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WATT-HOUR METER MAINTENANCE and TESTING PDF
WATT-HOUR METER MAINTENANCE and TESTING PDF
AND TECHNIQUES
Volume 3-10
WATT-HOUR METER
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
WATT-HOUR METER MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
Volume 3-10
CONTENTS
Section Page
I. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.4. Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6. Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.8. Detents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.3. Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.2. Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.3. Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Metering Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
a. Routing Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
b. Precise Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
c. Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
a. Minimum Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
b. Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
a. Warmup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
b. Final Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
e. Permissible Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
f. Comparison of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
B. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
A-8. Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Section Page
A-9. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A-10. Preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
a. Instrument Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
b. Warmup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
e. Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
h. Permissible Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
A-13. Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
a. Inspection Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
d. Watt-hour-demand Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A-14. Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A-15. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
a. Instruction Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
c. Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
b. Descriptive Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
d. Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
a. Instruction Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
b. Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
a. General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
b. Instruction Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
c. Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
a. Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
b. Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure Page
current transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16 Single-phase varmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
comparison method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figure 2
the meter, the rotating element would is not shown. The moving element
travel at a relatively high speed. The consists of an aluminum disk on a shaft.
necessary retarding action is provided by The bottom bearing may be either of two
a magnetic brake consisting of a types two cupped jewels with a steel ball
permanent magnet operating on the between or a cone- shaped pivot on the
aluminum disk. This retarding action is shaft which rotates in a cupped jewel
adjustable and is known as the "full load" bearing. The top bearing is usually a
meter adjustment. Two methods of varying hardened steel needle-like pin fitting
the braking effect of the magnet are in loosely inside the hollow shaft.
common use. The first is to adjust the
position of the magnet; moving it outward 3.7. MULTIELEMENT METERS.
radially toward the edge of the disk Multielement meters usually consist of
increases the braking effect and additional elements stacked vertically,
decreases speed and registration. In the with two or more disks on the same
second method, the magnet is fixed, and shaft, although meters may be eh-
the braking effect is adjusted by a magnet countered which have more than one
shunt which bypasses part of the magnet electromagnet system acting on the
flux of the permanent magnet, as shown in same disk. Usually there is a set of
Figure 5. permanent magnets per disk, but they
may not all be capable of adjustment.
3.6. BEARINGS. Figure 4 shows the
basic mechanical arrangement and re 3.7.1. Balance adjustment. - In
lationship of the moving element, bearings, multielement meters, an adjustment
permanent magnets, and electro-magnet. must be provided to equalize the
The register which is geared to the shaft torque of the various elements. This
is the "balance" adjustment and may
be a magnetic shunt or a means of
adjusting the position of the whole
element radially with respect to the
disk.
on the dial face and may or may not One revolution of the rotating disk ele
take into account the instrument ment of the meter is equal to Kh watt-
transformer ratios. Registers should be hours. The number of revolutions of the
standardized as much as possible to rotating disk element for one revolution
eliminate the stocking of spares. of the first dial pointer is equal to the
gear ratio, Rg, and therefore one
3.10 PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY revolution of the first dial pointer will
CONSTANTS. At this point, a word of represent:
caution is in order. If the meter were rated
for use with instrument transformers, as Kh x Rg watt-hours, or
indicated by data on the nameplate, the
watt-hour constant (Kh) and register Kh x Rg
constant (Kr) as marked on the meter or kilowatt-hours.
1,000
Kr =
meters. In the case of 15- or 50-ampere 10 x 1,000
meters, such as might be found in
Government camp service, the "secondary" and
Kh would be large. It is also possible that
installations will be found where meters are
Kr x 10,000
operating with instrument transformers of Rg =
different ratios than originally intended. For Kh
this reason, when checking it is
recommended that the meter be considered First determine the ratio of reduction
separately (as if it were not used with between the shaft of the rotating disk
instrument transformers), and its constants element and the shaft of the gear en
be determined. Then in the last step gaging with it. This is called the "first
checking the register constant - bring in the reduction." Next determine the register
factor of instrument transformer ratios. ratio, Rr, (Paragraph 3.9.3). The gear
ratio, Rg, is equal to the register ratio
3.11. FORMULAS FOR CONSTANTS. To multiplied by the first reduction, and its
recapitulate the foregoing in a different value may be substituted in the equation.
manner, and in a sequencewhich can be In this checking process, it is
used in a checking procedure, and also to recommended that the secondary Kh of
present a useful equation, the following the meter be used, and the Kr of the
procedure is suggested. meter alone be determined first, and
then multiply it by the transformer ratios
to find the factor (multiplier) by which the meter terminal arrangements shown in
dial reading must be multiplied for the figures were chosen solely for sim
correct measurement of kilowatt-hours. plicity and clarity. Actual arrangement
of terminal studs varies widely with
3.12. BASE-LOAD SPEED. Another make and model. One thing they all
useful characteristic of the meter, if have in common, however, is symmetry,
known, is the base-load speed. Base and it is usually quite easy to trace
icad speed is rpm at 115 volts and 5 (or the internal meter connections to de
2-1/2) amperes, unity power factor. On a termine the identify of studs. For
steady load, by timing the meter speed example, in the case of a 2-element
with a stopwatch, a very accurate value meter with horizontal stud arrange
of kilowatt Icad may be obtained in the ments, the two phases are separated by
absence of a wattmeter; or the same an imaginary horizontal line through the
method may be used to check the center of the meter, and for the sake of
accuracy of an indicating wattmeter. symmetry the voltage studs may be at
(See Paragraph 4.1.4.) Base-load extreme top and bottom. In some
speeds commonly used by various installations the instrument transformers
manufacturers follow, but should not be may supply other instruments besides
construed as applying in all cases. For the watt-hour meters.
example, Westinghouse also uses a
speed of 33-1/3 rpm in their Type CA-8 IV. METERING POWER IN 3-PHASE
meter. CIRCUITS
Base-load speeds - 500 ('or 250) watts/element 4.1. METHODS FOR METERING 3-
General Electric . . . . . . . . . 16-2/3 rpm
(n -1) wattmeter rule. This is shown in one element becomes zero, and below
the following tabulation: 50-per-cent power factor it reverses.
symmetrical order.);
in adding the two quantities, the term "sin 4.1.1.3. 2-element Meter with Delta-
30 sin i" cancels out. connected Current Transformers. The
2-element meter with delta-connected
Therefore, current transformers is designed to use
the standard 2-element meter operated
from current transformers in each of the
P = P1 + P2 = 2 El cos 30 cos i three phases, which are connected in
delta, and potential transformers
Cos 30 = .866 connected between two of the phases
and neutral or the third phase wire in
P = 2 x .866 El cos i = 1.73 El cos i which no current transformer is installed
as shown in Figure 13. It is applicable to
metering 3-phase, 4-wire or grounded
= 3 El cos i neutral circuits. It is equivalent in the
source and amount of errors to the 2-
which is the basic formula for total power 1/2-element metering method described
in a 3-phase circuit. in Paragraphs 4.1.2. and 4.1.2.1.
Whereas the 2-1/2 element meter
4.1.1.2. Checking Power Factor with 2 obtains the vector sum of the flux of two
element Meter. The power factor of the current coils within the meter, the 2
load being measured can be determined element meter with delta-connected
by the ratio of the readings of the two current transformers obtains the vector
wattmeter elements, when using the 2 sum of two currents by means of the
element wattmeter method. When using delta connection and passes this cur
two separate single-phase wattmeters, rent through the meter coils, the
the power factor is obtained by the ratio resultant effect of the two methods
of the two wattmeter readings P1 and P2 being identical. The B-phase voltage is
from the curve in Figure 15. When using not measured, as shown in Figure 13,
a 2-element watt-hour meter, the potential and is therefore subject to the same
circuit to one element at a time should be errors due to unbalanced voltages as
opened and the revolutions of the disk those encountered in the 2-1/2-element
counted for a definite time period. The meter. This method is also
power factor is then obtained from the objectionable because of the delta
ratio of the disk revolutions for the two connection of current transformers,
readings. The load must of course be which makes the current circuits
constant while the readings are taken. unsuitable for some relays and
Referring to Figure 15, the upper half of instruments which may be used in the
the graph is used when both readings are same circuit, and the secondary circuit
in the same direction (positive), and the current is 8.66 amperes at full-current
lower half when one of the readings is
reversed (negative).
Figure 15
transformer rating instead of the usual 5 voltage on one element and with the
amperes. The formulas given for the 2- C-phase voltage on the other. This is
1/2-element meter also apply to this equivalent to using the B-phase
meter and the vector diagram, Figure 13. current with the B-phase voltage,
Relays and other instruments are not nor since the B-phase voltage under
mally permitted to be connected to single balanced voltage conditions is equal
secondary current transformers or to the vector sum of the A- and C-
potential transformers installed for phase voltages reversed. It is
metering purposes. The burden on therefore obvious that the meter will
metering transformers should be kept as not indicate accurately when the
low as possible to accomplish satisfactory voltages are unbalanced so that the B-
metering accuracy. phase voltage reversed is not equal to
the vector sum of the A- and C-phase
4.1.2. 2-1/2-element meters. - The 2-1/2- voltages. The accuracy is not affected
element watt-hour meter is designed to by unbalanced currents, since all three
operate from current transformers in each currents are measured. The upper
of the three phases and potential element measures:
transformers connected between two of
the phases and neutral, as shown in P1 = Eao la cos i + Eao [lb cos (60 - i)].
Figure 12. It is a substitute for the 3
element meters used for metering 3 (lb is reversed from its
phase, 4-wire or grounded neutral circuits symmetrical order.)
where it is desired to save the expense of
the extra potential transformer, which may The lower element measures:
be a considerable item on high-voltage
circuits. However, it is not equivalent in
accuracy to the 3-element meter, P2 = Eco lc cos i + Eco [lb cos (60 + i)].
particularly when the voltage is un
balanced, because the voltage of one of P = P1 + P2 = Eao la cos O + Eao
the phases is not measured. Its use on [lb cos (60 - i)] + Eco lc cos i
permanent Reclamation power circuits is + Eco [lb cos (60 + i)].
not recommended because of its possible
inaccuracy and because it is more difficult Reversing the leads in the meter
to test and adjust than a 3-element meter. causes lb to be read positively and all
units of power can be added as
4.1.2.1. 2-1/2-element Meter, Basic positive numbers. Assuming balanced
Formulas. Referring to Figure 12, currents and voltages,
since the B-phase potential is
missing, the B-phase energy is Eao = Ebo = Eco = E
measured by using the B-phase
current reversed with the A-phase
Kf = CV Kp
where:
Cos 2
7.3. LOADING DEVICES. The circuit Figure 19. Testing both elements of a meter using
load may be used if it can be controlled resistance load.
to obtain the various test conditions
required. However, this is not usually current is controlled by a built-in rheostat. A
the case, and artificial current loading very convenient feature incorporated in some
devices are generally used. Two are in phantom loads is a provision for 50-percent
common use. lagging power factor. See Figure 20.
7.3.1. Resistance load. - A resistance A real difficulty with resistance loading lies in
box with taps controlled by switches to the problem of dissipating the energy
vary the current is used in series with consumed by the high 12R loss at high
the current coils of the meter to adjust currents. For more details of this problem, see
the current drawn from a 115-volt or Chapter 15 of the Electrical Metermen's
230-volt source. See Figure 19. Handbook.
7.3.2. Transformer load. - The The resistance load is preferred when test
transformer load is sometimes called a currents are light, since the current in the
"phantom" load. This device is a current coil is assured of being in phase with
stepdown transformer supplying a low the potential coil, and no waveform distortion is
voltage from a 115- or 230-volt source introduced. Furthermore, in the case of meters
to operate the meter current coils. The
also for checking phase relation connections, and determine whether the
ships) test connections are in error or whether
an internal connection of the meter has
(5) Voltmeter (not necessary, but been changed. If such a condition is
useful in checking connections) found, it will, of course, affect the sketch
made in verifying the physical
(6) Phase-sequence indicator connections (Paragraph 8.1), and may
(see Figure 21) explain an apparent discrepancy found
at that time.
(7) Power supply switch, fused
7.6. TEST SUPPLY SOURCES. In using
(8) Test leads and jumpers a resistance box for loading, observe the
voltage for which the box was designed.
(9) Tools for cleaning, jewel and A 115-volt box cannot be used on 230
pivot wrenches, etc. volts without adding resistance
externally. A 230-volt box can be used
(10) Jewel oil on 115 volts, but the current range and
steps will be halved. The same
7.5. ERRORS DUE TO IMPROPER precaution also applies to phantom-load
TEST CONNECTIONS. In connecting up devices, although many are designed for
for test, each hookup should be checked dual voltage. Obviously, also, the voltage
to see that no connection has been made of the supply for the potential coils of the
that will result in erroneous standard and meter under test must be
measurements. The current drawn by appropriate. It is not necessary,
potential coils or the phantom-load device however, that the supply used for the
primary should not pass through any current circuit be the same as that for the
current coil; the same load current should potential coils; 230 volts may be used for
pass through all current coils; and the the current-circuit if the loading device is
same voltage should be applied to all designed for that voltage. In the case of
potential coils. The above conditions are dual supply sources, care must be taken
easily satisfied by making sure that all to choose the same phase of each
potential connections (and phantom- load source. For this reason, it is usually
primary if used) are connected to the better to use a common supply to avoid
supply ahead of the resistance box and errors and simplify checking
meter current coils; and that all current connections.
coils are connected in series. Refer to
Figure 19, 20, and 22 for examples. 7.7. TEST CONNECTION DIAGRAMS.
Test connection diagrams, Figures 19,
If symmetrical test connections to the 20, and 22, show methods of connecting
meter should result in one element run the rotating standard and different types
ning reversed, do not simply reverse of load devices to various types of
connections to a coil of that element and meters.
proceed. Stop, recheck the test
(4) Stray fields either internal or external. Servicing as discussed herein is defined
as cleaning, along with a mechanical and
(5) Too high voltage which has the same electrical inspection.
effect as overcompensation of light-load
adjustment. 9.2. CLEANING. After the cover has
been removed, it should be cleaned and
(6) The potential circuit being connected a new gasket fitted if needed. In
on the load side of the meter. localities where spiders and other small
insects are present in large quantities, or
(7) Short-circuited turns in current coils. there is much fine dust, it is particularly
Replace coil or entire electromagnet.
important that all cracks and openings Jewels crack, balls wear flat, and pivot
be tightly sealed. The interior of the points become rounded excessively these
meter should be thoroughly cleaned of are defects to examine for when
all dust and foreign material. A small inspecting bearings. A cracked or rough
hand bellows and camel's hair brush will jewel may often be detected by feeling
be useful in removing dust. The air gaps the surface of the depression in the
may be inspected while directing a jewel with a sharp sewing needle. This
flashlight beam toward the rear of the method is not recommended because of
meter or onto a piece of white paper danger of scratching the
placed behind the element. Dirt may be
removed from the air gaps by using a Meter Standard
folded piece of paper. Foreign magnetic
particles adhering to the permanent 5 9
magnets may be removed with a thin 10 18
15 27
brass or phosphor bronze magnet 20 36
cleaner having a steel edge or button or or
insert. 5(n) 9(n)
although the "as found" test did not For the purposes of this discussion, it is
disclose errors - the meter may have assumed that the lag or power-factor
been adjusted to compensate for friction adjustment of each element has been
which has been removed in servicing. checked and found correct, or has been
At this point, it will be helpful to the appropriately adjusted. The lag
tester in diagnosing the adjustments adjustment, if properly made at the
required, and planning the sequence of factory, does not ordinarily change in
making adjustments, to discuss the service. Therefore, no lag adjustments
interrelationship of adjustments. should be made until the tester is
absolutely certain of their need. After
The light-load adjustment alters the making a light-load adjustment on each
driving torque of the meter which must element, the torque of all elements
overcome friction and rotate the disk. should be in fair balance, but at this point
The permanent magnets acting as a the balance should be checked by
brake to regulate the speed is the full- bucking elements as described in
load adjustment. The adjustment of Paragraph 10.5.3.
either affects the speed at both loads.
The effect of the light-load adjustment is It is now in order to make a full-load
inversely proportional to the load; i.e., adjustment at 100-percent current with
one-tenth as much at full load as at light the current coils of all elements in series.
load. The effect of the full-load Next, the overall 50-percent power-factor
adjustment on the percent registration and light-load registration should be
of a meter is the same at all loads; i.e., checked, followed by checks on
if the meter is 3 percent fast at both full individual elements. If lag readjustments
and light loads, adjusting the magnets are necessary, both light and full loads
will correct the registration at both and balance must be rechecked. If only
points. light-load adjustments are necessary,
balance and full load must be rechecked.
Although fairly obvious, it should be Step-by-step test procedure is outlined in
mentioned here that adjusting any the following paragraphs.
magnet in a multielement meter affects
the speed of all elements of the meter, 10.4. "AS FOUND" TEST. Since it is
since the disks are on a common shaft. extremely important to know of any past
In other words, the light-load adjustment inaccuracy of meters measuring large
on any element affects only that blocks of power or used for billing
element, whereas the full-load adjust purposes, it is essential that an "as
ment on any element affects all found" test be made, and that nothing be
elements. In fact, in some meters not all disturbed before making this test. Also,
of the magnets are adjustable. Thus, it the information gathered in this test will
will be seen that unless the same be valuable in locating the source of any
percent error exists at both loads, it is inaccuracy found. The following
usually better to make the light-load procedure is recommended:
adjustment first.
(1) Examine all wiring, seals, and maintenance required, the following test
other external conditions without runs should be made regardless of
disturbing anything. Record any un whether or not the "as found" test was
usual conditions found and satisfactory. If results of this test are
anything that might affect meter within the limits specified in Paragraph
performance. Also, record the 6.1, record in the "as left" section of
meter reading and time of removing Form 105. Otherwise, make adjustments
from service. and repeat runs as described below until
specified accuracy is obtained. Note any
(2) Make connections for testing repairs and adjustments made in the
without disturbing anything that can appropriate spaces on Form 105.
be avoided.
10.5.1. Overall test. - With all po
(3) With potential coils excited and tential coils connected in parallel and
no current in the current coils, note current coils in series, make the fol
whether meter creeps. Record. lowing runs:
(4) With all potential coils excited, (1) 100-percent current, 100-per-
make following tests to obtain data cent power factor
on overall performance and perfor
mance of each element separately. (2) 50-percent current, 100-per-
Record results on Form 105 (Figure cent power factor
23).
(3) 10-percent current, 100-per-
cent power factor
test was satisfactory because the test, it will not be difficult to decide
individual elements may have errors which element and which
that compensate in an overall test. If adjustment should be changed to
errors are found in any element on achieve proper balance at all
individual test, adjustments should be loads and at 50-percent power factor.
made as discussed in previous The accuracy of any individual
paragraphs and runs repeated until element should, of course, be
each element has been adjusted maintained within the prescribed
within prescribed limits, then proceed. limits.
puted from the length of time and and customer representatives and
average load shown by indicating that a signed copy is furnished for
meters during the meter outage. Or, the customer's files, if a billing
the dial may be left as is and the meter.
station operator given the necessary
data for making adjustments in station 10.6.6. Cleanup. Replace any
records. This would include the equipment or furniture moved for
reading at the beginning of the out the test, and clean up the area if
age, times of beginning and end of necessary.
outage, and reading when placed
back in service. The register is not to 10.6.7. Customer relations. Every
be removed after the final test to effort should be made to maintain and
adjust for unmetered energy. enhance good relations with the
customer, not only by courtesy, but by
10.6.2. Removal of test equipment. a thorough and efficient test procedure
After reconnecting the meter and in which the representative is offered
removing all jumpers, replacing fuses, an opportunity to participate.
etc., recheck all work carefully to see
that all connections and equipment 10.7. METER TEST RECORDS. As
have been restored to proper mentioned in the paragraphs on testing,
conditions. Be especially careful not to Bureau Power O&M Form 105, "Watt-hour
leave any test jumpers connected, or and Demand Meter Test Report," Figure
test switches in wrong positions. 23, or other revision thereof, is used to
record "as found" and "as left" test results.
10.6.3. Check potential. - Check that In addition, there is provision for entering
potential is present on all elements by meter data, servicing performed, adjust
using a voltmeter, or by disconnecting ments made, etc., as will be seen on the
potential leads at meter studs. If the sample copy of the form (Figure 23). It is
meter is equipped with small potential important that all pertinent information
indicating lamps, check that all are regarding the test be entered on the form.
operating. In the case of meters used for billing
purposes, the original signed copy should
10.6.4. Meter seal. - Seal the meter in be preserved in a permanent file for at least
the presence of the customer's as long as the duration of the contract for
representative, if a billing meter. sale of power. Meter maintenance and test
records should be included in the
10.6.5. Test records. - Make maintenance card file so that tests will be
sure test records are complete scheduled at regular intervals not greater
and signed by both the Bureau than 1 year.
Figure 23
APPENDIX A
METERING EQUIPMENT
when regular calibration tests are not of ANSI Standards C12, paragraph 4.5.6
scheduled. "DC Ratio Devices."
(c) Standards for ratio and for calibrated by using several com
transfer (a-c or d-c). These should binations of precisely measured d-c
be verified by NBS or an volts and currents. The rotating
independent laboratory whenever standards are then compared to
their self-checking features fail to the wattmeter.
respond or whenever there is rea
son to question their performance. The procedure is slow, requires the skill
of three or four technicians, and being
(4) Indicating Instruments. - Alternating replaced by the new electronic method
current ammeters, voltmeters, watt (see paragraph (b)). However, since the
meters of appropriate ranges and of high direct comparison method will be used for
quality are required as laboratory working some short period of time, it is described
standards. in detail.
by the true watts (precise current For 5 amp. range on rotating stan
times precise voltage) gives the cor dard:
rection factor for that combination of
voltage and current. Similar tests and Calculated revs.
calculations are made for other
current and voltage combinations, true watts x time in secs
thus providing calibration curves for =
the standard wattmeter for several 2,160
calc. revs.
C. F. =
actual revs.
Where,
true watts = true watts as determined
from the calibrated watt
meter.
time in secs = reading of the timer.
actual revs. = reading of rotating
standard.
Formula:
Correction Factor = C. F.
= 600 watt-seconds =
or
This correction factor must be
600 combined with any other correction
600 watt seconds =
factors involved in the equipment
3,
600 such as CT correction factor,
correction factors for the d-c
= 1/6 watt-hours = 10,000 counts potentiometer, etc.,
or
above. The maximum permissible errors (c) Light load (0.5 amp)
allowable are given in Paragraph e below. unity power factor 99.3 to 100.7
Immediately before the regular annual d. "As Found" Tests. - With the cur
meter tests, the portable rotating standard rent elements in series and the
used should be calibrated in the potential elements in parallel, make
laboratory and final correction factors or "as found" meter test, being sure the
curves established. The procedure for meter is not disturbed in any before
calibrating rotating standards and equip the test. Determine the average
ment is covered in Paragraph A-3 of this correction factor for three runs at each
appendix. of the following test points: 0.5, 2.5,
and 5.0 amperes, unity power factor.
For information on adjustment of General (3) List all test personnel and
Electric watt-hour meters, see Bulletin No. witnesses and have at least one
GET-813G "How to Test and Adjust representative from each party
General Electric A-C Watt-hour Meters." sign the test data.
(2) Indicating demand registers (3) The tape for distinct, legible,
properly positioned printings.- Dirty
(a) Newly installed - monthly until print wheels and/or dried, used carbon
reliable operation is attained tapes, or improperly installed tapes
may be found. The proper tape is
(b) Thereafter - semiannually General Electric Company Catalog
No. 4210493P1, color: black. DO NOT
(3) Magnetic tape recorders substitute as high temperatures may
dry out less expensive tapes.
(a) Newly installed - monthly for
first 3 months, or until such time as (4) The record gage for ample tape.
reliable operation has been at - Proper tapes are:
tained
PD-5 through 8: General Electric
No. 1796688G17
(3) Demand and time pulses. (6) Maximum demand dial reading.
Use high impedance
earphones to determine if each (7) The difference between the kwh
are being transmitted to the calculated under (4) and (5) above.
tape.
If the operation of the contact device and
(4) Registration on demand demand meter has been correct, these
counter ('dials). - This should should agree within the watt-hour meter
be equal to that on the watt- multiplier.
hour meter register for the
inspection period involved. (8) The time in seconds for two revo-
lutions of the disk of the watt-hour meter
(5) For dirt, insects, or other and the var-hour meter. Show N.L. when
foreign materials. the load is zero. These are required to
compute instantaneous power factor and
d. Watt-hour-demand Meters. - to check the recorded demand.
Check for and repair as necessary.
(9) The metering potential voltage.
(1) Dirt, insects, or other (Essential in recommending the appli
foreign materials. cation of capacitors.)
How to Test and Adjust Types V-3, V-5, and V-6 Poly
G.E. AC Watt-hour phase Watt-hour
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . GET-813G Meters . . . . . . . . . . . GEF-2721D
Printing Demand
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . GEF-4165 Flexitest Case (semiflush)
WR-2 and WR-4
Types DT-3 and DT-4 Recorders . . . . . . . . . IL42-503.6
Totalizing Relays . . . GEF-3173B
Types MD-3, MD-4, MD-5, Test Counter for use with WR-2
and MD-6 Outgoing and WR-4 Recorders . IL42-503.4
Contact Devices
D-6 and D-7 . . . . . . . . GEF-3677A
Types WR-2 and WR-4 Demand
Type SS-2 Solid-State Recorders P2, P3 Surface
Impulse Totalizer . . . . . GEI-52440 Mounted Cases . . . . IL42-503.8
Flexitest (semiflush)
Note: Renewal-Parts Bulletins for Watt-hour Meters Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . IL42-503.9
and Demand Meters, GET-2290, provides
information on most of the above meters.
Box 180
Lafayette IN 47902