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Geology

Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal products of magmatic-hydrothermal

systems
Richard H. Sillitoe and Harold F. Bonham , Jr.

Geology 1990;18;157-161
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0157:SHGDDP>2.3.CO;2

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Notes

Geological Society of America

 Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal products
of magmatic-hydrothermal systems
Richard H. Sillitoe
8 West Hill Park, Highgate Village, London N6 6ND, England
Harold F. Bonham, Jr.
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada
Reno, Nevada 89557-0088

ABSTRACT which were intruded in the middle to late Mio-

Sediment-hosted or Carlin-type gold deposits are currently thought to have been gener- cene by microgranodiorite to dacite porphyry
ated at shallow levels in geothermal systems, the gold having been scavenged from host stocks, sills, and dikes (Fig. 1; Wilford, 1955;
sedimentary sequences by meteoric hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, we propose that gold was Wolfenden, 1965; Pimm, 1967). The intrusions
contributed by magmatic hydrothermal fluids and was deposited on the peripheries of base- and gold deposits define a linear northeast- to
and precious-metal districts, up to several kilometres from progenitor intrusions. Support for north-northeast-striking belt or trend at least
our model is provided by relations at Bau in eastern Malaysia, Bingham in Utah, and else- 30 km long and ~ 8 km wide (Fig. 1).
where, combined with geologic, chronologic, and metallogenic observations from the three The trend encompasses northeast- to north-
principal alignments of gold-bearing deposits in Nevada. The proposed model has important northeast-striking high-angle normal faults and
exploration implications, and can be tested. part of a regional east-northeast-striking anti-
cline, as well as an orthogonal set of subsidiary
faults and fractures (Fig. 1). The trend is be-
INTRODUCTION in support of a shallow origin, and have suggest- lieved to reflect a zone of deep crustal weakness.
Sediment-hosted or Carlin-type disseminated ed that gold was deposited from nonboiling flu- Diverse styles of gold mineralization are pres-
gold deposits in Nevada and neighboring parts ids at depths of 1-3 km or deeper. Recent ent in the Bau trend (Fig. 1). Porphyry-type
of the western United States are major gold documentation of the same mineralization style quartz stockworks carrying low-grade Cu-Mo-
sources, and contain reserves of > 15001 of gold. over vertical intervals of 600-1000 m in several Au mineralization are associated with K-silicate
Recent studies (Bagby and Berger, 1985; Perci- sediment-hosted gold deposits (e.g., Goldstrike- and sericitic alteration in at least four of
val et al., 1988) have provided a reliable occur- Deep Post, Getchell, and Gold Quarry West, the porphyry stocks (Metal Mining Agency
rence model. Nevada, and Mercur, Utah) also precludes sim- of Japan, 1985; R. H. Sillitoe, unpub. data).
The deposits are hosted by a variety of perme- ple epithermal models. Stocks also contain arsenopyrite-, sphalerite-,
able sedimentary rocks, especially thinly bed- We think that this geothermal model for galena-, and stibnite-bearing hydrothermal brec-
ded, silty dolomites or limestones, cut by sediment-hosted gold deposits gains little sup- cias, veins, and pervasive disseminations, all of
high-angle faults. Nearly all the deposits contain port from available radiometric age data and which are auriferous and accompanied by in-
felsic intrusive rocks, commonly in the form of other geologic parameters which suggest that tense sericitic alteration (Fig. 1).
dikes or sills. Orebodies may be confined to fault mineralization was associated with intrusive ac- Calc-silicate skarn developed as partial au-
zones or may be irregularly shaped replacements tivity that preceded the Miocene initiation of reoles to several of the porphyry stocks, but it
in the adjoining rocks. Mineralization is char- Basin and Range extension. Neither does the contains only traces of Cu mineralization and no
acterized by an association of micron- to model explain the apparent lack of significant appreciable Au. Calc-silicate assemblages are
submicron-sized Au with As, Sb, Hg, Tl, Ba, F, sediment-hosted gold mineralization in explored also present in steep fault-controlled or bedding-
and in places W, Mo, and Sn, but is deficient in geothermal systems controlled by late Cenozoic parallel auriferous veins in marbleized limestone
base metals. Gold-bearing rocks underwent de- Basin and Range faults in the western United beyond the skarn front (Fig. 1). The veins carry
calcification, silicification, and argillic alteration, States. Here we explore an alternative genetic calcite, wollastonite, quartz, and subordinate
and are associated closely with structurally local- model involving the supply of gold from epizon- quantities of grossularite, epidote, and vesuvian-
ized replacement of carbonate rock by jasperoid. al intrusions and its formation as distal replace- ite intergrown with gold-, arsenic-, and anti-
ment deposits (Sillitoe, 1983; cf. Roberts et al., mony-bearing minerals. Marbleized limestone
GENETIC M O D E L S 1971; Alvarez and Noble, 1988). Support for also contains several small examples of massive
The genesis of sediment-hosted gold deposits this intrusion-related model is provided by sulfide replacement mineralization, which at
is contended. Many investigators (e.g., Radtke sediment-hosted gold deposits in the Bau district Gunung Tongga (Fig. 1) contains gold values
and Dickson, 1974; Hofstra et al., 1988; Perci- of Sarawak, east Malaysia, and several recently up to 20 g/t, in association with pyrrhotite,
val et al., 1988) have proposed that gold was discovered sediment-hosted gold deposits in the pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and less-
scavenged from sedimentary rocks and then re- western Americas. We selected the Bau district common chalcopyrite and sulfosalts.
deposited in late Cenozoic geothermal systems as a type example because gold mineralization is The principal gold deposits in the Bau district
resulting from high heat flow in a Basin and related to a single intrusion event, as opposed to tend to be located farther from the porphyry
Range extensional setting. On the basis of this the greater complexity of intrusion and mineral- stocks, but in close association with porphyry
model, there is a tendency to argue for shallow ization in the western United States. sills and dikes (Fig. 2). Those previously mined,
gold deposition and to assign the deposits to a including the 2 Mt Tai Parit orebody (Geikie,
sediment-hosted epithermal category. However, BAU DISTRICT, SARAWAK 1906), occur near steep faults at and imme-
geologic (Bakken and Einaudi, 1986) and fluid- The Bau district has a gold production of ~40 diately beneath stratigraphic contacts between
inclusion studies (Kuehn and Bodnar, 1984; Hof- t; it is underlain by massive limestones and cal- limestone and shale. Both lithologies underwent
stra et al., 1988) have questioned evidence cited careous shales of Late Jurassic to Cretaceous age conversion to jasperoid and quartz-cemented

GEOLOGY, v. 18, p. 157-161, February 1990 157

hydrothermal breccia. Gold, averaging 6 to 9
g / t (Wolfenden, 1965), As (as arsenopyrite,
realgar, orpiment, and native arsenic), and Sb
(as stibnite) were introduced with silica.
Recently, a large lenslike body of disseminat-
ed gold mineralization associated with arseno-
pyrite and pyrite was discovered in decalcified,
argillized, and weakly silicified shale cut by
minor porphyry dikes at Jugan (Fig. 1), about 2
km from the nearest stock outcrop.
Numerous small but commonly high-grade
vein gold deposits in the Bau trend are confined
to faults, fractures, and bedding planes in mas-
sive limestone (Fig. 1). Veins carry coarse-
grained calcite and manganocalcite, and later
Figure 1. Selected geolog- 8AU
ic features and gold de- AREA
posits in Bau district and
vicinity, Sarawak, eastern
Malaysia. Compiled from
Wilford (1955), Wolfenden
(1965), Pimm (1967), Met-
al Mining Agency of Japan
(1985), and R. H. Sillitoe
(unpub. results).
158
quartz associated with pyrite, stibnite, realgar,
orpiment, native arsenic, arsenopyrite, and gold.
Gold mineralization at Bau is present from
the intrusive centers outward to the district's pe-
riphery, but the principal gold deposits occupy
distal sites and have the same geologic, min-
eralogic, and geochemical characteristics as
sediment-hosted gold deposits in the western
United States.
SEDIMENT-HOSTED GOLD
IN O T H E R I N T R U S I O N -
RELATED DISTRICTS
At Bingham, Utah, about 780 t of Au occur
in a 38 Ma monzonite porphyry-hosted Cu-Mo
111008'E
stockwork; at least 80 t are in contiguous Cu
skarns; and, farther away, a similar amount is in
Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate-replacement bodies (Wil-
kins, 1984; R. P. Ashley, 1989, written com-
mun.). Sediment-hosted gold deposits at Mel-Co
and Barney's Canyon, 5 and 8 km, respectively,
from the stock outcrop, compose a partial out-
ermost halo to the Bingham district. Gold is
present with elevated levels of arsenic and an-
timony in association with jasperoid at Mel-Co
and as disseminations in sanded dolomite at
Barney's Canyon (R. Babcock, 1987, personal
commun.). Similar fault-localized Au-As miner-
alization occurred as late-stage overprints to the
other ore types in the district; that in the prox-
Jugan
Microgranodiorite +
dacite porphyry/volcanics
Dorninantly shales
Limestone
Granodiorite
' High-angle fault
MINERALIZATION
if Porphyry: Cu-Mo-Au
A Intrusion-hosted breccia/vein/disseminated:
Zn-Pb-As-Sb-Au
Carbonate-replacement:
Zn-Pb-As-Cu-Au
O Vein w i t h calc-silicates: Au-As-Sb
Jasperoid at limestone-shale c o n t a c t :
Au-As-Sb
A Vein: Au-As-Sb
Shale-hosted disseminated: Au-As
Shale-hosted breccia: Hg-As
GEOLOGY, February 1990
imal Cu skarns predates final-stage M o introduc-
tion (Cameron and Garmoe, 1987).
The Pursima Concepcin sediment-hosted
Au deposit is located beyond carbonate-
B
9 Big Springs
replacement Cu, Zn-Pb, and Ag bodies zoned O .
0 Jerritt Canyon
outward from a partly K-silicate-altered grano- Chimney Creek
# Burns Basin
diorite stock of late Miocene age in the Yaurico- Getchell 8 Rabbit
Pinson Bootstrap
cha district, Peru (Alvarez and Noble, 1988). At
y Gold Strike (Post-Deep Postl
Preble
least six sediment-hosted gold deposits occur in Blue Star
the Bald Mountain district, eastern Nevada (Fig. B II M >
Bullion Monarch
2), within a 5 km radius of the Top gold deposit, Maggie Creek, Gold Quarry
a pyritic stockwork in argillized quartz porphyry >Rain
\ j L Bullion (Railroad)
of late Eocene-early Oligocene age (H. F. Bon- Fortitude
0 Sediment-hosted Au deposit
ham, Jr., unpub. data). McCoy-Cove
A Selected intrusion-centered
Gold Acres # . Horse
base- and/or precious-metal
0 Relief " Canyon
Canyon Cortez A deposit
EVIDENCE F R O M T H E CARLIN,
BATTLE M O U N T A I N - E U R E K A , * Tonkin Bald A - A ' Carlin trend
A N D GETCHELL T R E N D S , N E V A D A Springs B-B' Getchell trend
0 Alligator C - C ' Eureka-Battle Mountain
More than two-thirds of the gold reserves of Gold Bar Ridge trend
sediment-hosted type in the western United
States are confined to three linear trends (Fig. 2;
Windfall 0 /pan
Roberts et al., 1971; Bagby and Berger, 1985; 9 Quito 1^ ^Mt. Hamilton Figure 2. Sediment-hosted
Percival et al., 1988) comparable to the Bau Ratto Canyon I C ' Green gold and other base- and
lO ^ Springs precious-metal deposits in
trend. The Nevada trends are defined by
Nighthawk Ridge Carlin (A-A'), Getchell (B-
sediment-hosted gold and other metal deposits,
# Northumberland B'), and Battle Mountain-
by intrusive rocks of at least two ages, and by Eureka ( C - C ) trends,
alignments of structural windows (cf. that cen- Nevada.
tered on the Bau district; Fig. 1).
Intrusion-centered gold, base-metal, a n d / o r
tungsten districts that have been dated unequivo- TABLE 1. SELECTED INTRUSION-CENTERED BASE- AND/OR PRECIOUS-METAL MINERALIZATION
cally as either Late Cretaceous or late Eocene- IN THE CARLIN, BATTLE MOUNTAIN-EUREKA, AND GETCHELL TRENDS, NEVADA
early Oligocene help to define the three Nevada
District Porphyry-type Contact- Age, Spatially Reference
trends (Fig. 2; Table 1). However, the timing of alteration/ metasomatic Ma asociated
the sediment-hosted gold mineralization asso- mineralization mineralization sediment-
hosted Au
ciated spatially with contact-metasomatic min- mineralization
eralization, mainly skarns, at Bullion/Rain,
Goldstrike, Gold Acres, Getchell, Pinson, and CARLIN TREND
Chimney Creek (Table 1), is, like that of much Railroad K-silicate(?)/ Proximal Cu-Au 35-37 Alongside, Smith &
of the sediment-hosted gold in Nevada, con- (Bullion) Minor Cu-Mo skarn, distal 7 km distant Ketner, 1976
carbonate- (Rain)
tended. Nevertheless, given the widespread replacement
proximity of skarns and sediment-hosted gold in Pb-Zn-Ag
Nevada, there may be a temporal and therefore
Goldstrike Cu-(W) Jurassic- Overprinted Bettles, 1989
genetic relation in some districts, although such + Au(?) skarn Cretaceous and
a relation is commonly rejected at present (e.g., alongside
Goldstrike; Bettles, 1989). BATTLE MOUNTAIN-EUREKA TREND
A genetic relation is supported at Getchell by
Battle K-silicate/ Proximal Cu-Au 38.5 Theodore &
the coincident Late Cretaceous ages (88-92 Ma) Mountain minor skarn, distal Blake, 1975,
obtained for white mica in altered igneous rock Cu-Mo-Au Au-Ag-(Pb-Zn) Wotruba et al.,
skarn
associated with gold mineralization and for the
Osgood Mountains stock and associated tung- Gold Acres K-silicate Mo-Cu-Zn 93-99 Overprinted Wrucke &
sten skarns (Silberman et al., 1974). Late Creta- (biotite) skarn and above Armbrustmacher,
1975
ceous ages ( 9 3 - 9 9 Ma) were also obtained for
magmatic biotite and alteration sericite from Mt. Hamilton K-silicate W-Mo-Cu-Au 101-106 Dennis et al.,
skarn 1989
within and beneath the Gold Acres sediment-
hosted gold deposit (Wrucke and Armbrustma- GETCHELL TREND
cher, 1975).
Getchell W-(Mo) skarn 8-92 Alongside Hotz &
Oxidized gold mineralization at the huge Willden, 1964
Gold Quarry deposit in the Carlin trend (Fig. 2)
Adelaide Cu-Au- Late Possibly H. F. Bonham,
is cut by veins of massive chalky alunite, which (Pb,Zn,W) Cretaceous alongside unpub. results
yielded a K-Ar age of 28.8 0.8 Ma (E. H. skarn
McKee, 1989, written commun.). On the basis Chimney Base-metal Late Overprinted H. F. Bonham,
of textural evidence, we believe the alunite is of Creek skarn Cretaceous and unpub. results
supergene origin. It is possible, therefore, that (?) alongside
the gold mineralization, like the altered stock

159 GEOLOGY, February 1990

and ore deposits in the Bullion district (35-37
Ma; Smith and Ketner, 1976), is late Eocene-
early Oligocene in age, although older ages are
possible. Early Oligocene ages (34-36 Ma), simi-
lar to that for ore deposits in the Battle Moun-
tain district (38.5 Ma) (Theodore and Blake,
1975; Table 1) have been determined for altered
intrusive rocks from the Cortez and Windfall
gold deposits (Fig. 2) in the Battle Mountain-
Eureka trend (e.g., Wells et al., 1969).
In conclusion, we propose that intrusion,
skarn, a n d / o r carbonate-replacement gold,
base-metal, and tungsten mineraliz^|^i, and
sediment-hosted gold mineralization took place
along the three Nevada trends in the Cretaceous
a n d / o r late Eocene-early Oligoceneprior to
the onset of Basin and Range extension (cf. Rob-
erts et al., 1971). Furthermore, field evidence
and available age data are compatible with the
suggestion that sediment-hosted gold deposits
and contact-metasomatic mineralization were
generated at the same time in at least some dis-
tricts in these trends.
INTRUSION-RELATED MODEL
The evidence from the Bau, Bingham, Yauri-
cocha, and Bald Mountain districts confirms that
sediment-hosted gold deposits similar to those in
the Nevada trends occur in carbonate host rocks
on the fringes of intrusion-centered base- and
precious-metal districts. Furthermore, magmatic
+ + Porphyry
stock
160
hydrothermal base- and precious-metal mineral-
ization is present in the Carlin, Battle Mountain-
Eureka, and Getchell trends, and could be inter-
preted as being related genetically to sediment-
hosted gold deposits (Rain, Goldstrike, Gold
Acres, Getchell, Chimney Creek).
Typically, these intrusion-centered mineral
districts are characterized by porphyry Cu-Mo-
Au mineralization in their centers (Fig. 3). This
grades outward through Cu-Au a n d / o r W - M o
skarns to Au- a n d / o r Ag-bearing Zn-Pb skarns
or carbonate replacements and, in the most dis-
tal parts of districts, to sediment-hosted Au de-
posits deficient in base metals but carrying
abundant As and Sb (Fig. 3). Transitions from
skarns to carbonate-replacement chimney and
manto deposits have been observed (e.g., Mei-
nert, 1987), but genetic relations between skarns
a n d / o r carbonate replacements and sediment-
hosted gold are complicated by the presence of
intervening unmineralized gaps and/or, as at
Bingham, Gold Acres, and Goldstrike, by tele-
scoping of the ore types. Individual districts
commonly do not contain all these mineraliza-
tion types and, where they do, not all of them
are likely to constitute ore; Bingham is an
exception.
The distal concentration of Au-Sb-As con-
forms with long-established hydrothermal zon-
ing schemes and may be explained readily in the
context of the liberation of metal-bearing
/ - - Fault
Carbonate
rocks
4 km
_1
magmatic-hydrothermal brines from centrally
located intrusions, and their progressive cooling
and dilution by ground and connate waters as
they migrated outward and upward in the host-
rock environment. Base metals, silver, and in
some districts gold, are stripped from the
migrating fluids in the porphyry, skarn, and
carbonate-replacement environments, metal
precipitation being due to destabilization of
chloride complexes by one or more mechanisms
(Seward, 1984). On the peripheries of districts,
however, salinities become too low to permit
appreciable base-metal complexing, and only
Sb, As, and any remaining Au are capable of
further transport as, and eventual deposition
from, bisulfide complexes. Such evolved, low-
temperature (150-250 C), low-salinity fluids
dominated by meteoric water are characteristic
of sediment-hosted gold deposits (e.g., Rye,
1985).
In the intrusion-centered districts mentioned
above, auriferous fluids traveled horizontal dis-
tances of several kilometres and, at Bingham, up
to 8 km from progenitor stocks (Fig. 3). More-
over, Meinert (1987) documented in detail at
least 3 km of lateral fluid flow within a base-
metal skarn environment. In order to travel such
distances, fluids require the presence of highly
permeable conduitsgenerally high-angle faults
with or without associated anticlinal foldsand
decreasing pressure gradients (Hemley et al.,
Paleosurface
Figure 3. Schematic mod-
el to illustrate typical posi-
tion of sediment-hosted
gold deposits on peripher-
ies of intrusion-centered
base- and precious-metal
districts.
GEOLOGY, February 1990
 1986). Felsic dikes on these structures demon-
strate that throughgoing connections existed
with host intrusions immediately prior to, and
therefore probably during, ore deposition. Fault-
controlled dikes are commonplace in and ad-
joining distal skarn and carbonate-replacement
deposits (e.g., Battle Mountain; Wotruba et al.,
1988) as well as in many sediment-hosted gold
deposits (Fig. 3). Sediment-hosted gold mineral-
ization is generated where such steep faults inter-
sect receptive, permeable lithologies on the
fringes of intrusion-centered districts. The pro-
genitor intrusions are commony concealed, as is
widespread in the Nevada trends, where fluid
flow is inferred to have possessed an appreciable
vertical component. Progenitor intrusions are
commonly concealed in Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate-
replacement districts.
EXPLORATION IMPLICATIONS
W e believe that the potentially large radii,
commonly 5 km or more, of intrusion-centered
hydrothermal systems are poorly appreciated.
When the concept of lateral (including an appre-
ciable component of vertical) flow of metallifer-
ous fluids for distances of several kilometres is
incorporated into exploration models, the areas
prospective for sediment-hosted gold deposits
and their distance from intrusions increase mark-
edly, as does the potential vertical extent of
such targets. The fringes of the majority of
intrusion-centered base- and precious-metal dis-
tricts hosted by carbonate sequences (cf. Bing-
ham, Yauricocha), beyond all known base-metal
mineralization, have never been explored for
gold.
S U G G E S T I O N S FOR
FURTHER WORK
Our model may be tested by carefully
coordinated field and laboratory studies de-
signed to chart chronologic and paragenetic con-
tinuity, and chemical and isotopic evolution of
ore fluids between contact-metasomatic min-
eralization and more distal (or overprinted)
sediment-hosted gold. The Bingham, Yaurico-
cha, Getchell, Bullion, and Bald Mountain dis-
tricts present opportunities for such studies,
which are being initiated at Bau.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
R. Babcock, A. Ling, and J. P. McKibben gave
permission to cite unpublished data, and E. H. McKee
provided the Gold Quarry alunite age. We thank R. P.
Ashley and J.F.H. Thompson for reviews.
Manuscript received May 4, 1989
Revised manuscript received September 6, 1989
Manuscript accepted September 15, 1989
161