Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 19
Chapter 19
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1b
Tunics
Tunica interna (tunica intima)
Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
Continuation w/ the endocardial lining of the heart
Flat cells, slick surface
In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial connective
tissue basement membrane is present
Tunica media
Circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer,
regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 19.1
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Thick-walled arteries near the heart; the aorta and
its major branches
Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of
blood
Contain elastin in all three tunics
Inactive in vasoconstriction
Serve as pressure reservoirs expanding and
recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2a, b
Types of Capillaries
There are three structural types of capillaries:
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4a
Capillary Beds
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4b
Venous System: Venules
Venules are formed when capillary beds unite
Postcapillary venules smallest venules,
composed of endothelium and a few pericytes
Allow fluids and WBCs to pass from the
bloodstream to tissues
F = P/R
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5
Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial BP reflects two factors of the arteries close
to the heart
Their elasticity (how much they can be stretched)
The volume of blood forced into them at any given
time
Blood pressure in elastic arteries near the heart is
pulsatile (BP rises and falls)
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6
Maintaining Blood Pressure
Maintaining blood pressure requires:
Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and
kidneys
Supervision of the brain
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.7
Controls of Blood Pressure
Short-term controls:
Are mediated by the nervous system and
bloodborne chemicals
Counteract moment-to-moment fluctuations in
blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance
Long-term controls regulate blood volume
Baroreceptors
in carotid
sinuses and
aortic arch Inhibit CO
stimulated vasomotor center
R
Rate of vasomotor
Arterial impulses allows
blood pressure vasodilation CO and R
rises above ( vessel diameter)
return blood
normal range pressure to
Homeostatic
Stimulus: Im range
ba
Rising blood la nc
pressure e
CO and R
return blood Impulses from
pressure to baroreceptors: Arterial blood pressure
homeostatic Stimulate cardio- falls below normal range
range acceleratory center
Cardiac (and inhibit cardio-
output inhibitory center) Baroreceptors in
(CO) carotid sinuses
Sympathetic and aortic arch
impulses to heart inhibited
Peripheral ( HR and contractility)
resistance (R)
Vasomotor Stimulate
fibers vasomotor
stimulate center
vasoconstriction
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.8
Short-Term Mechanisms: Chemical Controls
Blood pressure is regulated by chemoreceptor
reflexes sensitive to low oxygen and high carbon
dioxide levels
Prominent chemoreceptors are found in the carotid
and aortic bodies
Response is to increase cardiac output and
vasoconstriction
Increased BP speeds the return of blood to the
heart and lungs
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.9
Monitoring Circulatory Efficiency
Efficiency of the circulation can be assessed by
taking pulse and blood pressure measurements
Vital signs pulse and blood pressure, along with
respiratory rate and body temperature
Pulse pressure wave caused by the expansion and
recoil of elastic arteries
Radial pulse (taken on the radial artery at the wrist)
is routinely used
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.11
Measuring Blood Pressure
Systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly with
the auscultatory method
A sphygmomanometer is placed on the arm
superior to the elbow
Pressure is increased in the cuff until it is greater
than systolic pressure in the brachial artery
Pressure is released slowly and the examiner
listens with a stethoscope
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.13
Autoregulation: Local Regulation of Blood
Flow
Autoregulation automatic adjustment of blood
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.15.1
Four Routes Across Capillaries
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.15.2
Fluid Movement: Bulk Flow
Fluid is forced out of capillary beds thru clefts at
the arterial end, with most of it returning at the
venous end of the bed
This process determines relative fluid volume in
blood stream and extracellular space
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.16
Circulatory Shock
Circulatory shock any condition in which blood
vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot
circulate normally
E.g. hypovolemic shock: large scale blood loss
Blood volume decreases causing an increase in
heart rate resulting in a weak pulse
Vasoconstriction occurs enhancing venous
return