HowtoPrepareforASNTNDTLevelIIIExamination

ASNTNDTLevelIII

VisualandOpticalTesting

DocumentNo:ASNT/VT/LevelIIIRev:0Date:25April2011

Note:VisualandOpticalTestingNDTLevelIIIis2Hourspaperandhavingthe
90questionsandalltheQuestionscarryingtheequalmarks.

SUNILB.GAVADE
MobileNo:9768700717
Email:sbgavade@gmail.com

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 VTVisualandOpticalTesting

Length:2hoursQuestions:90
Fundamentals
Visionandlight
Ambientconditions
Testobjectcharacteristics

EquipmentAccessories
Magnifiers/microscopes
Mirrors
Dimensional
Borescopes
Videosystems
Machinevision
Replication
Temperatureindicatingdevicesandmaterials
Chemicalaids
Surfacecomparators
Lasers

ApplicationsandRequirements
Rawmaterials
Primaryprocessmaterials
Joiningprocesses
Fabricatedcomponents
Inservicematerials
Coatings
Otherapplications
Requirements

VariablesAffectingResultsofinterpretation/Evaluations
Equipmentincludingtypeandintensityoflight
Materialincludingthevariationsofsurfacefinish
Discontinuity
Determinationofdimensions(ie:depth,width,length,etc.)
Sampling/scanning
Processforreportingvisualdiscontinuities
Personnel(humanfactors)

Documentation

Safety

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VTVisualandOpticalTesting

ReferenceBooksandCatalogNumber

Sr.No. BookTitleandAuthor CatalogNumber

1 LevelIIIStudyGuide:VisualandOpticalTesting 2263
2 SupplementtoSNTTC1A:VT(Q&ABook) 2034A
3 NDTHandbook:Volume8,VisualandOpticalTesting 133
4 ASMHandbookVol.17,NDEandQC 105
5 MaterialsandProcessesforNDTTechnology 2250
6 NDTHandbook:Volume10,NDTOverviewofVT 135

GAVADEInstituteofNondestructiveTesting&Training
402,ManokamanaApartment,T.H.KatariaMarg,MatungaRoad(W)
MahimPost,Mumbai400016,MaharashtraState,India.
MumbaiMobileNo:+091919768700717,TelephoneNo:+0912222954459
Email:sbgavade@gmail.com

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 VTVisualandOpticalTesting

VISION
WhatisEyeorourEye(Frontview)

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 OurEye(Sideview)

Theaqueoushumorisathickwaterysubstancefillingthespacebetweenthelensandthe
cornea.Itisnottobeconfusedwithvitreoushumor,whichiscontainedwithinthelarger
cavityoftheeye.

Structure/Functionoftheeye
1.Lens
a.Refractionandaccommodationbythelens
b.Nearsightednessandfarsightedness

2.Iris

3.Retina
a.Structureandfunctionofrodsandcones
1)Colorvision
b.Foveaispackedwithcones
1)Dysfunction:Maculardegeneration

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a.Refractionandaccommodationbythelens

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OpticNerves

Structureandfunctionofrodsandcones RODS

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9
.

Nearsightedness

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 3.Retina

a.Structureandfunctionofrodsandcones

1)Colorvision

b.Foveaispackedwithcones

1)Dysfunction:Maculardegeneration

RODS
CONE

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1)Colorvision

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 Light
Light or visible light is the portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human
eye, responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light has a wavelength in a range from
about 380 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or 780 nm, with a frequency range of about
405 THz to 790 THz. In physics, the term light often comprises the adjacent radiation
regions of infrared (at lower frequencies) and ultraviolet (at higher), not visible to the
human eye.

Electromagneticspectrum

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Refractionwithsoda(Cocacola)straw

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RefractionofLight:

Refractionisthebendingoflightrayswhenpassingthroughasurfacebetweenonetransparent
materialandanother.ItisdescribedbySnell'sLaw:

where1istheanglebetweentherayandthesurfacenormalinthefirstmedium,2istheangle
betweentherayandthesurfacenormalinthesecondmedium,andn1andn2aretheindicesof
refraction,n=1inavacuumandn>1inatransparentsubstance.

Whenabeamoflightcrossestheboundarybetweenavacuumandanothermedium,orbetween
twodifferentmedia,thewavelengthofthelightchanges,butthefrequencyremainsconstant.If
thebeamoflightisnotorthogonal(orrathernormal)totheboundary,thechangeinwavelength
resultsinachangeinthedirectionofthebeam.Thischangeofdirectionisknownasrefraction.

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Whatgivesrainbowstheircurvedshape?WhyrainbowslookedinCurvedshape?

Sunlightthatshinesintoaraindropleavesthatraindropatanangleof138degreesfromthepath
thatthelighttraveledbeforeitenteredthedrop. Lightandraindropsworktogethertocreatea
ringofcoloredlightoppositethesun.

Weseepartofthatringasthecurvedarcofarainbow.Hereshowitworks:thesunlightthat
shinesintoaraindropleavesthatraindropatanangleof138degreesfromthepaththatthelight
traveledbeforeitenteredthedrop.Thatstherainbowangle,discoveredbyDescartesinthe
year1637.(June8,1637:RenDescartes(15961650)isanameofScientistwhodiscoverthis
effect,HewasborninPlace:aHaye,atNetherland, DescarteswasborninLaHayeenTouraine
(nowDescartes),IndreetLoire,France.)

Heiscreditedasthefatherofanalyticalgeometry.

RenDescartes(15961650)

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Ifthelightleftat180degrees,itdheadstraightbacktowardthesun.Asitis,thelightistraveling
inadirectionsomewhatbacktowardthesun,whichiswhyyoualwaysseerainbowswhenthesun
isbehindyou.

Thesunlightemergesfrommanyraindropsatonce.Thecombinedeffectisamosaicoflight,
spreadoutinanarcinthesky.Butthatsnottheendofthestory.Whenskyconditionsandyour
vantagepointareperfect,therainandsunworktogetherinthiswaytocreateacompleteringof
lightacirclerainbow.YoullneverseethisfromEarthssurfacebecauseyourhorizongetsinthe
way.

Whatmakesthebow?
Aquestionlikethiscallsforaproperphysicalanswer.Wewilldiscusstheformationofarainbow
byraindrops.ItisaprobleminopticsthatwasfirstclearlydiscussedbyReneDescartesin1637.
AninterestinghistoricalaccountofthisistobefoundinCarlBoyer'sbook,TheRainbowFrom
MythtoMathematics.Descartessimplifiedthestudyoftherainbowbyreducingittoastudyof
onewaterdropletandhowitinteractswithlightfallinguponit.

Hewrites:"Consideringthatthisbowappearsnotonlyinthesky,butalsointheairnearus,
whenevertherearedropsofwaterilluminatedbythesun,aswecanseeincertainfountains,I
readilydecidedthatitaroseonlyfromthewayinwhichtheraysoflightactonthesedropsand
passfromthemtooureyes.Further,knowingthatthedropsareround,ashasbeenformerly
proved,andseeingthatwhethertheyarelargerorsmaller,theappearanceofthebowisnot
changedinanyway,Ihadtheideaofmakingaverylargeone,sothatIcouldexamineitbetter.

Descartedescribeshowheheldupalargesphereinthesunlightandlookedatthesunlight
reflectedinit.Hewrote"Ifoundthatifthesunlightcame,forexample,fromthepartofthesky

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whichismarkedAFZ

andmyeyewasatthepointE,whenIputtheglobeinpositionBCD,itspartDappearedallred,
andmuchmorebrilliantthantherestofit;andthatwhetherIapproacheditorrecededfromit,or
putitonmyrightormyleft,oreventurneditroundaboutmyhead,providedthatthelineDE
alwaysmadeanangleofaboutfortytwodegreeswiththelineEM,whichwearetothinkofas
drawnfromthecenterofthesuntotheeye,thepartDappearedalwayssimilarlyred;butthatas
soonasImadethisangleDEMevenalittlelarger,theredcolordisappeared;andifImadethe
anglealittlesmaller,thecolordidnotdisappearallatonce,butdivideditselffirstasifintotwo
parts,lessbrilliant,andinwhichIcouldseeyellow,blue,andothercolors...WhenIexamined
moreparticularly,intheglobeBCD,whatitwaswhichmadethepartDappearred,Ifoundthatit
wastheraysofthesunwhich,comingfromAtoB,bendonenteringthewateratthepointB,and
topasstoC,wheretheyarereflectedtoD,andbendingthereagainastheypassoutofthewater,
proceedtothepoint".

Thisquotationillustrateshowtheshapeoftherainbowisexplained.Tosimplifytheanalysis,
considerthepathofarayofmonochromaticlightthroughasinglesphericalraindrop.Imagine
howlightisrefractedasitenterstheraindrop,thenhowitisreflectedbytheinternal,curved,
mirrorlikesurfaceoftheraindrop,andfinallyhowitisrefractedasitemergesfromthedrop.If
wethenapplytheresultsforasingleraindroptoawholecollectionofraindropsinthesky,we
canvisualizetheshapeofthebow.

ThetraditionaldiagramtoillustratethisisshownhereasadaptedfromHumphreys,

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PhysicsoftheAir. Itrepresentsthepathofonelight
rayincidentonawaterdropletfromthedirectionSA.Asthelightbeamentersthesurfaceofthe
dropatA,itisbent(refracted)alittleandstrikestheinsidewallofthedropatB,whereitis
reflectedbacktoC.Asitemergesfromthedropitisrefracted(bent)againintothedirectionCE.
TheangleDrepresentsameasureofthedeviationoftheemergentrayfromitsoriginaldirection.
Descartescalculatedthisdeviationforarayofredlighttobeabout18042or138degrees.

Theraydrawnhereissignificantbecauseitrepresentstheraythathasthesmallestangleof
deviationofalltheraysincidentupontheraindrop.ItiscalledtheDescarteorrainbowrayand
muchofthesunlightasitisrefractedandreflectedthroughtheraindropisfocusedalongthisray.
Thusthereflectedlightisdiffuseandweakerexceptnearthedirectionofthisrainbowray.Itis
thisconcentrationofraysneartheminimumdeviationthatgivesrisetothearcofrainbow.

Thesunissofarawaythatwecan,toagoodapproximation,assumethatsunlightcanbe
representedbyasetofparallelraysallfallingonthewaterglobuleandbeingrefracted,reflected
internally,andrefractedagainonemergencefromthedropletinamannerlikethefigure.
Descarteswrites

Itookmypenandmadeanaccuratecalculationofthepathsoftherayswhichfallonthedifferent
pointsofaglobeofwatertodetermineatwhichangles,aftertworefractionsandoneortwo
reflectionstheywillcometotheeye,andIthenfoundthatafteronereflectionandtwo
refractionstherearemanymorerayswhichcanbeseenatanangleoffromfortyonetoforty
twodegreesthanatanysmallerangle;andthattherearenonewhichcanbeseenatalarger
angle"(theangleheisreferringtois180D).

Atypicalraindropissphericalandthereforeitseffectonsunlightissymmetricalaboutanaxis
throughthecenterofthedropandthesourceoflight(inthiscasethesun).Becauseofthis
symmetry,thetwodimensionalillustrationofthefigureservesuswellandthecompletepicture
canbevisualizedbyrotatingthetwodimensionalillustrationabouttheaxisofsymmetry.The
symmetryofthefocusingeffectofeachdropissuchthatwheneverweviewaraindropalongthe
lineofsightdefinedbytherainbowray,wewillseeabrightspotofreflected/refractedsunlight.
Referringtothefigure,weseethattherainbowrayforredlightmakesanangleof42degrees
betweenthedirectionoftheincidentsunlightandthelineofsight.Therefore,aslongasthe
raindropisviewedalongalineofsightthatmakesthisanglewiththedirectionofincidentlight,
wewillseeabrightening.Therainbowisthusacircleofangularradius42degrees,centeredon
theantisolarpoint,asshownschematically.

Wedon'tseeafullcirclebecausetheearthgetsintheway.Thelowerthesunistothehorizon,
themoreofthecircleweseerightatsunset,wewouldseeafullsemicircleoftherainbowwith

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 thetopofthearch42degreesabovethehorizon.Thehigherthesunisinthesky,thesmalleris
thearchoftherainbowabovethehorizon.

Whatmakesthecolorsintherainbow?
Thetraditionaldescriptionoftherainbowisthatitismadeupofsevencolorsred,orange,
yellow,green,blue,indigo,andviolet.Actually,therainbowisawholecontinuumofcolorsfrom
redtovioletandevenbeyondthecolorsthattheeyecansee.

Thecolorsoftherainbowarisefromtwobasicfacts:

Sunlightismadeupofthewholerangeofcolorsthattheeyecandetect.Therangeof
sunlightcolors,whencombined,lookswhitetotheeye.Thispropertyofsunlightwasfirst
demonstratedbySirIsaacNewtonin1666.
Lightofdifferentcolorsisrefractedbydifferentamountswhenitpassesfromone
medium(air,forexample)intoanother(waterorglass,forexample).

DescartesandWillebrordSnellhaddeterminedhowarayoflightisbent,orrefracted,asit
traversesregionsofdifferentdensities,suchasairandwater.Whenthelightpathsthrougha
raindroparetracedforredandbluelight,onefindsthattheangleofdeviationisdifferentforthe
twocolorsbecausebluelightisbentorrefractedmorethanistheredlight.

Thisimpliesthatwhenweseearainbowanditsbandofcolorswearelookingatlightrefracted
andreflectedfromdifferentraindrops,someviewedatanangleof42degrees;some,atanangle
of40degrees,andsomeinbetween.Thisisillustratedinthisdrawing,adaptedfromJohnson's
PhysicalMeteorology.Thisrainbowoftwocolorswouldhaveawidthofalmost2degrees(about
fourtimeslargerthantheangularsizeasthefullmoon).Notethateventhoughbluelightis
refractedmorethanredlightinasingledrop,weseethebluelightontheinnerpartofthearc
becausewearelookingalongadifferentlineofsightthathasasmallerangle(40degrees)forthe
blue.

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 Magnifiers
AsphericHandMagnifiers: Handmagnifiersfacilitatemanyofthetasksweperformatwork
andinourprivatelivesthatrequiredetailed,precisevision.CarlZeiss(isthenameof
manufacturingcompany,involvedinMagnifiersandMicroscopes)offersarangeoffive
differenthandmagnifiersforthispurpose.

HandHeldMagnifiers

VisuLookclassic

VisuLookstyle

VisuLightM

VsiuLightS

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PocketmagnifiersHandMagnifiersfromCarlZeiss

Itisprimarilythedesignofanopticalsystemthatdetermines
whetheryoureallydoseebetterwhenyouuseit.TheVisuLook
classicproductseriescontainshandmagnifiersfeaturinghigh
quality,asphericlenseswhichcomestandardwithahardprotective
coating.Theycanbeoptionallyorderedwithabroadband
antireflectioncoating(SuperET).
TheVisuLookstyleproductlinefromCarlZeisscontainsthreehand
magnifierswithamoderndesign.Theirasphericlensmakesthen
idealfortasksatworkorhobbiesthatrequireexactvision.Their
standardhardcoatingmakestheminsensitiveandversatile.


VisuLightgoodlightforeasierreading

Readingcanbetwiceasdifficultinpoorlight:theworsethe
contrast,thelessyousee.
TheVisuLightilluminatedpocketandstandmagnifiersmakeupfor
missinglight.OnespecialbenefitistheirhomogenousLED
illuminationwhichguaranteeslowpowerconsumptionandalong
servicelife.


Pocketmagnifierswhatcouldbemoreconvenient?

Doinghighprecisionworkorhavingtorecognizeeventhefinest
detailthisisthekindofvisualtaskthatyoucanbeconfrontedwith
ineverydaylife.Withitsaplanaticachromaticpocketmagnifiers,
CarlZeissoffersyouopticalsystemsthatcanfitintopracticallyany
pocketanddependingonthemodelprovidemagnificationof3x
to10xovertheentirefieldofviewandallwithoutdistortionor
chromaticaberrations.

Your eyecareprofessionalwillbepleasedtohelpyouselectthe
rightmagnifierforyourspecialrequirements.

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Magnifiers

Bausch&LombMake
Borescopes

Rigidborescopes

Flexibleborescopes:

Videoborescopes

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