Bangkok (English pronunciation: /bkk/) is the capital and most populous city of Thailand.

It
is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (, pronounced [kr tp mah
nk n] ( listen)) or simply Krung Thep (help. info). ... There are 581 high-rise buildings in the
city, ranking number 5 in the world.

Thailand is a unitary state that is subdivided into 76 provinces (Thai: ; rtgs:changwat,

pronounced [tt.wt]) and one special administrative area representing the capital Bangkok.
The provinces are part of the provincial government, while Bangkok is part of the local
government.
Thailand shares boundaries with Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Although
neither China nor Vietnam border Thailand, their territories lie within 100 km of Thai territory.
The southwestern shoreline of Thailand meets the Andaman Sea of the Indian Oceanto the
west. The south-central coast and the eastern shoreline of the Malay Peninsula both border
the Gulf of Thailand (formerly the Gulf of Siam) of the Pacific Ocean.

A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is
the only Southeast Asian country never to have been colonized by a European power. A bloodless
revolution in 1932 led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during
W orld W ar II, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting
alongside the US in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil
including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prim e Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed b y
large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. THAKSIN's youngest
sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of
the government. A blanket amnesty bill for individuals involved in street protests, altered at the last
minute to include all political crimes - including all convictions against THAKSIN - triggered months of
large-scale anti-governm ent protests in Bangk ok beginning in Novem ber 2013. In early May 2014
YINGLAK was rem oved from office by the Constitutional Court and in late May 2014 the Ro yal Thai
Arm y staged a coup against the caretaker governm ent. Then head of the Royal Thai Arm y, Gen.
PRAYUT Chan-ocha, was appointed prim e minister in August 2014. The interim militar y governm ent
created several interim institutions to promote reform and draft a new constitution. Elections are
tentatively set for mid-2017. King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet passed away in October 2016 after 70 years
on the throne; his only son, WACHIRALONGKON Bodinthrathepphayawarangkun, ascended the throne
in Decem ber 2016. Thailand has also experienced violence associated with the ethno-nationalist
insurgency in its southern Mala y-Muslim majority provinces. Since January 2004, thousands have been
killed and wounded in the insurgency.

Bangkok Geography
Location: Thailand (Southeast Asia)
Geographical Coordinates: Latitude 13.45 N, Longitude 100.35 E
Area: 1569 sq. km
Coastline: 4.4 km
Altitude: 2m (6.5 ft) above sea level

Bangkok is located in Central Thailand, stretching from 13.45 N to 100.35 E. With an overall area of 1,569 sq km, it is
the 68th largest province of the country. The most prominent geographical characteristic of the place is the Chao
Phraya River that flows for 372 km, caressing the length of city. The presence of Chao Phraya is also the main
reason behind the extensive canals (both natural and artificial) and passages that interlace the various districts of the
place. Due to the canals and waterways, Bangkok has earned the epithet of 'Venice of the East'.

As previously mentioned; the many canals and water passages of Bangkok, along with Chao Phraya, highly
contribute to the beauty of the place. However, there are many hitches or disadvantages that these various ducts and
inland waterways pose. Due to their presence and the city's low altitude - of mere 2m (6.5 ft) above the sea level,
Bangkok becomes susceptible to severe floods. Occasionally, after heavy rainfall, the water in canals and the river
spills and floods the banks.

Even though Bangkok ranks 68th among the 74 provinces of Thailand, in terms of its size, it nevertheless has the
highest population and the greatest population density in the whole country. The place is encompassed by Samut
Sakhon and Samut Prakan in the south, Nakhon Pathom in the west, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani and Nakhon Nayok
in the north and Chachoengsao in the east. Most of the nearby provinces find inclusion in the metropolitan area of
Bangkok. The shoreline extends for a length of 4.4 km.
Grand palace

The Grand Palace (Thai: , RTGS: Phra Borom Maha Ratcha Wang[1]) is a complex
of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the official residence of
the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782. The king, his court and his royal government were
based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), resided
at Chitralada Royal Villa in the Dusit Palace, but the Grand Palace is still used for official events.
Several royal ceremonies and state functions are held within the walls of the palace every year. The
palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Thailand.

Wat phar kaew

Wat Phra Kaew (Thai: , RTGS: Wat Phra Kaeo, IPA: [wt pr kw], Pronunciation,
English: Temple of the Emerald Buddha; full official name Wat Phra Si Rattana
Satsadaram, Thai: , IPA: [wt pr s rt.ta.n st.sa.da.ram]) is regarded
as the most sacred Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand. The Emerald Buddha housed in the temple is
a potent religio-political symbol and the palladium (protective image) of Thai society.[1][2] It is located
in Phra Nakhon District, the historic centre of Bangkok, within the precincts of the Grand Palace.[3][4]
Wat pho

Wat Pho (Thai: , IPA: [wt po]), also spelt Wat Po, is a Buddhist temple complex in the Phra
Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand. It is on Rattanakosin Island, directly south of the Grand Palace.
[2]
Known also as the Temple of the Reclining Buddha, its official name is Wat Phra Chetuphon
Vimolmangklararm Rajwaramahaviharn[1] (Thai:
; RTGS: Wat Phra Chettuphon Wimonmangkhlaram Ratchaworamahawihan; IPA: [wt
pr t:t.t.pon w.mon.ma.kla.ram rt.t.w.r.m.h.w.hn] ).[3] The more
commonly known name, Wat Pho, is a contraction of its older name Wat Photaram (Thai:
; RTGS: Wat Photharam).[4]

Wat Arun Ratchawararam

Ratchawaramahawihan or Wat Arun (Thai pronunciation: [wt arun], "Temple of Dawn") is
a Buddhist temple (wat) in Bangkok Yai district of Bangkok, Thailand, on the Thonburi west bank of
the Chao Phraya River. The temple derives its name from the Hindu god Aruna,[1] often personified
as the radiations of the rising sun. Wat Arun is among the best known of Thailand's landmarks and
the first light of the morning reflects off the surface of the temple with pearly iridescence.
 Jim Thompson house
The Jim Thompson House is a museum in central Bangkok, Thailand, housing the art collection of
American businessman and architect Jim Thompson, the museum designer and former owner. Built
in 1959, the museum spans one rectangular "rai" of land (approximately half an acre or 2023.43
meters).[1] It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Thailand; sporting vibrant jungle foliage
in the heart of the city.

Wat saket

Wat Saket Ratcha Wora Maha Wihan (Thai: , usually shortened to Wat
Saket (RTGS: Wat Sa Ket)) is a Buddhist temple (wat) in Pom Prap Sattru
Phai district, Bangkok, Thailand.

The temple dates back to the Ayutthaya era, when it was known as Wat Sakae. When Bangkok
became the capital, King Rama I renovated the temple and gave it its present name.

conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand

conventional short form: Thailand

local long form: Ratcha Anachak Thai

local short form: Prathet Thai

former: Siam

etymology: "Land of the Tai [People]"; the meaning of "tai" is uncertain, but may originally have meant
"hum an beings" or "people"

Government type:

constitutional monarchy; note - interim militar y-affiliated governm ent since May 2014

Capital:

name: Bangkok

geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E

time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of W ashington, DC, during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:

76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (maha nakhon); Amnat Charoen, Ang
Thong, Bueng Kan, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang
Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep*
(Bangkok ), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon
Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nak hon Ratchasima, Nak hon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat,
Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga,
Phatthalung, Pha yao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayuttha ya, Phrae,
Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sak on
Nakhon, Samut Prak an, Sam ut Sakhon, Samut Songk hram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket,
Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani,
Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Independence:

1238 (traditional founding date; never coloni zed)

National holiday:

Birthda y of King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL), 5 Decem ber (1927)

Constitution:

many previous; interim constitution - replacing the 2007 permanent constitution - signed by the king 22
July 2014; first draft of new constitution completed 17 April 2015, rej ected by drafting committee 6
September 2015; final draft completed by new drafting committee 29 March 2016, passed by referendum
7 August 2016 (2016)

Legal system:

civil law system with common law influences

International law organization participation:

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship:

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsor y

Executive branch:

chief of state: King WACHIRALONGKON Bodinthratheppha yawarangkun (since 1 Decem ber 2016); note
- King PHUMIPHON Adun yadet, also spelled BHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946) died 13 October
2016

head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha (since 25 August 2014) Deputy
Prime Ministers PRAW IT W ongsuwan, Gen. (since 31 August 2014), THANASAK Patim aprak on, Gen.
(since 31 August 2014), W ISSANU Kruea-ngam (since 31 August 2014), SOMKHIT Chatusiphithak (since
20 August 2015), PRACHIN Chantong, Air Chief Mar. (since 20 August 2015), NARONG
Phiphatthanasai, Adm. (since 20 August 2015)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prim e minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council
advises the king

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditar y; prim e minister appointed by the monarch with a
resolution of the National Legislative Assem bly (as stated in the 2014 interim constitution)

note: Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat, also spelled YINGLUCK Shinawatra, was rem oved from
office on 7 May 2014 after the Constitutional Court ruled she illegally transferred a governm ent official;
Thai arm y declared martial law on 20 May 2014 followed by a coup on 22 May 2014
Legislative branch:

description: in transition; following the May 2014 militar y coup, a National Legislative Assem bly or
Sapha Nitibanyat of no more than 220 members replaced the bicameral National Assembly; expanded to
250 members in September 2016; elections for a perm anent legislative bod y are currently unscheduled
and probably will not occur until late 2017

elections: Senate - last held on 30 March 2014; House of Representatives - last held on 2 Februar y
2014, but later declared invalid by the Constitutional Court

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats b y party - NA; House of Representatives
- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of court president, 6 vice-presidents, and 60-70
judges, and organized into 10 divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of court president and 8 judges);
Supreme Administrative Court (number of judges determ ined b y Judicial Commission of the
Administrative Courts)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges selected b y the Judicial Commission of the
Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judge term determ ined b y the monarch; Constitutional
Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court,
and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court and
confirm ed by the Senate; judges appointed b y the monarch to serve single 9-year terms; Suprem e
Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and
appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life

subordinate courts: courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and
administrative systems; military courts

Political parties and leaders:

Chat Patthana Party or CPN (National Development Party) [W ANNARAT Channukun]

Chat Thai Phatthana Party or CTP (Thai Nation Development Party) [THEERA W ongsam ut]

Mahachon Party or Mass Party [APHIRAT Sirinawin]

Matuphum Party (Motherland Party) [Gen. SONTHI Bunyaratkalin]

Phalang Chon Party (People Chonburi Power Party) [SONTHAYA Khunpluem]

Phumchai (Bhumjai) Thai Party or PJT (Thai Pride) [ANUTHIN Chanwirakun]

Prachathipat Party or DP (Dem ocrat Party) [ABHISIT W echachiwa, also spelled ABHISIT Vejjajiva]

Prachathipatai Mai Party (New Dem ocracy Party) [SURATIN Phichan]

Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [acting leader VIROT Paoin]

Rak Prathet Thai Party (Love Thailand Party) [CHUW IT Kamonwisit]

Rak Santi Party (Peace Conservation Party) [Pol. Lt. Gen. THAW IN Surachetphong]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Multicolor Group

People's Dem ocratic Reform Committee or PDRC

Student and People Network for Thailand's Reform or STR

United Front for Dem ocracy Against Dictatorship or UDD

International organization participation:

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC
(national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer),
OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNW TO, UPU, W CO, W FTU (NGOs), W HO, W IPO, W MO, W TO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Am bassador PHISAN Manawaphat (since 23 February 2015)

chancery: 1024 W isconsin Avenue NW , Suite 401, W ashington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600

FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Am bassador Glyn T. DAVIES (since 27 November 2015)

embassy: 120-122 W ireless Road, Bangkok 10330

mailing address: APO AP 96546

telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000

FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131

 consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai

Flag description:

five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes
the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for
the monarch y

note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed

National symbol(s):

garuda (m ythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant; national colors: red, white, blue

National anthem:

name: "Phleng Chat Thai" (National Anthem of Thailand)

lyrics/music: Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG

note: music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national
anthem at 0800 and 1800 every da y; the anthem is pla yed in schools, offices, theaters, and on
television and radio during this tim e; "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves
as the ro yal anthem and is played in the presence of the ro yal family and during certain state
ceremonies

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Population

68,200,824
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the
distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Nationality:
noun: Thai (singular and plural)
adjective: Thai
Ethnic groups:
Thai 95.9%, Burmese 2%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.9% (2010 est.)
Languages:
Thai (official) 90.7%, Burmese 1.3%, other 8%
note: English is a secondary language of the elite (2010 est.)
Religions:
Buddhist (official) 93.6%, Muslim 4.9%, Christian 1.2%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%
(2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.18% (male 6,000,434/female 5,714,464)
15-24 years: 14.47% (male 5,030,930/female 4,839,931)
25-54 years: 46.5% (male 15,678,250/female 16,038,155)
55-64 years: 11.64% (male 3,728,028/female 4,208,624)
65 years and over: 10.21% (male 3,047,938/female 3,914,070) (2016 est.)
population pyramid:
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio: 39.2%
youth dependency ratio: 24.7%
elderly dependency ratio: 14.6%
potential support ratio: 6.9% (2015 est.)
Median age:
total: 37.2 years
male: 36.2 years
female: 38.2 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Population growth rate:
0.32% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
Birth rate:
11.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
Death rate:
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Urbanization:
urban population: 50.4% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 2.97% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
BANGKOK (capital) 9.27 million; Samut Prakan 1.814 million (2015)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
23.3 (2009 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.7 years
male: 71.5 years
female: 78 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116
Total fertility rate:
1.51 children born/woman (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
79.3% (2012)
Health expenditures:
6.5% of GDP (2014)
country comparison to the world: 163
Physicians density:
0.39 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
Hospital bed density:
2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 97.6% of population
rural: 98% of population
total: 97.8% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.4% of population
rural: 2% of population
total: 2.2% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 89.9% of population
rural: 96.1% of population
total: 93% of population
unimproved:
urban: 10.1% of population
rural: 3.9% of population
total: 7% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.12% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
438,100 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
14,200 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria (2016)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
9.2% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 135
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
9.2% (2012)
country comparison to the world: 71
Education expenditures:
4.1% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 47
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.7%
male: 96.6%
female: 96.7% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2013)
Child labor - children ages 5-14:
total number: 818,399
percentage: 8% (2006 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total: 3.4%
male: 2.8%
female: 4.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
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Military branches:
Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai,
RTN, includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Agard Thai,
RTAF) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
21 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary
military service; males register at 18 years of age; 2-year conscript service
obligation (2012)
Military expenditures:
1.5% of GDP (2013)
1.47% of GDP (2012)
1.6% of GDP (2011)
1.47% of GDP (2010)
Theravada Buddhism is the official religion of Thailand. 93.6 percent are estimated to be
Buddhist; 4.9 percent Muslim; 1.2 percent Christian; 0.2 percent other; and 0.1 percent have
no religion.

RELIGION IN THAILAND
Thailand is the world's most heavily Buddhist country. About 93.6 percent of all the people in
Thailand are Buddhists (nearly all of them Theravada Buddhists). You will see Wats (Buddhist
temples) and saffron robed monks everywhere. About 4.6 percent of the population is Muslim. They
are mostly Malays who live in southern Thailand but there are also some in the north and other parts
of Thailand. Many hill tribe members are animists or relatively recent converts to Christianity.
Christians make up 0.9 percent of the population; Hindus, 0.1 percent; and Sikhs, Bahai Faith, and
others, 0.6 percent.

While the vast majority of Thai people are practitioners of Theravada Buddhism, the official religion
of Thailand, religious tolerance is both customary in Thailand and protected by the constitution. The
tolerant philosophy of Buddhism and the constitutional guarantees of religious freedom have
provided a fertile ground for adoption and admixing new religious beliefs with traditional beliefs. In
the Thai eyes, the superstition and metaphysics in animism, demonology, and Hinduist cosmology
are not at odds with the Buddhist cosmology depicted in the Buddhist canon and religious folk tales.
These strands of belief systems maintain peaceful coexistence, and many Thais follow some of
these practices to a certain degree during different parts of their lives.

By its very nature however, Buddhism is a compassionate and tolerant religion, the aim of which is
the alleviation of suffering. Consequently, Thai people are very respectful of the religious beliefs of
others and are very open toward discussing their Buddhist values with visitors. In fact, there are
many opportunities in Thailand to visit Buddhist temples to learn about or study Buddhism and
perhaps to learn to meditate. [Source: Tourist Authority of Thailand]

In Thailand there is no conflict between the worship of Buddhism and the pacification of hostile
spirits. Section 73 of the Thai constitution states that the state shall patronize and protect Buddhism
and other religions, promote harmony among the followers of all religions, and encourage the
application of religious principles to create virtue and develop the quality of life. Religious
instruction is required in public schools at both the primary and secondary education levels.
Historical evidencemostly temple reliefssuggests that Thais have embraced different schools of
Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana and Mantarayanas) as well as Hinduism and beliefs of spirits and
ghosts since they have been in Thailand beginning around the A.D. 13th century.

Islam is the second largest religion in Thailand. The majority of Thai Muslims live in the most
southerly provinces near the Malaysian border. Other religions in Thailand include Hinduism,
Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity, which are generally practiced by those living in Bangkok,
where a multi-cultural population includes citizens of Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and European
descent.