Chemical Immobilization of Free-Ranging European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)

Author(s): Jon M. Arnemo and Nils E. Sli

Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Jun., 1995), pp. 246-251
Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
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 Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26(2): 246-251, 1995
Copyright 1995 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING EUROPEAN

HEDGEHOGS {ERINACEUS EUROPAEUS)
Jon M. Arnemo, D.V.M., and Nils E. Sali, D.V.M., Dr. Med. Vet.

Abstract: Twenty-five free-ranging European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were immobilized

on 33 occasions with various sedative and anesthetic agents. Eleven animals injected with a com
bination of medetomidine hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg), ketamine (2.0 mg/kg), and fentanyl (0.1 mg/
kg) s.c. were completely immobilized after 8.2 ? 2.5 (mean ? SD) min. The immobilizations were
characterized by good muscle relaxation, abolition of the rolling-up, pedal withdrawal, and corneal
reflexes, and minimal reaction to eartagging. Twenty to 25 min after administration of the immo
bilizing agents, six animals received a combination of atipamezole hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg) and
naloxone hydrochloride (0.16 mg/kg) i.m., and five animals were given saline (0.6 ml/kg) i.m. The
mean times from administration of reversal agents (group 1) or saline (group 2) to when the animals
regained the rolling-up reflex and were able to walk, were 6.6 ? 2.0 and 7.4 ? 2.1 min in group 1
and 66 ? 19 and 135 ? 15min in group 2, respectively. No side effects were seen in animals given
reversal agents; animals given saline remained immobilized for up to 2.5 hr. The other drug doses
or combinations that were tested, medetomidine hydrochloride (0.32-2.1 mg/kg), medetomidine
hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg) + ketamine (5.0 mg/kg), tiletamine-zolazepam (10.0-35.2 mg/kg), and
etorphine (0.062-0.170 mg/kg) + methotrimeprazine (16.4-45.0 mg/kg), were either not effective
or had certain disadvantages at the dosages used in this study. In conclusion, a combination of
medetomidine-ketamine-fentanyl can be recommended for reversible immobilization of free-rang
ing European hedgehogs.
Key words: European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, immobilization, medetomidine, ketamine,
fentanyl.

INTRODUCTION reverse xylazine-ketamine-induced immo

euro bilization in one individual.1 Reversal agents
European hedgehogs {Erinaceus
roll up into a tight ball when would be very useful in field studies and in
paeus) will
handled. This certain clinical situations to avoid pro
self-protective behavior
makes these animals difficult to examine, longed recovery and for treatment of rela
and most clinical procedures tive overdosing.
require chem
ical restraint.81622 The aim of the present study was to eval
Several and inhalant uate the effect of various immobilizing drugs
injectable agents
have been used for chemical immobiliza and selected reversal agents in free-ranging
tion or anesthesia of European European hedgehogs.
hedgehogs:
ether,15 pentobarbital,15 phencyclidine
MATERIALS AND METHODS
promazine,22 ketamine,1016 fentanyl-fluani
sone,16 tiletamine-zolazepam,1017 xylazine Twenty-five free-ranging European
ketamine,1'10'22 diazepam-ketamine,10 med hedgehogs (14 males, 11 females) were im
etomidine-ketamine,14 methoxyflurane,11 mobilized on 33 occasions with various sed
isoflurane,11 and ketamine-isoflurane.11 ative and anesthetic agents. In animals im
However, an evaluation of specific antag mobilized more than once, the period be
onists in European hedgehogs has not been tween each treatment was at least 21 days.
reported, although yohimbine was used to During immobilization, the animals were
eartagged with color plastic tags (Dalton
Supplies, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames,
From the Center of Veterinary Medicine, N-9005
Oxfordshire RG9 5AB, U.K.) to enable
Tromso, Norway (Arnemo); and the Department of
identification. Recaptured individuals were
Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Nor
wegian College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 8146 retagged. In two hedgehogs, eartagging was
Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway (Soli). not performed. The study was carried out

246

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 ARNEMOAND S0LI-IMMOBILIZATIONOF EUROPEANHEDGEHOGS 247

in 1991 and 1992 on the island of Vega, ed. All animals were observed for at least 1
Norway (65?40'N, 11?57'E), to which Eu hr after they were able to walk to detect signs
ropean hedgehogs recently were introduced. of residual effect from the immobilizing
Fifteen animals were considered adults drugs, excitement from the reversal agents,
(0.800-1.300 kg body weight) and 10 were resedation, or other abnormal behavior. The
juveniles (0.400-0.650 kg). animals were then released at the site of
The animals were baited with dog food capture.
in a private garden, manually captured with In the main trial, 11 animals were given
leather gloves, weighed, and chemically im 0.2 mg/kg medetomidine hydrochloride
mobilized either within 1 hr or the next (Domitor?, 1mg/ml, Orion Corp. Animal
morning after being caged overnight. All Health Division, Turku, Finland), 2.0 mg/
procedures and measurements were per kg ketamine (Ketalar?, 10 and 50 mg/ml,
formed in an examination room in a vet Parke-Davis, Barcelona, Spain), and 0.1 mg/
erinary clinic at ambient temperatures be kg fentanyl (Leptanal?, 0.05 mg/ml, Jans
tween 18?Cand22?C. sen Pharmaceutica BV, Beerse, Belgium).
All immobilizing agents were injected s.c. The dosages used were based on a prelim
from separate syringes in the rump area inary evaluation of this drug combination
while the animals were rolled up. The in in four animals. Six of the animals received
duction time was the time from adminis 1.0 mg/kg atipamezole hydrochloride (An
tration of the drugs to when the animal re tisedan?, 5 mg/ml, Orion Corp. Animal
laxed, unrolled, and could be placed in lat Health Division) and 0.16 mg/kg naloxone
eral recumbency (complete immobiliza hydrochloride (Narcanti?, 0.4 mg/ml, Du
tion). In animals that did not spontaneously Pont, Stevenage, U.K.) for reversal, and the
unroll the degree of immobilization was as other five animals were given a correspond
sessed 10 min after injection of the drugs. ing volume of saline.
For animals that were completely immo In addition, several other drugs and drug
bilized at this time, even though they still combinations were evaluated = number
(n
were in a rolled-up position, the induction of immobilizations): medetomidine hydro
time was recorded as 10 min. Fifteen to 20 chloride at 0.32-2.10 =
mg/kg (n 4) with
min after injection of the drugs, the follow subsequent reversal with atipamezole hy
ing measures were recorded in all animals drochloride at five times the dosage of med
that did not roll up when handled: rectal etomidine hydrochloride (1.6-10.5 mg/kg);
temperature (using a clinical digital ther medetomidine hydrochloride at 0.2 mg/kg
heart rate (using a stethoscope), + ketamine at 5.0 mg/kg =
mometer), (n 3) with sub
respiratory rate (observing the flank move sequent reversal with atipamezole hydro
ments), presence or absence of the pedal chloride at 1.0 mg/kg; tiletamine-zolaze
withdrawal reflex (pinching of a toe with an pam (Zoletil? 100 mg/ml, Virbac, Carros,
=
artery forceps), and the corneal reflex (light France) at 10.0-35.2 mg/kg (n 5); etor
touching of the cornea with a cotton-tipped phine at 0.062-0.170 mg/kg + methotri
In addition, the reaction to ear at 16.4-45.0 mg/kg =
applicator). meprazine (n 6) (Small
tagging was used to assess the degree of an Animal Immobilon?, 0.068 mg etorphine
algesia. + 18 mg methotrimeprazine/ml, C-Vet,
Twenty to 30 min after administration of Bury St. Edmunds, U.K.) with subsequent
the immobilizing drugs, the animals were reversal with either diprenorphine hydro
injected i.m. in the thigh with antagonists chloride (Small Animal Revivon?, 0.272
or a corresponding volume of saline, and mg/ml, C-Vet Ltd.) at four times the dosage
=
the times until the animal regained the roll of etorphine (n 4) or naloxone hydro
ing-up reflex (time to rolling up) and was chloride at three (n = 1) and 10 (n = 1)
able to walk (time to walking) were record times the dosage of etorphine.

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 248 JOURNALOF ZOOAND WILDLIFEMEDICINE

Table 1. Summary3 of dosages, induction times, and physiological measures in free-ranging European hedge
hogs (Erinaceus europaeus) immobilized with various drugs and drug combinations.

No.
immo- Induction0 Respiration
Dosage biliza- time Rectal Heart rate (breaths/
Drugs (mg/kg) tions Responseb (min) temp. (?C) (beats/min) min)

Medetomidine HC1 0.2 11 11/11 8.2 ? 2.5 34.8 ? 0.6 158 ?33 22 ?
Ketamine 2.0

Fentanyl 0.1

Medetomidine HC1 0.32-2.1 4 0/4 NRd NR NR

Medetomidine HC1 0.2 3 1/3 4.0 32.1-33.8 80-150 6-14
Ketamine 5.0

Tiletamine-zolazepam 10.0-35.2 5 5/5 3.0-7.0 32.9-34.8 180->220 4-30

Etorphine 0.062-0.170 6 4/6 4.0-4.5 33.5-34.2* 200-220e 10-20?
Methotrimeprazine 16.4-45.0

a
Mean ? SD or range.
bNumber treated.
of animals completely immobilized/number of animals
c
Time from administrations of drugs to complete immobilization.
dNot recorded.
e
Measurements taken for five animals.

The two-sample ?-test (NCSS?, Number treated animals was not achieved until 2-3
Cruncher Statistical System, Kaysville, Utah hr after immobilization.
84037, USA) was used to compare times to
Medetomidine
rolling up and walking of animals receiving
atipamezole-naloxone and saline, respec All animals treated with medetomidine
tively, after immobilization with medetom relaxed and unrolled (Table 1), but they re
idine-ketamine-fentanyl. Calculated P val mained sensitive to sound and touch stimuli
ues of <0.05 were considered significant. and reacted strongly to eartagging by rolling
up and vocalizing.
RESULTS The times (range) to rolling up and walk
Medetomidine-ketamine-fentanyl ing after treatment with atipamezole hydro
chloride at five times the dosage of mede
All animals were completely immobi
tomidine hydrochloride were 4.0-11.5 min
lized (Table 1),muscle relaxation was good,
and 5.0-13.5 min, respectively. No side ef
reaction to eartagging was minimal or ab
fects were noted after reversal.
sent, the rolling-up, corneal, and pedal with
drawal reflexes were absent, and no clinical
Medetomidine-ketamine
side effects were detected.
The mean (? SD) times to rolling up (6.6 Medetomidine-ketamine induced com
? 2.0 min) and walking (7.4 ? 2.1 min) plete immobilization in one of three ani
were shorter = mals (Table 1).This individual did not react
significantly (P 0.0022,
0.0001, respectively) in animals given ati to eartagging. The other two were relaxed
pamezole hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg) and and deeply sedated but reacted to handling
naloxone hydrochloride (0.16 mg/kg) than and eartagging with a brief and incomplete
in animals treated with saline (66 ? 19min rolling-up reflex. The pedal withdrawal and
and 135 ?
15 min, respectively). Reversal corneal reflexes were present in all three an
after atipamezole-naloxone treatment was imals.
rapid and permanent, and no side effects The times (range) to rolling-up and walk
were seen. Complete recovery in saline ing after treatment with atipamezole hydro

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 ARNEMO AND S0LI-IMMOBILIZATION OF EUROPEAN HEDGEHOGS 249

chloride at five times the dosage of mede 25 min and with naloxone hydrochloride
tomidine hydrochloride were 2.0-6.0 min at 3-10 times the dosage of etorphine was
and 2.5-12.0 min, respectively. The ani 11-32 min. All animals showed signs of
mals showed signs of catalepsis and inco incomplete reversal, sedation, and incoor
ordination for up to 10 min after remobil dination after mobility was regained. Re
ization, but they were otherwise normal. narcotization with deep sedation was evident
in all animals 0.75-3 hr after administration
Tiletamine-zolazepam of the antagonist, and the initial doses of
Tiletamine-zolazepam induced complete diprenorphine or naloxone were repeated.
immobilization in all animals (Table 1). The
highest dosage caused tachycardia and re
with intermittent pe
DISCUSSION
spiratory depression
riods of apnea. All animals were cataleptic The medetomidine-ketamine-fentanyl
and stiff during immobilization, and spon combination induced complete and reliable
taneous muscle contractions in the extrem immobilization in European hedgehogs.
ities were frequently seen. The pedal with Abolishment of the pedal withdrawal and
drawal and corneal reflexes were present in corneal reflexes indicates that the depth of
all animals. The animals reacted to eartag anesthesia may be suitable for surgical in
ging and were sensitive to sound stimuli. tervention.4
Animals treated with tiletamine-zolaze Subcutaneous injection of the immobiliz
pam did not receive reversal agents or sa ing drugs was used in this study because the
line. The times (range) to walking after in rolling-up reflex, spiny hair coat, and small
jection of tiletamine-zolazepam were 40 muscle mass of European hedgehogs make
77 min. All animals were severely cataleptic this route of administration preferable. In
and incoordinated after mobility was re duction was rapid and effective after s.c.
gained, and recovery was not complete until injection of medetomidine-ketamine-fen
2.5-3 hr after immobilization in animals tanyl, and the large stores of s.c. fat accu
given the highest dosages. mulated during autumn did not reduce the
clinical efficacy of these drugs in the present
Etorphine-methotrimeprazine
study.
Etorphine-methotrimeprazine induced The means of rectal temperature, heart
complete immobilization in four of six an rate, and respiratory rate of animals im
imals (Table 1).Muscle relaxation was good, mobilized with medetomidine-ketamine
the pedal withdrawal and corneal reflexes fentanyl are comparable to the reported
were absent, and reactions to eartagging were normal values in European hedgehogs, 34.0
minimal. In two animals that were only 35.0?C, 120-188 beats/min, and 25 breaths/
moderately sedated after 12 min, the initial min, respectively.121618'21
doses were repeated. One of these animals Atipamezole-naloxone produced rapid
became completely immobilized 5 min af and permanent reversal without side effects
ter the second injection (total dosage = 0.123 in animals immobilized with medetomi
mg/kg etorphine + 32.7 mg/kg methotri dine-ketamine-fentanyl. The dosages of
meprazine). The sixth individual received atipamezole and naloxone were based on
a total dosage of 0.340 mg/kg etorphine and published recommendations for several
90.0 mg/kg methotrimeprazine but was still other animal species.2'571314'20 Because of the
incompletely immobilized and reacted to extended recoveries seen in animals treated
injection of the antagonist by rolling up. with saline, we recommend that reversal
The time (range) to walking after treat agents be used on a routine basis in Euro
ment with diprenorphine hydrochloride at pean hedgehogs immobilized with this drug
four times the dosage of etorphine was 12 combination, at least under field conditions.

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 250 JOURNALOF ZOOAND WILDLIFEMEDICINE

Medetomidine at 0.05-0.15 mg/kg in ministered (0.340 mg/kg) was very high

duces moderate to deep sedation in a num compared with effective doses in other spe
ber of nondomestic mammalian species, al cies.5 However, the main problem with this
though the immobilization is usually in drug combination was that the antagonists
complete.13 One animal in this study was were not effective; reversal was slow and
given a dosage of 2.1 mg/kg, which is higher incomplete, and renarcotization was pro
than those reported for any other species. found in all animals. Renarcotization or re
However, this individual was still sensitive cycling has been reported in several species
to sound and touch stimuli and reacted after opioid immobilization.9 This phe
strongly to eartagging. In dogs, s.c. admin nomenon may occur as little as 2 hr or as
istration of medetomidine is not recom much as 72 hr postimmobilization.9 Re
mended because of reduced efficacy, de narcotization may be caused by enterohe
layed onset of sedation, and excessive pro patic shunting, reactivation of drugs, release
longation of the effects.6 of agonist from fat depots, or antagonist un
Medetomidine-ketamine effectively im derdosing.9 The dosages of diprenorphine
mobilizes a wide range of nondomestic and naloxone used in this study are higher
mammals.13 However, in our study the im than most recommendations in other spe
mobilizing and analgesic effect of this com cies.5 Etorphine-methotrimeprazine should
bination was unsatisfactory, even though the not be used in free-ranging European hedge
dosages used were higher than those rec hogs without further evaluation of antago
ommended for most other species, includ nists.
ing captive European hedgehogs.1314
CONCLUSIONS
Tiletamine-zolazepam at 0.75-10.0 mg/
A combination of medetomidine-ketam
kg has been used for restraint or anesthesia
of captive European hedgehogs.1017 How ine-fentanyl is recommended for immobi
ever, in our study dosages of 10-35.2 mg/ lization of free-ranging European hedge
kg did not produce analgesia sufficient for hogs. Induction is rapid, the duration and
In addition, this combination degree of immobilization are sufficient for
eartagging.
had several undesirable effects such as ca clinical examination and medical proce
and respiratory de dures, and the animals can be effectively
talepsis, tachycardia,
pression when high dosages were used and remobilized with atipamezole-naloxone.
had prolonged recovery. We therefore do
Acknowledgments: We thank Orion Corp.
not recommend the use of tiletamine-zo Animal Health Division for their contribution
lazepam in free-ranging European hedge of Domitor? and Antisedan?. Financial support
hogs. Because the dosages of tiletamine used was received from Fylkesmannen i Nordland
in this study were very high, reversal agents (County Governor of Nordland), N-8000 Bodo,
were not evaluated. Flumazenil is available Norway.
as a specific antagonist to zolazepam,3 but
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