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Chapter 8. Auxiliary Equipment Hoods, Ducts, Fans, and Coolers
Chapter 8. Auxiliary Equipment Hoods, Ducts, Fans, and Coolers
Chapter 8. Auxiliary Equipment Hoods, Ducts, Fans, and Coolers
Pollution
Chapter 8. Auxiliary Equipment:
Hoods, Ducts, and Fans
Ph.D
16th October 2012
Role of hoods in an industrial process
Performance assessment
Static pressure
Potential energy put into the system by the fan
Velocity pressure
Pressure arising from air flowing through the duct. This
is used to calculate velocity
Total pressure
Static pressure + velocity pressure
Q=V*A
TP = SP + VP
V = 4005(VP/d)0.5
Hood Flow Rate Determination
For an enclosure capture velocity at the enclosed opening is the
exhaust flow rate divided by opening area
The capture velocity at a given point in front of the exterior
hood will be established by the hood air flow through the
geometric surface which contains the point
For a theoretical unbounded point suction source
Q = v * a = v * 4 * * x2 = 12.57 * v * x2
Where
Q = air flow into suction point, cfm
V = velocity at distance X, fpm
A = 4 * * X2 = area of sphere, ft2
X = radius of sphere, ft
9
Hood Flow Rate Determination
For an unbounded line source
Q = v *2 * * x * l = 6.28 * v * x * l
Where
L = length of line source, ft
In general the equation used is
Q = v * (10 * x2 + a)
Where
Q = air flow, cfm
V = center line velocity at X distance from hood, fpm
X = distance outward along axis of flow in ft
A = area of hood opening, ft2
D = diameter of round hoods or side of essentially square hoods, ft
10
Hood Losses
Entry losses occur due to formation of venacontracta at the
entrance of duct.
The hood entry loss represents the energy necessary to
overcome the loss as the air enters the duct.
The losses increase with increase in flow area.
Hoods with two or more points of loss are compound
hoods.
The basic equations used are (for simple hood)
SPh = hed + VPd
Where
SPh = hood static pressure, wg
hed = entry loss transition (Fh * VPd )
VPd = duct velocity pressure
11
Hood Losses
For compound hoods:
SPh = (FS) (VPS) + (FD) (VPD) + VPD
This is when duct velocity is greater than slot velocity.
Where:
SPh = hood static pressure, wg
FS = entry loss factor for slot
VPS = slot velocity pressure, wg
FD = entry loss factor for duct
VPD = duct velocity pressure, wg
total hood loss = hood entry loss plus air acceleration loss
P (1.0 Fh )VPduct
12
Designing a Canopy Hood over a
Hot Source
For a low, circular canopy hoods
Qt = 4.7 ( Dh)2.33 (T)0.42
Qt = total hood air flow, cfm
Dh = diameter of hood, ft
T = difference between temperature of the hot source, and the
ambient, F
For a low, rectangular canopy hoods
Qt = 6.2L ( W)1.33 (T)0.42
L = length of the hood, ft
W = width of hood, ft
Capturing Hoods
Hood has to generate sufficient airflow at and around the
source to capture and draw in the contaminant-laden air
Ducts
Bernoullis equation
2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
w hf
2g c 2g c
= fluid density (ft3/lbm)
p = static pressuregauge (lbf/ft2)
z = height of fluid above some reference point (ft)
v = fluid velocity through duct, hood, etc. (ft/sec)
gc = gravitational constant (32.2 ([lbm-ft/sec2]/lbf)
= fan efficiency
w = work added by fan, etc. (ft-lbf/lbm)
hf = head loss due to friction (ft-lbf/lbm)
Ducts
Bernoullis equation
2 2
g/gc = P1 v P v
1 2 2 Hf
2g 2g
= specific weight of the fluid, lbf/ft3
g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/sec2
Hf = head loss due to friction, ft of fluid
2 2
fLv v
Hf Hf Kf
Dc 2 g 2g Kf = fitting loss factor
2
v
Hv
2g
Hv = velocity head of air, ft of air
The Pitot-static tube
Ducts
act
VPact VPstd
std
f 0.0001575QP
w
4A
Dh
P
act
Pact Pstd
std
Interchangeability of static and
velocity pressures in air systems
20
Fan Types
Air exits
with
centrifugal Rotation
force
Pressure
side
Pressure
side
SP=static pressure
TE=total efficiency
=QPtotal/Wshaft
SE=static efficiency
HP=horsepower
Fan Types
Forward Curved
Centrifugal - Generates more
air volume and higher static
pressure than backward curved
of the same size but at the
expense of lower efficiencies.
The scooping action of the
forward curved generates a
high air velocity which in turn
give a high dynamic pressure.
The fan scroll converts this
into static pressure.
Fan Types
Mixed Flow Fan - A compromise between
an axial and backward curved centrifugal.
Axial throughput but with the performance of
a backward curved.
Fans 28
System Pressure Effects
Fan curves are typically given in terms of total pressure vs.
volumetric flow rate
A typical fan running at a fixed speed can provide a greater
volumetric flow rate for systems with smaller total
pressure drops (if were to the right of the peak in the fan
curve).
Total pressure loss=static pressure loss + dynamic pressure
loss
Ptotal Pin,static Pout ,static Vin2 Vout
1 2
2
If exit and inlet area of a duct are about the same, the
dynamic pressure loss (or gain) may be minimal.
Total pressure of fan
Fans 31
Fan static pressure rise
System Resistance
Sum of static pressure losses in system
Increases with square of flow rate
Actual with
system
resistance
calculated
33
Fan Laws
Fan data for geometrically similar fans can be
collapsed onto a single curve using
dimensionless numbers
Q=volumetric flow rate
D=fan diameter
N=fan rotational speed
FSP W=fan power
N 2 D 2 =fluid density
P=fan pressure rise
w
N 3 D5
Fan Laws
Example
Fan Operating Efficiency Evaluation
The parameters to be studied in detailed are:
Air /gas rates of fans / main ducts
Static pressure and dynamic pressure and total pressure
Power consumption of fan (for estimating the operating
efficiency of the fans)
Monitor present flow control system and frequency of
control valve operation if any (for application of variable speed
drives)
37
38
39
Fan efficiency
k (P)Q
w
FSP1 1Q1
2
Fan Operating Efficiency Evaluation
Q in m3/ s x static pr. developed by fan in mmwc 102
Fan static kW =