TITLE:

PREPARATION OF NANOCATALYST IN PETROCHEMICAL INDISTRIES

NAME: CHRISHENSON

STUDENT ID: 1001231143

COURSE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

14th FEBRUARY 2017

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

UCSI UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION

Catalysis is one of the most valuable principles out of twelve principles of Green

Chemistry. Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that eliminates or reduces

the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of

chemical products and emphasizes hazard reduction as the performance criteria while

designing new chemical processes. In recent years, nanocatalysis has become an emerging

field of science due to its high activity, selectivity and productivity. The nanoscale size, shape

and an exceptionally large surface area to volume ratio imparts unique properties to

nanocatalysts because of the structural and electronic changes which differentiates them from

the bulk materials. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and nanocatalyst are the subject of intense

research in the field and, rather than aspiring to be exhaustive, this report deals with the

comparison of those macro-areas within the context of efficiency in reaction design, by

following the principles of green and sustainable chemistry for oxidation processes.

METHODS

Pyrolysis
 In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor (liquid or gas) is forced through a hole or opening

at high pressure and burned. The resulting solid is air classified to recover oxide particles

from by-product gases. Pyrolysis often results in aggregates and agglomerates rather than

singleton primary particles. Based on the diagram above, precipitator responsible in growing

of solid particle, while furnace acts as a dryer, and atomizer responsible in production of

droplets and their dispersion in gas.

Sol-Gel Method

The sol-gel process is a wet-chemical technique (also known as chemical solution deposition)

widely used recently in the fields of materials science and ceramic engineering which

includes some steps.

Formation of stable sol solution

Gelation via a polycondensation or polyesterification reaction

Gel aging into a solid mass. This causes contraction of the gel network, also phase

transformations and Ostwald ripening.

Drying of the gel to remove liquid phases. This can lead to fundamental changes in

the structure of the gel.

Dehydration at temperatures as high as 8000 degree C, used to remove M-OH groups

for stabilizing the gel, i.e., to protect it from rehydration.

Densification and decomposition of the gels at high temperatures (T > 8000 degree

C), i.e., to collapse the pores in the gel network and to drive out remaining organic

contaminants
Attrition/Milling

Attrition methods include methods by which macro or micro scale particles are ground in a

ball mill, a planetary ball mill, or other size reducing mechanism. The resulting particles are

air classified to recover nanoparticle

Involves mechanical thermal cycles

Yields

o broad size distribution (10-1000 nm)

o varied particle shape or geometry

o impurities

Application

o Nanocomposites

o Nano-grained bulk materials

CONCLUSION

The use of nanocatalyst can also be applied on the synthesis of various heterocycles which

are very difficult to prepare by conventional methods. Also more and transition metals can be

checked for its catalytic activity and surface modifications of the existing catalyst can also be

performed. In most of the reactions the spent catalyst can be easily separated from the

reaction mixture, also it can be reused without noticeable change in its catalytic activity. A

wide range of original procedures for synthesizing various classes of organic compounds,

including organic functional group transformation, have been developed on the basis of

nanoparticles. We assume that the present review article may be bringing a basis to advance

information to this very important subject and to encourage active researchers in this field for

the synthesis of organic compounds using nanoparticles.

REFERENCES

1. S. M. Roopan and F. R. N. Khan, ZnO nanoparticles in the synthesis of AB ring core

of camptothecin,Chemical Papers, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 812817, 2010.

2. L. Sang-Bum, P. Young In, D. Mi-Sook, and G. Young-Dae, Identification of 2,3,6-

trisubstituted quinoxaline derivatives as a Wnt2/-catenin pathway inhibitor in non-
small-cell lung cancer cell lines,Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. 20,
pp. 59005904, 2010.

3. R. Raj, P. Singh, P. Singh, J. Gut, P. J. Rosenthal, and V. Kumar, Azide-alkyne

cycloaddition en route to 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered 7-chloroquinoline-isatin
chimeras: synthesis and antimalarial evaluation,European Journal of Medicinal
Chemistry, vol. 62, pp. 590596, 2013.