my mc ca TBNL s dng cc loi du nhn
khc nhau. Khi tnh lng d tr du nhn, cn tnh cc hao ph du do r r, chy (kt cc)
khi lm vic v thay du trong h thng bi trn.
Cc hao ph du nhn c xc nh bng chi ph du nhn ring, n t ph thuc
vo ti ca ng c nn tt c cc ch u ly chung gi tr chi ph du nhn khi ng
c lm vic gi tr nh mc. Lng du thay th trong h thng bi trn tun hon ng
c ph thuc vo thi hn phc v ca du c thit lp.
Lng d tr du nhn cho h thng bi trn tun hon ng c chnh c xc nh
theo cng thc:
G dmcth [k dt g dmc N e mc ( ht db ) G kth
mc
k td ].10 3 , T (4.10)
Trong :
Ne mc Cng sut ca my chnh gi tr nh mc, ML;
g dmc - Chi ph du nhn ring trong h thng bi trn tun hon ca my chnh,

kg/MLh;
G kmc
th - Lng du trong kt tun hon hoc cacte trong ng c chnh, kg;
Ktd S ln thay du trong h thng bi trn ng c chnh.
ht db
Khi 1 th chn K td 1 .
d

ht db
Khi 1 th K td c lm trn n tr s gn nht.
d
D tr du nhn cho h thng bi trn xilanh ng c chnh c xc nh theo cng
thc:
G dmcxl k dt q d xl N e mc ( ht b ).10 3 , T (4.11)
Trong : g d xl Chi ph du nhn ring cho h vic bi trn xilanh ng c chnh,
kg/MLh.
Lng d tr du nhn bi trn tun hon my ph c tnh theo cng thc:
n
Gdmpth {g dmp [ k dt N e mp ( ht db ) N edmp
1
d 1 N edmp
2
d 2 ] Gkmpth i k tdmp i }.10 3 , T (4.12)
i 1
 Trong :
g dmp - Chi ph du nhn ring ca my ph, kg/MLh;

Gtdmp1 - Lng du tun hon trong kt tun hon hoc cacte my ph th i, kg;

N e mp , N edmp
1
, N edmp
2
- Cng sut ca cc my ph cc ch hnh trnh, nh bt
v u bn c bc d hng v khng bc d hng, ML;
k tdmp1 - S ln thay du trong h thng bi trn ng c ph th i.

i
Khi 1 th ly K tdmp1 1 .
d

i
Khi 1 th K tdmp1 c lm trn n tr s gn nht.
d
Vi i Thi gian lm vic ca my ph th i, h.
Cng c th xc nh lng d tr du nhn theo cng thc gn ng ph thuc vo
lng d tr nhin liu nh sau:
G d 0,02 0,06 G n1 , T (4.13)
3 Xc nh lng d tr nc ngt cho ng c
i vi ng c c lm mt bng nc ngt (gin tip) cn phi xc nh lng
d tr nc ngt cho chng nhm b sung lng hao ph nc ngt trong h thng lm mt
do r r v bay hi.
4 Xc nh th tch kt d tr nhin liu, du nhn, nc ngt
Tng th tch cc kt d tr nhin liu, du nhn v nc ngt c xc nh theo
cng thc nh sau:
G nl
V nl k1 k 2
nl
, m3 (4.14)

Gd
V d k1 k 2
d
, m3 (4.15)

Gn
V n k1 k 2
n
, m3 (4.16)

Trong :
G nl , G d , G n D tr nhin liu, du nhn v nc tng ng, T;
nl , d , n Khi lng ring ca nhin liu, du nhn v nc, T/m 3;
 k1 H s tnh n s chon ch ca cc m gia cng, b sy, ,

k1 (1,02 1,05) ;

k 2 H s tnh n th tch cht ca kt, k1 1,05 .

Th tch kt nhin liu hng ngy c tnh theo cng thc:

1,1Gnlhn mc
Vnlhng . , m3 (4.17)
nl

Trong : thi gian m bo cho ng c lm vic, h; (4 24) h .

Chng V B TR TRANG THIT B TRONG BUNG MY

4.1 Phng php thit k b tr TBNL tu

1 Nhim v thit k c bn khi thit k b tr TBNL tu
Khi thit k b tr TBNL tu, cn tnh n cc iu kin c bn sau:
- Th tch bung my phi nh trn c s m bo mt b tr thit b thch hp.
- Vic b tr phi d tnh vic vch tuyn ng dn v cp in hp l, phc v my mc v
trang thit b khc tin li, c tnh n cc yu cu k thut an ton, cng nh vic tin hnh
cc cng vic sa cha vi chi ph lao ng v thi gian t nht.
- Vic b tr cc kt cu v, trang thit b TBNL tu, ng ng v cp in phi ph hp
vi nhau v m bo cng ngh lp rp.
- Vic b tr phi m bo cc yu cu k thut v thm m.
Trong thit k rt kh thc hin y cc iu kin ny.
2- Trnh t thit k b tr thit b nng lng tu
 Nhm p ng y hn cc iu kin trn, vic thit k b tr TBNL tu da trn
c s s dng nguyn tc gn ng dn theo hng hon chnh tng giai on thit k.
Bn thit k b tr thc t c hon thnh giai on thit k thi cng.
Khi phc tho b tr TBNL tu, hp l hn c l xc nh theo trnh t sau:
- Vng b tr TBNL tu theo chiu di tu.
- Vic b tr thit b y tng ng vi thn tu.
- Vic b tr s b my chnh, truyn ng v ng tm h trc, chiu di ng bao v trc
trung gian.
- Chiu di cn thit ca khoang b tr TBNL tu v b tr chnh xc my chnh v
truyn ng.
- Vic b tr thit b ph, trm in tu v trm iu khin tp trung.
- Vic b tr cc ng ht khng kh v x kh.
- Chiu cao b tr sn v din tch chnh phc v, cng nh b tr li ra khi bung my.
Nht thit phi phn tch chn phng n ti u.
3- Phng php thit k TBNL tu theo m hnh khi
Vic kim tra s ph hp ca vic b tr cc phn t TBNL v s hon thin n ln
cui cc giai on hon tt thit k trong nhiu trng hp c tin hnh nh cc bn v
kim tra phi hp hoc bng cch v hnh ho vic b tr phm vi ln, i khi tr s tht.
Tuy nhin, vic thc hin cc bn v kim tra phi hp khng to ra khi nim r rng v
vic b tr, cn vic ch to m hnh song song vi vic phc tho cc bn v b tr ko di
ng k thi hn hon thin nu.
Do , gn y, ngi ta dng ph bin phng php thit k hnh khi, trong ,
vic b tr TBNL v tt c cc phn t ca n c xc nh trc tip trong qu trnh ch to
m hnh t l khi. Sau , theo m hnh, ngi ta lp ra cc bn v cn thit c s dng
trong qu trnh thi cng.
Phng php ny a ra kh nng trnh by r vic b tr thit k. N khng ch cho
php rt ngn thi gian phc tho bn v b tr, m cn m bo vic b tr tt hn tt c
cc vn thuc v cng vic b tr.
4.2 Thit k b tr TBNL tu
1 Yu cu chung
Vic b tr trang thit b ca TBNL tu trong bung my phi ph hp vi cc yu
cu Quy phm ng tu v Quy tc k thut an ton.
 Ngoi ra, mang li hiu qu kinh t cho tu thit k, cn p dng thng nht ho
v t hp ho trong khu b tr TBNL.
2 iu kin chung ca vic b tr trang thit b trong bung my
Tu theo chiu cao bung my m trang thit b c b tr mt tng hay nhiu tng
phi m bo din tch lm vic cho ngi phc v.
Trang thit b thuc h thng no c b tr quanh mt vng ng ng ngn
nht. S b tr tp trung trang thit b c p dng trong trng hp khi cn m bo sc
sng ca thit b cao.
c bit, ch vic b tr cc bm m bo kh nng ht trong bt k iu kin vn
hnh tu. Cc my mc c trc nm ngang c b tr nm song song vi mt ct dc gia
tu trnh nh hng ca hiu ng con quay n s lm vic ca cc gi khi tu lc
ngang. My in c b tr bn trn sn. My c ngun n ln c b tr xa trm iu
khin v vch bung .
3 B tr ng c chnh v truyn ng
My chnh v truyn ng thng thng c t trong khoang my trn cc b c
gn vi kt cu ca v tu. Cc ng c s cp chnh v my pht khi truyn ng in t
trn sn.
4 B tr trang thit b ca trm in tu
Thit b ch yu ca trm in tu thng thng c b tr trong khoang ca my
chnh. Ngoi ra, chng cn c th c b tr trong bung c lp. My pht s c v trang
thit b ca n c t trong bung ring nm bn trn ng gii hn s c ca tu v c
li ra c lp thng vi boong h.
5 B tr ming thng bin y v mn
Van y v mn c b tr ti hp nc y v mn nhn nc ngoi tu lm
mt hoc phc v cc nhu cu khc. Chng c b tr cch xa chn vt v ni d tip
cn.
6 B tr cc kt nhin liu, ng ng dn v cp in
Vic b tr cc kt nhin liu c thc hin c tnh n cc yu cu an ton v chy.
Cc kt d tr nhin liu c th c b tr bn trong hoc bn ngoi, gn hay xa bung
my. Cc kt trong bung my c b tr dc hai bn mn tu, kt y i. Kt du nhn
d tr c b tr ngay trong bung my.
 Quy phm qui nh khng c b tr kt nhin liu hng ngy bn trn cu thang,
bn trn trm iu khin my chnh v bn trn cc ngun nhit.
Cc ng dn v cp in c b tr dc theo tu, vung gc vi mt ct dc gia v
theo phng thng ng. Cc ph tng v mi ni ng ng c b tr ni d n v
thun li cho vic sa cha m khng cn tho d nhiu cm khc. Cp in c b tr cao
trn trn v xa ngun nhit v kt nhin liu. Trng hp c bit phi b tr di sn (thp)
th cho trong cc ng v hp kn.
7 B tr cc my mc ca h thng tu, phn d tr, phng tin nng chuyn v phc
v sa cha
Ngoi my mc v trang thit b khc ca TBNL tu, trong bung my, ngi ta cn
b tr cc my mc ca h thng tu (nh cc bm ca h thng tu). Cc bm c b tr
trn sn.
Cc phn d tr c b tr gn vi my mc s dng n tin cho vic thay th,
sa cha (khng phi di chuyn xa).
Phng tin nng chuyn phi m bo kh nng nng c chi tit c khi lng
ln.
8 Cc sn, sn ph, cu thang v li ra khi bung my c b tr theo qui nh ca
Quy phm
i vi nhng my mc c n v rung ng ln, cn s dng cc phng tin
gim n v rung ng.
9 Xc nh khi lng v trng tm kh lng ca TBNL tu
Sau khi thit k b tr TBNL cn xc nh khi lng v trng tm khi lng TBNL
tu.
Vic xc nh khi lng TBNL tu gip cho vic xc nh khi lng tu khng
(lng chim nc tu khng).
V mt cn bng th yu cu v tr trng tm khi lng TBNL tu trong mt phng
ct dc gia tu. V cao ca trng tm khi lng TBNL tu cng nh cng tt cho n
nh ca tu.
4.3 Gii thiu b tr chung bung my
Gii thiu v tr b tr trang thit b trong bung my, cc tnh nng bung my.
4.4 Kt lun chung
Nu kt lun chung v ton b thit b nng lng ca tu c thit k.