SINGAPORE STANDARD

CP 55 : 1991
(UDC 614.845)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

Use And Maintenance Of

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Copyright Reserved

Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research

1 Science Park Drive, Singapore 0511
Cable: SlSlR SINGAPORE
Telex: RS 28499 SlSlR

ISBN 9971-67-401-7
This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Building and Construction lndustry Practice
Committee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 3 January 1991.

First published, 1991

The Building and Construction lndustry Practice Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists
of the following members:

Name Organisation

Chairman : Mr Chow Kok Fong Construction Industry Development Board

Deputy
Chairman : Mr Lam Siew Wah Construction lndustry Development Board

Secretary : Mr Stephen Chua Singapore Institute of Standards and IndustrialResearch

Members : Mr Chee Keng Yam Association of Consulting Engineers. Singapore

Mr Chia Kok Leong Singapore Institute of Architects

Mr Lai Chong Meng Singapore Contractors Association Limited

Mr Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore

Assoc Prof Phang Kok Wai Nanyang Technological lnstitute

Mr Phang Pock Tong, Tony Housing and Development Board

Mr Song Wee Ngee Institution of Engineers, Singapore

Mr Benedict Tan Public Works Department

Mr Harry K C Wong Department of Industrial Safety

The Technical Committee appointed by the Building and Construction lndustry Practice Committee and
responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following
organisations:
Name Organisation

Chairman : Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Joint Civil Defence Forces

Secretary : Miss Tan Meow Leng Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research

Members : Mr Choy Marn Koon Singapore Joint ~ i v iDefence

i Forces

Mr Ho Siong Hin Department of Industrial Safety

Mr Loke Chong Ngean Singapore Manufacturers' Association

Mr Mohammed Bin Awi Singapore Institute of Standards and IndustrialResearch

Mr Charles Rudd Institution of Engineers, Singapore

Mr Augustus Tan Singapore Contractors' Association Limited

 CONTENTS

Page

Foreword 5

Section One. General

1.1 Scope -
1.2 Purpose

1.3 Definitions

1.4 Classification and ratings of fire extinguishers -

1.5 Classification of hazards-

1.6 General requirements -

Section Two. Selection of extinguishers

2.1 General requirements -

2.2 Selection by hazard -
Section Three. Distribution of extinguishers

3.1 General requirements -

3.2 Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class A hazards

3.3 Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class B fires

(excluding fires in flammable liquids of appreciable depth)

3.4 Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class B fires in

flammable liquids of appreciable depth -

3.5 Class B fire extinguishers for pressurized flammable liquids

and gas fires -

3.6 Cooking grease fires -

3.7 Three-dimensional Class B fires -
3.8 Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class C hazards

3.9 Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class D hazards

Section Four. Inspection, maintenance and recharging

4.1 General

4.2 Inspection -
4.3 Maintenance -
4.4 Recharging -
Section Five. Hydrostatic Testing

5.1 General 18

5.2 Frequency - 19

5.3 Testing pressures 19

5.4 Test equipment and procedures 20

APPENDICES

A. Ratings of commonly used fire extinguishers -

B. Maintenance procedures

C. General safety guidelines for recharging

D. Features of common types of extinguishers -

E. Hydrostatic test - Proof pressure test method -

TABLES

1. Minimum sizes of fire extinguishers for Class A hazards - 11

2. Travel distance to extinguishers for different hazards - 12

3. Requirements for recharging gases - 18

4. Hydrostatic test interval for extinguishers 19

FIGURES

1. Stored pressure powder extinguisher - 30

2. Stored pressure mechanical foam extinguisher - 30

3. Stored pressure halon extinguisher - 31

4. Stored pressure halon extinguisher with fixed nozzle - 31

5. Cartridge-operated water extinguisher - 32

6. Carbon dioxide extinguisher - 32

7. Hydrostatic testing of extinguisher bodies - Proof pressure test method - 34

 SINGAPORE STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

USE AND MAINTENANCE OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

FOREWORD

This Code of Practice was prepared by the Technical Committee for Code of Practice on the
Use and Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers under the direction of the Building and Construction
Industry Practice Committee. This Code covers the requirements and procedures on the selection,
installation, inspection, servicing, maintenance and recharging of portable fire extinguishers used in
buildings. It is intended to complement the Singapore Standard 232 : 1980 Specification for Portable
Fire Extinguishers and provide guidance to persons who need to use and/or maintain portable fire
extinguishers.

In addition to conforming to this Code, individuals or organizations servicing fire extinguishers

should familiarise themselves with other applicable legislations.

In preparing this code, reference was made to the following standards:

1. BS 5045 Transportable containers

Part 3 : 1984 Specification for seamless aluminium alloy gas
containers above 0.5 litre water capacity and up to 300 bar charged
pressure at 15C

2. BS 5306 Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises

Part 3 : 1985 Code of practice for selection, installation and
maintenance of portable fire extinguishers

3. BS 5423 : 1987 Specification for portable fire extinguishers

4. NFPA 10 - 1984 Portable fire extinguishers

5. SS 232 : 1980 Specification for portable fire extinguishers

6. Fire Precautions for Buildings 1982

Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the overseas publications and the
fire regulation.

NOTE

1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast of technological changes
and new technical develo~ments.The revisions of Sinaa~oreStandards are announced throuah -
the issue either of amendment slips or of revised ediiions.

2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
 SECTION ONE

GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

This Code covers the selection, installation, inspection, testing and maintenance of portable fire
extinguishers and the requirements given herein are minimum. Portable fire extinguishersare appliances
to be used as a first line of defence to cater for small fires. They are essential even if other forms of fire
protection equipment like hose reels, sprinklers and rising mains are installed in the premises.

1.2 PURPOSE

This Code is specially prepared to assist in selecting the proper extinguishers and to install and
maintain them correctly. The requirements are general in nature and are not intended to supersede the
specific requirements of relevant authority for specific occupancies.

The requirements of this Code are by no means the ultimate and may be replaced by new
technologies and better alternatives provided the degree of protection meets the requirement of the
relevant authority.

1.3 DEFINITIONS

1.3.1 The different types of fires are classified into Classes A, B, C and D and are defined as follows:

(a) Class A

Class A fires are fires involving the burning of ordinary combustible materials like wood,
paper, cloth, furnishing, plastics and rubber.

(b) Class B

Class B fires are fires involving flammable liquids, solvents, oils, paints, thinner and
flammable gases.

(c) Class C

Class C fires are fires involving live electrical equipment like electrical mains,
transformers and electrical appliances, etc and where extinguishing medium used must
be electrically n ~ n - ~ ~ n d ~ ~ t(Ifi v e
the
. electrical equipment is de-energized,
extinguishers for Classes A and B can be used.)

(d) Class D

Class D fires are fires involving combustible metals eg. potassium, magnesium, titanium,
sodium, lithium and zirconium.

1.3.2 Body (Or Extinguisher Body). The metal shell of an extinguisher, excluding all closures, safety
devices and pressure indicators, designed to contain the extinguishing medium, and including any skirt.
1.3.3 Inspection. lnspection is a "quick checK' that an extinguisher Is available and will operate.
It is intended to give reasonable assurance that the extinguisher is fully charged and operative. This is
done by seeing that it is in its designated place, that it has not been actuated or tampered with, and that
there is no obvious or physical damage or condition to prevent operation.

1.3.4 Maintenance. Maintenance is a 'thorough check" of the extinguisher. It is intended to give

maximum assurance that an extinguisher will operate effectively and safely. It includes a thorough
examination and any necessary repair or replacement. It will normally reveal the need for hydrostatic
testing.

1.3.5 Manufacturer's Test Pressure. The manufacturer's test pressure is the pressure at which the
body was tested at time of manufacture. This pressure is shown on the body in the case of carbon
dioxide extinguishers and on the permanent nameplate or label in the case of other types of
extinguishers.

1.3.6 Portable Extinguisher. An extinguisher which is designed to be carried and operated by hand
and which in working order has a mass of not more than 20 kg.

1.3.7 Occupancy. Occupancy refers to contents and activities in the buildings.

1.3.8 Operating Pressure. The pressure as indicated on the gauge and label.

1.3.9 Recharging. Recharging is the replacement of the extinguishing agent and also includes the
expellant for certain types of extinguishers.

1.3.10 Relevant Authority. Relevant authority is the organisation, office or individual responsible for
consenting to the use of the equipment, installation or a procedure.

1.3.11 Shall. lndicates a mandatory requirement.

1.3.12 Should. lndicates recommendations made.

1.4 CLASSIFICATION AND RATINGS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are classified for use on certain classes of fires and rated for relative
extinguishing effectiveness at ambient temperature. This is based upon the preceding classification of
fires and the fire-extinguishment potentials as determined by fire tests (refer to SS 232).

The classification and rating system described in this Code is based on extinguishing pre-
planned fires of determined size and description as follows:

Class A Rating - Wood crib

Class B Rating - Flammable liquid tray

Class C Rating - No fire test. Agent must be a non-conductor of electricity

Class D Rating - Special tests on specific combustible metal fires

(The carrying out of such tests and the rating of extinguisher shall be
the responsibility of the manufacturers.)
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS

1.5.1 Low Hazard. Where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present is such that fires
of small size may be expected and these may include offices, classrooms, places of worship, assembly
halls, telephone exchanges and domestic kitchens.

1.5.2 Medium Hazard. Where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present is such that
fires of moderate size may be expected and these may include storage and display area, motor
showrooms, covered car parks, light-industry premises, warehouses not classified as high hazard,
shopping areas, laboratories, small painting areas and commercial kitchens.

1.5.3 High Hazard. Where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present is such that fires
of severe magnitude may be expected and these may include exhibition areas, furniture showrooms,
wood working premises, vehicle repair workshops, aircraft hangars, warehouses with high-bay (4 m or
higher) storage and processes such as flammable liquid handling, paint and dipping.

1.6 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.6.1 The classification of extinguishers shall be in accordance with the definition of test fires and shall
consist of a LETTER which indicates the class of fire on which an extinguisher has been found to be
effective, preceded by a rating NUMERAL (Class A and B only) which indicates the relative extinguishing
effectiveness (refer to SS 232 for definitions of test fires).

1.6.2 ~xtin~uishers shall be conspicuously located in positions where they will be readily accessible
and immediately available in the event of fire. Preferably they shall be located near to room exits,
corridors, stairways, lobbies and landings. In large rooms, and in certain locations where visual
obstruction cannot be completely avoided, signs shall be provided to indicate the location.

1.6.3 Extinguishers provided to deal with special risks shall be sited near to the risk concerned, but
not too near as to be inaccessible in case of fire. If the special risk is contained in a confined space,
it is generally advisable to position the extinguisher outside that space.

1.6.4 Extinguishers shall not be located in places where they may be exposed to unduly corrosive
atmospheres or splashing by corrosive fluids.

1.6.5 Extinguishers shall be mounted on walls by the hangers or brackets supplied.

1.6.6 Cabinets, if permitted to house extinguishers, shall not be locked. Where extinguishers are
subject to malicious use, locked cabinets may be used provided they Include means of emergency
access eg. a glass-fronted box to house key to unlock fire extinguisher cabinet. Such key shall be
located next to the cabinet or as part of the cabinet.

1.6.7 If permitted by the relevant authority, free-standing extinguishers may be placed on shelves or
on the floor if these extinguishers are designed for such form of placement.

1.6.8 Extinguishers installed under conditions where they could be subject to dislodgement shall be
installed in brackets specifically designed to cope with this problem.

1.6.9 Extinguishers installed under conditions where they could be subject to physical damage shall
be protected from possible impact.
1.6.10 Extinguishers shall be installed so that the carrying handle of the extinguisher is not more than
1.50 m above the floor.

1.6.11 Operating instructions as in accordance with SS 232 shall be located on the front of the
extinguisher.

SECTION TWO

SELECTION OF EXTINGUISHERS

2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1.1 All extinguishers used shall comply with the requirements of SS 232 and approved by the
relevant authority.

2.1.2 The selection of extinguishers for a given situation shall be determined by the hazards
anticipated, the construction and occupancy (see 1.3.7) of individual property. (See Appendix A.) The
number, size and placement of extinguishers required shall be determined using Section Three.

2.2 SELECTION BY HAZARD

Extinguishers shall be seiected for the specific class or classes of hazards to be protected in
accordance with the following sub-divisions :

2.2.1 Extinguishers for protecting Class A hazards shall be selected from the following:

Water types, multi-purpose powder types, bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF/Halon 1211),

bromotrifluoromethane (BTM/Halon 1301) or foam types.

2.2.2 Extinguishers for protecting Class B hazards shall be selected from the following:

Powder, bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211), bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301),

carbon dioxide and mechanical foam such as aqueous film forming foam (AFFF).

NOTE 1. When used in open areas, the powder type is recommended since in the open both carbon dioxide gas and
(Halon 1211) gas are less efficient.
brom~chlor~difluoromethane

NOTE 2. Foam is generally unstable in the presence of powder and it is imperative that the two agents should Only be used
together when special compatible powders and/or foams are provided.

2.2.3 Extinguishers for protection of Class C hazards shall be seiected from the following:

Bromotrifluoromethane(Halon 1301),bromochlorodifluoromethane(Halon 121 I ) , carbondioxide

and powder types.

NOTE. Carbon dioxide extinguishers equipped with metal horns are not considered safe for use on fires in energized electrical
equipment and, therefore, are not classified for use on Class C hazards.

2.2.4 Extinguishers and extinguishing agents for the protection of Class D hazards shall be of types
approved for use on the specific combustible metal hazard.
2.2.5 Class B Fire Extinguishers For Pressurized Flammable Liquids And Gas Fires. Fires of this
nature are considered to be a special hazard. Powder type fire extinguishers are the only type of
extinguishers which may be effectively used on this type of hazard like outdoor LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) tanks. However bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) may also be used for small
fires involving LPG cylinders.

Selection of extinguishers for this type of hazard shall be made on the basis of
recommendations by manufacturers of this specialized equipment subject to the approval of the relevant
authority. Special nozzle design and rates of agent application are required to cope with such hazards.

2.2.6 Cooking Grease Fires. Fires involving liquified fat or oil in depth, such as fat fryers, are
considered to be a special hazard. Only powder type extinguishers containing sodium bicarbonate or
potassium bicarbonate have been proven effective on this hazard due to agent characteristics.
Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) extinguishers may also be used for smallerfires involving this
hazard.

2.2.7 Three-dimensional Class B Fires. A three-dimensional Class B fire involves Class B materials
in motion such as pouring, running, or dripping flammable liquids and generally includes vertical as well
as one or more horizontal surfaces.

Fire of this nature are considered to be a special hazard. The installation of fixed system should
be considered. Portable fire extinguishers shall be deemed insufficient to curb with a three-dimensional
Class B fire. However, adequate number of powder extinguishers should be provided in the vicinity of
the area containing such hazard to tackle any incipient fire.

2.2.8 Water Soluble Flammable Liquid Fires. Foam and AFFF type fire extinguishers shall not be
used for the protection of water soluble flammable liquids, such as alcohols, acetone, esters, ketones
etc. Only special types of foams recommended by manufacturers shall be used.

2.2.9 Electronic Equipment Fires. Extinguishers for the protection of delicate equipment shall be
selected from the following types:

(a) Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211);

(b) Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301);

(c) Carbon dioxide.

Caution: While use of other extinguishers and extinguishing agents may successfully
extinguish a fire in this equipment, their use may render the equipment damaged beyond repair.
Dry powder residue will probably not be able to be completely and immediately removed and
in addition, multi-purpose powder agent, when exposed to temperatures in excess of 250F
(121C) or relative humidity in excess of 50 percent, may cause corrosion.

SECTION THREE

DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINGUISHERS

3.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 The minimum number of fire extinguishers required for the protection of a given area shall be
in accordance with Section Three. Additional numbers may be added to upgrade the protection.
3.1.2 Fire extinguishers shall be provided for the protection of building structures as well as for
hazards pertaining to occupancies therein. The building structure, if combustible, shall be protected by
extinguishers suitable for Class A fires. Protection for the occupancy in that building shall be provided
by fire extinguishers suitable for Class A, 6, C or D fire potentials as may be present.

3.1.3 Areas to be protected shall be classified as low, medium or high hazard. Isolated small areas
within these hazards which occupancies differ shall be appropriately protected.

3.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER SIZE AND PLACEMENT FOR CLASS A HAZARDS

3.2.1 Extinguishers shall be located so that no person needs to travel more than 15 m to reach an
extinguisher.

3.2.2 Minimum sizes of fire extinguishersfor the listed grades of Class Afire hazards shall be provided
in accordance with Table 1, subject to the following:

(a) For the high hazard occupancy the minimum rating shall be 21A.

(b) There shall be at least one extinguisher of the minimum size on each storey/level of
buildings.

Table 1. Minimum sizes of fire extinguishers for Class A hazards

Z
Minimum Maximum floor area to be covered (m )
extinguisher
rating Low hazard Medium hazard High hazard
occupancy occupancy occupancy
3A 120 60
5A 200 100
8A 320 160
13A 520 260 -
21A 840 420 315
27A 1080 540 405
34A 1360 680 510
43A 1720 860 645
55A 2200 1100 825

NOTE. For each unit of "A", the maximum floor area to be covered is 40 mz for the low hazard occupancy, 20 m2 for the
medium hazard occupancy and 15 mZ for the high hazard occupancy.

3.2.3 Combination Of Sizes. In selecting the sizes of extinguishers to meet the requirements of
Table 1, consideration shall be given to the circumstances and the arrangement of the building or floor
space to be protected.

It is undesirable to choose to provide a small number of extinguishers of the highest rating or

a large number of extinguishers of the very low rating to make up the minimum aggregate required. For
example, it would be undesirable to meet a lOOA rating by providing 2 x 55A or 21 x 5A extinguishers.
One of the following combinations would be a better choice:
 8 x 13A extinguishers;
5 x 21A extinguishers;
4 x 27A extinguishers;
2 x 27A t 7 x 8A extinguishers; or
1 x 43A t 5 x 13A extinguishers.

NOTE. The travel distance from any point of the floor to the nearest extinguisher must not exceed 15 m. This means that
more extinguishers in addition to this minimum recommendation may have to be provided.

3.2.4 The protection requirements may be fulfilled by the provision of extinguishers of higher rating
provided that the maximum travel distance as in 3.2.1 is not exceeded.

3.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHER SlZE AND PLACEMENT FOR CLASS B FIRES (EXCLUDING FIRES
IN FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OF APPRECIABLE DEPTH)
(Appreciable depth refers to flammable liquid hazards having a depth greater than 8 mm.)

3.3.1 Extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed those
specified in Table 2. For various grades of hazards listed, the lowest rating of fire extinguishers provided
shall be as indicated in the table.

Table 2. Travel distance to extinguishers for different hazards

Type of hazard Basic minimum Maximum travel

extinguisher rating distance to extinguishers (m)

Low 88 3
138 5
348 10

Medium 708 15
High 1448 15

NOTE. The specified ratings do not imply that fires of the magnitudes indicated by these ratings will occur, but rather to give
the.operators more time and agent to handle difficult spill fires that may occur.

3.3.2 Combination of extinguishers of lower ratings may be used to fulfill the protection requirements
of Table 2 for high hazard type only. Such combination shall be limited to a maximum of three
extinguishers of individual rating 218 or higher.

3.4 FIRE EXTINGUISHER SlZE AND PLACEtJlENT FOR CLASS B FIRES IN FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS OF APPRECIABLE DEPTH
(Appreciable depth refers to flammable liquid hazards having a depth greater than 8 mm.)

3.4.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall not be installed as the sole protection for flammable liquid
hazards of appreciable depth where the surface area exceeds 1 m2.

NOTE. Fuel depth has little effect on ease of extinction until the fuel depth is less than about 8 mm, when fires become easier
to ext'ng~ishthe less the depth. Ease of extinction then becomes more a fdncton of voldme of fuel than area of fire "rider
normal circ~mstancesspillage may be expected to spreaa to any depth dp to a m:n'mum o f , say, 1 mm. Spi lage to a depth
of 1 m m of, for example, petrol could be expected to burn itself out in less than 0.5 minute afler ignition. Under these
circumstances, extinguishers would be required only for any secondary fires, as the time available to attack the original spill
fire would be so short.
3.4.2 For flammable liquid hazards of appreciable depth such as in dip or quench tanks, a Class B
fire extinguisher shall be provided as follows:

(0 34Bfor sutface area not exceeding 0.5 m2

(ii) 708 for surface area not exceeding 1 m2

3.4.3 Travel distances for portable extinguishers shall not exceed 7 m.

Scattered or widely separated hazards shall be individually protected. An extinguisher in the

proximity of a hazard shall be carefully located so as to be accessible in the presence of a fire without
undue danger to the operator.

3.5 CLASS B FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR PRESSURIZED FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AND GAS
FIRES

Travel distances for hand portable extinguishers used to protect pressurized flammable liquids
or gas hazards shall not exceed 7 m.

Caution: It is undesirable to attempt to extinguish this type of fire unless there is reasonable
assurance that the source of fuel can be promptly shut off.

3.6 COOKING GREASE FIRES

An extinguisher which uses one of the agents specified in 2.2.6 and has at least a rating of 70B
shall be selected for this type of hazard.

As for bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) extinguishers which are normally

recommended for domestic kitchens, they should have a minimum rating of 8B.

Such extinguishers shall be located at a safe distance away from the potential hazard area and
shall have a travel distance of not more than 7 m.

3.7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CLASS B FIRES

The travel distance for portable fire extinguishersprovided for three-dimensional Class B hazards
shall not exceed 7 m.

3.8 FIRE EXTINGUISHER SIZE AND PLACEMENT FOR CLASS C HAZARDS

Extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where energized electrical equipment may
be encountered. This will include fire either directly involving or surrounding electrical equipment. Since
the fire itself is a Class A and/or Class B hazard, this Class Cfire extinguishers shall be sized and
located on the basis of the anticipated Class A and/or Class B hazards.

NOTE. Electrical equipment should be de-energized as soon as possible to prevent reignition

3.9 FIRE EXTINGUISHER SIZE AND PLACEMENT FOR CLASS D HAZARDS

Extinguishers or extinguishing agents with Class D ratings shall be provided for fires involving
combustible metals.

Extinguishing equipment shall be located in the vicinity of the Class D hazard.

Size and determination shall be on the basis of the specific combustible metal, its physical
particle size, area to be covered and recommendations on data from control tests conducted by the
extinguisher manufacturer, subject to the approval of the relevant authority.

SECTION FOUR

INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND RECHARGING

4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 This section is concerned with the rules governing inspection, maintenance and recharging of
extinguishers. These factors are of prime importance in ensuring operation at the time of a fire.

4.1.2 The owner or occupant of a property in which ektinguishers are located shall be responsible for
such inspection, maintenance and recharging.

4.1.3 Inspection is normally performed by the owner or occupant, or any designated responsible
personnel.

4.1.4 Maintenance and recharging shall be performed by trained persons of an approved organisation
authorised by the relevant authority and having available the proper types of tools, recharge materials,
lubricants, and manufacturer's recommended replacement parts.

4.2 INSPECTION (see 1.3.3)

4.2.1 Frequency Of Inspection. It is recommended that extinguisher should be inspected monthly,

or at more frequent intelvals when the following circumstances exist:

(a) High frequency of fires in the past;

(b) Severe hazards;

(c) Susceptibility to tampering, vandalism, or malicious mischief;

(d) Possibility of, or experience with, theft of extinguishers;

(e) Locations that make extinguishers susceptible to mechanical injury;

(9 Possibility of visible or physical obstructions;

(g) Exposure to abnormal temperatures or corrosive atmospheres;

(h) Characteristics of extinguishers, such as susceptibility to leakage.

4.2.2 Inspection Procedures. Periodic inspection of extinguishers shall include a check of at least
the following items:

(a) Located in its designated place;

(b) No obstruction to access or visibility;

(c) Operating instructions on the extinguisher label legible and facing outward;

(d) Seals and tamper indicators not broken or missing;

(e) Determine fullness by weighing or "hefting';

(9 Examine for obvious physical damage, corrosion, leakage or clogged nozzle;

(g) Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operative range or position.

4.2.3 Corrective Action. When an inspection of any extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the
conditions listed in (a) and (b) of 4.2.2, immediate corrective action shall be taken.

4.2.3.1 Rechargeable extinguisher. When an inspection of any rechargeable extinguisher reveals a

deficiency in any of the conditions listed in (c), (d), (e), (9 and (g) of 4.2.2, it shall be subjected to
applicable maintenance procedures.

4.2.3.2 Non-rechargeable extinguisher. When an inspection of any non-refillable disposable

extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in (c), (e), (9 and (g) of 4.2.2, it shall be
discharged and removed from setvice.

4.2.4 Record Keeping

4.2.4.1 Personnel making an inspection should keep records for those extinguishers that were found
to require corrective actions.

4.2.4.2 The date of inspection and the initials of the person performing the inspection should be
recorded.

4.3 MAINTENANCE (see 1.3.4)

4.3.1 Frequency Of Maintenance. Extinguishers shall be subjected to maintenance not more than
one year apart or when specifically indicated by an inspection. Maintenance procedures shall be
performed in accordance with 4.3.2.

Extinguishers taken away for maintenance or recharge shall have in replacement, extinguishers
of the same type and at least equal rating.

4.3.2 Maintenance Procedures. Maintenance procedures shall include a thorough examination of

the three basic elements of an extinguisher:

(a) Mechanical parts;

 (b) Extinguishing agent; and

(c) Means of expulsion.

Exception: It is not necessary during the annual maintenance to internally examine stored pressure extinguishers equipped
with pressure indicators or gauges or carbon dioxide extinguishers. However, such extinguishersshall be thoroughly examined
externally in accordance with the applicable items of 4.3.2(a).

Detail maintenance procedures are described in Appendix B.

4.3.3 Record Keeping. Each extinguisher shall have a tag or label securely attached that indicates
the month and year the maintenance was performed and shall identify the person and organisation
performing the service. The same record tag or label shall indicate if recharging was also performed.

4.3.3.1 In addition to the required tag or label (see 4.3.3), a permanent file record should be kept for
each extinguisher. This file record should include the following information as applicable:

(a) The maintenance date and the name of person or agency performing the maintenance;

(b) The date when last recharged and the name of person or agency performing the
recharge;

(c) The hydrostatic retest date and the name of person or agency performing the
hydrostatic test;

(d) The date of the next recharge

4.3.3.2 Labels indicating inspection, maintenance, hydrostatic retests, and recharge dates shall not be
placed over the operating instructions of the extinguisher.

4.4 RECHARGING (see 1.3.9)

4.4.1 General. All extinguishers shall be recharged after use or as indicated by an inspection or
when performing maintenance. When performing the recharging, the recommendations of the
manufacturers shall be followed. For recharge chemicals, see 4.4.3.1. (Refer to Appendix C for general
safety guidelines for recharging.)

4.4.2 Frequency Of Recharging. All extinguishers shall be completely emptied and recharged at
intervals as follows:

(a) Every 25 years water (stored pressure)

chemical foam
mechanical foam (gas cartridge)
mechanical foam (stored pressure)

(b) Every 5 years water (gas cartridge)

powder (gas cartridge)
powder (stored pressure)

(c) Every 10 years carbon dioxide

halon 1301
halon 1211
4.4.3 Recharging Procedures. The procedure specified in BS 6643 : Part 1 and as detailed by the
manufacturer should be followed.

Before recharging, the extinguisher should be emptied and the extinguishing medium discarded.
Water and foam extinguishers should be thoroughly washed out with clean water but on no account
should this procedure be applied to powder, halon or carbon dioxide extinguishers, which have to be
kept completely free of water. Cartridges more than 10 years from date of manufacture shall be
replaced.

4.4.3.1 Recharge chemicals. Only those materials specified by the manufacturer or the equivalent
shall be used. Tests should be conducted to assure equal performance.

NOTE 1. Powder refills should only be opened immediately before use, and bulk refills should be resealed immediately after
use, to reduce the possibility of contamination or absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.

NOTE 2. The recommended filling densities for halon 1211, halon 1301 and carbon dioxide are 1.668, 1.51 and 0.667
respectively.

4.4.3.2 Mixing of agents. Mixing or cross-contamination of different types of powder shall be avoided.

NOTE. Some types of powder are capable of reacting with other types to produce water and carbon dioxide. This reaction
often does not become apparent until after a delay of weeks during which no apparent reaction occurs. The water causes
caking and, in a closed container the carbon dioxide causes a pressure rise that might be dangerous.

4.4.3.3 Replacement pressure gauges shall be compatible with the extinguisher in terms of its operating
pressure range, empty-full markings, material of the valve body and the type of extinguishing agent.

4.4.3.4 Precautionary pressurization measures. A rechargeable stored pressure type extinguisher

shall be pressurized only to the charging pressure specified on the extinguisher nameplate. A regulated
source of pressure, set no higher than 200 kPa above the operating pressure, shall be used to
pressurize fire extinguishers.

NOTE. An unregulated source of pressure such as a nitrogen cylinder without a pressure regulator, should never be used
because the extinguisher could be overpressurized and possibly rupture.

4.4.3.5 Pressurizing gas. For stored pressure powder and halon type fire extinguishers, the
pressurizing gas used can be compressed air, nitrogen, argon or helium and shall have a moisture
content of not more than 80 ppm by volume.

4.4.3.6 Conversion of extinguisher types. No extinguisher shall be converted from one type to
another, nor shall any extinguisher be converted to use a different type of extinguishing agent.

4.4.3.7 Removal of moisture. For all non-water types of extinguishers any moisture shall be removed
before recharging. This can be done by purging with dry gas or evacuating with a vacuum pump.

Caution: Moisture within non-water type extinguisher creates both a serious corrosion hazard
to the extinguisher body and a probably inoperative extinguisher.

4.4.3.8 Recharging water types. When recharging stored pressure extinguishers, overfilling will result
in improper discharge. The proper amount of liquid agent shall be determined by using one of the
following:

(a) Exact measurement in litres, or by weight;

(b) Use of an anti-overfill tube when provided; or

(c) Use oi a fill mark on extinguisher body, if provided

4.4.3.9 Carbon dioxide and halon gas recharging. The recharging gases used shall comply with
the minimum requirements specified in Table 3.

Table 3. Requirements for recharging gases

Gases Carbon Dioxide Halon 1211 Halon 1301

Purity in vapour 99.5% 99.0% 99.6%
phase (v/v)

Moisture (ppmv) 240 180 80

Acidity [ppm (m)] 3.0 3.0

oil [ P P ~
(m)l 5

4.4.3.10 Leak test. After recharging, a leak test shall be performed on stored pressure and self-
expelling types.

SECTION FIVE

HYDROSTATIC TESTING

5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 Hydrostatic testing shall be performed by persons having practical knowledge of pressure testing
procedures and safeguards and having available suitable testing- equipment and facilities. Such persons
~~

shall be employed b; an organisatioithat is approved by the relevant authority.

5.1.2 If, at any time, an extinguisher shows evidence of corrosion or mechanical damage, it shall be
hydrostatically tested, subject to the provisions of 5.1.3.

5.1.3 Examination Of Extinguisher Body Condition. When an extinguisher body has one or more
conditions listed in this subdivision, it shall not be hydrostatically tested but shall be destroyed by the
owner or at his direction:

(a) When there exists repair by soldering, welding, brazing or use of patching compounds;

(b) When the extinguisher body threads are damaged;

(c) When there exists corrosion that has caused pitting such as hidden areas under
removable nameplate band assemblies shall be examined;

(d) When there is evidence that the extinguisher has been burnt;

(e) When a calcium chloride type of extinguishing agent was used in a stainless steel
extinguisher.
5.2 FREQUENCY

Extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested at intervals not exceeding those specified in Table 4.

Table 4. Hydrostatic test interval for extinguishers

Extinguisher type Test interval

(Years)

Cartridge operated water 5

Stored pressure water 5

Foam 5

AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) 5

Powder type with stainless steel body 5

Carbon dioxide 10

Powder type, stored pressure, with mild steel shells or 5

aluminium body

Powder type, cartridge or cylinder operated, with mild steel 5

body

Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) 10

Bromotrfluoromethane (Halon 1301) 10

5.2.1 Hose Assemblies. A hydrostatic test shall be performed on extinguisher hose assemblies
which are equipped with a shut-off nozzle at the end of the hose. The test interval shall be the same
as specified for the extinguisher on which the hose is installed.

5.3 TESTING PRESSURES

5.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers. Carbon dioxide extinguishers shall be tested to the test
pressure as stamped on the body.

5.3.2 Stored Pressure Types. All stored pressure and bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211)
types of extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested at the manufacturer's test pressure (see 1.3.5). The
&sting pressure shall not exceed the manufacturer's test pressure.

5.3.3 Self-generating And Cartridge Operated Types

5.3.3.1 Self-generating foam extinguishers of stainless steel construction and cartridge operated water
type extinguishers of stainless steel construction shall be hydrostatically tested at 2.4 MPa.
5.3.3.2 Cartridge operated powder extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested at their original
manufacturer's test pressure as shown on the extinguisher body.

5.3.4 Test Pressure For Hose Assemblies. The hose assemblies for all extinguishers requiring a
hydrostatic test shall be tested at the same pressure as that of the body.

NOTE. The test should be carried out within a protective device.

5.4 TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

5.4.1 General

5.4.1.1 Air or gas pressure shall not be used for pressure testing. The failure of an extinguisher body
may be violent and dangerous.

5.4.1.2 When extinguisher bodies or cartridges fail a hydrostatic test, they shall be destroyed by the
owner or at his direction.

5.4.2 Testing Standards. The equipment and procedures for hydrostatic testing of cylinders with
water capacity of 1 litre and above shall be in accordance with either:

(a) Singapore Standard CP 12 : Part 1 - for seamless steel cylinders

(b) British Standard 5430 : Part 2 - for welded steel cyiinders

or (c) British Standard 5430 : Part 3 - for seamless aluminium alloy cylinders

whichever is applicable.

For cylinders or cartridges smaller than 1 litre water capacity, these are covered only as far as
it is practicable to apply the requirements of the standards to them.

5.4.3 Testing Methods. A few testing methods are described in the standards stated in 5.4.2. The
preferred method, which is also the only method common to all 3 standards, is the proof pressure test
method.

5.4.4 Test Equipment And Procedures. The test equipment and procedure for the proof pressure
test method shall be as described in Appendix E.
 APPENDIX A

RATINGS OF COMMONLY USED FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Type Capacity Rating

Bromochlorodifluoremethane 1.5 kg 3A/8B

(Halon 121 1) 2.5 kg 5A/13B
4.5 kg 8A/21 B
5.5 kg 13A/34B
ABC Powder (Mono Ammonia Base) 1 kg 3A/13B
2.5 kg 8A/21B
4.5 kg 13A/34B
6 kg 21A/55B
9 kg 21A/70B
BC Powder (Potassium Bicarbonate) 1 kg -/21B
BC Powder (Sodium Bicarbonate) 9 kg -/70B
Carbon Dioxide 2.2 kg -/8B
4.5 kg -/21B
Water 9 litre 13A/-
Foam (AFFF) 9 litre 13A/34B
Foam (Fluoro Protein) 9 litre 8A/34B

NOTE. The above table shows the common types of extinguishers with their corresponding capacities and ratings. The ratings
are the minimum ratings to which the extinguishers are to be tested. However high ratings may be given if the particular
extinguisher can pass the test of that higherrating.
 APPENDIX Ei

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

For convenience, the following check lists are organized into two parts. The first is arranged
by mechanical parts (components and containers) common to most extinguishers. The second is
arranged by extinguishing material and expelling means and involves a description of the problems
peculiar to each agent.

6.1 -
CHECKLIST AND CORRECTIVE ACTION MECHANICAL PARTS

Mechanical Parts. Any parts needed for replacement should be obtained from the manufacturer

Part Items to check Corrective action

Label 1. Illegible wording 1. Clean or replace

2. Corrosion or loose label 2. Inspect body under label

for corrosion and refix
label

Body 1. Hydrostatic test date or 1. Retest if expired

date of manufacture

2. Corrosion 2. Hydrostatic test and

repaint; or discard

3. Mechanical damage 3. Hydrostatic test and

(denting or abrasion) repaint; or discard

4. Paint condition 4. Clean and repaint

5. Evidence of previous 5. Discard or consult

repairs (welding, manufacturer
soldering, brazing, etc)

6. Damaged threads 6. Discard or consult

(corroded, cross- manufacturer
threaded, or worn)

7. Damaged sealing surface 7. Clean, repair, and leak

(nicks or corrosion) test; or discard

8. Broken hanger 8. Discard or consult

attachment, carrying manufacturer
handle lug
.
 Part Items to check Corrective action

Nozzle or Horn 1. Brittle, deformed, damaged 1. Replace

or cracked

2. Blocked openings 2. Clear blockage

3. Damaged threads (corroded, 3. Replace

cross-threaded or worn)

Hose Assembly 1. Punctured, cracked or worn 1. Replace

hose

2. Cracked or corroded 2. Replace

couplings

3. Cracked or corroded swivel 3. Replace

joint

4. Damaged threads (corroded, 4. Replace

cross-threaded or worn)

5. Hose cut at couplings 5. Repair or replace

6. Clogged or deformed hose 6. Clear blockage or replace

Valve Safety Device 1. Damaged (corroded, bent or 1. Repair and lubricate; or replace
seized)

2. Missing 2. Replace

Gauge or Other 1. Damaged, jammed or 1. Depressurize and replace gauge

Pressure Indicating missing pointer
Device
2. Illegible or faded dial 2. Depressurize and replace gauge

3. Corrosion 3. Depressurize and check

calibration, clean and repaint; or
replace gauge

4. Dented casing or defaced, 4. Depressurize and check

broken or cracked cover calibration; or replace gauge

5. Jammed or corroded 5. Depressurize and replace head

pressure-indicating stem assembly, or body whichever
(non-gauge type) appropriate.
 Part Items to check Corrective action

Body Valve 1. Corroded, damaged or 1. Depressurize, check

jammed lever, handle, spring, freedom of movement, and
stem, or fastener joint repair; or replace

2. Damaged outlet threads

(corroded, cross-threaded, or 2. Depressurize and replace
worn)

Nozzle Shut-off Valve 1. Corroded, damaged, jammed 1. Repair and lubricate; or

or binding lever, spring, stem, replace
or fastener joint

2. Clogged, deformed or
corroded nozzle 2. Clean or replace

Puncture Mechanism 1. Darnaged jammed or binding 1. Replace

puncture lever, stem or
fastener joint

2. Blunt or damaged cutting or 2. Replace

puncture pin

3. Damaged threads (corroded, 3. Replace

cross-threaded, or worn)

Gas Cartridge 1. Corrosion 1. Replace

2. Damaged seal disc 2. Replace cartridge

3. Damaged threads (corroded. 3. Replace cartridge

cross-threaded, or worn)

4. Illegible weight markings 4. Replace cartridge

Head Cap 1. Corroded, cracked or broken 1. Replace

2. Damaged threads (corroded, 2. Replace

cross-threaded or worn)

3. Damaged sealing surface 3. Clean, repair and leak test;

(nicked, deformed or or replace
corroded)

4. Blocked vent hole or slot 4. Clear blockage

 Part Items to check Corrective action

Carrying Handle 1. Broken handle lug 1. Replace shell or valve

(integral part of shell or
valve)

2. Broken handle 2. Replace

3. Corroded, jammed or 3. Clean or replace

worn fastener joint

Pressurizing Valve 1. Leaking seals 1. Depressurize and replace

valve or core

Gasket " 0 Ring and Seals 1. Damaged (cut, cracked 1. Replace and lubricate
or worn)

2. Missing 2. Replace and lubricate

3. Aged or weathered 3. Replace and lubricate

(compression set, brittle,
cracked)

Brackets 1. Corroded, worn or bent 1. Repair and repaint; or

replace

2. Loose or binding fit 2. Adjust or replace

3. Worn, loose, corroded or 3. Tighten or replace

missing screw or bolt

Gas Tube and Siphon Tube 1. Corroded, dented, 1. Replace

cracked or broken

2. Blocked tube or clogged 2. Clear blockage or replace

openings in tube

Safety Relief Device 1. Corroded or damaged 1. Depressurize and replace

2. Broken, operated or 2. Depressurize and replace;

clogged or repair
8.2 -
CHECKLIST AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS EXPELLING MEANS AND EXTINGUISHING
AGENT

Self-expelling Type

Agent Part/Checkpoints Corrective action

Carbon Dioxide 1. Incorrect weight 1. Recharge to correct

weight .

2. Broken or missing 2. Conduct leak test and

tamper indicator weigh, recharge or replace
indicator

Bromotrifluoromethane 1. Punctured cylinder seal 1. Replace extinguisher body

(Halon 1301) disc

2. Incorrect weight 2. Replace body or return to

manufacturer for filling

3. Broken or missing 3. Examine cylinder seal

tamper indicator disc, replace indicator

Gas Cartridge Type

Agent Part/Checkpoints Corrective action

Powder 1. Incorrect weight or 1. Refill to correct weight

charge level

2. Contaminated, caked or 2. Empty and refill

wrong agent

3. Cartridge condition

(a) Punctured seal disc (a) Replace seal disc and refill
cartridge to correct weight
or replace

(b) Incorrect weight (b) Replace seal disc and refill

cartridge to correct weight
or replace

(c) Broken or missing (c) Examine seal disc and

tamper indicator replace indicator
 Agent Part/Checkpoints Corrective action

WaterIMechanical Foam 1. Recharging date due 1. Empty, clean and recharge

2. Incorrect fill level 2. Refill to correct level

3. Agent condition 3. Empty and refill

(presence of precipitate
or foreign material, dirty
or cloudy)

4. Broken cartridge seal 4. Replace seal disc and refill

disc cartridge to correct weight
or replace

5. lncorrect cartridge weight 5. Replace seal disc and refill

cartridge to correct weight
or replace

6. Broken or missing 6. Examine seal disc and

tamper indicator replace indicator

Stored Pressure Type

Agent PartICheckpoints Corrective action

Powder 1. Refillable type

(a) lncorrect extinguisher (a) Refill to correct weight

weight

(b) Incorrect gauge (b) Repressurize and conduct

pressure leak test

(c) Broken or missing (c) Leak test and replace

tamper indicator indicator

Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1. Broken or missing 1. Weigh, conduct leak test,

(Halon 1211) tamper indicator and replace indicator

2. lncorrect gauge pressure 2. Weigh, repressurize and

conduct leak test

3. Incorrect weight 3. Conduct leak test and refill

to correct weight
-
 Agent Part/Checkpoints Corrective action

Water 1. Incorrect fill level (by 1. Refill to correct level

weight or observation)

2. lncorrect gauge pressure 2. Repressurize and leak test

3. Broken or missing 3. Conduct leak test and

tamper indicator replace indicator

Mechanical Foam 1. Recharging date due 1. Empty, clean and recharge

2. Incorrect fill level (by 2. Empty and recharge with

weight or observation) new solution

3. Agent condition 3. Empty and refill

(presence of precipitate
or foreign material)

4. lncorrect gauge pressure 4. Repressurize and leak test

5. Broken or missing 5. Conduct leak test and

tamper indicator replace indicator
 APPENDIX C

GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR RECHARGING

The general safety guidelines for recharging extinguishers are as follows :

(a) Make sure all pressure is vented from extinguisher before attempting to remove valve.

Warning. Do not depend on pressure indicating devices to tell 1 extinguisher is under

pressure as they could malfunction.

(b) Use proper recharge materials in the refilling of an extinguisher. Mixing of some
extinguishing agents could cause a chemical reaction resulting in a dangerous pressure
build-up in the extinguisher.

(c) All sealing components should be cleaned and properly lubricated to prevent leakage
after recharge.

(d) Check pressure indicating device to ascertain that it is reading properly,

(e) Most manufacturers recommend the use of dry nitrogen as an expellant gas for stored
pressure extinguishers. Do not set charging pressure regulator setting to more than
200 kPa above operating pressure as per 4.4.3.4 so as to prevent gauge damage.

Warning. Never connect the extinguisher to be charged directly to the high pressure
source. Connecting directly to the high pressure source could cause the extinguisher
to rupture, resulting in injury to persons. Never leave an extinguisher connected to the
regulator of a high pressure source for an extended period of time. A defective
regulator could cause the extinguisher to rupture due to excess pressure.

(9 Pressure regulators should be regularly checked and s e ~ i c e din accordance with

manufacturer's test procedures.

(g) Use the manufacturer's recommended charging adaptor to prevent damage to valve
and its components.

(h) When recharging cartridge type extinguishers, make sure the cap is in place and
tightened down. Replace all safety devices prior to installing replacement cartridges.

(i) To ensure proper operation, only those gas cartridges recommended by the
manufacturer should be used. Cartridge features such as pressure relief, puncturing
capabilities, fill density and thread compatability are designed to specific functional
requirements.

0') Use proper safety seals; as other types such as meter seals may not break at the
prescribed requirements.
 APPENDIX D

FEATURES OF COMMON TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS

Discharge lever

Pressure gauge
Carrying handle

Hose

Powder

Syphon tube
Horn

Body

Figure 1. Stored pressure powder extinguisher

'essure gauge
- Discharge lever

Carrying handle

Anti-overfill tube

Body

Air aspirating
foam nozzle Premixed solution

Figure 2. Stored pressure mechanical foam extinguisher

30
 Discharge lever
Pressure gauge
Carrying handle

Hose

Halon

Syphon tube
Horn

Body

Figure 3. Stored pressure halon extinguisher

Discharge lever
Nozzle Pressure gauge

Carrying handle

Halon

Syphon tube

Body

Figure 4. Stored pressure halon extinguisher with fixed nozzle

31
 Discharge lever
Safety pin
Carrying handle

Neck ring

water
Hose

Carbon dioxide
gas cartridge

Nozzle Syphon tube

Filter
Skirting

Figure 5. Cartridge-operated water extinguisher

Release hand

Figure 6. Carbon dioxide extinguisher

32
 APPENDIX E

-
HYDROSTATIC TEST PROOF PRESSURE TEST METHOD

E.l TEST EQUIPMENT

The schematic diagram of the test equipment set up is shown in Figure 7

The following requirements shall apply:

(a) All rigid pipework, flexible tubing, valves, fittings and components forming the pressure
system of the test equipment shall be capable of withstanding a minimum pressure of
not less than two times the hydrostatic test pressure of the extinguisher body
undergoing testing.

The equipment shall have no leakage. There shall be no air trapped in the equipment
or extinguisher body under testing. The maximum applied test pressure shall be the
manufacturer's test pressure (see 1.3.5) marked on the extinguisher body.

(b) Pressure gauges used shall be manufactured and maintained in accordance with
BS 1780 or any accepted equivalent. They shall be tested at regular intervals in any
case not less frequently than once per month.

(c) The test medium shall be water delivered by a high pressure water pump.

E.2 TEST PROCEDURE

(a) All test equipment shall be checked to ensure good condition before commencement
of each test.

(b) Extinguisher body undergoing test shall be checked to ensure no residual gas and the
external surfaces of the extinguisher shall be completely clean and dry.

(c) Only extinguisher bodies having the same hydrostatic test pressure shall be tested
together.

(d) To commence testing, the applied hydrostatic pressure shall be gradually increased
until the normal filling pressure is reached. This pressure is then maintained for 30
seconds, to conduct a check on the extinguisher body. If no leakage, defect or
deformation is observed, the hydrostatic pressure shall then be increased to the
manufacturer's test pressure (as marked on the extinguisher body or label) and shall
be maintained at this pressure for a minimum of 2 minutes.

(e) Under these test conditions, the extinguisher body shall not show any sign of leakage,
defect or visible deformation.

(f) If there is any leakage in the pressure system, it shall be corrected and the extinguisher
body shall be retested.

(g) An extinguisher body is deemed unsuitable for further service if it leaks, ruptures, or
shows evidence of bad dents, corroded areas or other conditions that indicate possible
weakness which would render the extinguisher body unfit for service.
Standards referred t o i n this Code :

BS 1780 : 1985 Specification for bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges

BS 5430 : - Specification for periodic inspection, testing and maintenance of transportable

gas containers (excluding dissolved acetylene containers)
Part 2 : 1977 We!ding steel containers of water capacity 1 litre up to
130 litres
Part 3 : 1980 Seamless aluminium alloy containers

BS 6643 : - Recharging fire extinguishers (manufactured to BS 5423 "Specification for

portable fire extinguishers")
Part 1 : 1985 Specification for procedure and materials

SS 232 : 1980 Specification for portable fire extinguishers

SSCP12:- Code of practice for filling, inspection, testing and maintenance

Part 1 : 1980 Seamless metal containers for gases, excluding dissolved
acetylene
 SINGAPORE INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

The Singapore lnstitute of Standards and Industrial Research (SISIR) was incorporated as an
independent statutory body in October 1973 in accordance with an Act of Parliament, the Singapore
lnstitute of Standards and Industrial Research Act (Chapter 301). Its role is to promote and upgrade the
quality and technology levels of Singapore industries.

One of the functions of SlSlR is the establishment of a national standardisation programme to

support industrialisation in Singapore. The lnstitute is vested with the authority to appoint, with the
approval of the Minister, a Standards Council to advise on the preparation, publication and promulgation
of Singapore Standards, and promotion of their adoption. Standards are in the form of specifications
for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of testing, nomenclature, etc. The standards are
drawn up by the various Technical Committees appointed by the Product Standards Committees (for
product standards) or the Practice Committees (for codes of practice), the final approval body being the
Standards Council.

. .
To ensure adeauate re~resentationof all view~ointsin the reo oar at ion of standards. all
Committees appointed consist of ;epresentatives from varidus interest groups which include ~overnment
agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations.

SlSlR also operates a national product certification scheme. The lnstitute is the owner of the
Certification Mark shown below. This Mark can be used only by manufacturers licensed under the
Scheme in accordance with the SlSlR (CertificationMark) Regulations, 1987. The presence of this Mark
on a product with the inscription "Certified to Singapore Standard" is an assurance that the product has
been produced to comply with requirements of the relevant Singapore Standard under a system of
supervision, control and testing operated during manufacture and including regular inspection at the
manufacturer's premises.

Besides being engaged in standardisation and certification work, SlSlR is involved in several
other programmes and activities in support of its mission. These include quality promotion; laboratory
accreditation; inspection and testing services; training and consultancy; calibration; patent and other
technical information services; and research and development work.

For further information on SlSlR setvices and activities, please write to:

SlSlR
P O Box 1128
Kent Ridge
Singapore 9111
 IMPORTANT NOTICE

If you wish to be notified of any changes in the Singapore Standard, please complete
and return this form to:

SlSlR Library
Singapore Institute of Standards
and Industrial Research
P O Box1128
Kent Ridge
Singapore 91 1 1

Please print
clearly
full name
and address