2017-01-10
2 Energy
MAAE 2400-C
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer
Chapter 2.
Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics
Prof. Abu Syed Kabir
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Office location: Room #3252 (Mackenzie)
3 Energy
A Yo-Yo Example
When you hold a yo-yo in your hand, it has
potential energy
When you release it, the potential energy is
gradually converted into kinetic energy
(because it is moving).
When a yo-yo is spinning at the bottom
of its string, virtually all the potential
energy it had originally has been converted
into kinetic energy.
As a yo-yo climbs up and down its string, it
is constantly exchanging potential and
kinetic energy.
Ability of a system to perform work
Energy can be stored in various forms.
Energy can also be transformed from one form to another.
A lightning bolt has electrical energy.
A battery has chemical energy.
A moving car has mechanical energy.
Food has stored energy.
The total amount of energy is conserved in all transformations.
The Sun is the source of energy for most
of life on Earth. It releases mainly thermal
energy, and radiant (light) energy.
4 Energy
A yo-yo has a mix of 3 kinds of energy:
- Potential energy (it has a certain height above
the floor).
- Kinetic energy of movement (it moves up or
down relative to the floor).
- Kinetic energy of rotation (it spins around).
The First Law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the principle
of Conservation of Energy.
The yo-yo is an example of a closed system where energy can change
from one form to another.
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5 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 6 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
Recall Closed Systems Lets consider the closed system below:
It has a fixed quantity of matter.
No mass transfer across system boundary but can have energy boundary boundary
exchange with the surroundings.
p1 p2
The only energy interactions associated with closed systems
T1 T2
are work and heat transfer.
1 2
etc. etc.

PISTON
m1 m1
CYLINDER
SYSTEM
GAS
State 1 at time t1 State 2 at time t2
ENERGY

7 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 8 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
The First Law of thermodynamics (also called the Energy Sign Convention
Conservation Equation) for a closed system can be written as
First Law of Thermo E2 - E1 = 1Q2 - 1W2
E 2 E1 1Q2 1W2
Closed System
The sign convention for Q and W is as follows:
Q > 0: heat transfer TO the system
+Q +W Q < 0: heat transfer FROM the system
System
W > 0: work done BY the system
The phrase net amount used in the word must be carefully interpreted.
At some locations the energy transfers may be into the system, whereas W < 0: work done ON the system
at others they are out of the system.
The two terms on the right side account for the net results of all the Very Important: You must pay attention to the sign convention when
energy transfers by heat and work, respectively. solving energy problems.

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9 Kinetic Energy 10 Potential Energy

The kinetic energy term and its variation (change in kinetic
energy) are as follows:

1
KE mV 2 PE m g z
2
and and
1 PE m g ( z 2 z1 )
KE m(V22 V12 )
2

Kinetic energy is an extensive property of the body

Potential energy is an extensive property of the body

11 Internal Energy 12 Internal Energy

For example, a room temperature glass of water sitting on a table
The internal energy, U of a system is the sum of the kinetics and has no apparent energy, either potential or kinetic. But on the
potential energies of all particles that compose the system microscopic scale, it is a mass of high speed molecules traveling
(Energy associated with the random, disordered motion of at hundreds of meters per second.
molecules).
It is separated in scale from the macroscopic (visible) ordered Microscopic kinetic energy is
energy associated with moving objects; it refers to the invisible part of internal energy
microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale.
No apparent energy of
the glass of water on a
macroscopic scale

Molecular attractive forces are

associated with potential energy

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13 Internal Energy 14 Internal Energy

We will see in later chapters that
The internal energy can be expressed in several forms
For liquids and solids :
U f (m, T , p ) U m c (T2 T1 ), u c (T2 T1 )
U
u specific internal energy, i.e., per unit mass
m
For ideal gases :
u f (T , p )
U m cv (T2 T1 ), u cv (T2 T1 )
U U mass
u uM
mole mass mole
where
Molecular mass c : specific heat of the liquid or solid
cv : specific heat at consta nt volume of the gas

15 Units of Energy 16 Work

What do engineers mean by work?

The units of kinetic energy and potential energy are the same
as work (force times distance)
SI: N.m or J (kJ normally used in the textbook)
English: ft.lbf (Btu, British thermal unit, normally used)
Work is the amount of energy
transferred by a force acting through a
distance.
In the equation, F is the force, ds is the differential
displacement, and s1 and s2 are the initial and final positions.

Thermodynamic definition of work: Work is done by a system on its

surroundings if the sole effect on everything external to the system could
have been the raising of a weight.

In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is the energy transferred

by the system to its surroundings

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17 Power
The rate of energy transfer by work is called power and is
denoted by W
In SI, the unit for power is J/s, called the watt.
In this book the kilowatt, kW, is generally used.
Commonly used English units for power are ft.lbf/s, Btu/h,
and horsepower, hp.
18 Energy
The total energy E of the system includes many forms of energy
E total energy of the system U KE PE etc
where
U : internal energy of the system
KE : kinetic energy of the system
(energy due to its velocity and mass)
PE : potential energy
(energy due to its mass and elevation)
etc : all other forms of energy
(e.g., spring, magnetic field, chemical, )

19 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 20 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
Variation of the First Law of Thermodynamics Different Formulations
The First Law of Thermodynamics can also be written in its
In summary, internal energy, kinetic energy and potential energy
differential form:
are specific forms of energy.
We have
d E Q W
E 2 E1 1 Q 2 1W 2
where
and considering the energy of a system has 3 contributions
d E : the differential of the total energy of the system
Q : the transfer of energy by heat
E 2 E1 (U 2 U 1 ) ( KE 2 KE 1 ) ( PE 2 PE 1 )
W : the transfer of energy by work
Hence
U KE PE 1 Q 2 1W 2

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21 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 22 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
Different Formulations Different Formulations
The First Law of Thermodynamics can also be written in its The First Law of Thermodynamics can also be written in its
rate form: specific energy form:

dE
Q W e2 e1 1q2 1w2
dt
where the word specific is used
where e : specific energy; E / m when referring to a term that is
dE : time rate of change of energy (i.e., the change in energy as divided by mass
q : specific heat transfer; Q / m
dt a function of time) Another example,
w : specific work; W / m
Q : time rate of energy transfer by heat transfer V : volume (m3)
m : mass of the system
W : time rate of energy transfer by work (i.e., power) : specific volume (m3/kg)

23 Typical Steps to Problem Solving 24 Example

Energy Transfer by Work in Piston-Cylinder Assembly
Step 1 - Read the problem statement carefully
(what are you trying to find?). Five kg of steam contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
Step 2 - Draw a sketch/diagram including the given information undergoes an expansion from State 1, where the specific internal
energy is u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg to State 2, where u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg.
and write any assumptions. During the process, there is heat transfer to the steam with a
Step 3 - Write down the fundamental equation(s). magnitude of 80 kJ. Also a paddle wheel transfer energy to the
steam by work in the amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant
Step 4 - Simplify these equations. change in kinetic or potential energy of the steam. Determine the
energy transfer by work from the steam to the piston during the
Step 5 - Solve the question. process, in kJ.

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25 Solution 26 Solution
The following conditions apply: +Q +W STEP 2: Draw a sketch/diagram including the given information
u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg and write any assumptions.
System
u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg 2 1 u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg 2 1 u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg
Q = +80 kJ
5 kg 5 kg
(i.e., energy added to system)
steam steam
Wshaft = -18.5 kJ W Wshaft = -18.5 kJ
(i.e., done on system)
KE = PE = 0
KE = PE = 0
Find the amount of energy transfer Q Wpiston = ? 1Q2 = +80 kJ
by work from the steam to the piston,
Wpiston (in kJ). Make sure you define the system: in this case we have a closed system
defined by the dashed lines.

27 Solution 28 Solution
STEP 3: Write the fundamental equation(s). STEP 5: Solve the question.

E2 E1 KE PE (U 2 U1 ) Q W W piston U1 U 2 Q Wshaft
STEP 4: Simplify this equation. In our case, this becomes: W piston m u1 u2 Q Wshaft
0 0

E2 E1 KE PE (U 2 U1 ) Q W
kJ
W piston 5 kg 2709.9 2659.6 80 kJ 18.5 kJ
kg

This can be rearranged to give: U 2 U1 Q Wshaft W piston W piston 350 kJ
+Q +W
W piston U1 U 2 Q Wshaft Recall, lower case u = U/m Since Wpiston > 0, this means that the System
work is done by the system.
W piston m u1 u2 Q Wshaft
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

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Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics-2