JTP 603

BAHAN PELEDAK &

TEKNIK PELEDAKAN
Hendra Harisman S.T., M. Eng. Sc
11 Mei 2016
BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
the hole spacing can be expressed as a constant (Ks) times the burden
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Each hole of diameter D can be thought of as having to break its own
individual area (AR)
- The volume required to be broken by a hole of unit length is:

- The total energy (ER) required:

Ev = explosive energy per unit volume

 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Available explosive energy (EA):

De = explosive diameter

Ee = energy per unit volume

 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Available explosive energy (EA):

De = explosive diameter
Ee = energy per unit volume
the available energy is proportional to the square of the hole
diameter
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
the burden is proportional to the hole diameter:

Introducing the proportionality constant KB , the relationship can

be written as:
BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:

the explosion (borehole wall) pressure (Pe) is proportional to the

square of the detonation velocity:

minimum run-up distance assumed to be 6D.

In addition, the primer is seldom placed directly at the bottom of the
blasthole due to the presence of cuttings and water.
A normal offset is of the order of 2D.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
the burden dimension (B) for most bulk explosives and rock
types:
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
The general constraint: V B

The spherical charge geometry is not a practical one for most

surface mining applications.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
the spherical charge has been replaced by a cylindrical charge of
length Tc having the same total weight and effect.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:

Tc is linearly related to the distance of interest which in this case is B.

 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
The general expression for the uncharged hole length (T) may be
written as:

T = V TC

T = B KTC B
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:

T = B KTC B
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Bench and burden

H = KH B
where:
KH = constant relating bench height to the burden

KH is between 1.5 dan 2

 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Bench and burden

H = KH B
KH 1
H KB D

D H/KB
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Ratio Ks
the ratio of spacing and burden as drilled is based upon
energy coverage of the bench.

For a square pattern, the best energy coverage is achieved

with Ks= 1
For a staggered drilling pattern, the best energy coverage is
with Ks= 1.15.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Ratio KB

= density of explosives
SANFO = weight strength
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Ratio KJ
The most common value of KJ is 0.3.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Ratio KT
The minimum recommended value for Kr for large hole
production blasting is KT = 0.7.
Some specialists suggest the use of KT = 1.0.
 BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE
Five different design relationships:
Ratio KH
Currently most open pit operations have KH values which
are of the order of 1.6 or more.
BLAST DESIGN RATIONALE

Rock = syenite porphyry (SG = 2.6),

Explosive = ANFO (p = 0.8, SANFO = 1),
Bench height (H) = 15 m,
Hole diameter (D) = 381 mm ( 15 ins),
Staggered drilling pattern, vertical holes,
4 rows of holes each containing 6 holes to make up 1 blast.

Powder Factor = ??
Hasil Pengeboran dan Peledakan
Fragmentasi batuan (+)
Bentuk muckpile dan keterberaian (+)
Kehilangan batuan berharga (Loss) (-)
Dilution (-)
Kerusakan batuan (-)
Ground vibrations dan air blast (-)
Fly rock (-)
Toxic Fumes (-)
GROUND VIBRATIONS & AIRBLAST
GROUND VIBRATIONS & AIRBLAST
Safety
Perpindahan peralatan dan kehilangan produksi
Meningkatkan dilution
AIRBLAST
AIRBLAST
AIRBLAST
GROUND VIBRATION
GROUND VIBRATION
GROUND VIBRATION
GROUND VIBRATION
 FLYROCKS
BLASTING
- Safe blasting requires that rock throw be controlled to prevent
danger from flyrock

Causes by:
- over charging
- under confinement of the explosive charge
 FLYROCKS
Maximum distance:
- burden
- Stemming height
- Charge mass
 MODEL
General Trajectory Theory:
FACE VELOCITY

Where:
V0 = face velocity (m/s)
B = burden (m)
K = site constant
m = charge mass/m (kg)
HORIZONTAL THROW
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
CLEARANCE DISTANCE (Behind face)
CLEARANCE DISTANCE (Behind face)

2
CLEARANCE DISTANCE (Behind face)
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
 CLEARANCE DISTANCE
Basis:
- max horizontal throw

Clearance zones:
Plant = ?
Personnel = ?
THE END
SECONDARY BLASTING

Biasanya digunakan untuk batas pengaman sisi jalan tambang

terutama yang mengarah ke tebing

Peledakan bongkah selama berlangsungnya produksi normal

sangat menganggu proses penggalian maupun dapat me-
nyebabkan hambatan (chocking) di dalam rongga penggerus
crusher

Peledakan ulang perlu dilakukan untuk memperkecil

ukurannya dan pekerjaan tersebut akan menambah biaya
peledakan