BG GT1

B MN DUYT BI GING CHI TIT Thay mt nhm
Ch nhim B mn (Dng cho 75 tit ging) mn hc

Hc phn: GII TCH I
Nhm mn hc: Gii tch
B mn: Ton
T Vn Ban Khoa: Cng ngh Thng tin T Vn Ban
Ch bin: PGS S T Vn Ban

Thnh vin: TS T Ngc nh
TS Hy c Mnh
ThS Nguyn Vn Hng
ThS Nguyn Hng Nam
ThS Bi Vn nh
Thng tin v nhm mn hc
TT H tn gio vin Hc hm Hc v
1 T Vn Ban PGS TS
2 Nguyn Xun Vin PGS TS
3 Nguyn c N Ging vin chnh TS
4 V Thanh H Ging vin chnh TS
5 T Ngc nh Ging vin TS
6 Bi Vn nh Ging vin ThS
7 Bi Hong Yn Ging vin ThS
8 Nguyn Th Thanh H Ging vin ThS
9 Nguyn Vn Hng Ging vin ThS
10 Nguyn Thu Hng Ging vin ThS
11 o Trng Quyt Ging vin ThS
12 Nguyn Hng Nam Ging vin ThS
13 Hy c Mnh Ging vin TS
14 Bi Th Hng Yn Ging vin ThS
a im lm vic: B Mn Ton, P1301, Nh S4
in thoi, email: 069 515 330, bomontoan_hvktqs@yahoo.com
Bi ging1: Gii hn Lin tc o hm

Chng I: Gii hn, lin tc, php tnh vi phn ca hm mt bin
Mc: 1.1. s thc (2 tit)
1.2. gii hn dy s (3 tit)
Tit th: 1-5, Tun th: 1
- Mc ch, yu cu:
1
Nm s lc v Hc phn, cc chnh sch ring ca gio vin, a
ch Gio vin, bu lp trng Hc phn.
Nm c vi khi nim v tp s nh sup, inf, nh l v cn trn;
Tm gii hn ca dy thng thng, dy n iu;
Tm gii hn ca hm dng cc php thay tng ng;
- Hnh thc t chc dy hc:
Hnh thc ch yu: L thuyt, tho lun - t hc, t nghin cu
- Thi gian: L thuyt, tho lun: 5t - T hc, t nghin cu: 7t
- a im: Ging ng do P2 phn cng.
- Ni dung chnh:
Gii thiu hc phn GII TCH I (15 pht)
Gii tch ton hc l b mn ca ton hc lin quan n nhng vn
ca bin i v chuyn ng. Phng tin ch yu ca n l nghin cu
cc i lng v cng b. N cp n chuyn nhng i lng n tin
n nhng i lng kia. Hai nhnh chnh ca gii tch l php tnh vi phn
v php tnh tch phn c lin h vi nhau bi nh l c bn ca gii
tch.
Di dng ton gii tch, I. Newton gii thch chuyn ng ca
cc hnh tinh xung quanh mt tri. Ngy nay, gii tch dng tnh ton
qu o ca cc v tinh, d bo kch c qun th, cc ch s kinh t, d bo
thi tit, o thng s tim mch, tnh ton ph bo him ...
Mt s chng minh nh l ... c lc gin, nhng dung lng
kin thc, tm su tr tu t duy l gc hon ton m bo, sinh vin
k thut v cng ngh d sc lnh hi c dung lng cc mn hc khc -
m nhiu khi ngy mt ln - bc i hc. Chng ti ch trng n kha
cnh p dng ca vn . Nhng v d, bi tp c tnh ng dng cao tr li
cho ngi hc cu hi hc phn ny, lm g, tc dng ra sao vi cc
mn hc tip, vi nng lc ngi k s tng lai.
Chng ta s thy rt nhiu v d, bi tp lin quan n thc tin
Cc khi nim, nh l, tnh cht ... thng c pht biu bng
li v kt hp vi cng thc...
Chnh sch ring
Mi ln ln bng cha bi tp ng c ghi nhn, cng vo im
qu trnh 0.5 im. Cha bi tp sai khng b tr im.
Ht Chng 1 np Bi lm ca Bi tp Chng 1.
S hin din trn lp: Khng i hc 5 bui s khng c thi.
Ti liu tham kho
2
TT Tn ti liu Tc gi Nxb Nm xb
1 Gio trnh Gii tch I T Vn Ban Gio dc 2012
2 Ton hc cao cp Nguyn nh Tr v Gio dc 2007
(T2,3)
3 Gii tch 1 Trn Bnh KH v KT 2007
4 Bi tp gii tch Nguyn Xun Vin HVKTQS 2006
5 Bi tp Gii sn gii Trn Bnh KH v KT 2007
tch I
6 Calculus (Early Jon Rogawski W.H.Freeman 2007
Transcendentals), and Co.
BI TP V NH GT I (V d: T c; Bi tp: Cha trn lp)
BI TP V NH V d: T c; Bi tp: Cha trn lp
CHNG I . Tr: 3; 4(b); 7; 11; 17(b); 25(b).
Chnh: 8(a, b, c); 9; 12(11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28 -
Cha: 11, 14, 16, 18, 24 ); 13(d i - Cha: e, f, i); 14( Cha: a, b, g, h); 15; 19(a,
b); 20; 23.
V d cui chng 1 (b, d, e)

CHNG II Tr: 1(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19); 18(a, d, e); 34; 36(a, b); 41, 42.
Chnh:
Chng I trong TL1: 12(10, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31),
13(d, e, f, g, h, i), 14( c, d, f, i, j)
Chng 2, TL1: 1(13, 21); 3; 6(a, b); 7(b); 9(a,b); 12(a, b, c, d); 13(d); 15(a, c);
16; 18(a); 21; 22(a, b); 25(c); 32(a, b, c, d); 38(a, b); 39(b).
BS 1. Nghim li nh l Rolle vi cc hm s sau, ch r im trung gian c trong nh
l nu n tn ti:
2
3 1 x khi x 0
(a) f (x) 1 x 2 trong on [-1,1]; (b) f (x) trong on [-1,1]
3
1 x khi x 0
BS 2. Bit rng hm n y y(x) t phng trnh xy ln y 2 kh vi v y(2) 1 . Hy
tnh y ti x 2 .
VD 2.8; VD 2.16(a, b); 2.21; 2.26(a, b, d); 2.30(d); 2.33; VD 39; VD 2.40 (hnh 2.32
a: r arc sin ).
CHNG III. Tr: 1(2, 3, 4, 10, 14, 15, 25, 34) ; 14 (a); 15(a); 18; 25(a, c)
Chnh: 1(7, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30); 3(f); 2(c,d); 4(a, b); 10(c); 18. 19(c, d, e, f);
20(b, c); 21 (a, b); 22; 34(h, i, j, k, l); 35(a f, Cha: a, b, c));
36(a i, Cha: a, b, d, h, i ).
x5 sin x
BS. Xt s hi t ca c ctch phn suy rng x dx, dx ,
0 e 1 x x
4 1
x s inx 1 dx x arctan x sin 2x
dx ; dx ; ; dx
dx ;
6 2 2 5 2
2 1 x 1 x x 0 x x 9 1 1 x 0 1 x
VD 3.26; VD 3.27; VD 3.28. VD 3.32; VD 3.38 (a, b); VD 3.39; VD 3.40;
VD 3.41; VD 3.42; VD 3.43; VD 3.44(a).
CHNG IV. Tr: 1( 2, 5, 11, 12, 13, 18, 26); 2, 3( 1, 5, 9, 12); 5(b, f).
Chnh: 1(28, 29, 30); 11(f); 12(c); 14 (c l, Cha: c, e, f, i, j, l); 15(a, b, c); 16(a,
3
b); 18(d, e); 21; 23 (c, e); 24(a, b); 26(a i, Cha: a, c, e, h) 27(a f, Cha: a, c, d,
f); 33(a, c); 34(a, b, c).
BS 1. f (x) ln(1 2x) . Tnh o hm f (2000) (0) .
n
BS 2. Xt s hi t
2 12
2
12
n
... ... BS 3. Cho c hm
1
1 x n
5 25 n5
n 1 2n 1 1 2x
a) Tnh tng ring th 5 ti x = 0. b) Tm min hi t ca chui.
VD 4.19 (b); VD 4.23(b); VD 4.24 (b, c, d); VD 4.25(a, b, c, d)); 4.5.7 (V d khc) (a,
b, c); VD 4.27; VD4.29 (b).
Ti liu tham kho cho Hc phn GTI

TT Tn ti liu Tc gi Nxb Nm xb
1 Gio trnh Gii T Vn Ban Nxb Gio dc 2012
tch I
2 Gii tch I Trn Bnh KH v KT 2007
3 Ton hc cao cp Nguyn Gio dc 2007
(T 2) nh Tr v

4 Bi tp Gii tch Nguyn HV KTQS 2006
Xun Vin
4 Bi tp Gii sn Trn Bnh KH v KT 2007
gii tch Tp 1
5 Calculus (Early Jon W.H.Freeman and Co. 2007
Transcendentals), Rogawski
CU TRC THI, CCH THC CHO IM
Cu s V phn S im
Cu 1 L thuyt 2
Cu 2 Chng 1: Gii hn, lin tc 2
Cu 3 Chng 2: o hm 2
Cu 4 Chng 3: Tch phn 2
Cu 5 Chng 4: Chui 2
im bi thi 10
im qu trnh 10
im chuyn cn 10
Tng im = im chuyn cn x 10% 10
+ im qu trnh x 20% + im bi thi x 70%
Hnh thc thi: Thi vit
Bu lp trng lp hc phn. Kt qu:
S in thoi gio vin:
a ch Email cn:
Webside cn:
Danh sch SV (t nht 7 ct kim tra s s)
Gii thiu bng ch ci Hy lp (Greek Alphabet)
4
Chng 1
GII HN, LIN TC
1.1. S THC (2 tit)
1.1.1. M u
a. Gii thiu v cc tp s
* 1, 2, ..., n, ... : * ; * 0, 1, ..., n, ... : .
* ... , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, ... : .
p
* , q * , p : ( l mt trng).
q
Trong khng c cc phn t kiu nh 2, e, , ... , gi l cc s v
t. Cn a vo cc s v t c - tp cc s thc - rng hn .
b. Tin s thc
Chng ta cng nhn s tn ti v duy nht tp hp cc s thc, k hiu
l , c trang b php cng + , php nhn , v mt quan h th t
tha mn cc tin (i) (iv) di y:
(i) ( , , ) l mt trng, c th l: (Xem [1])
(ii) l mt quan h th t ton phn trong , c th l:
1) c tnh cht phn x: a , a a .
2) c tnh cht phn i xng:
a b
a, b , a b.
b a
a b
3) c tnh cht bc cu: a, b, c , a c.
b c
a b
4) l quan h th t ton phn: a, b
b a
Nu a, b v a b, a b , ta ni a nh hn b v vit a b .
(iii) Gia cc php ton , v quan h th t c mi lin h sau
y:
1) a b a c b c
2) d 0, a b a d b d
5
(iv) Mi tp khng trng v b chn trn u c cn trn ng.
Ring tin (iv) cn c nhng gii thch t m hn sau y.
c. Cn, b chn
Ta ni x l mt cn trn (hay bin trn) ca tp hp A nu
a A, a x .
Ta ni y l mt cn di (hay bin di) ca tp hp A nu
a A, y a .
Ta ni x l phn t ln nht (hay gi tr ln nht) ca tp hp A
nu x A v x l mt cn trn ca A:
x A

a A, x a.
K hiu phn t ln nht ca tp hp A l Max(A).
Tng t i vi khi nim phn t nh nht; k hiu l Min(A).
Khi A l hu hn, ta dng k hiu Max(a1 , ..., a n ) hay Max a i
1 i n
Tp con A c gi l b chn trn nu tn ti (t nht) mt cn

trn ca n. Tng t ta c th hiu khi nim b chn di.
Tp hp A c gi l b chn nu n va b chn trn, va b chn
di.
Supremum. Phn t b nht trong cc cn trn ca tp hp A, nu tn
ti, c gi l cn trn ng ca A, k hiu l Sup(A)
Phn t ln nht trong cc cn di ca tp hp A, nu tn ti, c
gi l cn di ng ca A, k hiu l Inf(A).
C th xy ra trng hp Sup(A) A hoc (v) Inf (A) A . Chng hn
khi A (a; b) .
D thy tin iv) tng ng vi:
iv') Mi tp khng trng v b chn di u c cn di ng.
d. Nhng vo () ()
Hnh 1.1. Mi s hu t xem l mt s thc

e. Cc loi khong
C 9 loi khong suy rng sau y trong
6
1) a, b x : a x b , 6) (a, ) x : a x ,
2) [a, b) x : a x b , 7) (, a] x : x a ,
3) (a, b] x : a x b , 8) ( , a) x : x a .
4) (a, b) x : a x b , 9) (, ) .
5) [a, ) x : a x ,
Cc khong a, b ; (, a]; [b, ); (, ) : ng,

(a, b); ( , a); (b, ); ( , ) : m,
[a, b); (a, b] : na ng, na m;
a, b : (u) mt ca khong.
1.1.2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp cc s s thc
a. Cc bt ng thc thng gp
1
x 0 0 ;
x
0 x y
x, y, u, v , xu yv.
0 u v
Bt ng thc Cauchy:
x1 ... x n n
Vi x1 0,..., x n 0 th x1...x n .
n
Bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunhiacopski-Schwartz:
2
n n 2 n 2
x i yi x i
yi
.
i1 i1 i1
b. Gi tr tuyt i. Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc x l mt s thc, k
hiu l |x|, xc nh bi
x khi x 0,
| x |
x x 0.
c. Khong cch thng thng trong
d. Cn trn. Chng ta nhc li tin v cn trn ng:
Mi tp A khng trng v b chn trn u c cn trn ng Sup(A).
H qu. Mi tp A khng trng v b chn di u c cn di
ng Inf(A).
nh l 1.1. Cho A l tp khng trng. Khi
M l mt cn tr n , (*)
M Sup(A)
0, a A : M a M. (**)
7
Chng minh. (i) iu kin cn. Gi s M Sup(A) . Vy M l mt cn
trn. Ta gi s khng xy ra (**), ngha l 0 0, a A, a M 0 .
Nh vy, M 0 cng l 1 cn trn ca A. R rng M 0 M . Vy M
khng l cn trn nh nht, mu thun.
(ii) iu kin . Gi s xy ra (*) v (**). Nh vy M l mt cn
trn. Gi s M khng l cn trn nh nht. V A b chn trn (t ra bi M)
nn tn ti cn trn nh nht M' v M M. t M M 0 . Theo (**),
a A : M M (M M) M a M .
Vy M khng l cn trn, mu thun.
Lu . im a ni (**) c th chnh l Sup(A) hoc khng. Bn c
cng d dng pht biu khng nh tng t vi Inf(A).
V d 1.1. Tm cn trn ng, cn di ng, gi tr ln nht, gi tr
2
nh nht (nu c) ca tp hp E 2
, n * .
n
e. Cn bc n ca s dng () ()
Mnh . a 0, n nguyn dng, ! b 0 sao cho b n a .
Phn t b ny c k hiu bi n a hay a1/n v gi l cn bc n ca a.
Vi n 2, ta k hiu a thay cho 2 a .
c gi c th t x l tng t vi cn bc l ca s m:
2n 1
a , a 0.
f. Tnh cht Archimede - Phn nguyn
nh l 1.2. c tnh cht Archimede sau y:
0, A 0, n * : n A .
0 2 A n
nh l 1.3. Vi mi x , tn ti duy nht s nguyn n sao cho

n x n 1.
S nguyn ny c gi l phn nguyn ca x, k hiu l [x] .
g. S tr mt ()
nh ngha. Cho hai tp hp s thc A, B, hn na A B . Ta ni tp hp A tr mt
trong tp hp B nu
b B, 0, a A : b a b .
H qu: Cho x v y l hai s thc bt k, hn na x y . Tn ti s hu t a
x a y.
Hnh nh trc quan: Hai s thc - d gn nhau bao nhiu chng na - lun c t ra mt s
hu t gia. ()
h. S v t
Mt s thc c gi l s v t nu n khng l s hu t.
8
(Tp s v t l ).
x y

Lu . x , y xy
x / y

(Tng, tch, thng mt s hu t vi mt s v t l mt s v t).
nh l 1.5. Tp hp cc s v t tr mt trong .
1.1.3. Tp s thc m rng
1.1.4. Lc lng ca , ()
nh ngha. Cho hai tp bt k A v B. A c gi l c lc lng b hn lc lng ca B nu tn
ti mt n nh f : A B .
A v B c gi l c cng lc lng (c lc lng nh nhau) nu tn ti song nh f : A B .
Lc lng ca tp hp A k hiu l Card(A) (c ti liu ghi l #A).
Nu A l tp hu hn n phn t: A {a1 , ... , a n } th quy c Card(A) n .
Nu lc lng ca A b hn lc lng ca B th ta vit
Card(A) Card(B) .
Tp hp A c gi l c lc lng m c, gi tt: A l tp m c, nu c th sp xp cc
phn t ca A thnh dy; c th l, tn ti mt song nh f : * A .
Tp hp v hn khng phi l tp m c c gi l c lc lng khng m c (gi tt: tp
khng m c).
Tnh cht. Lc lng ca tp cc s hu t trn [0, 1] l m c.
Ngoi ra chng ta c:
Tp cc s hu t l m c.
Tp cc im trn hnh vung n v [0, a] [0, a] vi c hai ta hu t l m c ...
1.2. GII HN DY S (2 tit)

1.2.1. S hi t - Phn k
a. Nhng khi nim v kt qu m u
a.1. Dy s
Mt nh x xc nh trn tp cc s nguyn dng v nhn gi tr
thc
u : , n u(n)
c gi l mt dy s.
u1 u(1) : s hng th nht, ,
u n u(n) : s hng th n hay s hng tng qut.
K hiu dy s bi {u n , n 1, 2,...} hay {u n , n 1} hay n gin {u n } .
Dy s cng c vit di dng khai trin: u1, u 2 ,..., u n ,...
Cng hay xt cc dy
1 1 1
, n 1 , , n 3 , , n 1 .
n 2 n 2 n 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chng ln lt l , , ,... , , , ,..., 1, , ,...
3 4 5 5 6 7 2 3
9
a.2. S hi t, phn k ca dy s
nh ngha. Dy {u n } c gi l hi t n gii hn (hay c gii
hn ) nu vi mi s 0 , tn ti N sao cho | u n | , n N .
Khi ta vit lim u n hay u n (n ).
n
Hnh nh trc quan ca iu ny l: T ch s N ln tr i, u n s
"ri" vo ln cn ( , ) .
{u n } l dy hi t nu
{u n } l dy phn k nu:
Ch . Rt d dng nhn c kt qu:
lim u n lim | u n | 0 .
n n
nh l 1.6 (Tnh duy nht ca gii hn). Gii hn ca dy s, nu
tn ti th duy nht. C th l:
lim u n 1
n
1 2 . ( | ) ( | )
lim u n 2
n 1 2
Chng minh. .
Ch .
Mi dy dng (ngha l khng i t mt s hng no tr i) l
dy hi t, hi t n s khng i nu.
Hai dy s trng nhau t mt s hng no tr i cng hi t hay
cng phn k.
Nu ta thay i mt s hu hn s hng, hay thm vo hoc bt i
mt s hu hn s hng ca dy th c mt dy cng hi t hay
cng phn k nh dy dy cho.
a.3. Dy b chn
Ta ni dy { u n } l b chn (tng ng: b chn trn, b chn di) nu
tp hp {u n , n 1, 2, ...} l b chn (tng ng: b chn trn, b chn di).
nh l 1.7. Dy hi t th b chn.
Chng minh.
a.4. Gii hn v hn
Ta ni dy {u n } tin n + (hay {u n } c gii hn + ) nu:
L 0, N : n N, u n L.
Khi ta vit lim u n hoc u n (n ) .
n
Chng ta d hiu ngha ca k hiu u n (n ) .
10
Ta ni dy {u n } tin n (hay {u n } c gii hn , {u n } nhn
lm gii hn) nu:
L 0, N : n N, | u n | L.
nh l 1.8. Mi dy dn ra u b chn di. Tng t, mi dy
dn ra u b chn trn.
Chng minh.
b. Tnh cht v th t ca gii hn
nh l 1.9. Gi s {u n }, {v n } l hai dy tha mn iu kin u n v n
vi n N no v tn ti cc gii hn lim u n u; lim vn v . Khi
n n
u v.
nh l 1.10. Cho hai dy {u n }, {v n } .
N , n N, u n v n
lim u n lim v n .
n n
Chng minh.
nh l 1.11 (nh l kp). Cho {u n }, {v n }, {w n } l ba dy. Nu t
mt ch s N no tr i xy ra bt ng thc u n w n v n cn
{u n } v {v n } cng hi t n gii hn th {w n } cng hi t n .
n N, u n w n v n ;
lim u lim u lim w n .
n n n n n
c. Cc php ton v gii hn

nh l 1.12. Cho {u n }, {v n } l hai dy, , , l ba s thc.
(a ) u n (n ) | u n || | (n ).
(b) u n 0 (n ) | u n || 0 | (n ).
u n (n )
(c) u n v n (n ).
v
n (n )
(d) u n (n ) u n (n ).
u n 0 (n )
(e) u n v n 0 (n ).
{v n } b chn
u n (n )
(f ) u n v n (n ).
v n (n )
1
(g) u n 0 (n ) th dy c xc nh t mt ch s
un
1 1
N no tr i v (n ) .
un
11
u
u n , vn 0 (n ) th dy n c xc nh t
(h)
vn
u
mt ch s N no tr i v lim n .
n v n
Chng minh. Chng ta s chng minh (e) v (h).
nh l 1.13. Cho hai dy {u n }, {v n } .

* u n (n )
(a) u n v n (n )
v n b chn di
* u n (n )
u n v n (n )
v n (n )
* u n (n )
u n v n (n )
v n (n )
u n (n )
(b) u n v n (n )
C 0, N , n N, v n C
1
(c) u n (n ) xc nh t mt ch s no v
un
1
0 (n ) .
un
u n 0 (n ) 1
(d) (n ) .
N, n N, u n 0 u n
Nh vy, khi gp cc gii hn dng nh nh l trn, ta coi y l
cc gii hn thng thng, khng phi l dng v nh, khng cn phi
"kh dng v nh".
V d 1.2. Xt s hi t ca dy n a , (a 0) .
Kt qu: lim n a 1 (a 0). (1.3)
n
Ngoi ra n (Mnh hn!)

lim n 1
n
Nhn xt. Sau ny ta c nhiu cng c gii bi ton trn nhanh hn. #
an
V d 1.3. Xt s hi t ca dy vi a 1 v m nguyn dng c
nm
nh.
Trc ht xt trng hp m 1 , c th ta s chng minh
An
lim , A 1.
n 0 n
12
a n
By gi xt s hi t ca dy m , a > 1.
n
an
Vy lim , a 1, m *. (1.5)
n n m
Ta ni hm m dn ra v hn nhanh hn bt k hm ly tha no (hay

hm m tri hn hm ly tha). #
V d 1.4. Chng minh rng
an
a , lim 0. (1.6)
n n!
Ta ni giai tha tri hn hm m (n! dn ra nhanh hn a n ). #

1.2.2. Dy n iu
a. nh ngha. Dy {u n } c gi l tng (gim) nu
u n u n 1 (u n u n 1 ) vi mi n.
Dy {u n } c gi l tng (gim) thc s nu u n u n 1 (u n u n 1 )
vi mi n.
Dy tng hoc gim gi chung l dy n iu.
nh l 1. 14. Dy tng (gim), b chn trn (di) th hi t.
Chng minh.
+ Gi s dy {u n } tng v b chn trn: u1 u 2 ... L .
+ i vi dy {u n } gim v b chn di, xt dy { u n } . Phn cn li
l r rng.
H qu. Dy tng, khng b chn trn th hi t ti + ,
Dy gim, khng b chn di th hi t ti - .
b. Dy k nhau
nh ngha. Hai dy {u n }, {v n } c gi l k nhau nu {u n } tng,
{v n } gim v vn u n 0 (n ) .
nh l 1.15. Hai dy {u n }, {v n } k nhau th chng hi t n cng
mt gii hn . Hn na
u n u n 1 v n 1 v n , n *.
n n
1 1 1 1 1 1
V d 1.5. Hai dy u n 1 ... , vn ,
k 0 k! 1! 2! n! k 0 k! n.n!
n = 1, 2, . . . l k nhau. Vy chng c cng gii hn, gi l e. Ta bit
e 2.718 281 828 .
n
1
(Mt nh ngha khc ca s e l: e lim 1 ). #
n n
13
1.2.3. Dy con
nh ngha. Cho dy {u n }: u1, u 2 , ... Dy {u n k , k 1, 2, ...} vi cc
ch s n k tha mn : n1 n 2 n 3 ... c gi l mt dy con trch ra t
dy {u n } .
Chng hn, {u n } l dy cho trc,
{u 2n }: u 2 , u 4 , u 6 , ... : dy "chn"
{u 2n 1}: u1 , u 3 , u 5 , ... : dy "l"
{u 3n }: u 3 , u 6 , u 9 , ...
l cc dy con. Tuy nhin
{u }: u1, u1, u3 , u 7 , ...
n 2 3n 3
l dy, nhng khng l dy con ca {u n } v ch s 1 b lp li!
nh l 1.16. Nu {u n } c gii hn th mi dy con trch ra t
cng c gii hn .
Chng minh.
nh l ny c tc dng tt CM mt dy no khng hi t.
V d 1.6. Xt s hi t ca dy {(1)n }.
u 2n (1) 2n 1 1 (n ),
u 2n 1 (1) 2n 1 1 1 (n ).
V 1 1 , theo nh l 1.16, dy ny khng th hi t, vy n phn
k. #
nh l 1.17. Cho {u n } l mt dy, cn l mt s thc. Khi ,
lim u 2n
n
lim u n
n nlim u 2n 1

Lu : C th m rng nh l trn bng cch tch {u n } thnh k dy
con ri nhau.
nh l 1.18 (B Bolzano-Weierstrass). T mi dy s thc b
chn u c th trch ra mt dy con hi t.
Chng minh. Cho dy b chn {u n } . a1 , b1 : n * , a1 u n b1 .
t h b1 a1 0 . R rng on [a1, b1 ] cha v hn phn t ca dy {u n } .
Chn mt phn t u n1 ty ca dy {u n } . Nh vy a1 u n1 b1 .
Chia i on [a1, b1 ] bi im (a1 b1 ) / 2 , c 2 on,
[a1 , (a1 b1 ) / 2], [(a1 b1 ) / 2, b1 ] . C t nht mt trong 2 on ny cha v
hn cc phn t ca dy {u n } . Gi on l [a 2 , b 2 ] .
14
b1 a1
h
R rng [a 2 , b 2 ] [a1, b1 ]; b 2 a 2
.
2 2
Chn mt phn t u n 2 ty ca {u n } sao cho n 2 n1 v u n 2 nm
trong on [a 2 , b 2 ] : a 2 u n 2 b 2 .
Tng t, bng quy np ta xy dng c dy on [a n , b n ] m
+ Cha v hn cc phn t ca dy {u n } ,
bk a k h
+ [a k 1, bk 1 ] [a k , b k ]; b k 1 a k 1 ... k .
2 2
Chn mt phn t u n k ca dy {u n } sao cho n k n k 1 v
a k u nk bk . (*)
Hai dy {a k }, {b k } l k nhau (ni cch khc, dy on [a k , b k ] l
lng nhau). Theo nh l 1.15, tn ti gii hn chung ca chng:
lim a k lim b k .
k k
Theo nh l kp lim u n k (pcm).
k
Bi tp v nh cho c Chng 1
Tr: 3; 4(b); 7; 11; 17(b); 25(b).
Chnh: 8(a, b, c); 9; 12(11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24,
28). Cha: 11, 14, 16, 18, 24 ); 13(d i - Cha: e, f, i); 14( Cha: a, b,
g, h); 15; 19(a, b); 20; 23.
Yu cu sinh vin chun b:
T c: V d cui chng 1 (b, d, e);
Lm bi tp theo k hoch;
c trc TL[1]: 1.2. Gii hn dy s tr 30 - 35
Bi ging2: Gii hn dy s - Gii hn, lin tc ca hm s
Chng 1: Gii hn, lin tc

Mc 1.2 Gii hn dy s (tip 1t)
1.3. Hm mt bin s - Gii hn, lin tc ca hm s (2t)
Bi tp: Gii hn dy s (2t)
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Gii hn dy s (tip): Mt s hiu bit b sung v GH dy
Gii hn, lin tc ca hm s: Nm c vi tnh cht ban u ca
GH hm, tnh c mt s GH dy bi trc
15
- Ni dung chnh:
1.2. GII HN DY S (tip - 1 tit)
1.2 Gii hn trn, GH di

nh ngha. Cho {u n } l mt dy s; {u n k } l mt dy con ca n
tha mn:
(i) lim u n k ;
k
(ii) i vi mi dy con {u mk } khc m lim u mk th .
k
Khi c gi l gii hn trn ca dy {u n } v k hiu l lim u n .

Gii hn di lim u n : T nh ngha!
nh l 1.19
i. Lun tn ti lim u n .
Hn na nu {u n } khng b chn trn th lim u n .
ii. Nu {u n } b chn trn bi M th lim u n M .
iii. lim u n lim u n lim u n .
n
nh ngha. Dy {u n } c gi l dy c bn (hay dy Cauchy) nu
0, N , m, n N : | u n u m | .
iu ny tng ng vi:
0, N , n N, p 0 : | u n p u n | .
nh l 1.20 (Nguyn l Cauchy)
Dy {u n } l dy Cauchy khi v ch khi n hi t.
1 1
V d 1.7. Xt s hi t ca dy x n 1 ... .
2 n
N , chn n N , m 2n N . Ta c
1 1 1 1 1
| x n x 2n | ... ... .
n 1 2n 2n 2n 2
Vy {x n } khng l dy Cauchy; theo nh l 1.20 n khng hi t. #
V d 1.8. Chng minh rng cc dy {sin n} , {cos n} khng hi t.
1.2.4. Dy truy hi ()
Dng: u n 1 f (u n ) - Dy truy hi loi 1
16
u n 1 f (u n , u n 1) - Dy truy hi loi 2
(Cc s hng ca n xc nh theo quy np dng u n 1 f (u n ) , trong f(x) l hm
no ). ()
un
V d 1.9. Tm gii hn ca dy {u n }: u 0 1, u n 1 .
u 2n 1
Ta thy u n 0 n.
un u 3n
u n u n 1 u n 0, n u n gim.
u 2n 1 u 2n 1
lim u n 0.
n
un
Chuyn qua gii hn ng thc u n 1 c 2
0 .
u 2n 1 1
Vy lim u n 0. #
n
1
V d 1.10. Tm gii hn ca dy {u n }: u 0 1, u n 1 (u n2 8).
6
1
Hng dn. u n 0 . Xt nh x (hm s) f (x) (x 2 8) , n c 2
6
im bt ng l x 2, x 4 .
u 0 [0, 2] lim u n 2
n
S. u 0 [2, 4) 2
u0 4 4
u 0 4 : Dy phn k. #
1.3. HM S MT BIN S
1.3.1. S lc v hm s ()
b. Cc phng php biu din hm s
Hm s c biu din theo mt trong 4 cch:
Bng biu thc Bng bng s liu
Bng th Bng li
1.3.2. Hm s chn, l
nh ngha.
V d 1.17. Xt xem mi hm sau y l chn hay l
a) f (x) 2x x 5 ; b) g(x) 3 x 6 ;
c) h(x) 2 x 3x 4 ; d) k(x) x 2 2x 4 , x 0.
1.3.3. Hm s ngc
17
By gi ta coi hm s nh mt nh x. Gi s
f: X Y (X, Y )
x X y f (x) Y
l mt song nh. Khi
+ Tp xc nh ca f l X, tp gi tr ca f l Y.
+ f l n nh: x1, x 2 X, x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
+ f l ton nh: y Y, x X : f (x) y.
Vy vi mi y Y , tn ti duy nht x X f (x) y .
Php tng ng xc nh mt nh x (mt hm s) t Y vo X, k
hiu l f 1 , gi l nh x (hm s) ngc ca f:
f 1 (y) x sao cho f (x) y .
f 1
X Y
Hnh 1.12. Hm xui v hm ngc

Theo thi quen, ta dng ch ci x ch i s, ch ci y ch hm
s. Nh vy ta s k hiu hm ngc ca hm y f (x) l
y f 1 (x), x Y .
Tnh cht. Nu hm f(x) c hm ngc v ng bin (hay nghch
bin) th hm ngc cng ng bin (hay nghch bin).
(hm ngc bin thin cng chiu vi hm xui.)
Hm f(x) l l th hm ngc cng l; hm chn khng c hm ngc.
th hm ngc i xng vi th hm xut pht qua phn gic
ca gc phn t th nht.
By gi cho y f (x), x X l n nh. (Ta khng ch r tp gi tr).
Gi Y {f (x), x X} l tp gi tr ca f. Th th f : X Y l song nh.
Theo phn tch trn, tn ti f 1 : Y X , cng c gi l hm ngc ca
hm ban u.
V d 1.18. a. y x 2 . y l nh x, tp xc nh l , khng n
nh. Vy khng c hm ngc.
b. y x 2 , x 0 x y, y 0. Hm ngc l y x . #
18
V d 1.19. Xt hm s y sin x . Hm ny xc nh trn , khng l
n nh nn khng c hm ngc.

By gi xt hm s y sin x, x . Hm s ny ng bin. Vy
2 2
tn ti hm ngc, k hiu l arcsin x, hay y hn
y arcsin x, 1 x 1 , th cho Hnh 1.13. R rng l
sin (arcsin x) x vi x [ 1, 1];

arcsin (sin x) x vi x , . #
2 2
Hnh 1.13. Hm sin x v hm arc sin x

V d 1.20. Tng t, hm y tan x khng c hm ngc. Nu ta xt

hm y tan x, x , th li c hm ngc, k hiu l arc tan x - hay
2 2
y hn - y arc tan x, x ( , ) . y l hm l, ng bin, v th
ca n cho Hnh 1.14. Lu rng

arc tan() : lim arc tan x ;
x 2

arc tan() : lim arc tan x .
x 2
Hnh 1.14. Hm arc tan x

Cng thc cng arctan
19
1.3.4. Cc hm s cp c bn
y x , ( ) ; y ax (0 a 1) )
y loga x, x 0 (0 a 1) ;
y sin x, y cos x, y tan x, y cot x ;

y arcsin x, x [ 1, 1] l hm ngc ca hm y sinx, x ;
2 2
y arc cos x, x [ 1, 1] l hm ngc ca hm y cosx, 0 x ;

y arctan x, x ( , ) l hm ngc ca hm y tan x, x ;
2 2
y arc cot x, x (, ) l hm ngc ca hm y cot x, 0 x ;
Hm lng gic hyperbolic:
e x e x
cosh x : cos hyperbol;
2
e x e x
sinh x : sin hyperbol;
2
sinh x e x e x
tanh x : tan hyperlol;
cosh x e x e x
cosh x e x e x
cothx : cotang hyperrbol.
sinh x e x e x
Tnh cht: cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 ,
sinh 2x 2cosh x sinh x,
cosh 2x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x ...
Hm s cp: Gm cc hm s cp c bn, cc hm to bi mt s hu
hn ln cc php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia, nng ln lu tha v hp cc
hm s cp c bn.
1 1
Lu : Mt s ti liu dng hm: csc x , sec x .
sin x cos x
Mt s ti liu k hiu cc hm arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x, arc cot x ln
lt l sin 1 x, cos 1x, tan 1 x, cot 1 x .
1.3.5. Mt s hm s thng dng khc
0, x 0
a. Hm bc nhy n v y u(x)
1, 0 x.
b. Hm phn nguyn: y [x]
(S nguyn ln nht (gn nht) nh thua x).
c. Hm phn phn: y x [x] , k hiu l {x} .
20
d. Hm du
Hm du sgn x (c l signum ca x) (c th vit sign x) cho bi
1, x0

y sgn x 0, x0
1, x 0.

e. Hm bc thang
Hnh 1.17. th hm bc thang

1.3.6. M hnh ton hc () ()
1.4. GII HN CA HM S (1 tit)

1.4.1. nh ngha
+ Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a, b) (c th tr ra ti
x 0 (a , b) ). Ta ni f(x) c gii hn khi x dn n x 0 (hoc ti x x 0 ) v
vit lim f x (hay f(x) khi x x 0 ) nu:
x x0
0, 0, x (a ;b): 0 x x 0 th f x .
+ Cho hm s f (x), x (a, b) . Ta ni f(x) c gii hn khi x dn n
a t bn phi, v vit lim f (x) nu:
x a
0, 0, x (a , b): 0 x a th f x .
+ Cho hm s f (x), x (a, ) . Ta ni f(x) c gii hn khi x dn ra
+ (hoc ti x = + ), v vit lim f x nu:
x
0, A a , x A, f x .
Chng ta hy t hiu ngha ca cc k hiu lim f (x); lim f (x) .
x b x
21
+ Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a, b) (c th tr ra ti
x 0 (a , b) ). Ta ni f(x) c gii hn + khi x dn n x 0 (hoc ti x x 0 )
v vit lim f x nu:
x x0
A 0, 0, x (a, b) : 0 x x 0 th f x A.
Chng ta hy t hiu ngha ca cc k hiu
lim f x ; lim f x ; lim f (x) ; lim f (x) ...
x x0 x x0 x x0 x
Minh ha (xem [1])
1.4.2. Mt s tnh cht ban u ca gii hn hm s

nh l 1.21 (Tnh duy nht ca gii hn). Nu hm s nhn v
lm gii hn ti x 0 th .
nh l 1.22 (iu kin cn hm s c gii hn). Cho hm s
y f (x), x I , trong I l mt khong ca . Nu f(x) c gii hn ti
x 0 I ( I l bao ng ca I) th f(x) b chn trong mt ln cn ca x 0 .
1 1
V d 1.21. f (x) sin , x 0 .
x x
th ca hm s V d 1.21 (xem [1])
D thy f(x) khng b chn trong mt ln cn ty ca 0 nn khng
tn ti gii hn lim f (x) . #
x 0
nh l 1.23. Hm s y f (x) xc nh trn khong suy rng I c

gii hn ti x 0 I khi v ch khi vi mi dy x n trong I, x n x 0 ,
lim x n x 0 th lim f x n .
n n
V nh l trn nu ln iu kin cn v nn n c coi nh nh

ngha gii hn bng dy. Lu rng x 0 trong nh l c th ly bng .
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca nh l l chng minh hm s khng c
gii hn.
1
V d 1.22. Chng t rng hm s y sin khng c gii hn khi
x
x 0.
HD: Ly 2 dy dn n 0, gi tr tng ng ca hm dn n 1, 0.
ng dng tip theo ca nh l 1.23 l c th tnh gii hn dy s thng
qua gii hn hm s. C th l, khi tnh gii hn dy s lim u n , ta c th
n
nhn u n nh l gi tr ca hm f(x) no ti x = n, tc l u n f (n) . Nu
22
lim f (x) th {u n } cng c gii hn . u im ca phng php ny l
x
tm gii hn hm s dng nh "d hn" tm gii hn dy s. Ta s tr v
vn ny mc 2.3.3.
nh l 1.24 (nh l kp). Cho ba hm s f(x), g(x), h(x) xc nh
trn khong suy rng I ca . Gi s
f (x) g(x) h(x), x I ;
c I , lim f (x) lim h(x) .
x c x c
Khi , tn ti gii hn ca hm g(x) ti x = c v lim g(x) .
x c
Yu cu SV chun b:
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Gii hn dy s (2t), 4(b); 8(a, b, c); 9;
12(11 31, Cha: 11, 14, 16, 18).
c trc TL[1], tr 54-59: Gii hn hm s (tip) + tr 68-71: 1.5. S
lin tc ca hm s. T c TL[1], tr 39 -44: S lc v hm s + M hnh
ton hc.
Bi ging 3: Gii hn hm (tip) S lin tc

Chng 1: Gii hn, lin tc
Mc 1.4 Gii hn hm s (tip 1t)
1.5 S lin tc (2t)
Bi tp: Gii hn hm s (1t)
S lin tc (1t)
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Tm gii hn ca hm dng cc php thay tng ng;
Nm cc nh ngha, tnh cht ca hm lin tc, lin tc trn on kn,
gii ni.
Tnh c mt s GH dy bi trc, mt s bi tp v hm lin tc
- Ni dung chnh:
1.4 GII HN HM S (tip 1t)

nh l 1.25 (Gii hn cc hm n iu)
Cho a, b [ , ], y f (x) l hm s tng trn (a, b) .
(i) Nu hm f(x) b chn trn th n c gii hn hu hn ti b v
lim f (x) Sup f (x).
x b x(a; b)
23
(ii) Nu hm f(x) khng b chn trn th n c gii hn ti b v
lim f (x) .
x b
1.4.3. Cc php ton v gii hn hm s
nh l 1.26. Cho f (x), g(x), x I l hai hm s trn khong m rng
I; a I (bao ng ca I); , , l ba s thc. Khi
1. lim f (x) lim | f (x) | | | .
x a x a
2. lim f (x) 0 lim | f (x) | 0.
x a x a
lim f (x) lim (f (x) g(x))

x a x a
3.
xlim g(x) lim f (x).g(x)) .
a x a
4. lim f (x) lim f (x) .
x a x a
lim f (x) 0
5. x a lim (f (x).g(x)) 0.
g(x) b chn trong mt ln cn ca a x a
lim f (x)
f (x)
6. x a lim .
xlim g(x) 0 x a g(x)
a
Gii hn quan trng. Cc gii hn sau y hay c s dng:
sin x ln 1 x
(a) lim 1; (b) lim 1;
x 0 x x 0 x
x
1
(c) lim 1 e ; (c') lim (1 x)1/x e ;
x x x 0
ln x ln x
(d) lim lim a 0 (a 0) ;
x x x x
ex 1
(e) lim 1.
x 0 x
V d 1.23. Tm cc gii hn sau:
1 sin 7x
(i) lim .
x 2x
1 sin 7x 2
1 sin 7x 1 sin 7x
Ta c 1 lim 0 lim 0.
xlim 0 x 2x x 2x
| x |
sin mx sin mx nx mx m
(ii) m, n 0, lim lim . . .
x0 sin nx x 0 mx sin nx nx n
24
sin x
1 1 x
(v) lim (1 s in x) x lim (1 s in x) sin x e1 e.
x 0 x 0

1.4.4. V cng b, v cng ln
nh ngha. Ta ni f(x) l v cng b (VCB) khi x a nu
lim f x 0 .
x a
Ta ni f(x) l v cng ln (VCL) khi x a nu lim | f (x) | .

x a
nh ngha. Gi s f(x) v g(x) l nhng VCB (khi x x0) v

g(x) 0 trong mt ln cn ca x 0 v khc x 0 . Ta ni:
(a) f(x) l VCB bc cao hn (so vi) g(x), vit f(x) = o(g(x)) khi x
x0 nu
f (x)
lim 0.
x x0 g(x)
Khi ta cng ni g(x) l VCB bc thp hn (so vi) f(x).
(b) f(x) v g(x) l hai VCB cng bc, ta vit f(x) = O(g(x)) khi x x 0
nu
f (x)
lim C C 0; C .
x x0 g(x)
(c) f(x) v g(x) l hai v cng b tng ng, ta vit f(x) g(x) khi x
x 0, nu
f (x)
lim 1.
x x0 g(x)
f (x)
Vy nu lim C C 0; C th f (x) Cg(x) khi x x 0 .
x x0 g(x)
Quan h ni trn l quan h tng ng trong lp cc hm khng
trit tiu ti mt ln cn im x 0 , c th tr ra ti x 0 ; c th, n c c ba
tnh cht:
Phn x : f (x) f (x) ;
i xng : f (x) g(x) g(x) f (x) ;
Bc cu : f (x) g(x) v g(x) h(x) f (x) g(x) ).
V d 1.24
(i) lim (x 2 / x) 0 x 2 o(x) (khi x 0) .
x 0
(ii) Nu 0 th x o(x ) (khi x 0 ) .
25
x o(x ) (khi x ) .
ln x
(iii) lim 0 ln x o(x) (x ) .
x x
(iv) Vi a 1, th x o(a x ) (x ) .
a x o(x ) (x ) .
tan x
(v) lim 1 tan x x (x 0) .
x 0 x
arc sin x
(vi) lim 1 arcsin x x (x 0) .
x 0 x
(vii) x sin x, x tan x sin x tan x . #
nh l 1.27 (Cc php ton v VCB). Gi s f(x), g(x), h(x) l nhng
hm xc nh ti ln cn ca x 0 , C , C 0 .
f (x) o(h(x))
1. f (x) g(x) o(h(x))
g(x) o(h(x))
2. f (x) o(h(x)) Cf (x) o(h(x)) .
f (x) o(h(x))
3. f (x)g(x) o(h(x)k(x))
g(x) o(k(x))
f (x) o(h(x))
4. f (x)g(x) o(h(x))
g(x) b chn
* Quy tc thay tng ng vi tng (xem [1])
V d 1.25
f (x) 2x 2 ; g(x) 4x 4 f (x) g(x) 2x 2 ;
f (x) 2x 4 ; g(x) 4x 4 f (x) g(x) 2x 4 ;
f (x) 3x 3 ; g(x) 3x 3 , ta khng th suy ra f (x) g(x) 0 . #
Khi th
x sin x arcsin x tan x arctan x ln (1 x) .
H qu ca iu ny l
1 1 1 1 1 1
sin arcsin tan arctan ln 1
n n n n n n
1 1 1
tan ln 1 ... (n )
n n n
(1 x) 1 x ( ).
ex 1 x
26
x2
cos x 1
2!
* Thay tng ng tha s c gii hn
(x) (x). (x) l VCB hoc VCL (x x 0 )
lim (x) C, C 0; C (x) C.(x)
x x 0
a n bn .c n l VCB hoc VCL
lim c C, (C 0, C ) a n C.b n . (1.8)
n n
Khi chng ta nm c cc quy tc thay tng ng, cc gii hn
phi tnh nhiu khi tr nn rt d dng.
V d 1.26. Tm cc VCB, VCL tng ng vi cc VCB, VCL sau:
2 1 (n 1)2
(i) a n n 2 ln 1 3

cos 2 2 ; (ii) b n 2 n2 .
n n n
2 1 2 2cos 2
Gii. (i) a n n 2 ln 1 3

cos 2 2 n 2 . 3 .cos2 .
n n n n
2
(n 1) 2 1 1 1
(ii) b n 2 n 3 n 2 1 . . n 3 2 3 2n 5/2 . #
n n n n
V d 1.27. Tm cc gii hn
1 1 1 cos x x2 / 2
(i) lim lim lim 0.
x 0 sin x tan x x 0 sin x x 0 x
cot ( /2x )
tan x
(ii) lim (sin x) lim cos x lim(cos t)cot t
x /2 x /2 2 t 0
cos t cos t
lim ln(1t 2 /2) lim ( t 2 /2)
cot t ln ( cos t)
lim e e t 0 sin t e t 0 sin t e0 1 .
t 0
ln(1 3tan x) 3 tan x 3.x 3
(iii) lim lim lim . #
x 0 sin 2x x 0 sin 2x x 0 2x 2
1.4.5. Bin th ca cc gii hn quan trng (xem [1])
1.5. HM S LIN TC (2 tit)
1.5.1. nh ngha
* Cho hm s f (x), x (a, b) v im x 0 (a, b) . Hm f(x) c gi
l lin tc ti x 0 nu lim f (x) f (x 0 ) .
x x0
C th l:
27
0, 0, x (a, b), | x x 0 | | f (x) f (x 0 ) | .
* Hm f(x) c gi l gin on ti x 0 nu n xc nh ti mt ln
cn ca x 0 , c th tr ra ti chnh im ny, v khng lin tc ti .
* Hm f(x) c gi l gin on kh c ti x 0 nu n gin on ti
x 0 v tn ti gii hn lim f (x) .
x x0
Xt hm mi
f (x), x I {x 0 }
g(x)
f (x 0 ), x x 0
Hm ny lin tc ti x 0 , ch "khc cht xu" vi hm f(x). V th,
trong mt s trng hp, c th coi hm gin on kh c ti x 0 l lin
tc ti x 0 .
* Hm f(x) c gi l gin on loi mt ti x 0 , (lc ta ni x 0 l
im gin on loi mt ca f(x)) nu:
f(x) gin on ti x 0 ;
tn ti cc gii hn lim f (x); lim f (x) .
x x 0 x x
0
Gin on kh c gin on loi mt.

* Nu hm f(x) gin on ti x 0 nhng khng gin on loi mt ti
th f(x) c gi l gin on loi hai ti x 0 ; x 0 l im gin on loi
hai.
* Hm f (x), x (a, b) c gi l lin tc trong khong (a; b) nu n
lin tc ti mi im x 0 (a, b) .
* Hm f (x), x [a, b] c gi l lin tc trn on [a, b] nu n lin
tc ti mi im x0 (a, b) v lin tc phi ti a, lin tc tri ti b, ngha l:
Nhn xt.* th ca hm lin tc l ng cong lin nt; khi v, ta
khng phi nhc bt ln khi giy (phn ln khi bng).
* t x x x 0 ( x x 0 x) ,
f f (x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) .
T nh ngha, ta suy ngay ra rng, f(x) lin tc ti x 0 khi v ch khi
lim f 0 . (1.9)
x 0
sin x
V d 1.28. (i) Hm Sa(x). Xt hm y .
x
28
Hnh 1.21. th hm Sa(x)
sin x
, x 0,
Hm s Sa(x) x lin tc,
1, x 0.
0, x 0
(ii) Hm bc nhy n v y u(x)
1, 0 x.
1
sin , x 0,
(iii) f (x) x
0, x 0.
V d 1.30. Tm hng s a hm sau y lin tc trn ton trc s

e x , x 1
y
ax 1, x 1
Gii. D thy hm cho lin tc trn cc khong {x 1} v {x 1} .
Ti x 1, lim f (x) lim (ax 1) a 1 f (1); lim f (x) lim e x e .
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
Vy hm lin tc ti x = 1 a 1 e hay a e 1. #
1.5.2. Cc php ton vi cc hm s lin tc
nh l 1.29. Nu f(x) v g(x) l nhng hm lin tc ti x 0 (a; b) th
29
(a) f (x) g(x); f (x) g(x); f (x) lin tc ti x 0 .
(b) C , Cf(x) lin tc ti x 0 .
f (x)
(c) Nu g(x0) 0 th lin tc ti x 0 .
g(x)
nh l 1.30 ( S lin tc ca hm hp)
(a) Cho u u(x), x (a, b) l hm lin tc ti x 0 (a, b) . Gi s tp
gi tr ca hm ny cha trong khong (c, d) v z f (u), u (c, d) l hm
lin tc ti u 0 u(x 0 ) . Khi hm hp z f (u(x)) lin tc ti x 0 .
(b) Cho u u(x) l hm lin tc trong khong (a, b). Gi s tp gi tr
ca hm ny c cha trong khong (c, d) v z f (u) l hm lin tc
trong (c, d). Khi hm hp z f (u(x)) lin tc trong (c, d).
Ni mt cch ngn gn, hp ca hai hm lin tc l mt hm lin tc.
H qu
Hm s cp lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng.
Hm s cp xc nh trong khong (a, b) th lin tc trong khong
.
Cng vy: Nu trong mt ln cn no ca im x 0 , f (x) l hm s
cp th f(x) lin tc ti x 0 .
1.5.3. Cc tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn on kn
nh l 1.31 (nh l v s trit tiu ca hm lin tc)
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn on [a, b] sao cho f(a) f(b)
< 0. Khi c im c trong khong (a, b) f(c) = 0.
Chng minh. R rng ta ch cn xt trng hp f (a) 0 f (b) .
Ta xy dng hai dy cn , d n theo quy np nh sau.
+ t c0 a; d 0 b . Ta c f (c0 ) 0 f (d 0 ); d0 c0 b a .
+ t u 0 (c0 d0 ) / 2 . Nu f (u 0 ) 0 th u 0 l im c phi tm; dng
qu trnh. Nu f (u 0 ) 0 th t c1 u 0 v d1 d 0 . Nu f (u 0 ) 0 th t
c1 c 0 v d1 u 0 .
Trn on [c1, d1 ] , hm f(x) lin tc;
f (c1 ) 0 f (d1 ), d1 c1 (b a) / 2 .
+ Gi s phi tip tc qu trnh trn, t u1 (c1 d1 ) / 2 . Nu f (u1 ) 0
th u1 l im c phi tm; dng qu trnh.
Nu f(u1) < 0, t c 2 u1 v d 2 d1 . Nu f (u1 ) 0, t c 2 c1 , d 2 u1 .
Trn on [c 2 , d 2 ] , hm f(x) lin tc v
f (c 2 ) 0 f (d 2 ); d 2 c 2 (b a) / 2 2 .
30
Tip tc qu trnh trn. Gi s qu trnh dng li bc th n no ,
u n l gi tr c ln tm.
Gi s qu trnh l v hn, khi ta c hai dy k nhau cn , d n .
Chng c gii hn chung l c: lim cn lim d n c, c (a, b).
n n
T tnh lin tc ca hm f(x) suy ra

f (c) lim f (c n ) 0 lim f (d n ) f (c) f (c) 0 .
n n
H qu (nh l v cc gi tr trung gian). Hm f(x) lin tc trn

on ng [a, b] s nhn mi gi tr trung gian gia f(a) v f(b).
nh l 1.32 (nh l Weierstrass). Cho f(x) lin tc trn on ng
gii ni [a, b]. Khi n b chn, t c gi tr ln nht M Max f (x)
x [a, b]
v gi tr nh nht m Min f (x) .
x [a, b]
Chng minh. + Trc ht ta chng minh tp gi tr

J {f (x), x [a, b]} ca hm f(x) l b chn. Gi s ngc li, J khng b
chn, chng hn, khng b chn trn. Khi
N * , x N [a, b]: f (x N ) N .
Dy x n b chn, theo B Bolzano - Weierstrass, ta trch ra c
mt dy con {x n k } hi t: lim x n k x 0 [a, b] . V f(x) lin tc ti x0 nn
k
f (x 0 ) lim f (x n k ) lim n k , mu thun. Vy tp J b chn trn.
k k
Tng t, J b chn di, t J b chn. t

m Inf f (x) ; M Sup f (x) .
[a, b] [a, b]
+ By gi ta chng t tn ti t 0 [a, b], f (t 0 ) M . Thc vy, theo tnh

cht ca Suprimum,
1 / n, t n [a, b] : M M 1 / n f (t n ) M . (*)
Do dy {t n , n 1, 2, ...} b chn, li theo B Bolzano-Weierstrass
tn ti dy con { t n k } hi t: lim t n k t 0 [a, b] .
k
T tnh lin tc ca f(x) v (*) suy ra f (t 0 ) lim f (t n k ) M .

k
Nh vy hm f(x) t c gi tr ln nht M ti t 0 . Tng t, f(x)

cng t gi tr nh nht m.
nh l 1.34 (S lin tc ca hm ngc)

Cho I l mt khong suy rng (cha u mt hay khng) v
y f (x), x I l hm s lin tc v n iu thc s trn I.
31
Gi J l tp gi tr ca f. Tn ti hm ngc y f 1 (x), x J lin tc,
n iu thc s, bin thin cng chiu vi f.
Yu cu SV chun b:
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Gii hn hm s (1 t), S lin tc (1 t)
24, 27, 29, 31 ); 13(d i: Cha: e, f, i); 14( a-f, Cha: a, b, d, f);
c trc TL[1], tr 72-76: Lin tc u
T c TL [1], tr 68-68: Bin th ca cc gii hn quan trng
Bi ging4: Lin tc u o hm, vi phn cp I

Chng 1, Chng 2: o hm v vi phn
Mc: 1.5 Lin tc (tip lin tcu- 1t)
2.1. o hm v vi phn cp 1 (2t)
Bi tp: Gii hn hm s (1 tit)
S lin tc (1 tit)
Tit th: 16 - 20, Tun th: 4
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c nh ngha, tm quan trng ca lin tc u.
Nhng khi nim ban u v o hm, mi lin h hm c o hm v
kh vi
- Ni dung chnh:
1.5. HM S LIN TC (tip -1 tit)

nh ngha. Gi s f(x) l hm s xc nh trn I l mt khong m
rng ca . Ta ni hm s f(x) l lin tc u trn I nu:
0, 0; x , x I, x x th f (x ) f (x ) .
Nhn xt. i. Nu ta tm c s 0 v hai dy {x n }, {y n } sao cho
lim (x n y n ) 0 nhng f (x n ) f (y n ) 0
n
th f(x) khng lin tc u trn I.
ii. Nu f(x) lin tc u trn I th lin tc trn I.
ii. Nu hm f(x) lin tc u trn I th cng lin tc u trn mi
khong con J ca n.
iii. Nu hm f(x) lin tc u trn 2 khong I, J th cng lin tc u
trn I J .
32

V d 1.31. Chng minh rng hm f (x) sin lin tc trong khong
x
(0; 1) nhng khng lin tc u trong khong .
Thc vy, f(x) l hm s cp trong khong (0, 1) nn n lin tc trn
khong ny.
1 1
Ta chn 2 dy xn
, tn th x n , t n (0, 1) ,
2n 2n 1 / 2
xn tn 0 , (n ) cn f (x n ) f (t n ) 1 . Vy f(x) lin tc khng u
trong (0; 1). #
nh l 1.35 (nh l Heine-Cantor). Cho f(x) l hm lin tc trn
on [a, b] , a, b . Khi f(x) lin tc u trn [a, b].
Ni cch khc, hm lin tc trn on kn, gii ni th lin tc u trn
.
Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s ngc li, hm
s f(x) lin tc trn [a, b] nhng khng lin tc u trn . Vy
0, n * , u n , v n [a, b]:
u n v n 1 / n (*)

f (u n ) f (v n ) (**)
Xt dy {u n }. y l dy b chn, theo b Bolzano Weiestrass, tn
ti dy con {u n k } hi t n gii hn c [a, b] .
Xt dy con {v n k } ca dy {v n } . V {u n k } l dy hi t v t
(*), {v n k } cng l dy hi t n c. V f(x) lin tc nn
lim f (u n k ) lim f (v n k ) f (c) .
k k
Vy lim f (u n k ) f (v n k ) lim f (u n k ) f (c) lim f (c) f (v n k ) 0 ,

k n n
mu thun vi (**). Mu thun ny chng minh khng nh ca nh l.
V d 1.32. Xt s lin tc u ca hm sin x / x trn cc tp
[1, ], (0, ) ,
a. Trn [1, ] , hm cho l hm s cp, n lin tc. Theo nh l
1.35, f(x) lin tc u trn on ny.
b. Xt mt thc trin lin tc ca hm f(x) ln on [0, ] , l hm
sin x / x x (0, ]
g(x)
1 x0
Trn (0, ] , g(x) l hm lin tc do n l hm s cp.
lim (sin x / x) 1 g(0) : Hm g(x) lin tc ti x = 0.
x 0
33
Vy g(x) lin tc trn on kn [0, ] . Theo nh l H-Cantor, n lin
tc u trn on ny. T , n cng lin tc u trn khong (0, ) . #
V d cui chng (t c)
TM TT CHNG 1 (t c)
TM TT CHNG 1
M l mt cn tr n ,
nh l. M Sup(A)
0, a A : M a M.
Gii hn ca dy s
lim u n 0, N : n N, | u n | .
n
Dy tng (gim), b chn trn (di) th hi t.

B Bolzano-Weierstrass
T mi dy s thc b chn u c th trch ra mt dy con hi t.
Dy Cauchy {u n } - dy Cauchy nu
0, N , m, n N : | u n u m | .
Hm cho n iu th c hm ngc v bin thin cng chiu vi hm xui.
Gii hn ca hm s. lim f (x) :
x x0
0, 0, x (a ;b): 0 x x 0 th f (x) .
VCB, VCL tng ng. Hai VCB (VCL) f(x), g(x) (x x 0 ) c gi l
f (x)
tng ng ( f (x) g (x) ) nu lim 1.
x x0 g(x)
S lin tc. Hm f(x) lin tc ti x 0 nu lim f (x) f (x 0 ) :
x x0
0, 0, x (a, b), | x x 0 | | f (x) f (x 0 ) | .

f(x) lin tc trn [a, b], f (a)f (b) 0 c (a, b) f(c) = 0.
Hm f(x) lin tc trn on ng gii ni [a, b] th b chn, t c GTLN

M Max f (x) v GTNN m Min f (x) .
x [a, b] x [a, b]
Hm s cp lin tc trn tp xc nh ca n.
Lin tc u
Hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , a, b th lin tc u trn :
0, 0; x, y [a, b], x y th f (x) f (y) .
34
BI TP: Gii hn hm s (tip, 1 tit),
S lin tc (tip, 1 tit).
Chng 2
O HM - VI PHN
2.1. O HM V VI PHN CP MT (2 tit)
2.1.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn khong (a, b). Ta ni f(x) c o hm
ti x 0 (a, b) nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
f (x) f (x 0 )
lim .
x x0 x x0
Gii hn c gi l o hm ca hm f(x) ti x 0 , v c k hiu
df (x 0 ) df
l f (x 0 ), hay , hay (x 0 ) .
dx dx
Nhn xt. Nu ta t
x x x 0 ( x x 0 x) ; f f (x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 x) f (x 0 )
th x x 0 x 0 v nh ngha c vit li di dng
f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) f
f (x 0 ) lim lim . (2.1)
x 0 x x 0 x
ngha hnh hc
f (x 0 ) bng h s gc ca tip tuyn ca th ti M (x 0 , f (x 0 )) .
Tnh cht. f(x) c o hm ti x x 0 (a, b) th f(x) lin tc ti x 0 .
Lu . iu ngc li khng phi lun ng. Xt v d sau.
V d 2.1. Xt s tn ti o hm ca cc hm s sau ti x 0 :
0, x0

(i) y x ; (ii) y x ; (iii) y sgn x , (iv) y 1
x sin x , x 0
Gii. (i) Hm ny lin tc trn , c bit ti x 0 . Mt khc,

f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
lim 1; lim 1 f (0) .
x 0 x 0 x 0 x0
35
Tng t, ba hm cn li cng khng c o hm ti x 0 . Nhn vo
th ca chng Hnh 2.2 c gi c th tin on ngay ra iu ny. #
Hnh 2.2. Mt s hm khng kh vi ti 0

nh ngha. Ta ni hm s f(x) c o hm trong khong (a, b) nu
n c o hm ti mi im x 0 (a, b).
Khi ta c mt hm mi, f (x) , xc nh ti mi im x (a, b) , k
d df
hiu bi mt trong cc k hiu f (x), (f (x)), , ... , c gi l (hm)
dx dx
o hm ca hm f(x) trn khong (a, b).
2.1.2. Cc php ton vi o hm
nh l 2.1. Cho hai hm s u(x) v v(x) xc nh trn (a, b), c o
hm ti x 0 (a, b) cn C l mt s thc. Khi :
Cc hm u(x) v(x) , Cu(x) , (u v)(x) u(x) v(x) c o hm ti x 0
v
(u v)(x 0 ) u (x 0 ) v(x 0 ); (2.2)
(C u)(x 0 ) Cu (x 0 ); (2.3)
(u v)(x 0 ) u(x 0 ) v(x 0 ) u(x 0 ) v(x 0 ) . (2.4)
u u(x)
Nu u (x 0 ) 0 th (x) c o hm ti x0 v
v v(x)
u u (x 0 ) v(x 0 ) u(x 0 ) v(x 0 )

(x 0 ) . (2.5)
v v2 (x 0 )
36
* M rng. Nu mi hm s u1 (x) , ... , u n (x) c o hm ti
x 0 (a, b) th hm tch (u1 ... u n )(x) u1 (x) ... u n (x) cng c o hm ti
x 0 (a, b) v
n
(u1 ... u n )(x 0 ) u1(x 0 )...u k 1 (x 0 ) uk (x 0 ) u k 1(x 0 )...u n (x 0 ). (2.6)
k 1
Chng hn,
(u.v.w)(x 0 ) u(x 0 )v(x 0 )w(x 0 ) u(x 0 )v(x 0 )w(x 0 ) u(x 0 )v(x 0 )w (x 0 ).
2.1.3. o hm ca hm hp
nh l 2.2. Cho u u(x), x (a, b) l hm c o hm ti x 0 (a, b).
Gi s tp gi tr ca hm ny c cha trong khong (c,d) v hm
z f (u), u (c, d) c o hm ti u 0 u(x 0 ) . Khi hm hp
F(x) f (u(x)) c o hm ti x 0 v
F(x 0 ) f (u(x 0 )) u(x 0 ).
(u(x) v(x)) u (x) v(x) hay (u v) u v ,
u(x)v(x) u(x)v(x) u(x)v(x) hay (u v) u v u v ,
u(x) u(x) v(x) u(x) v(x) u u v u v

( v(x) 0 ) hay ,
v(x) v 2 (x) v v2
df df du
[f (u(x))] f (u(x)).u (x) hay . . (2.7)
dx du dx
Dng o hm hm hp ta thu c cng thc sau y rt tin li:
(eax f (x)) e ax (f (x) af (x)) hay (eax f ) eax (f af ) .

Tng qut
(eg f ) eg (f gf ) . (2.8)
2.1.4. o hm ca hm ngc
nh l 2.3. Gi s hm y y( x ) xc nh trn khong (a, b) v c
tp gi tr l J {y(x) : x (a, b)} . Nu y(x) l hm n iu thc s, kh vi
v y(x) 0 trn (a, b) th tn ti hm ngc x x(y) xc nh, kh vi trn
J v
1
x (y) , yJ . (2.9)
y(x)
37
Chng minh.
Lu . Thng thng, tm o hm hm ngc khi bit chc rng
n tn ti, ta vit ng nht thc
f (f 1 (x)) x hoc f 1 (f (x)) x
trn tp xc nh ri o hm hai v s rt hiu qu.
V d 2.2. Tm o hm ca hm s y arccos x .
Ta c cos(arccos x) x, x ( 1, 1) . Vy sin(arccos x).(arccos x) 1
1
(arccos x)
sin(arccos x)
1 1
, x (1; 1).
2 2
1 cos (arccos x) 1 x
Tng t, tnh o hm hm s y arcsin x , bng cch xt
x sin(arcsin x), x (1, 1) ta nhn c
1
(arcsin x) , x ( 1, 1). #
2
1 x
Bng o hm ca mt s hm s cp (xem [1]).
2.1.5. o hm mt pha - o hm v cng
a. nh ngha
* Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh trn [a, b) . Nu tn ti gii hn hu
f (x) f (a)
hn lim th hm f(x) c gi l c o hm (pha) phi ti a,
x a x a
gii hn trn c gi l o hm (pha) phi ti a ca hm f(x), k hiu l
f a .
* Tng t, chng ta hy t hiu ngha o hm tri f (a) .

* Hm s f(x) gi l c o hm trn on [a, b] nu n c o hm
trong khong (a, b), c o hm phi ti a v c o hm tri ti b.
* ng vi cc o hm phi (tri) ta c cc tip tuyn phi (tri) (t
hiu!).
f (x) f (c)
* Nu lim , ta ni f(x) c o hm v cng ti c, v
x c xc
vit f (c) . Nu hm s lin tc ti x c th tip tuyn tng ng song
38
song vi trc Oy. Lu rng khi y hm f(x) khng c o hm hu hn
(kh vi) ti x c .
b.Tnh cht
(i) Hm s f(x) c o hm ti x 0 (a, b) khi v ch khi
f (x 0 ), f (x 0 ); f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ).
Khi , f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ).
(ii) Nu f(x) c o hm trong khong (a, b) th f (x) khng c im
gin on loi I.
H qu. Nu f(x) c im gin on loi I trong khong (a, b) th
khng c nguyn hm trn .
(Ta s xt khi nim nguyn hm sau).
V d 2.3. (iii) y sin x : Xt s tn ti ca o hm ti x .
Hnh 2.3. Tip tuyn tri, phi ca hm y sin x

sin x sin sin (x ) sin (x )
y ( ) lim lim lim 1,
x x x x x x
sin x sin sin (x ) sin (x )
y () lim lim lim 1.
x x x x x x
T khng tn ti o hm y() . Trn Hnh 2.3, tip tuyn phi v
tri ti x khng ng nht, iu ny cng xc nhn khng nh trn ca
ta.
sin x
, x0
iv. y Sa(x) x
0, x 0
39
2.1.6. Vi phn
a. nh ngha. Cho hm s f (x), x (a, b) v x 0 (a, b). Nu s gia
hm s f c vit di dng
f f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) A. x o( x) (x 0) (2.10)
trong A l hng s, khng ph thuc vo x , o(x) l VCB bc cao
hn ca x , th hm f(x) c gi l kh vi ti x 0 , A. x c gi l vi
phn ca hm f(x) ti im x 0 ng vi s gia x ca i s x, k hiu l
df (x 0 ) .
V d 2.4. Xt hm s y x . Nh thng l, dy dx 1.x . Vy
dx x . #
nh l 2.4. Hm s y f (x), x (a, b) kh vi ti x 0 (a, b) khi v
ch khi f(x) c o hm ti . Khi ,
df (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) x f (x 0 )dx.
Nu f(x) kh vi ti mi im x 0 (a, b) th ta ni f(x) kh vi trong
khong (a, b) v vi phn ca f(x) ti x c tnh theo cng thc:
df (x) f (x) dx . (2.11)
df (x)
Ta nhn c f (x) , ph hp vi k hiu s dng u bi.
dx
V d 2.5. Tm vi phn ca hm y x 5 ti x 10 v ng vi
x 0,1 .
Gii. df (10) f (10)x 5.104 x 50 000 x .

Vi x 0,1: df (10) 5000.
Nh vy, ti x 10 , khi x bin thin mt on 0,1 th y bin thin mt
on c 5 000 (!) #
b. Tnh bt bin dng ca vi phn cp I
T cng thc (2.11), nu x l bin c lp, y f (x) l bin ph thuc
th
dy f (x)dx . (*)
Vi phn cp I ca hm f(x) lun c dng dy f (x)dx d rng x l
bin c lp hay x l bin ph thuc.
40
c. Cc php ton v vi phn. Bng cch o hm, ta d dng suy ra
cng thc sau y vi gi thit f(x), u(x), v(x) l cc hm kh vi:
df (u) f (u) du
d(u v) du dv,
d(uv) vdu udv,
u vdu udv
d (nu v(x) 0 ) (2.12)
v v2
d. ng dng. Dng vi phn, chng ta c th tnh gn ng gi tr ca
hm s. Cho hm s y f (x) sao cho c th tnh d dng (hoc bit trc)
gi tr f (x 0 ) cng nh o hm f (x 0 ) . Gi tr gn ng ca hm ti x gn
x 0 cho bi
f (x) f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )x o(x)
(2.13)
f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )x f (x 0 ) df (x 0 ).
p dng cng thc trn, chng ta cn ch ra dng hm f(x), im
x 0 , s gia x phi nh.
V d 2.6. Tnh gi tr gn ng A 5 33 .
Gii. Nhn xt rng A 5 32 1 , ta gii bi ton trn nh sau.
Xt hm f (x) 5 x , vi x 0 32, x 33 th x 33 32 1 .
Ta c A 5 33 f (32) f (32). x
1 1 1
f (32) 2; f (x) 4/5
f (32) 4/5
.
5x 5.32 80
Vy A 2 1 / 80 2.0125 . (Bm my tnh ta c 5 33 2.01235 ). #
2.1.7. o hm ca hm n
Mt s hm li c xc nh mt cch n thng qua mt rng buc
gia cc bin, chng hn
(i) x 2 y2 16 ; (ii) x 3 y3 6xy .
Trong mt s trng hp, ta c th gii phng trnh tm ra y nh

l hm (hay mt s hm) hin ca bin x. Chng hn (i) ta c
y 16 x 2 . Nh vy ta nhn c hai hm f (x) 16 x 2 v
41
g(x) 16 x 2 , th ca chng l na trn v na di ca ng trn
x 2 y2 16 (Xem Hnh 2.4).
y y y
O 4x O x O 4 x
Hnh 2.4. Hai hm n t phng trnh x 2 y 2 16
Tuy vy, khng phi lc no cng d dng gii ra y qua x, thm ch

nhiu khi l khng th. D sao, t rng buc cho c tn ti mt hoc
mt s hm biu din bin y qua bin x, m khi thay vo phng trnh
cho tr thnh ng nht thc. Hm nh th gi l hm n (ng : xc nh
mt cch n) t phng trnh cho. Chng hn, phng trnh (ii) biu
din l Descartes (Hnh 2.5); t y c t ra 3 hm n c th nh Hnh
2.5 a), b) c) .
Hnh 2.5. L Descartes v cc hm s tng ng

Rt may, vic tnh o hm v vi phn hm n rt thun li, ta ch
vic coi y l hm ca bin x: y y(x) ; thay vo phng trnh rng buc,
ri ly o hm hay vi phn ng nht thc thu c (dng cc quy tc o
hm hm hp), t suy ra y(x) hay dy(x). Ta lun gi thit hm n thu
c l kh vi vic o hm c thun li.
V d 2.7. L Descartes c phng trnh x 3 y3 6xy . Tm y ; tm
tip tuyn (d) ti im (3,3).
42
Gii. o hm hai v, lu y = y(x) ta c
2y x 2
3x 3 3y 2 y 6y 6xy y . (*)
y 2 2x
Ti x y 3 th y ... 1 (d) : y 1(x 3) 3 y x 6 .
Kim tra trn th Hnh 2.5, ta thy p s ny l kh d. #
V d 2.8. Tnh vi phn ca hm n y = y(x) xc nh t phng trnh
x y yx .
Gii. iu kin x > 0, y > 0. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
y ln x x ln y . Coi y = y(x), vi phn hai v ta c
y x y x ln y y
dy.ln x dx dx.ln y dy dy dx . (*)
x y x y ln x x
Hnh 2.6. Hai hm n xc nh t phng trnh x y y x

Nhn xt. ng cong i xng qua phn gic gc phn t th nht.
C hai hm n xc nh t phng trnh (*), trong mt hm l
y x, x 0 (xem Hnh 2.4). Bt lun l hm no trong hai hm ny, cng
thc (*) u ng. #
2.1.8. Tnh gn ng o hm
BI TP: Gii hn hm s (1 tit)

S lin tc (1 tit)
Yu cu SV chun b:
Lm bi tp theo k hoch
c trc TL[1], tr101-103: o hm v vi phn cp cao
T c TL [1]: V d: VD 2.8; VD 2.16(a, b); 2.21; 2.26(a, b, d);
2.30(d); 2.33; VD 39; VD 2.40 (hnh 2.32 a: r arc sin ).
43
TM TT CHNG 2 (T c)
TM TT CHNG 2
df (x 0 ) f (x) f (x 0 )
nh ngha o hm. f (x 0 ) lim .
dx x x0 x x0
o hm mt s hm s cp. Bng 2.1.
df df du
o hm hm hp. f f (u(x)) . .
dx du dx
1
o hm hm ngc. x (y) .
y(x)
Vi phn. df (x) f (x) dx .
S bt bin dng ca vi phn. Vi phn cp I ca hm f(x) lun c dng
dy f (x)dx d rng x l bin c lp hay l bin ph thuc.
u vdu udv
Php ton vi vi phn. d (uv) v du u dv, d .
v v2
ng dng. f (x) f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) x.
Tnh o hm (vi phn) hm n

Coi y y (x) l hm ca x Thay vo phng trnh rng buc Ly o
hm (vi phn) ng nht thc thu c Suy ra y (x) (dy(x)).
Vi phn cp cao. d n f (x) f (n) (x)dx n .
nh l Rolle. Hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , kh vi trong khong (a, b), f(a)
= f(b) th tn ti im c(a, b) f (c) 0 .
nh l Lagrange. Hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , kh vi trong khong
(a, b) th tn ti im c (a, b) sao cho
f (b) f (a)
f (c) .
ba
nh l Cauchy. Hai hm f(x), g(x) lin tc trn on [a, b], kh vi trong khong
(a, b), g(x) 0 , x (a, b) th c im c (a, b) :
f (b) f (a) f (c)

.
g (b) g (a) g(c)
0
Quy tc L'Hospital kh dng v nh ;
0
f(x), g(x) l VCB (VCL) ti ln cn a ... th
f (x) f (x)
lim lim .
x a g(x) x a g(x)
44
Cng thc Maclaurin
f (0) f (n) (0) n f (n 1) ( x) n 1
f (x) f (0) x ... x x (0 1) .
1! n! (n 1)!

o(x n )
Hm li. Hm f(x) li (xung di) trn khong m rng I nu:

f (t c (1 t)d) tf (c) (1 t) f (d) , c, d I, t [0, 1] .
Gi s f(x) kh vi hai ln trong khong (a, b). Khi f(x) li trn (a, b) khi v ch
khi f (x) 0, x (a, b) .
Kho st ng cong khng cn ng theo th t 4 bc. Cng c th b qua
khu tm tim cn, tnh o hm bc hai, tnh li lm ... khi iu ny phc tp.
Kho st ng cong di dng tham s
Kho st nh thng l vi hai hm x(t), y(t), nn lp bng bin thin ng thi,
y(t)
nn c thm dng o hm yx .
x (t)
To cc. Mi lin h x r cos , y r sin .
a PT ng cong v dng to cc
Th x r cos , y r sin vo PT ng cong, gii ra r r () .
a PT ng cong dng to cc v dng tham s
x r()cos ,
L: r r (),
y r()sin , (, ).
Kho st ng cong dng to cc
r()
Kho st nh thng l, nn c thm dng tan V .
r()
Bi tp v nh cho Chng 2:
B tr: 1(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19); 18(a, d, e); 34; 36(a,
b); 41, 42.
Chnh: T Chng 1 chuyn sang: 12(10, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31),
13(d, e, f, g, h, i), 14( c, d, f, i, j)
Chng 2: 1(13, 21); 3; 6(a, b); 7(b); 9(a,b); 12(a, b, c, d); 13(d);
15(a, c); 16; 18(a); 21; 22(a, b); 25(c); 32(a, b, c, d); 38(a, b);
39(b).
Thm: Bit rng hm n y y(x) t phng trnh xy ln y 2 kh vi
v y(2) 1 . Hy tnh y ti x 2 .
Bi ging 5: o hm v vi phn cp cao Cc L c bn

Chng 2: o hm v vi phn
Mc: 2.2 o hm v vi phn cp cao (1t)
45
2.3. Cc nh l c bn v o hm (2t)
Bi tp: S lin tc (1 tit)
o hm, vi phn cp I (1 tit)
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c cch tnh o hm cp cao theo CT Leibniz, tnh vi phn
cp 2, 3
Nm c cc gi thit ca L Roll, nu c vi ng dng ca L
Lagrange
- Ni dung chnh:
2.2. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO ( 1 tit)
2.2.1. nh ngha
Gi s f(x) kh vi ti mi im x (a, b) . Khi f (x) l mt hm
no xc nh trong khong (a, b). Nu hm f (x) kh vi ti c(a, b) th
ta ni f(x) kh vi hai ln ti c v o hm ca hm f (x) ti c c gi l
o hm cp hai ca f(x) ti c, k hiu f (c) .
f (c) (f (x)) x c . (2.14)
Hm f(x) x (a, b) c gi l kh vi n ln trn (a, b) (n 2) nu f(x)
kh vi n - 1 ln trn (a, b) v o hm cp n - 1 cng kh vi. Khi
f (n) (x) (f (n 1) (x)) (2.15)
v c gi l o hm cp n ca f(x).
Quy c f (0) (x) f (x) .
Tnh cht
(n 1) (n 2)
(i) f (n) (x) f (x) f (x) ... .
(ii) (a f (x) b g(x))(n) a f (n) (x) b g(n) (x) .

ngha c hc. Xem [1]
V d 2.10. Chng ta d dng kim tra cc o hm cp cao sau y,
thng chng c chng minh bng quy np.
46
k(k 1)...(k n 1) x k n (k n)
k (n)
i. (x ) k! (n k)
0 (n k)

Chng hn, (x11 )(17) 0; (x11 )(11) 11!; (x11 )(5) 11.10.9.8.7x 6 .
k
(n) n (1) sin x (n 2k)
ii. (sin x) sin x
2 (1) k cos x (n 2k 1)
k
(n) n ( 1) cos x (n 2k)
iii. (cos x) cos x
2 ( 1) k sin x (n 2k 1)
iv. (eax )(n) a n eax

. #
(e x )(n) e x
2.2.2. Quy tc Leibniz (tnh o hm cp cao ca mt tch)
Nu f(x) v g(x) l hai hm s kh vi ti cp n th tch f (x) g(x)
cng kh vi ti cp n v
n
(fg) n C kn f (k)g (n k)
k 0
n(n 1) (n 2) (2)
f (n )g (0) nf (n 1) g (1) f g ... nf (1)g (n 1) fg (n) . (2.16)
2!
V d 2.11. (x 2 sin x)(100)
0
C100 x 2 (sin x)(100) C1100 (2x)(sin x)(99) C100
2
.2.(sin x)(98)
x 2 sin x 200 x cos x 9900sin x . #

2.2.3. Vi phn cp cao
Gi s f(x) kh vi ti mi im x (a, b) . Khi
df (x) f (x)dx , x (a, b) .
Khi dx khng i, df(x) l mt hm ca x, li c th ni n vi
phn ca n. Vi phn ca vi phn cp mt (ca f(x)), nu tn ti c
gi l vi phn cp hai (ca f(x)), k hiu l d 2 f (x) , hoc n gin, d 2f
d 2 f (x) d (df (x)) f (x)dx 2 .
Tng t, vi phn ca vi phn cp n - 1 l vi phn cp n, k hiu l
d n f v ta c
47
d n f (x) d(d n 1f (x)) f (n) (x)dx n . (2.17)
Lu . Vi phn cp cao bin dng vi bin ph thuc.
2.3. CC NH L C BN V O HM (2 tit)
2.3.1. nh l Rolle
nh ngha. Hm f(x) c gi l c cc i ti x x 0 nu trong mt
ln cn nh ca x 0 xy ra bt ng thc
f (x) f (x 0 ) .
Khi im x 0 c gi l im cc i, f (x 0 ) c gi l gi tr
cc i ca hm s, im M(x 0 , f (x 0 )) trn th c gi l im cc i
ca th hm s. Ta cng ni hm s t c cc i ti x 0 .
Lu rng cm t cc i ch c ngha cc b, a phng. Ta
cng d dng hiu cc khi nim im cc tiu, gi tr cc tiu Gi tr
cc i, cc tiu gi chung l cc tr.
B (nh l Ferma - iu kin cn ca cc tr)
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn khong (a, b). Nu f(x) t cc tr ti
c(a, b) v kh vi ti th f (c) 0 .
Chng minh. Gi s c l im cc i ca hm f(x).
f (x) f (c)
f (x) f (c), x c , x gn c f (c) lim 1 0;
x c x c
f (x) f (c)
f (x) f (c), x c , x gn c f (c) lim 2 0.
x c xc
V tn ti o hm f (c) nn 1 2 0 f (c) 0 .
Tng t cho trng hp c l im cc tiu.
nh l 2.5 (nh l Rolle). Gi s f(x) xc nh, lin tc trn on
[a, b] hu hn, kh vi trong khong (a, b) v f(a) = f(b). Khi , tn ti
im c(a, b) f (c) 0 .
Chng minh. Hm f(x) lin tc trn on ng [a, b], do n t
c gi tr ln nht M Max f (x) v gi tr nh nht m Min f (x) (theo
[a, b] [a, b]
theo nh l Weierstrass).
Nu m M th f (x) f (a) const x [a, b] , kt lun ca nh l l
r rng.
48
Nu m < M, f(a) phi khc vi t nht mt trong hai gi tr m hoc M,
chng hn f (a) M . V f(x) t gi tr ln nht nn tn ti c [a, b]
f (c) M . f (c) f (a) f (b) nn c khng th l u mt a cng nh u mt
b. Vy c (a, b) . Theo b , f (c) 0 .
ngha hnh hc. Khi cc i hi gi thit tha mn, c bit l
f (a) f (b) , s c t ra 1 im C(c, f (c)) trn th tip tuyn ti C || Ox
(cng vy, tip tuyn ti C || dy cung AB).
y
C
f (a) f (b) A B
O a c1 c c2 b x
Hnh 2.9. im trung gian c trong nh l Rolle

V d 2.12. Cho f(x) lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trong (a, b);
f (a) f (b) 0, f (x) 0, x (a, b). Chng minh rng tn ti im c trong
f (c)
khong (a, b) 1000 .
f (c)
Nhn xt
(i) C th c nhiu im c ni n nh l Rolle (xem Hnh 2.9).
(ii) nh x g :(0, 1) (a, b) xc nh bi a (b a) l song nh
nn kt lun ca nh l 2.5 c th thay th bi:
(0, 1) : f (a (b a)) 0 .
(iii) Gi thit f(x) lin tc trn on ng khng b qua c. Thc
x, 0 x 1
vy, xt hm s f (x)
1, x 0.
i vi hm ny ta thy f (1) f (0); f (x) x (0, 1) . Tuy nhin n
li khng lin tc trn on [0, 1] nn khng p dng nh l Rolle c.
C th, x (0, 1) : f (x) 0 .
(iv) Gi thit f(x) kh vi trong (a, b) cng khng b qua c. Thc
vy, xt hm s y x , x [ 1, 1] .
Ta thy f (1) f (1) 1; f(x) lin tc trn [ 1, 1] , song f(x) khng kh
vi trn (-1, 1). ng l y khng tn ti x (1, 1) f (x) 0 .
49
1 1
O 1 x -1 O 1 x
Hnh 2.10. Hm s khng tho mn iu kin ca nh l Rolle
2.3.2. nh l Lagrange
nh l 2.6 (nh l Lagrange). Cho hm f(x) xc nh v lin tc
trn on [a, b] , kh vi trong khong (a, b) . Khi , tn ti im c (a, b) :
f (b) f (a)
f (c) (2.18)
ba
hay f (b) f (a) f (c)(b a) (2.19)
(cng thc s gia gii ni).
ngha hnh hc. V phi ca (2.18) l h s gc ca dy cung AB,
v tri l h s gc ca tip tuyn ti C(c, f(c)). Vy:
Vi cc gi thit ca nh l, c im C trn th hm s f(x) sao
cho tit tuyn ti song song vi dy cung AB. (Xem Hnh 2.11).
ngha tng qut: V phi ca (2.18) l tc bin thin trung bnh
ca hm f(x) trn on [a, b]. Vy:
Vi cc gi thit ca nh l, tc bin thin trung bnh ca hm
trn on [a, b] bng tc bin thin tc thi ca hm ti im trung gian
c (a, b) no .
Ta cng c th vit cng thc s gia gii ni di dng
f (x h) f (x) f (x h)h vi 0 < < 1. (2.20)
Chng minh. Ta xy dng mt hm s tho mn nh l Rolle, l
f (b) f (a)
(x) f (x) f (a) (x a), x [a, b] .
ba
Hm ny lin tc trn on [a, b], kh vi trong khong (a, b),
(a) (b) 0 . p dng nh l Rolle, tn ti c (a, b) (c) 0 .
50
y
B
C
O a c b x
Hnh 2.11. im trung gian c trong nh l Lagrange
f (b) f (a) f (b) f (a)
T f (c) 0 hay f (c) .
ba ba
Lu . C th c nhiu im trung gian c nh i hi (Hnh 2.11).
H qu
(i) f (x) 0 , x (a, b) f (x) tng trn (a, b).
(ii) f (x) 0 , x (a, b) , du " " xy ra ch ti mt s hu hn im
th f(x) tng thc s trn (a; b).
(iii) f (x) 0 , x (a, b) f (x) l hng s trn (a, b).
(iv) f(x) lin tc, f (x) i du khi x qua x 0 (a; b) th x x 0 l mt
im cc tr ca hm f(x).
V d 2.13. Chng minh rng vi 0 a b v n 1 th
na n 1 (b a) b n a n nb n 1 (b a). (*)
Thc vy, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
bn a n
na n 1 nb n 1 . (**)
ba
Nhn xt rng b n (x n ) x b , a n (x n ) x a . Vy ta nn xt hm s
f (x) x n trn on [a, b] . Theo nh l Lagrange, c (a, b) :
f (b) f (a) bn a n
f (c) nc n 1 .
ba ba
R rng na n 1 ncn 1 nb n 1 . Nhn c (**). #
0, x0
V d 2.14. Chng t rng hm s f (x) x
e x 1, 0 x
tha mn nh l Lagrange trn on [ 2, 1] . Tm im trung gian c trong
nh l. V th v tip tuyn ti M c honh c.
51
Gii. * Hm f(x) l hm s cp trn cc khong [-2, 0) v (0, 1] nn
n lin tc trn cc khong ny. Ti x 0 th
f (0) lim f (x) 0; f (0 ) lim f (x) lim (e x x 1) 0; f (0) 0 .
x 0 x 0 x 0
Vy f(x) lin tc ti x = 0. T f(x) lin tc trn on [-2, 1].
* Tng t, f(x) kh vi trn cc khong (-2, 0) v (0, 1):
Hnh 2.12. th hm s trong V d 2.14

f (x) 0 khi x 0; f (x) e x 1 khi x 0.
Ti x = 0 th
00 ex x 1 0
f (0) lim 0; f (0) lim 0.
x 0 x 0 x 0 x0
Vy f(x) kh vi ti x = 0 v f (0) 0 .
Nh vy, f(x) kh vi trong khong (-2, 1).
Tm li, i vi hm f(x), mi iu kin ca nh l Lagrange u
tha mn. Ta c
f (1) f (2) e 2 e 1
ec 1 c ln 0.2146 .
1 ( 2) 3 3
th nh Hnh 2.12. #
Yu cu SV chun b:
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: S lin tc (1 tit)
o hm, vi phn cp I (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 104-106: Cc nh l c bn v o hm
52
Bi ging 6: Cc nh l c bn v o hm (tip) + Cng thc
Taylor + Cc ng dng ca o hm
Chng 2: o hm v vi phn
Mc: 2.3 Cc nh l c bn v o hm (tip - 1t)
2.4. Cng thc Tay lor (1t)
2.5. Cc ng dng ca o hm (1t)
Bi tp: o hm, vi phn cp cao (1tit).
Cc .l v GT trung bnh (1tit).
Tit th: 26 - 30, Tun th: 6
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c cch p dng quy tc LHospital tm cc gii hn v
nh
Khai trin Taylor ca n cp 2,3 ca vi hm n gin
Nm c khai trin Maclaunrin ca vi hm s cp, tnh gn ng
Nm c vi ng dng ca o hm nh quy trnh kho st hm s;
c bit l kho st ng cong theo tham s.
- Ni dung chnh:
2.3. CC NH L C BN V O HM (tip - 1tit)

nh l 2.7 (nh l Cauchy). Cho hai hm s f(x), g(x) lin tc trn
on [a, b], kh vi trn khong (a, b), ngoi ra g(x) 0 , x (a, b) . Khi
c im c (a, b) sao cho:
f (b) f (a) f (c)
. (2.21)
g (b) g (a) g(c)
Lu
(i) Cc bn hy pht hin sai lm trong chng minh "n gin" sau
y ca nh l Cauchy. C hai hm f(x) v g(x) u tha mn nh l
Lagrange trn on [a, b] nn tn ti im c [a, b]
f (b) f (a) f (c)(b a); g(b) g(a) g(c)(b a) . Vy
f (b) f (a) f (c)(b a) f (c)
!
g (b) g (a) g(c)(b a) g(c)
(ii) Chn g(x) x , t (2.21) ta nhn c nh l Lagrange.
51
Hn na, t nh l Lagrange, nu f (b) f (a) ta nhn c nh l
Rolle. Ta ni nh l Cauchy l tng qut hn nh l Lagrange, nhl
Lagrange l tng qut hn nh l Rolle.
2.3.3. Quy tc L'Hospital
Dng nh l Cauchy ta c th chng minh nh l sau, l mt quy
tc rt hiu qu kh cc dng v nh.
0
nh l 2.8 (Quy tc L'Hospital kh dng v nh ; )
0
Gi s f(x), g(x) kh vi trong mt ln cn no ca im a
( a ) c th tr ra ti im a, v g(x) 0 vi mi x trong ln cn
c th tr ra ti a. Hn na gi s
lim f (x) lim g(x) 0
x a x a
(hoc lim f (x) lim g(x) ) .

x a x a
f (x)
Khi , nu lim (hu hn hoc v hn) th
x a g(x)
f (x)
lim .
x a g(x)
Chng minh. (xem [1])

Lu : (i) Quy tc ng cho c trng hp gii hn tri, phi.
Chng hn, ta c th thay x a bi x a vi mt cht thay i:
Gi s f(x), g(x) kh vi trong mt ln phi ca im a c th tr ra ti a, gi
s g(x) 0 vi mi x thuc mt ln cn phi ca a c th tr ra ti a ...
Nh vy, khi x a, x a , x a , x , x , x m
0
gii hn c dng v nh , ta c th dng quy tc L'Hospital. Cc dng
0
v nh khc nh 1 ; 0 ; c th d dng chuyn v hai dng v nh
ny.
(ii) Khi gii bi tp, chng ta c th phi dng Qui tc L'Hospital
nhiu ln, v (hoc) kt hp vi cc phng php tm gii hn khc, chng
hn, phng php thay tng ng, v sau ny l khai trin hu hn.
(iii) Quy tc L'Hospital cho ta iu kin c gii hn
f (x)
lim m khng phi l iu kin cn (xem V d 2.17).
x a g(x)
52
V d 2.15. Tnh cc gii hn
ln x
(i) lim
( 0); ) (ii) lim x ln x ; (iii) lim x x ;
x x x 0 x 0
sin 3x 3x
(iv) lim ;
x 0 x3
6/x 2
sin x ln(1 x 2 ) ln(1 x 2 )
a. lim ; b. lim .
x 0 x x 0 (arctan (1 x 2 ) arctan (1 x 2 ))
sin x
sin x 2x 2
V d 2.17. Chng ta thy lim lim x 1.
x cos x 2x x cos x
2
x
Tuy nhin, gii hn ca thng hai o hm
(sin x 2x) cos x 2
lim lim
x (cos x 2x) x s inx 2
li khng tn ti.
V d 2.18. Chng minh rng
a) lim n
n
n a 1 ln a, (a 0) ; b) lim n( n n 1) .
n
Gii. Theo nhng nhn xt cui nh l 1.23, ta c th tm gii

hn dy s thng qua gii hn hm s tng ng.
a) Theo quy tc L' Hospital ta c:
a1/x 1 at 1 a t ln a
lim x
x
x

a 1 lim lim
x 1 / x t 0 t
lim
t 0 1
ln a .

Vy vi a 0 , lim n
n
n a 1 ln a.
(1/x) ln x
1
b) lim x
x
x x 1 x lim e (1 / x)
t ln t
e t ln t 1 e ln t 1 .
lim lim
t 0 t t 0 1
Vy dy cho c gii hn + . #
53
2.4. CNG THC TAYLOR (1 tit)
2.4.1. Thit lp cng thc

* T c
* nh l 2.9 (Cng thc Taylor (Khai trin Taylor hu hn)).
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh v lin tc trong (a; b). Khi x 0 (a, b)
ta c:
(i) Nu f(x) kh vi lin tc ti cp n - 1 trn (a, b), kh vi cp n ti x 0
th
f ( x 0 ) f (n) ( x 0 )
f (x) f ( x 0 ) (x x 0 ) ... (x x 0 ) n o (x x 0 ) n . (2.22)
1! n!
(Cng thc Taylor vi phn d Peano).
(ii) Nu f(x) kh vi lin tc ti cp n trong (a, b), kh vi cp (n +1) trong
(a, b) th
(n 1)
f ( x 0 ) f (n) ( x 0 ) n f (x*)
f (x) f ( x 0 ) (x x 0 ) ... (x x 0 ) (x x 0 ) n 1
1! n! (n 1)!
( x * nm gia x v x 0 ) (2.23)
f ( x 0 ) f (n) ( x 0 )
f (x 0 ) (x x 0 ) ... (x x 0 ) n
1! n!
f (n 1) ( x 0 (x x 0 ))
(x x 0 ) n 1 , (0 1). (2.24)
(n 1)!
(Cng thc Taylor vi phn d Largrange).
* t x x 0 h , ta nhn c dng sau kh tin li ca (2.24):
f ( x 0 ) f (n) ( x 0 ) n f (n 1) ( x 0 h) n 1
f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 ) h ... h h . (2.25)
1! n! (n 1)!

o(h n )
tin ng dng, chng ta s gi n l cp khai trin, x 0 l im khai

trin, x l im p dng.
Nhn xt. c th khai trin n cp n, cng thc vi phn d
Peano cn iu kin nh hn so vi phn d Lagrange.
* Trong trng hp x 0 0 , cng thc c tn l cng thc (khai trin)
Maclaurin:
54
f (0) f (n) (0) n f (n 1) ( x) n 1
f (x) f (0) x ... x x (0 1) (2.26)
1! n! (n 1)!

o(x n )
nh gi sai s
Nu hm f(x) kh vi n cp n + 1 trn [a, b] th
n
f (k) ( x 0 ) M n 1
R n (x) f (x) (x x 0 ) k n 1 x x 0 (2.27)
k 0 n! (n 1)!
vi M n 1 Sup f (n 1) (x) .
x [a; b]
2.4.2. Khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp

(i)
m m(m 1) 2 m(m 1)...(m k 1) k
(1 x)m 1 x x ... x ... x m .
1! 2! k!
( 1) 2 ( 1)...( n 1) n
(ii) (1 x) 1 x x ... x o(x n ).
1! 2! n!
x x2 xn
(iii) e x 1 ... o(x n ).
1! 2! n!
x 2 x3 n x
n
(iv) ln(1 x) x ... ( 1) o(x n ).
2 3 n
x3 x5 x 2n 1
(v) sinx x ... (1) n 1 o(x 2n ).
3! 5! (2n 1)!
x2 x4 x 2n
(vi) cos x 1 ... (1)n o(x 2n 1).
2! 4! (2n)!
x3 x5 x 2n 1
(vii) arctan x x ... (1)(n 1) o(x 2n ) .
3 5 2n 1
H qu (xem [1])
V d 2.19. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm
(i) y 1 4x n cp 3, (ii) y sin 4x ln(1 2x) n cp 2.
1 1 1
Gii. (i) p dng cng thc 1 x 1 x x 2 x 3 o(x 3 ) ta
2 8 16
c
55
1 1 1
1 4x 1 (4x) (4x) 2 (4x)3 o((4x) 3 )
2 8 16
1 2x 2x 2 4x 3 o(x 3 ).
(2x) 2
(ii) sin 4x ln(1 2x) (4x) o((4x) 2 ) (2x) (o(2x) 2 )
2
6x 2x 2 o(x 2 ) .
V d 2.20. Khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm y sin 2x 1 3x 2 n

cp 4; p dng tnh gn ng y(0.2).
(2x)3
Gii. sin 2x 1 3x 2 2x o(2x) 4
3!
1 1 1 1
1 (3x 2 ) . . 1 (3x 2 ) 2 o((3x 2 ) 2 )
2 2! 2 2
3 4 9
1 2x x 2 x 3 x 4 o(x 4 ) ; y(0.2) =1.4475. #
2 3 8
V d 2.21. Cho hm n y y(x) xc nh t phng trnh
arctan (xy) 1 ex y .
Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 2 ca hm ny vi phn d dng
Peano. T , tnh gn ng y(0.1).
Gii. Trc ht thy x 0 th y 0 . Coi y y(x) , o hm 2 v dn
n
y xy
2
e x y (1 y) . (*)
1 (xy)
Thay x = 0 nhn c y(0) 1 .
o hm hai v (*) ln na:
(2y xy)(1 (xy)2 ) (y xy) 2(xy)(y xy
e x y (1 y)2 y .
2 2
1 (xy)
Thay x 0; y(0) 0; y(0) 1 suy ra
2 0
1(0 y(0)) hay y(0) 2 .
1
Vy y(x) x x 2 o(x 2 ) .
y(0.1) 0.1 0.01 0.11
56
Nhn xt. Chng ta cn tnh gi tr cc o hm hm n ti x = 0 (tc
l y(0), y(0) ), m khng phi l biu thc cho y(x), y(x) (ti im tng
qut). Cch lm trn n gin ng k li gii. #
2.4.3. ng dng tnh gn ng
a. Tm biu thc gn ng ca hm s
Khai trin Taylor hay c s dng trong vt l. thu c nhng
iu thit yu t mt hin tng, cc nh vt l thng n gin ha hm
s bng cch xt ch mt, hai hoc ba s hng u trong khai trin Taylor
ca n. Bt ng thc Taylor (2.27) c dng nh gi s ph hp ca
xp x.
b. Tnh gi tr gn ng ca biu thc
Mt ng dng quan trng ca cng thc Taylor l tnh gn ng gi
tr ca biu thc. Chng hn, ta cn tnh gi tr gn ng ca A f (x) , f(x)
l hm trn, x cho trc. Theo cng thc Taylor th
f (n) (x 0 ) n f (n 1) (x*) n
A f (x) f (x 0 ) ... h h (2.28)
n! n!
vi h x x 0 , x * gia x 0 v x.
Ta s dng xp x
f (x 0 ) f (n) (x 0 ) n
A f (x 0 ) h ... h . (2.29)
1! n!
Sai s mc phi l
f (n 1) (x*) n 1
Rn h . (2.30)
(n 1)!
Trong nhiu trng hp ta c th dng nh gi
M n 1 n 1
Rn h
(n 1)!
vi M n 1 Max f (n 1) (x) ( [a, b] cha x v x 0 ). (2.31)
x[a, b]
2.4.4. ng dng tm gii hn

a. Khai trin hu hn (KTHH)
c. Tm gii hn dng KTHH
sin (x sin x) (1 x)1/x e
(a) lim ; (b) lim .
x 0 1 x2 1 x 0 x
Gii. S dng nh l v cc php ton ca KTHH ta c
57
sin (x (x x 3 / 6 o(x 3 ))) x 3 / 6 o(x 3 )
(a) I lim lim 2
0.
x 0 1 2 2 x 0 x / 2
1 x o(x ) 1
2
1 1 1 x2 x
ln(1 x) (x o(x 2 )) o(x)
(b) (1 x) x ex ex 2 e.e 2
1 x
o(x )
(1 x) x e e 2 1 1 x e
e e o(x) (x 0). #
x x x 2 2
2.5. CC NG DNG CA O HM (1 tit)
2.5.1. Kho st hm s y f (x)
a. Tim cn
f (x) ( x x 0 (hoc x (x 0 ) ))
ng thng x x 0 l tin cn ng.
f (x) y 0 ( x (hoc x ))
ng thng y y0 l tin cn ngang.
(f (x) (ax b)) 0 ( x (hoc x )) ( a 0 )
ng thng y ax b l tin cn xin.
Cng c th tm h s a, b ring r, chng hn
f (x)
a lim ; b lim (f (x) ax) .
x x x
Nu c a v b hu hn th y ax b l tin cn xin.
b. S tng v gim ca hm s
Nu f (x) 0 , x (a, b) f (x) tng trn (a, b).
Nu f (x) 0 , x (a, b) , du "=" xy ra ch ti mt s hu hn im
th f(x) tng thc s trn (a, b).
Tt nhin, hm s gim khi c du bt ng thc ngc li. Xt v d
sau.
V d 2.27. Kho st tnh cht tng v gim ca hm s y x sin x .
T chng minh rng sin x x, x 0 .
Gii. y 1 cos x , 0 y, 0 y x 2k, k 0, 1, 2, ...
Trong on [a, b] hu hn bt k, o hm ch trit tiu ti hu hn
im, vy hm s tng thc s trn [a, b]. T hm s tng thc s trn
.
By gi ly x 0 . Do y(x) tng nn 0 f (0) f (x) x sin x hay
sin x x, x 0 , du bng xy ra ch ti x 0 .
58
th ca hm y x, y sin x cho trn Hnh 2.13.
Hnh 2.13. th hm y x v y sin x

c. Cc tr ca hm s
Quy tc I ( tm cc tr). Gi s f(x) l hm lin tc.
Gii phng trnh f (x) 0 v cc kho st khc nu cn thit
tm ra cc im nghi ng cc tr x1,..., x n .
Xt du f (x) . Nu f (x) i du khi x qua x i th xi l mt im
cc tr.
nh l 2.12. (Dng H cp cao kho st cc tr)
Quy tc II ( tm cc tr) . Gi s f (x) l hm lin tc.
Gii phng trnh f (x) 0 tm ra cc im dng x i .
Nu f (x i ) 0 th x i l mt im cc tiu;
Nu f (x i ) 0 th xi l mt im cc i.
d. Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht (cc tr tuyt i)
Ta nhn c quy tc sau y
Quy tc ( tm cc tr tuyt i) . Gi s f(x) l hm lin tc.
Tm cc im nghi ng c tr x1,..., x n trong (a; b).
Tnh f (a), f (b), f (x1 ), ..., f (x n ) .
Kt lun v GTLN, GTNN.
V d 2.28. Xt s tng, gim, tm cc tr a phng, cc tr tuyt i
x2
v tim cn ca hm y .
x 1
Gii. * Tp xc nh ca hm s l {x 1} (hay (1, )) .
x2
V lim nn ng thng x 1 l tim cn ng.
x 1 x 1
x(3x 4)
* f (x) ; f (x) 0 x 0 .
2(x 1)3/2
59
* Xt du o hm ta thy hm gim trn (1, 0) , tng trn (0, ) .
Vy x CT 0 , f CT f (0) 0 . y cng l GTNN.
x2 x2
V lim lim nn hm khng t GTLN.
x 1 x 1 x x 1
e. Li, lm, im un
(t c [1])
nh l 2.13 (Bt ng thc Jensen).
nh ngha. Nu c mt s 0 nh hm s l li (lm) trong
khong (x 0 , x 0 ) v hm s l lm (li) trong khong (x 0 , x 0 ) th
x x 0 c gi l im un ca hm s, ng thi im M(x 0 , f (x 0 ))
c gi l im un ca th ca hm s.
Hnh 2.15. Cc cung li, lm ca ng cong

f. Cc kho st khc. kho st y dng iu bin thin ca
hm s mt s kho st khc cng ht sc c ch. l xt tnh chn, l,
tun hon Tuy nhin, nu nhng kho st ny phc tp th c th b qua.
g. S kho st hm s
(1) Tm tp xc nh, cc im gin on ca hm s. Xt tnh chn,
l, tun hon, tm cc ng tim cn (nu c). Tm cc giao im ca
th vi cc trc to , tm to ca cc im c bit.
(2) Chiu bin thin: Cn tnh o hm cp mt, tm cc khong tng,
gim, cc tr (nu c). Lp bng bin thin ca hm s.
(3) Tnh o hm bc hai, kho st tnh li, lm, im un (nu c).
(4) V th hm s.
Tt nhin, khng cn ng theo th t ny. ng thi chng ta cng
c th b qua mt s khu, nh tnh o hm bc hai, tnh li lm khi
iu ny phc tp, nht l vi cc hm v t. i khi cng b qua vic tm
tim cn.
V d 2.29. Kho st v v th hm s y xe x .
Gii. * Tp xc nh l .
60
x 1
Gii hn. lim x e x ; lim x ex lim lim 0.
x x x e x x e x
Vy, tim cn ngang l trc Ox.

Chiu bin thin. f (x) e x (x 1); f (x) 0 x 1 .
f (x) e x (x 2); f (x) 0 x 2 .
Ta nhn c bng
x 2 1 0
y 0
y 0
0
y 2 / e2 0
1 / e
Hm s lm trong khong ( , 2); li trong khong ( 2, ) ; im
un ti x 2 .
th hm s cho trn Hnh 2.16.
Hnh 2.16. th hm s y xe x
2.5.2. Kho st ng cong cho di dng tham s
Ta x, y ca cht im ph L
thuc vo thi gian t, vy v tr ca
cht im c th biu din qua h
hai phng trnh
x x(t), y y(t).
Tng qut hin tng ny dn
n Hnh 2.19. ng cong tht nt
a. Khi nim. Cho hai hm s
x x(t)
t (, ). (2.35)
y y(t),
61
Mi im t I (, ) ng vi mt im M(x(t), y(t)) 2 . Khi t
bin thin t n , im M vch nn mt ng cong (C) trong 2 . H
(2.35) c gi l phng trnh tham s ca ng cong (C), t l tham s.
Bn thn tp xc nh (, ) v h (2.35) c gi l mt php tham
s ha ca (C). Cng mt ng cong (C) nhng c th c nhiu php
tham s ha.
Thng thng tham s l thi gian, cng c th c ngha khc, v
dng k hiu khc nh , , ... .
trn ta xt khong (, ) , iu khng ngn cn ta xt cc
trng hp khc, on [, ] hay na khong.
Ta ni ng cong C l:
+ trn nu x(t), y(t) l nhng hm kh vi lin tc, o hm khng
ng thi bng 0;
+ trn tng khc nu x(t), y(t) l nhng hm kh vi lin tc v o
hm khng ng thi bng 0, tr mt s hu hn im;
+ kn nu im u v im cui trng nhau:
(x(), y()) (x( ), y()) ;
+ khng t ct nu im chung duy nht ch c th l im u v
im cui.
V d 2.31. Vi A(a, b), B(c,d) , d thy phng trnh tham s ca:
x mt a
(i) ng thng AB: (t ) (m b a, n d c);
y nt c,
x mt a
(ii) on thng AB: (t [0, 1]);
y nt c,
x R cos
(iii) ng trn tm O, bn knh R:
y R sin , 0 2 ;
Hnh 2.20. ng (on) thng AB (tri) v ng trn tm O, bn knh R

(iv) elip bn trc a, b: x a cos , y b sin , 0 2 .
Tuy nhin, im M (E) khng phi ng vi gc nh Hnh 2.21
(tri), m ng vi gc Hnh 2.21 (phi)!
#
62
Hnh 2.21. Elp bn trc a, b
b. H s gc ca tip tuyn
Gi s i vi ng cong (C) (2.35) c hai hm x(t), y(t) u kh
vi lin tc v x (t 0 ) 0 . Th th trong ln cn ny x (t) 0 v tn ti hm
ngc t t(x) ca hm s x x(t) . Thay vo hm th hai ta c
y y(t(x)) . Theo nh l v o hm hm hp, hm ngc ta c
dy(x) dy dt y(t)
yx (t(x)). (t(x)) .
dx dt dx x(t)
dy y(t)
hay vi x(t) 0 . (2.36)
dx x(t)
T y thy ngay rng tip tuyn nm ngang nu y(t) 0 (v

x(t) 0 ) v tip tuyn dc ng nu x (t) 0 (v y(t) 0).
Thay y bi dy/dx, ta tnh c o hm bc hai

d
d dy dt
y(t)
d2 y
. (2.37)
dx 2 dx dx x (t)
dy
(Cch nh: Xem y l hm ca t)
dx
V d 2.32. Elip bn trc a, b cho bi phng trnh
x a cos t

y b sin t, t [0, 2 ].
dy b cos t b
Khi cot t .
dx a sin t a
y l h s gc ca tip tuyn ca elip ti im M(a cos t, bsin t) . #

63
c. Kho st
Khi kho st ng cong cho di dng tham s ta kho st nh
thng l vi hai hm x(t), y(t) vi mt s lu :
* Ta cn lp bng bin thin ng thi.
* Trong bng bin thin nn c thm dng o hm yx tnh theo cng
y(t)
thc yx . y l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im
x (t)
M(x(t), y(t)) .
V d. Kho st v v ng cong x et t, y 4e t/2 , 8 t 3
Gii. + Tp xc nh: 8 t 3 ( cho).
+ Chiu bin thin. x e t 1, x 0 t 0 x 1, y 4
y 2e t/2 0 .
+ Bng bin thin
th
V d 2.34. Kho st v v ng axtroit cho di dng tham s:

x a cos3 t; y a sin 3 t, t . (a 0) .
Ch ra s chuyn ng ca im M(x(t),y(t)) trn ng cong khi tham s t bin thin t
/ 2 n , v t 2 n 3 / 2 .
64
Ch ra s bin thin ca tham s t khi im M chuyn ng trn ng cong t
D(0, a) A( a, 0) .
Gii. V | x | a, | y | a nn ng cong khng c tim cn.
C hai hm x(t), y(t) tun hon chu k 2 nn ta ch cn kho st vi t [0, 2] . Ta
c
y(t) sin t
x (t) 3a cos 2 t sin t; y(t) 3a sin 2 t cos t; yx tan t.
x (t) cos t
2 3 4
x (t) 0 t 0; ; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
0 t 0;
2 3 4
y(t) 0 t 0; ; ; ; yx 3
2 2 2 2 t 2 ; 2 .
Bng bin thin
t 0 / 2 3 / 2 2
x (t) 0 0 0 0 0
x(t) a a
0 0
a
y(t) 0 0 0 0 0
y(t) a
0 0 0
a
y(x) 0 0 0
th nh Hnh 2.22.
R rng l M : B A v M : C D; t : 3 / 2 . #
Hnh 2.22. ng axtroit
65
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: o hm, vi phn cp cao (1tit).
Cc .l v GT trung bnh (1tit).
c trc TL[1], tr 127- 138: Cc ng dng ca o hm
Bi ging 7: Cc ng dng ca H (tip) - Tch phn bt nh

Chng 2, Chng 3: Tch phn
Mc: 2.5 Cc ng dng ca o hm (tip 1t)
3.1 Tch phn bt nh (2t)
Bi tp: Cng thc Taylor (1 tit)
Cc ng dng ca H (1 tit)
Tit th: 31- 35, Tun th: 7
- Mc ch, yu cu:
- Nm c quy trnh kho st C trong ta cc, c bit l cch
v.
- Nm c bng tch phn c bn, vn dng mt s phng php tnh
tch phn tm NH ca mt s hm n gin.
- Ni dung chnh:
2.5. CC NG DNG CA O HM (tip - 1 tit)
2.5.3. Kho st ng cong cho di dng ta cc
a. Ta cc
Ta cho ng mi im M(x, y) trong mt phng Oxy vi cp s (r, )
nh hnh v. Cp s (r, ) c gi l ta cc ca im M. Ta cng ni
im M c biu din bi ta cc l (r, ) . T :
0 r x 2 y 2 ,

y
M(x, y) (r, ); (x, y) (r, ) : tan , 0 2 ,
x
sin cng du vi y.

x r cos
(r, ) (x, y) : (2.38)
y r sin .
66
y t
M(x,y)
r
O x
Hnh 2.23. To cc ca mt im
Cng c th chn khong bin thin ca l .
im O gi l gc cc, trc Ox l trc cc;
r l bn knh cc, l gc cc ca im M. Khi khng s lm ln, ta
c th vit M(x,y) vi ng rng im M c ta Descartes (x,y), hoc
M (r, ) vi ng rng im M c ta cc (r, ) .
Tr im O(0,0), cc im cn li ca mt phng c tng ng 1 1
gia ta Descartes v ta cc.
Trong Pho binh, Ra a ngi ta hay dng ta cc ch v tr:
Khi ni c ly 3200, phng v 41 th c ngha rng mc tiu c ta cc
(3200, 410 ) .
Ta cc suy rng. Ngi ta cn xt ta cc vi r, bt k trn

( , ) . T mi cp s ( r, ) nh vy, dng (2.38) ta tnh c x, y. Trong
mt phng, im M vi ta Descartes (x,y) s c ta cc (suy rng)

( r, ).
xc nh im M trn mt phng vi ta cc suy rng ( r, ), ta

k tia Ot hp vi tia Ox mt gc lng gic , trn ta ly im M vi
di i s OM r . Chng hn, cc im cho trong ta cc tng ng
1 3 11
A(1, 0); B , ; C 2, 3 ; D , ; E 1, , F 1, l cc
2 3 2 2 4 4
im trn
mt phng nh Hnh 2.24.
y D
E F
67
O A C x
B
Hnh 2.24. Mt s im trn mt phng
Tng ng nh vy khng n nh: im M vi ta Descartes
(x,y) s khng c ta cc suy rng duy nht.
Mt s ti liu k hiu gc cc l . Tuy nhin chng ta dng k hiu
ph hp vi cc phn mm hin i, cng nh nhiu ti liu khc.
b. ng cong trong ta cc
Xt hm s r r(), (, ). Khi gc cc bin thin t n ,
im M vi ta cc (r(), ) vch nn mt ng cong (C) trong mt
phng. Ta ni ng cong (C) trong ta cc c phng trnh
r r(), (, ).
x r()cos ,
R rng l
y r()sin , (, ).
Vy dng ta cc r r () l dng tham s c bit ca ng

cong.
Tng qut, vi hm hai bin f cho trc, tp cc im c ta cc
(r, ) tha mn phng trnh f (r, ) 0 c xem l mt ng cong trong
ta cc v f (r, ) 0 l phng trnh ca ng cong ny.
V d 2.35. Vit phng trnh dng ta cc ca cc ng trn bn

knh a > 0 vi tm (i) O(0, 0); (ii) I(a, 0).
(i) R rng phng trnh l r a .
(ii) (C) : (x a) 2 y 2 a 2 .
x r cos
t , thay vo phng trnh ng trn ta c
y r sin
(r cos a) 2 (r sin )2 a 2 hay r 2a cos (a 0) .

68
Hnh 2.25. Cc ng trn V d 2.35
Nhn xt. ng trn bn phi trc tung, tip xc vi trc tung ti
gc ta , ng knh 2a c phng trnh r 2a cos .
Tng t, c th thy ng trn nm pha trn trc honh, ng
knh 2a, tip xc vi trc honh ti gc ta c PT r 2a sin . #
c. Phng php kho st
Chng ta tin hnh kho st nh vi hm s thng thng.
r()
Lu . (i) Gi V l gc lng gic nh hnh v th tan V .
r()
Hnh 2.26. Gc hp bi tip tuyn dng vi vc t bn knh

(ii) kho st ng cong (L) cho trong ta Descartes, i khi ta
a n v dng ta cc li d dng hn nhiu.
t x r cos , y r sin ... r r() (L)
V d 2.36. Kho st v v ng hoa hng 3 cnh c phng trnh

r a sin 3 (a 0).
Gii. Hm r() tun hon chu k 2 / 3 nn ta ch cn kho st trong

on [0, 2 / 3] . Ta c r 3a cos3 0 , ;
6 2
69
2
0, 0, ,
r() tan 3 3 3
tan V
r() 3 , , .
6 2
Nhn c bng bin thin
2 3 4
0
6 6 6 6
3 3
0 2
2 2
r 3a 0 3a 0 3a
r a
0 0 0
a
tan V 0 0 0
Hnh 2.27. ng hoa hng 3 cnh

th nh hnh 2.27, nm gc phn t th nht.
Sau khi c thi cho mt chu k, ta ch vic quay ng va v
mt gc 2 / 3 , 4 / 3 ta s nhn c ng cong y (Hnh 2.27). #
V d 2.37. Kho st v v ng cardioid (ng hnh tim) dng ta

cc
(i) r 1 a cos (a 1) ;
(ii) r 1 cos ; (iii) r 1 a cos (0 a 1) .
70
Hnh 2.28. Mt s ng hnh tim (cardioid)
ng cong cho gc trn bn tri ca Hnh 2.28. Cc ng (ii),
(iii) cho cc phn cn li. #
V d 2.38. (c thm) Kho st v v th ng cong
(x 2 y 2 )3 a 4 (x 2 y 2 ) (a 0).
Nhn xt. Rt kh nu ta kho st trong h trc Oxy thng thng.

Gii. a v to cc bng cch t x r cos , y r sin (r 0) :
(r 2 )3 a 4 r 2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) r 4 a 4 cos2 r a 4 cos 2 .
Vy r a 4 cos 2 l phng trnh dng ta cc ca ng cong

cho.
Hnh 2.29. ng cong V d 2.38
71
V d 2.39. Kho st, v th ng cong
(x 2 y 2 )x a 2 y (a const 0)
bng cch a n v dng ta cc.
HD. t x r cos ; y r sin ta c r a tan .
Hnh 2.30. ng r a tan (vi a = 1)

V d 2.40 ( Mt s ng cong trong di dng ta cc)
Hnh 2.31. ng xon c Archimede r ( 0) (tri) v r 2 tan

(phi)
Hnh 2.32. ng r arcsin (tri), v ng r 1 / , / 4 (phi)
Mt s V d thc tin (xem [1])
72
TM TT CHNG 2
df (x 0 ) f (x) f (x 0 )
nh ngha o hm. f (x 0 ) lim .
dx x x0 x x0
o hm mt s hm s cp. Bng 2.1.
df df du
o hm hm hp. f f (u(x)) . .
dx du dx
1
o hm hm ngc. x(y) .
y(x)
Vi phn. df (x) f (x)dx .
S bt bin dng ca vi phn cp I. Vi phn cp mt ca hm f(x)
lun c dng dy f (x) dx d rng x l bin c lp hay x l bin ph
thuc.
u vdu udv
Php ton vi vi phn. d (uv) v du u dv, d .
v v2
ng dng. f (x) f (x 0 x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )x.

Tnh o hm (vi phn) hm n
Coi y y (x) l hm ca x Thay vo phng trnh rng
buc Ly o hm (vi phn) ng nht thc thu c Suy ra y (x)
(dy(x)).
Vi phn cp cao. d n f (x) f (n) (x)dx n .
nh l Rolle. Hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , kh vi trong
khong (a, b), f(a) = f(b) th tn ti im c(a, b) f (c) 0 .
nh l Lagrange. Hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , kh vi trong
khong (a, b) th tn ti im c (a, b) sao cho
f (b) f (a)
f (c) .
ba
nh l Cauchy. Hai hm s f(x), g(x) lin tc trn on [a, b], kh
vi trong khong (a, b), g(x) 0 , x (a, b) th c im c (a, b) sao cho:
f (b) f (a) f (c)
.
g (b) g (a) g(c)
0
Quy tc L'Hospital kh dng v nh ;
0
73
f(x), g(x) l VCB (VCL) ti ln cn a ... th
f (x) f (x)
lim lim .
x a g(x) x a g(x)
Cng thc Maclaurin

f (0) f (n) (0) n f (n 1) ( x) n 1
f (x) f (0) x ... x x (0 1) .
1! n! (n 1)!

o(x n )
Hm li. Hm s f(x) li (xung di) trn khong m rng I nu:

f (t c (1 t)d) tf (c) (1 t) f (d) , c, d I, t [0, 1] .
Bt ng thc Jensen. Hm s f(x) li trn khong I th n nguyn
dng, x1,..., x n I , 1,..., n 0 : 1 ... n 1 ta c
f (1x1 ... n x n ) 1f (x1 ) ... n f (x n ) .
c d f (c) f (d)
c bit, f , c, d I .
2 2
Gi s f(x) kh vi hai ln trong khong (a, b). Khi f(x) li trn (a,
b) khi v ch khi f (x) 0, x (a, b) .
Kho st ng cong khng cn ng theo th t 4 bc. Cng c
th b qua khu tm tim cn, tnh o hm bc hai, tnh li lm ... khi iu
ny phc tp.
Kho st ng cong di dng tham s
Kho st nh thng l vi hai hm x(t), y(t), nn lp bng bin
y(t)
thin ng thi, nn c thm dng o hm yx .
x (t)
To cc. Mi lin h x r cos , y r sin .
a PT ng cong v dng to cc
Thay x r cos , y r sin vo PT ng cong Gii ra
r r () .
a PT ng cong dng to cc v dng tham s
x r()cos ,
L: r r (),
y r()sin , (, ).
Kho st ng cong dng to cc
r()
Kho st nh thng l, nn c thm dng tan V .
r()
74
Chng 3
TCH PHN
3.1. TCH PHN BT NH (2 tit)
3.1.1. nh ngha, tnh cht
nh ngha. Cho hm s f (x), x (a, b) . Ta ni hm s
F(x), x (a, b) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn khong (a, b) nu F(x) kh
vi trong khong ny v
F(x) f (x), x (a, b). (3.1)
nh l 3.1. Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trong khong (a, b)
th:
(i) Vi C l hng s ty , F(x) C cng l mt nguyn hm ca f(x)
trong khong (a, b).
(ii) Mi nguyn hm ca f(x) trong khong (a, b) u c dng
F(x) C , vi C l hng s no .
nh ngha. H cc hm s F(x) C , trong C l hng s ty ,
F(x) l mt nguyn hm bt k ca f(x) trong khong (a, b) c c gi
l h nguyn hm hay tch phn bt nh ca f(x) trong khong (a, b) v
c k hiu l f (x)dx .
D dng suy ra nguyn hm ca f(x) trn on [a; b]
Tnh cht.
(i) F(x)dx F(x) C;
f (x)dx f (x), x (a, b).
Tch phn bt nh v o hm l hai php ton ngc ca nhau.
Gi s f(x) v g(x) l nhng hm c nguyn hm, khi :
(ii) a f (x) dx a f (x)dx, a .
(iii) [f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx.
Gp li:
(iii)' [a f (x) bg(x)]dx a f (x)dx b g(x) dx, a, b .
nh l 3.2. Hm s lin tc trn khong suy rng th c nguyn hm
trn khong ny.
Bng cc tch phn c bn xem Bng 3.1 trong [1].
Bng 3.2. Mt s tch phn quan trng (xem [1])
3.1.2. Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh
75
a. Bin i hm di du tch phn, a v tch phn c bn
x 1 2
V d 3.1. (i) I dx (x1/2 x 1/2 ) dx x 3/2 2x1/2 3 .
x 3
x2 ((x 1) 1) 2
(ii) (1 x)100 dx (x 1)100 dx .
1 2 1
97
98
C.
97.(x 1) 98.(x 1) 99.(x 1)99
(iii) sin 3x sin 5x dx
1 1 1
[cos 2x cos8x]dx sin 2x sin 8x C .
2 4 16
Thc ra ta c th tch thnh tng tnh cc tch phn sau
sin ax cos bx dx ; sin ax sin bx dx ; cos ax cos bx dx .

b. t bin
nh l 3.3. Cho : I K l hm kh vi lin tc, g : L l hm
lin tc, trong I, K, L l nhng khong suy rng, K L .
Gi s ta tnh c g(u) du G(u) C . Khi
g((x)) (x)dx G((x)) C .

Mt cch hnh thc,
g((x)) (x) dx g((x)) d(x) g(u)du u(x) .

s dng hiu qu cng thc ny, khi tnh tch phn f (x)dx ta vit
n di dng f (x) dx g((x)) (x)dx g((x)) d (x) .
Ni cch khc, ta phi a "mt tha s ca f(x)" vo trong du vi

phn d(.) sao cho c th tnh d dng tnh tch phn nhn c.
V d 3.2
76
tan x sin x d(cos x) 1
(i) cos3x dx cos 4x dx cos x4

3cos3 x
C.
dx d(ln x)
(ii) ln ln x C.
x ln x ln x
cos x d(sin x) 1 sin x

(iii) a 2 sin 2 x dx a 2 sin 2 x a arc tan a
C.
x dx d(x 2 ) 1 d(1 3x 2 ) 1
(iv) 3 (1 3x 2 ) 2 C .
3
1 3x 2
3
2 1 3x 2 6 3 1 3x 2 4
sin x d(cos x)
(v) dx
cos2x 2cos 2 x 1
1 d( 2cos x) 1
ln 2cos x cos2x C.
2 ( 2 cos x) 2 1 2
2x d(2 x ) 1
(vi) dx arcsin 2 x C . #
1 4x ln 2 1 (2 x ) 2 ln 2
V d 3.3
dx dx 1 x2
(i) x 2 3x 10 (x 2)(x 5) ... ln C.
7 x 5
dx 1 dx 1 d x 1 / 2
(ii) 4x 2 4x 5 4 x 2 x 5 / 4 4 (x 1 / 2)2 1
1 1 2x 1
arc tan x 1 / 2 C arc tan C.
4 4 2
dx 1 dx 1 d(x 1/ 3)
(iii) I
2 6x 9x 2 3 2 2 3 2
x x2 1
x
1
9 3 3 3
1 x 1 / 3 1 3x 1
arcsin C arc sin C.
3 1/ 3 3 3
(iv)
2
dx
x 2x 5

d(x 1)
(x 1) 4 2
ln x 1 x 2 2x 5 C. #
c. i bin.
77
nh l 3.4. Gi s x x(t) l hm kh vi lin tc trn khong suy
rng I, tp gi tr K; y f (x) l hm lin tc trn khong suy rng L cha
K. Ngoi ra
(i) x(t) 0, t I.
(ii) Tn ti hm ngc t t(x) ca hm x(t).
Khi xy ra ng thc
f (x)dx f (x(t)) x(t) dt t t(x) . (3.2)
dx 1
V d 3.4 (i) Tnh tch phn I bng cch i bin x .
x x2 1 t
1 1
Trc ht xt x 0 . Ta c dx 2
dt, t 0 . Ta c
t x
t dt dt
I arcsin t C .
t 2 1 / t 2 1 1 t2
Tr v bin c, I arcsin(1/ x) C . Kt qu tng t vi x < 0.
d. Tch phn tng phn
I f (x)dx u(x)v(x)dx udv uv vdu
Mun p dng thnh cng phng php ny, iu quan trng l phi
a mt tha s ca hm f(x) vo du vi phn d(.). ng tc ny thc cht
l mt php ly tch phn. Trong trng hp d, ta c th thc hin ngay.
Trong trng hp kh khn hn, ta phi tnh v(x) v(x) dx nghim tc.
V d 3.5
(i) ln x dx x ln x x d(ln x) x ln x 1dx x ln x x C .
x 1 d(x 2 1)
(ii) arctan x dx x arc tan x dx x arc tan x
1 x 2 2 1 x2
1
x arc tan x ln(1 x 2 ) C .
2
78
2 2x 1 2 2x 1 1
(iii) x e dx x d(e ) x 2e 2x e 2x .2x dx
2 2 2
x i x 0 i h, i 1, 2, ... , 2n . #
C 6 dng tch phn Bng 3.3 d dng dng phng php tng phn.
Bng 3.3. Cc dng tch phn dng phng php tng phn
thun li
ax
a eax vo d(.) TP tng phn n ln
Pn (x) e dx
a sin ax vo d(.) TP tng phn n ln
Pn (x)sin ax dx
a cos ax vo d(.) TP tng phn n ln
Pn (x)cos ax dx
m a Pn (x) vo d(.) TP tng phn m ln
Pn (x) loga x dx
x a 1 trong 2 tha s vo TP tng phn 2 ln
e sin x dx d(.)
x
cos xdx a 1 trong 2 tha s vo TP tng phn 2 ln
e d(.)
4x 1 4x
V d 3.6. (i) I e cos 3x dx
3
e d(sin 3x)
1 1
e 4x sin 3x sin 3x d(e 4x ) e 4x sin 3x 4 sin 3x e 4x dx
3 3
1 4
e4x sin 3x 2 e4x d(cos 3x)
3 3
1 4x 4
e sin 3x e4x cos 3x 4 cos 3x e 4x dx
3 9
16 1 4
1 I e 4x sin 3x e 4x cos3x C
9 3 9
4cos 3x 3sin 3x 4x
I e C.
25
x2 1 1
(ii) I x 2 k dx x x 2 k dx
2
x k
79
1
x x 2 k x 2 k dx
x2 k
x x 2 k I ln x x 2 k C.
Ta nhn c cng thc quan trng

x k
x 2 k dx x 2 k ln x x 2 k C . #
2 2
3.1.3. Tch phn bt nh ca mt s lp hm s cp

Pn (x)
a. Tch phn cc phn thc hu t
Q m (x)
a.1. Dng cc phng php thng thng bit

V d 3.7
x dx 1 d( x 2 ) 1 1 1 2
(i) x8 1 2 (x 4 1) (x 4 1) 4 x 4 1 x 4 1 d(x )

1 d(x 2 ) d(x 2 ) 1 x 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 ln 2 arc tan x 2 C .
4 (x ) 1 (x ) 1 8 x 1 4
a.2. Phng php h s bt nh

Bc 1. Khai trin f(x) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin
Pn (x)
Nu f (x) c bc n ca t > bc m ca mu, th phn thc
Q m (x)
c gi l khng thc s. Thc hin php chia a thc c mt phn

nguyn (a thc) v mt phn thc thc s c bc ca t < bc ca mu.
Vy ta c th gi thit rng f(x) l phn thc thc s, tc l n m .
ax b A B
. (3.4)
(x x1 )(x x 2 ) x x1 x x 2
ax b A( Mu) B
2
2
2
. (3.5)
x px q x px q x px q
ax 2 bx c A B C
;
(x x1 )(x x 2 )(x x 3 ) x x1 x x 2 x x 3
80
ax 2 bx c A B C
;
(x x1 )2 (x x 2 ) x x1 (x x1 )2 x x 2
ax 2 bx c A Bx C
2
2 ;
(x x1 )(x px q) x x1 x px q
ax 3 bx 2 cx d A B Cx D
2 2
2
2 ;
(x x1 ) (x px q) x x1 (x x1 ) x px q
P4 (x) A Bx C Dx E
2 2
2 2 ;
(x x1 )(x px q) x x1 x px q (x px q)2
........ (p2 4q 0) . (3.6)
c im: - Mu l lu tha ca nh thc x a : T l hng.
- Mu l ly tha ca tam thc khng nghim x 2 px q : T l nh

thc.
Cc hng s A, B, C, c tnh theo phng php h s bt nh.
Bc 2. Tch phn cc phn thc n gin thu c
1
* Tch phn cc phn thc d dng :
(x a) n
dx dx (x a) n 1
x a ln x a C; (x a)n
n 1
C.
Ax B
* Tch phn cc phn thc theo cng thc truy hi.
(x px q) n
2
x4
V d 3.8. (i). x 2 a 2 dx (a > 0).
Chia a thc ri ly tch phn ta c
2 2 a4 x3 x
F(x) x a 2 2
dx a 2 x a 3arc tan C.
x a 3 a
(2x 2 1)dx
(ii) (x 1)2 (x 2 1) . Ta c
81
2x 2 1 A B Cx D
f (x) 2 2
2
2 .
(x 1) (x 1) x 1 (x 1) x 1
Sau khi quy ng mu s, hai t thc hai v phi bng nhau. Vy
1 3 x
I 2
2 dx
2(x 1) 2(x 1) 2(x 1)
1 3 1 1
ln x 1 ln(x 2 1) C.
2 2 x 1 4
Lu . Ta c th trnh by gn hn, khng nu qu trnh tm h s. #
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Cng thc Taylor (1 tit)- Cc ng dng
ca H (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 184 - 193: Tch phn bt nh (tip)
T c TL [1]:
Tm tt Chng 2.
VD 3.26; VD 3.27; VD 3.28. VD 3.32; VD 3.38 (a, b); VD 3.39;
VD 3.40; VD 3.41; VD 3.42; VD 3.43; VD 3.44(a).
Bng cc tch phn c bn xem Bng 3.1 trong [1].
Mt s tch phn quan trng (xem [1])
Cc dng tch phn dng phng php tng phn thun li
Bi tp v nh cho Chng 3:
B tr: 1(2, 3, 4, 10, 14, 15, 25, 34, 38) ; 14 (a); 15(a); 18; 25(a, c)
Chnh: 1(7, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30); 3(g); 2(c,d); 4(a, b); 10(c);
18. 19(c, d, e, f); 20(b, c); 21 (a, b); 22; 34(h, i, j, k, l); 35(a f, Cha:
a, b, c));
36(a i, Cha: a, b, d, h, i ).

x5 sin x x s inx
BS. Xt s hi t ex dx , x x dx ; dx ;
0 1 2 1 x6
4 1
1 dx x arctan x sin 2x
dx ; ; dx ; dx
1 x2 x 2
0 x x 9 1 1 x5 0 1 x2
Bi ging 8: Tch phn bt nh (tip) tch phn xc inh

Chng 3: Tch phn
Mc 3.1 Tch phn bt nh (tip 1t)
3.2 Tch phn xc nh (2t)
82
Bi tp: Cc ng dng ca H (1 tit)
Tch phn bt nh (1 tit)
Tit th: 36 - 40, Tun th: 8
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Tnh c cc tch phn ca cc biu thc v t kh n gin, ca cc
hm lng gic khng qu kh
Nm c N ca TP xc nh qua tng tch phn, mt vi tnh cht
ban u ca tch phn xc nh
- Ni dung chnh:
3.1. TCH PHN BT NH (tip - 1 tit)
b. Tch phn cc biu thc v t
r r
ax b 1 ax b
b.1. f (x) R x, , ... ,
cx d cx d

a b k
trong ad bc 0 ; r1, ... , r l cc s hu t: ri i ;
c d mi
R(x1, ... , x n ) l biu thc hu t ca cc bin.
1/m
ax b
Gi m BCNN(m1 , ... , m ) . t t .
cx d
c bit,
f (x) R(x, (ax b) r 1 , ... , (ax b) r ) : t t (ax b)1/m .
f (x) (x, x r 1 , ... , x r ) : t t x1/m .
dx
V d 3.10. (i) 3
. t t 6 x 0 x t 6 ; dx 6t 5dt.
x x
t 5 dt
I 6 3 2
... 2 x 3 3 x 6 6 x 6 ln( 6 x 1) C .
t t
83
dx
(ii) 3 (2 x)(2 x)5
Trc ht, bin i hm di du tch phn v dng quen bit ta c:
1 2x
f (x) 2
3 .
(2 x) 2x
2x 1 t3 12t 2dt
t t 3 x2 ; dx
2x 1 t3 (1 t 3 )2
1 3
2x (1 t 3 ) 2 12t 2
I dx .t. dt
(2 x) 2 2x (4t 3 ) 2 (1 t 3 ) 2
2
3 dt 3 3 2x
3 2 C 3 C. #
4 t 8t 8 2x
b.2. t bin lng gic
Trc ht, cc biu thc c cha ax 2 bx c d dng c a v
cc biu thc c cha t 2 A 2 hay t 2 A2 .
f (t) R(t, A 2 t 2 ) : t t A sin u hay t A cos u
f (t) R(t, A 2 t 2 ) : t t A tan u hay t Asinh u.
x 2 dx 1 x 2dx
V d 3.11.
6 4x 2x 2 2 4 (x 1) 2
x 1
t x 1 2sin u u arcsin
2
dx 2cos u du; 4 (x 1) 2 2cos u;

1 (2sin u 1) 2 2cos u 1
I du (4sin 2 u 4sin u 1) du
2 2cos u 2
1 1
(3 2 cos 2u 4sin u)du 3u sin 2u 4cos u C.
2 2
84
2
x 1 1
V cos u 1 sin 2 u 1 3 2x x 2 ;
2 2
x 1
sin 2u 2sin u cos u 3 2x x 2
2
3 2 x 1 2
I arcsin (3 x) 3 2x x 2 C. #
4 2 4
c. Tch phn cc hm lng gic

* Ba dng sau c th tch hm di du tch phn thnh tng
cos ax cos bx dx; sin ax sin bx dx; sin ax cos bx dx .

* cos n xdx; sin
n
xdx ; n 6 : H bc; n 6 : a ra cng thc truy
hi.
* tan n x dx : Vit tan n x tan n 2 x[(tan 2 x 1) 1] .
* cot n xdx : Vit cot n x cot n 2 x[(cot 2 x 1) 1] .
* R(s in x,cos x) dx (R(u, v) l biu thc hu t ca 2 bin u, v)
R(s inx,cos x) l hm l vi sinx : t t = cosx ;
R(sinx,cos x) l hm l vi cos x : t t = sinx;
R(sin x, cos x) chn vi sinx v cosx : t t = tan x.
x
Trng hp tng qut : t t tan .
2
cos3x cos 2 x cos 2 x

V d 3.12. (i) sin 2 x dx sin 2 x cos x dx sin 2 x d(sin x)
1
... sin x C
sin x
dx 1 1
(ii) sin3 x cos5 x sin3 x cos3 x . cos 2 x dx
1 (1 t 2 )3
3 d(tan x) dt (t tan x)
tan x cos6 x t3
85
1 4 3 1
I ... tan x tan 2 x 3ln tan x C.
4 2 2tan 2 x
(iii) cot 6 x dx cot 4 x((cot 2 x 1) 1)) dx
1
cot 4 x 2
dx cot 4 x dx
sin x
cot 4 x d(cot x) cot 2 x((cot 2 x 1) 1))dx
1
cot 5 x cot 2 x d(cot x) (cot 2 x 1) 1))dx
5
1 1
cot 5 x cot 3x cot x x C.
5 3
d. S dng bng tch phn v phn mm
Ngi ta lp ra nhng bng tch phn bt nh tin dng trong
thc t. Cc bng ny c th l vi chc hm thng dng nht, cho n
hng trm, thm ch c ngn hm.
Nhiu phn mm tnh ton khoa hc nh MAPLE cng c th tnh
c rt nhiu nguyn hm ca cc hm s cp. V d, theo MAPLE th
(xem [1])
d. Tch phn eliptic
ex sin x 1 dx
x dx; dx; dx; ; x 3 1dx;
x ln x ln x
x 2 2
e dx; cos x dx; sin x 2 dx...
3.2. TCH PHN XC NH (2 tit)
3.2.1. nh ngha v cc tnh cht m u

nh ngha. Cho f(x) xc nh trn on [a, b]. Xt php phn hoch
on [a, b] xc nh bi cc im chia lin tip x 0 , x1 ,..., x n vi
a x 0 x1 ... x n b .
t x i x i x i1 l di ca on con th i x i1 , x i . Trn mi
on con ny ly mt im i ty . Tng
86
Hnh 3.2. Mt tng tch phn
n
Sn f (i ) x i ,
i 1
c gi l mt tng tch phn ca hm f(x) ng vi php phn hoch v

cch chn cc im trung gian ( i ) nu.
Nu khi n sao cho n Max x i 0 m Sn c gii hn I hu
1 i n
hn, khng ph thuc vo php phn hoch on [a, b] v cch chn cc

im ( i ) th gii hn I c gi l tch phn (xc nh) ca hm f(x) trn
b
[a, b] v c k hiu l f (x)dx hay f (x) dx.
a a , b
Khi hm f(x) c gi l kh tch (Riemann) trn on [a, b]; f(x)
l hm di du tch phn, x l bin ly tch phn, a l cn di, b l cn
trn ca tch phn.
a a b
* Quy c f (x)dx 0; f (x)dx f (x)dx.
a b a
b
ngha hnh hc. f (x) 0 lin tc: f (x)dx l din tch hnh thang
a
cong gii hn bi ng cong y f (x) , trc Ox v 2 ng thng
x a, x b.
b
Tng qut, din tch min cho bi f (x) g(x) dx
a
87
Hnh 3.3. Din tch hnh thang cong
Tnh cht s b
Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b] th b chn trn .
3.2.2. Cc lp hm kh tch
nh l 3.5. Hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn .
nh l 3.6. Hm s f(x) b chn trn [a, b] v c khng qu mt s
hu hn im gin on trn on ny th kh tch trn .
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] nu n lin tc
ti tt c cc im trn [a, b] c th tr ra ti mt s hu hn im, ti
hm c gin on loi I.
H qu. Hm lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn .
Ch . iu kin rng ri nht ca kh tch l:
Hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b] khi v ch khi n b chn, tp cc
im gin on ca n c o Lesbegue bng khng.
1
sin , x 0,
V d 3.13. f (x) x
0, x 0.
Hm ny b chn, ch c mt im gin on (loi II) ti x 0 . Vy
hm ny kh tch trn on [a, b] bt k. th hm ny cho Hnh
1.22. #
nh l 3.7. Hai hm s f(x) v g(x) trn on [a, b] ch khc nhau
mt s hu hn im th chng cng kh tch hoc khng trn on [a, b] .
Nu chng kh tch th tch phn ca chng bng nhau:
b b
f (x) dx g(x) dx .
a a
H qu. Tnh kh tch v gi tr ca tch phn (nu c) ca hm s
khng thay i nu ta thay i gi tr ca hm s ti mt s hu hn im.
nh l 3.8 (Tnh kh tch ca hm hp). Gi s
(i) y f (u) l hm kh tch trn on [A, B].
88
(ii) u u(x), x [a, b] l hm lin tc v c tp gi tr cha trong [A,
B].
Khi hm hp y f (u(x)), x [a, b] kh tch.
H qu. Nu f(x) v g(x) l hai hm kh tch trn [a, b] th tch
f (x) g(x) v hm tr tuyt i | f (x) | cng kh tch trn [a, b].
nh l 3.9. Hm n iu v gii ni trn on [a, b] th kh tch

trn .
x, x 1
V d 3.14. f (x)
0, x 1.
Hm ny gin on ch ti hai im 1 , b chn trn on hu hn [a,
b] bt k. Vy n kh tch trn [a, b]. Ta c
2 2
I f (x)dx x dx 0 . #
2 2
2
V d 3.15. Tnh tch phn e x dx theo phng php tng tch phn.
1
Gii. Hm s e x lin tc nn tch phn tn ti. Ta hy chn cch chia

c bit, l chia u on [1, 2] thnh n on bi cc im chia
1 x 0 x1 ... x n 2; x i 1 i / n .
Chn i l mt tri x i1 ca on [x i1, x i ] . Lp tng tch phn
n n i 1 i 1
x i1 1 n 1 1 1 n e 1 e
Sn f (xi1 ) x i e e n e e n
i 1 i 1 n i1 n n i1 n 1 e1/n
Khi n th r rng l Max x i 1 / n 0 . Vy
e 1 e 1
I lim Sn lim 1/n
e(1 e) lim 1/n
e2 e . #
n n n 1 e n 1 e
1/ n
Dng tch phn xc nh chng ta c th tnh c gii hn ca mt
s tng. Sau y l mt s v d.
V d 3.16. Cho hai dy {a n } v {b n } xc nh bi

1 1 1 1
an ... ;
n 1 sin 2 n
1 sin 1 sin
2n 2n 2n
n 1/4
2 2i 1
bn 1 .
i 1 n n
89
M t cc dy ny nh l tng tch phn ri tm gii hn ca dy.
1
Gii. * a n l tng tch phn ca hm f (x) trn [0, 1] vi
x
1 sin
2
php chia u [0, 1] thnh n on v chn im i ti u mt phi ca
i 1 i
on , . Bi v di cc on con bng nhau v bng
n n
1
0 (n ) , hm f(x) lin tc, vy
n
1 dx 1 1
lim a n 0 2
dx
n x 0
x x
1 sin cos
2 sin
4 4
1 1 4 1 1 2
dx 0 .
0
x
2
x x
1 cos 2 tan 1
tan 4
4 4
* b n l tng tch phn ca hm f (x) (1 x) 1/4 trn on [0, 2] vi

2 2(n 1) 2n
php chia u on [0, 2] thnh n on con 0, , ... , , , im
n n n
trung
2(i 1) 2i
gian i l trung im ca on , .
n n
2
V h 0 (n ) , hm f(x) lin tc, vy
n
2
4 3/4
lim b n (1 x) 1/4 dx 3 1 . #
n
0
3
3.2.3. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
nh l 3.10 (Tnh cht tuyn tnh). Gi s f(x) v g(x) l hai hm kh
tch trn on [a, b] cn v l hai s thc ty . Khi hm
f (x) g(x) cng kh tch trn [a, b] v
b b b
a ( f (x) g(x))dx a f (x)dx g (x)dx . (3.7)
a
H qu. Gi s f(x) v g(x) l nhng hm kh tch trn on [a, b]

cn C l mt s thc. Khi :
90
b
dx b a,
a
b b
Cf (x)dx C f (x)dx;
a a
f (x) g(x) kh tch v
b b b
(f (x) g(x))dx f (x)dx g(x) dx . (3.8)

a a a
nh l 3.11 (H thc Chasles). Hm f(x) kh tch trn [a, b] khi v
ch khi n kh tch trn mi on con bt k. Khi
b c b
c [a, b], a f (x)dx a f (x)dx f (x) dx . (3.9)
c
M rng. Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b] cn c1, c2 , ... , cn l

cc im trn [a, b] th
b c1 c2 b
f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx ... f (x) dx . (3.10)

a a c1 cn
nh l 3.12 (Tnh dng ca tch phn)

b
Nu f(x) khng m v kh tch trn on [a, b] th a f (x) dx 0 .
H qu. (i) Cho f(x) v g(x) kh tch trn [a; b], ngoi ra x [a, b],
f (x) g (x) . Khi
b b
a f (x)dx a g (x)dx .
(ii) Cho f(x) kh tch [a, b]. t m Inf f (x) ; M Sup f (x) . Khi
x [a, b] x [a, b]
b
m(b a) a f (x)dx M (b a) . (3.11)
nh l 3.13. Cho f(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a, b]. Gi s c

x 0 [a, b] sao cho f(x) lin tc ti x 0 v f (x 0 ) 0 . Khi
b
a f (x)dx 0 .
nh l 3.14. Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn [a, b] th hm s |f(x)|

cng kh tch trn v
91
b b
f (x) dx | f (x) | dx (3.12)

a a
nh l 3.15 (nh l trung bnh th nht ca tch phn)

Cho hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b] v m, M l hai s thc sao
cho m f (x) M, x [a, b] . Khi tn ti [m, M]
b
f (x)dx (b a) . (3.13)
a
c bit, nu hm f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] th c (a, b)

b b
1
f (x)dx f (c)(b a) f (c) f (x) dx . (3.14)
ba a
a
Chng minh. Theo tnh cht ca tch phn,
b b
1
m(b a) f (x)dx M(b a) m f (x) dx M .
a
b a a
b
1
Chn f (x)dx s tha mn tnh cht i hi.
b a a
Nu by gi hm f(x) lin tc, tn ti hai gi tr m Min f (x);

x[a, b]
M Max f (x) . V (m, M) , t nh l gi tr trung gian ca hm lin

x[a, b]
tc, tn ti c (a, b) : f (c) .

ngha hnh hc
Din tch hnh thang cong = Din tch hnh ch nht trung gian. Vy:
b
1
f (x)dx ,
b a a
v c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(x) trn on [a, b].
92
Hnh 3.4. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(x) trn on [a; b]
nh l 3.16 (nh l trung bnh th hai ca tch phn)
Nu f(x) v g(x) l hai hm kh tch trn on [a, b], cn g(x) gi du
trn [a, b] th c im [m, M] vi m Inf f (x) ; M Sup f (x) sao cho
x [a, b] x [a, b]
b b
a f (x) g(x)dx g(x) dx . (3.15)
a
c bit, nu f(x) v g(x) lin tc trn [a; b], g (x) 0 th c c (a, b)

b b
a f (x)g(x)dx f (c) g(x)dx . (3.16)
a

Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Cc ng dng ca H (1 tit)
Tch phn bt nh (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 199-203: Tch phn xc nh (tip)
T c TL [1]: S dng bng tch phn v phn mm
Tch phn eliptic
Bi ging 9: Tch phn xc nh (tip) - ng dng

Chng 3: Tch phn
Mc: 3.2 TP xc nh (tip 2t)
3.3 ng dng ca TP X (1t)
Bi tp: Tch phn bt nh (1 tit)
Tch phn X (1 tit)
Tit th: 41 - 45, Tun th: 9
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm c cch tnh TPX ch yu nh s dng cng thc N-L, t,
i bin, TP tng phn.
Nm c cch tnh din tch hnh phng, di ng cong, din
tch mt cong, th tch vt th. Mt vi ng dng c hc, v ng dng khc.
93
- Ni dung chnh:
3.2. TP XC NH (tip - 2 tit)
3.2.4. Cch tnh tch phn xc nh
a. Cng thc Newton-Leibniz
a.1. Tch phn xc nh vi cn trn bin thin
Cho hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b]. Khi , vi mi x trn on
ny, f(x) kh tch trn [a, x]. t
x
(x) f (t)dt, x [a, b] , (3.17)
a
v gi l tch phn xc nh vi cn trn bin thin.

Chng ta d dng hiu khi nim tch phn xc nh vi cn di bin
b
thin f (t)dt .
x
nh l 3.17
(i) Nu hm f(x) kh tch trn [a, b] th (x) lin tc trn [a, b].
(ii) Nu f(x) kh tch trn [a; b] v lin tc ti x 0 [a, b] th (x) kh
vi ti x 0 v (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) .
Chng minh. (i) Xt h nh sao cho x 0 h [a, b] . n gin trnh
by ta gi s x 0 (a; b) v h 0 . Ta c
x 0 h x0 x 0 h
(x 0 h) (x 0 ) f (t)dt f (t)dt f (t)dt .
a a x0
Theo nh l trung bnh th nht th

x0 h
f (t)dt h (*)
x0
trong [m, M] vi m Inf f (x); M Sup f (x) .

x[x 0 , x 0 h] x[x 0 , x 0 h]
Do [m, M] [m, M] vi m Inf f (x); M Sup f (x) nn b

x[a, b] x[a, b]
chn. Cho qua gii hn ta c
lim[(x 0 h) (x 0 )] lim h 0 .
h 0 h 0
94
Vy (x) lin tc ti x 0 .
(ii)
H qu (nh l c bn ca gii tch)
x
(i) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a, b] th (x) f (t) dt l mt
a
nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a, b]:
x
d
(x) f (t)dt f (x) , x [a, b] . (3.18)
dx a

(ii) Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] v F(x) l mt nguyn
hm ca n trn on ny th
b
b
f (x)dx F(b) F(a) F(x) a . (3.19)
a
(Cng thc Newton - Leibniz).

Chng minh. (i) Trc tip p dng phn (ii) ca nh l.
x
(ii) Theo (i), (x) f (t) dt l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a, b].
a
Mt khc, F(x) cng l mt nguyn hm ca f(x). Theo nh l 3.1, tn ti

hng s C (x) F(x) C, x [a, b] .
Vy 0 (a) F(a) C C F(a) . Ta nhn c
b
I f (x)dx (b) F(b) C F(b) F(a) .
a
Lu : Phi kim tra tnh lin tc ca hm f(x).

b
V d 3.17. (i). I x dx (a, b 0; 1).
a
b
x 1 b 1 1 1
I x dx a b a .
a
1 1
4 4
dx d(x 2)
(ii)
2 x 2 4x 10 2 (x 2)2 6
95
6 42

ln x 2 x 2 4x 10 4
2 ln
4 22
.
2 0 2
x x x
(iii) I dx dx dx .
3
x4 3
x 4 0
x 4
x 4
V x 4 dx 1 x 4 dx x 4ln | x 4 | C nn
0
I x 4ln | x 4 | 3 x 4ln | x 4 | 20 2ln 4 ln 6 1 . #
V d 3.18. Ch ra sai lm trong trnh ton sau y:
1
1 1 1 1 3
2
dx 2 1 .
2 x
x 2 2
Dng o hm theo cn trn v quy tc o hm hm hp ta nhn

c
H qu. Nu f(x) l hm lin tc trn on [a, b], cn g(x) v h(x) l
nhng hm kh vi lin tc v nhn gi tr trn on [a, b] th
k(x)
d
f (t)dt f (k(x)) k(x);
dx
a
d
b
f (t)dt f (h(x)) h (x);
dx h(x)

d
k(x)
f (t) dt f (k(x)) k(x) f (h(x)) h (x). (3.20)
dx h(x)

V d 3.19. p dng (3.20) chng ta c th tnh cc o hm
b x b
d d d
sin 2 x dx ; sin 2 t dt ; sin 2 t 2 dt ;
dx a
dx a
dx x

x2 x2
d 2 d
sin t dt
2
dx a
sin t dt ;

dx x

v kt qu l 0; sin 2 x; sin 2 x 2 ; 2x sin x 4 ; 2x sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x. #

V d 3.20. Tnh cc gii hn
96
x x
x2 1 2
(i) A lim ln t dt . (ii) lim sin x / (e t 1)dt .
3
x 2 x 2 x 0
2 0
b. Phng php i bin

nh l 3.18. Gi s :
(i) Hm s f(x) lin tc trn khong suy rng J cha hai im a, b.
(ii) Hm s x(t), t [, ] c o hm x(t) lin tc v gi du (hoc c
th i du hu hn ln) trn [, ] , tp gi tr x ([, ]) ca n nm trong J
v x () a , x () b. Khi
b
f (x)dx f (x(t)) x(t)dt . (3.21)

a
Nh vy, khi cn tnh tch phn v tri, ta tm php i bin x x(t)

ph hp sao cho tch phn v phi (3.21) tnh thun li.
Chng ta s dng tt c cc php i bin nh khi tm nguyn hm;
ngoi ra ta c php i bin "o cn" rt hiu qu sau y:
a
f (x)dx : t x a t ( t a x);
0
f (x) dx : x t ( t x);
a
f (x)dx : x (a b) t ( t (a b) x);
a

1
f (x)dx : x .
0
t
V d 3.21. Cho hm f(x) kh tch trn on [ a, a] . Khi
a
0 nu f(x) l,
a
f (x)dx 2 f (x) dx (3.22)
a nu f(x) chn.
0
V d 3.22 Tnh din tch hnh vin phn ABC Hnh 3.5 a.
97
c phng trnh
Gii. Lp h trc nh Hnh 3.5b. Cung BC
b
y b 2 x 2 . T tnh i xng, ta c S 2S1 2 b 2 x 2 dx .
a
Hnh 3.5. Hnh vin phn V d 3.22

x a
t x b sin t t arcsin ; t : / 2 ( arcsin ); dx b cos t dt .
b b
/2
2 a
S2 b cos
2 2
t dt b 2 (t sin t cos t)/2 b b 2 arc sin a b 2 a 2 .#

2 b
/2 /2
n n
V d 3.23 (i) Chng minh rng cos x dx sin x dx .
0 0
4
ln(9 x)
(ii) Tnh tch phn dx .
2
ln(9 x) ln(x 3)
Gii. (i) Ch vic t x / 2 t .

(ii) t t 6 x x 6 t; dx dt
2 4 4
I ... ... 2I 1dt 2 I 1.
4 2 2
Nhn xt. Thc ra theo quy np c th thy rng

(n 1)!!
/2
n
/2
n
n!! . 2 khi n chn
cos x dx sin x dx (3.23) #
0 0 (n 1)!! khi n l.
n!!
c. Phng php t bin
b b b b
a f (x) dx g (u(x)) u(x)dx g (u(x))d( u(x)) G ((x)) a
a a
trong G(u) l mt nguyn hm ca hm g(u).
98
V d 3.24. Tnh cc tch phn
2 1
2 dx
(a) x cos(x )dx ; (b) I x 2 2x cos 1 (0 ) .
1 1
2 1 2
x2 x2 2
Gii. (a) Cch I. xe dx xe dx x e x dx
1 1 1
2
1 x2 2 1 x2 2 e4 e
0 e d(x ) e .
2 1 2 1 2
2 2
x2 1 2 1 2 2 e4 e
Cch II. xe dx e x d(x 2 ) e x .
1
2 1 2 1 2
(b) Do (0; ) nn x 2 2x cos 1 0 . Vy hm di du tch

phn lin tc trn [-1; 1].
1
d(x cos) 1 x cos 1
I (x cos)2 sin 2 arc tan 1
1
sin sin
1 1 cos 1 1 cos
arc tan arc tan . #
sin sin sin sin 2sin
d. Tch phn tng phn
b
Khi cn tnh tch phn f (x)dx , ta c gng vit hm f(x) di dng
a
f (x) u(x) v(x) trong u(x), v(x) l nhng hm kh vi lin tc. Khi
b b
u(x) v(x)dx (u(b) v(b) u(a) v(a)) v(x) u (x)dx ,

a a
hay vit gn li di dng

b b
b
u dv uv a v du. (3.24)
a a
V d 3.25. Tnh cc tch phn sau

e e
1
(i) x 999 ln x dx ln x dx1000
1
1000 1
e
1 1000 999e1 000 1
x ln x |1 x 999 dx
e
.
1000 1

1 000 000
99
/3 /3
x s in x
(ii) dx (x s in x)d(tan x)
0 cos 2 x 0
/3
/3
(x sin x) tan x 0 tan x (1 cos x) dx
0
/3 /3
3 sin x 3
3 dx sin x dx ... 1 ln 2.
3 2 0
cos x 0
3

(iii) I ( tan 2 x tan x)e x dx .
3/4

x
I
2
tan x e dx tan x e x dx I1 I 2 .
3/4 3/4

I2 tan x e x dx tan x d(e x )
3/4 3/4

tan x e x 3/4 e x (1 tan 2 x) dx
3/4
e I1 I I1 ( e I1 ) e . #
Lu . (i) Vi tch phn bt nh chng ta c 6 dng c th tnh tch
phn tng phn thun li (xem Bng 3.3). Vi tch phn xc nh 6 dng
nu cng c th tnh theo phng php tch phn tng phn.
(ii) C th ta khng phi a bt k tha s no vo du d(.), ni cch
khc, ta t u f (x), v x ; i khi iu ny rt hiu qu.
3.2.5. Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh (xem [1])
3.3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH (1 tit)
3.3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng

a. Trong ta Descartes
Khi cc hm f (x), f1 (x), f 2 (x) lin tc, din tch hnh phng cc
Hnh 3.9a, 3.9b cho bi cng thc
100
Hnh 3.9. Hnh phng trong ta Descartes
b b
S(a) f (x)dx; S(b) f1 (x) f 2 (x) dx . (3.31)
a a
b. ng cong di dng tham s

Khi cn tnh din tch hnh phng Hnh 3.9a m ng cong (L) cho
di dng tham s (L) : x x(t), y y(t), t , cn cc hm
y(t), x(t) lin tc, x(t) gi du.
Nu im (x(), y()) l u mt tri ca (L) ( x(t) 0) th:

S y(t) x(t)dt

Nu im (x(), y()) l u mt phi ca (L)

( x (t) 0) th:

S y(t) x(t) dt (3.32)

C cch tnh cho trng hp tng qut hn.

c. ng cong cho di dng ta cc
Hnh 3.10. Hnh cong phng cho trong ta cc

1
S r 2 () d . (3.33)
2
101
Trng hp tng qut hn Hnh 3.10 (b) th

1 2
S r2 () r12 () d . (3.34)
2
V d 3.26. Tnh din tch min phng gii hn bi cung hnh tim
(cardioid) r a(1 cos) .

1 2 3
Gii. Do tnh i xng, S 2S1 2 a (1 cos ) 2 d ... a 2 . #
20 2
Hnh 3.11. Cardioid khi a = 1

3.3.2. Tnh di ng cong
a. ng cong cho di dng ta Descartes
Nu ng cong (L) l th ca hm s y f (x), x [a, b] th
b
s 1 f 2 (x) dx . (3.35)
a
Hnh 3.12. ng cong dng ta Decates (a) v dng ta cc

(b)
b. ng cong cho di dng tham s
x x(t)
(L) :
y y(t), t
102

th s x 2 (t) y2 (t) dt .

(3.36)
Trng hp ng cong trong khng gian cho di dng tham s
x x(t)

(L) : y y(t) s x2 (t) y2 (t) z2 (t) dt .
z z(t), t

c. ng cong di dng ta cc
r r(), .
Chuyn sang dng tham s ta c
x r cos r() cos

y r sin r() sin , .
p dng cng thc (3.36) th

s r 2 () r2 () d . (3.37)

V d 3.27. Tnh di mt chu k ca ng cycloide

x a(t sin t)

y a(1 cos t), (a 0).
y l ta ca im trn bin ca bnh xe bn knh a ln khng
trt trn mt phng (xem Hnh 3.13 ).
Ta xt chu k u, khi y 0 t 2 . Vy
2 2
2 2 t
s a (1 cos t) sin t dt 2a a sin dt 8a . #
0 0
2
Hnh 3.13. ng cycloide vi a = 1

3.3.3. Tnh th tch vt th
103
a. Trng hp tng qut.
Hnh 3.14. Vt th trong khng gian vi vi phn th tch

b b
V dV S(x)dx .
a a
(3.38)
b. Th tch vt th trn xoay
b
V f 2 (x)dx .
a
(3.39)
Hnh 3.15. Hnh thang cong to ra vt th trn xoay

3.3.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay
Gi s (L) l th hm s y f (x), a x b, vi f (x), f (x) l
nhng hm lin tc trn on [a, b]. Cho (L) quay xung quanh trc Ox ta
c mt trn xoay.
Dng lc vi phn ta thu c cng thc tnh din tch mt trn
xoay:
104
b
S 2 | f (x) | 1 f 2 (x) dx . (3.40)
a
V d 3.28. Tnh din tch hnh xuyn (hnh vng khuyn) sinh ra bi
ng trn x 2 (y b) 2 a 2 , (b a) quay quanh trc Ox.
Ta c
S S1 S2
(S1 ) : y b a 2 x 2 ,
(S2 ) : y b a 2 x 2 .
x2
Trong c hai trng hp th y2 . Vy
a2 x2
a
x2
a

S 2 b a 2 x 2 1
a2 x2
dx
a
x2
a

2 b a2 x2 1
a2 x2
dx
a
dx x a
4ab 8ab arc sin 0 82 ab. #
a a2 x2 a
Lu . Nu khi trn xoay, mt cong, ... nhn c do quay hnh
phng, ng cong ... quanh trc Oy th cn chuyn sang bin y, hm l
x x(y) .
3.3.5. Cc p dng khc ca tch phn ()

Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Tch phn bt nh (1 tit)
Tch phn X (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 236-232: Tch phn suy rng
T c TL [1]: 212-214: Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh.
Bi ging 10: Tch phn suy rng

Chng 3: Tch phn
Mc: 3.4. Tch phn suy rng (2t)
n tp (1 tit)
Bi tp: Cch tnh TPX (1 tit)
105
ng dng ca TP (1tit)
Tit th: 46 - 50, Tun th: 10
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm chc nh ngha 2 loi TP suy rng
Mt s tiu chun hi t
H thng ha chng III
- Ni dung chnh:
3.4. TCH PHN SUY RNG (2 tit)
3.4.1. Tch phn vi cn v hn (Tch phn suy rng loi I)
a. nh ngha

* Cho hm s f (x), x [a, ) . Biu thc hnh thc f (x) dx c
a
gi l tch phn suy rng (loi I) ca hm f(x) trn [a, ) .

Gi s hm f(x) kh tch trn [a, A], A a. Nu tn ti gii hn hu
hn
A
I lim f (x)dx
A
a

th ta ni tch phn suy rng f (x) dx hi t, c gi tr bng I, v ta vit
a
f (x)dx I .
a
Tri li, khi khng tn ti gii hn hoc gii hn v hn, ta ni tch

phn suy rng phn k.
106
Hnh 3.16. Hnh thang cong v hn nh l gii hn ca hnh thang cong
hu hn
a
Chng ta d dng hiu ngha ca tch phn suy rng f (x)dx .

a
* Nu vi a no , c hai tch phn suy rng f (x) dx v

f (x)dx hi t, ta ni tch phn f (x) dx hi t v gi tr ca n c

a
tnh bi
a
f (x) dx f (x)dx f (x)dx . (3.42)

a
a
Tri li, nu t nht mt trong hai tch phn f (x) dx hoc f (x)dx
a

phn k, ta ni tch phn f (x) dx phn k. nh ngha ny khng ph

thuc vo vic chn im trung gian a.
Hnh 3.17. Hnh thang cong v hn 2 pha

b. Cng thc Newton-Leibniz.
107
Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a, ) v F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca n th

f (x) dx F(x) |a F( ) F(a) , (3.43)
a
trong F() lim F(x) .

x

V d 3.32. Tnh tch phn I xe x dx
0
A A A
x x x
Gii. Ta c xe dx x d(e ) x e
A
0 e x dx
0 0 0
Ae A 0 e A 1 1 (khi A )
Trnh by li:

x x
xe dx x d(e ) x e x
0 e x dx 0 0 e x
0 1. #
0 0 0
V d 3.33. Kho st s hi t v tnh gi tr (nu c) ca p-tch phn

dx
I ( a 0 ).
a xp

dx
Gii. Vi p 1 , tch phn tr thnh ln x |a .
a
x
, p 1
dx 1 1p 1p
Vi p 1, I x |a a
a xp 1 p p 1 , p 1

Tm li,

dx
p 1: Tch phn phn k
a xp

dx dx a1p
p 1 : Tch phn hi t v . #
a xp a xp p 1
c. Tiu chun hi t
nh l 3.20. Cho hm f(x) khng m v kh tch trn on [a, A] bt
k, a A . Khi :
108
A
f (x) dx hi t khi v ch khi f (x)dx b chn (theo A).

a a
nh l 3.21 (Tiu chun so snh). Cho f(x) v g(x) l hai hm kh

tch trn [a, A], (a A) , ngoi ra 0 f (x) g(x) .

+ Nu g(x)dx hi t th f (x) dx hi t ;
a a

+ Nu f (x) dx phn k th g(x)dx phn k.
a a
Hnh 3.18. So snh din tch 2 min

H qu. Nu f(x), g(x) lin tc, khng m v
f (x)
lim k, 0 k
x g (x)

th cc tch phn f (x)dx v g(x) dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a a

dx 1
(iii) V hi t p 1 , ngi ta hay so snh f(x) vi :
1 x p
xp

A
Nu khi x , f(x) (A 0) th f (x) dx hi t p 1 .
xp a

x 3/2
V d 3.35. Xt s hi t ca tch phn (i) 1 x 2 dx ,
a

dx
(ii) .
2
1 x 1 x
109
x 3/2 1 1 1
Gii. (i) Khi x th 2
2 1/2
1/2 .
1 x (1 / x 1) x 2x
V p 1/ 2 1 nn tch phn phn k.
1 1 1
(ii) Khi x th .
x 1 x2 3/2 1 x 3/2
x 1
x2
V p 3 / 2 1 nn tch phn hi t. #
d. Hi t tuyt i
nh l 3.23. Gi s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, A], A > a.

Nu tch phn f (x) dx hi t th f (x) dx cng hi t.
a a

cos x
Chng hn, xt s hi t ca tch phn dx ta thy
2 x2

cos x 1 1
0 , dx hi t (v p = 2 > 1).
x 2
x 2
2 x2

cos x
Theo tiu chun so snh tch phn dx hi t, t tch
2 x2

cos x
phn dx hi t.
a x2
nh ngha. i vi hm f(x) kh tch trn on [a, A] ty , nu tch

phn f (x) dx hi t, ta ni tch phn f (x) dx hi t tuyt i.
a a

Tri li, nu tch phn f (x) dx hi t cn tch phn f (x) dx
a a

khng hi t, ta ni tch phn f (x) dx l bn hi t hay hi t khng
a
tuyt i, hay hi t c iu kin.
3.4.2. Tch phn ca hm khng b chn (Tch phn suy rng loi
II)
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn [a; b), khng gii ni li ln cn im
b
b. Biu thc hnh thc f (x)dx gi l tch phn suy rng (loi II) ca hm
a
f(x) trn [a, b).
110
Gi s f(x) kh tch trn [a, b ], 0 nh. Nu tn ti gii
hn hu hn
b
I lim f (x) dx ,
0 a
b
th ta ni tch phn suy rng f (x)dx hi t, c gi tr bng I, v ta vit
a
b
f (x) dx I .
a
Tri li, nu gii hn v hn hay khng tn ti, ta ni tch phn suy

rng phn k.
* Nu f(x) kh tch thng thng trn on [a, b] th theo nh l c
bn,
b b
lim f (x)dx f (x) dx .
0 a a
Trong trng hp ny, tch phn suy rng (chng ta lm dng t

ny) chnh l tch phn thng thng.
* Tng t, ta c th nh ngha tch phn suy rng (loi II) cho hm
f(x) khng b chn ti mt tri a ca on [a, b].
* Cho hm f(x) xc nh trn khong (a; b), khng gii ni ti ln cn
im a cng nh ln cn im b. Nu c im c (a, b) sao cho c hai tch
c b b
phn f (x)dx v f (x)dx hi t, ta ni tch phn suy rng (loi II) f (x)dx
a c a
hi t v gi tr ca n bng
b c b
f (x)dx f (x) dx f (x)dx . (3.44)

a a c
c b
Tri li, nu t nht mt trong hai tch phn f (x) dx, f (x)dx phn
a c
b
k, ta ni tch phn suy rng (loi II) f (x)dx phn k.
a
nh ngha ny khng ph thuc vo vic chn im trung gian c.
111
Ta cn c th nh ngha tch phn suy rng cho trng hp im bt
thng trong khong (a, b), hay trng hp c mt s im bt thng
cng nh tch phn suy rng hn hp c loi I v II.
1
V d 3.36. Tnh din tch min nm di ng y , 1 x 3.
x 1
3
1
Gii. S dx 2 x 1 13
1
x 1
2 2 2.83 (vdt).
a
dx
V d 3.37. Kho st s hi t ca p-tch phn xp (a 0).
0
Gii. Tng t nh lm V d 3.33, ta thu c kt qu sau

a
dx dx a1p
p 1: Tch phn xp hi t v .
0 a xp 1 p
a
dx
p 1: Tch phn xp phn k. #
0

dx
Nhn xt. Tch phn xp phn k vi mi gi tr ca p. Thc vy,
0
1
dx dx dx
I xp xp xp I1 I2 ,
0 0 1
1
dx dx
trong I1 p
, I2 . Khi p 1 th I1 phn k nn I phn k. Khi
0x 1 xp
p 1 th I2 phn k nn I phn k. Nh vy vi mi p, tch phn I phn k.
nh l 3.24 (Tiu chun so snh). Gi s rng f(x) v g(x) l hai hm
xc nh trn (a;b], khng gii ni ti ln cn im a v kh tch trn
[a , b], 0 nh.
Gi s x (a; b] , 0 f (x) g(x) . Khi :
b b
Tch phn g(x)dx hi t th tch phn f (x)dx hi t v
a a
112
b b
0 f (x)dx g(x) dx .
a a
b b
Tch phn f (x)dx phn k th tch phn g(x)dx phn k.
a a
H qu. Nu f(x) v g(x) l hai hm lin tc, khng m v
f (x)
lim k (0 k )
x a g(x)
b b
th hai tch phn f (x)dx v g(x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a a
1
H qu. Nu f(x) lin tc trn (0; b] v f (x) O p
(khi x 0 ) th
x
b
f (x)dx hi t vi p < 1 v phn k vi p 1.

0
p
1
Nu f(x) lin tc trn (a; b] v f (x) O
(khi x a ) th
x a
b
f (x)dx hi t vi p < 1 v phn k vi p 1.

a
V d 3.38. Xt s hi t ca tch phn suy rng

2 1 x
a. sin x dx ; b. arctan dx .
1 0
x x2
dt
t bin x 2 t (x t 0) ta c dx .
2 t

s int d(cost) cos t cost dt cos1 1 cost dt
I dt 1
3/2 .
1
2 t 1
2 t 2 t 1 2(2)t 3/2 2 4 1 t
Ta thy

cos t 1 dt
0 3/2
3/2
, p 3 / 2 1 nn t 3/2 hi t.
t t 1

cos tdt
Vy hi t, t tch phn I hi t.
1 t 3/2
Cch 2. Dng tiu chun Diriclet.
113
1
1 x 1 x
(b) I arc tan dx arc tan dx I1 I2 .
0
x x2 1
x x2
1 x
* I1 hu hn v lim arc tan 0.
x 0 x x2

1 x 1 1
* arctan . (x ); dx phn k. Vy I2 phn k.
x x2 4 x 1
x
Do tch phn cho phn k. #
N TP (1 tit)
TM TT CHNG 3 (T c)
114
TM TT CHNG 3
TCH PHN BT NH
Bng cc tch phn c bn: Bng 3.1.
Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh: Bin i tng ng, a v
tch phn c bn - t bin - i bin - Tch phn tng phn (c 6 dng hm
dng dng PP tch phn tng phn thun li).
Tch phn bt nh mt s lp hm
Tch phn cc phn thc hu t: + PP thng thng + PP h s bt nh:
a v phn thc thc s; khai trin f(x) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin; tch
phn cc phn thc thu c. (Mu l lu tha ca nh thc x a : T l hng ;
mu l lu tha ca tam thc khng c nghim x 2 px q : T l nh thc).
Tch phn cc biu thc v t: t bin cn thc hay lng gic.
Tch phn cc hm lng gic.
TCH PHN XC NH
Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a, b] th b chn trn .
Cc lp hm kh tch trn on kn: hm lin tc - hm n iu, b chn - hm
b chn, ch c mt s hu hn im gin on
Gii hn ca dy cho di dng tng. Vit dy di dng tng tch phn: Xc
nh hm v kim tra tnh lin tc, cch chia (thng l chia u), cch chn im trung
gian (mt tri, phi ). Khi , gii hn ca tng l tch phn thch hp.
f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] th c (a, b)
b b
1
f (x) dx f (c)(b a) f (c) b a f (x)dx .
a a
x
Hm f(x) lin tc trn [a, b] th (x) f (t) dt l mt nguyn

a
x
d
hm ca n trn [a, b]: (x) f (t)dt f (x) , x [a, b] .
dx a

Cch tnh tch phn xc nh
S dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz. f(x) lin tc trn [a, b], F(x) l nguyn
b
b
hm trn th f (x)dx F(x) a F(b) F(a).
a
Phng php i bin Phng php t bin
S dng tch phn tng phn
Din tch hnh phng
b
C cho trong to Descates: S1 f (x)dx.
a
C cho di dng tham s: x x(t), y y(t), t .
115

+ x (t) 0 (t tri sang phi), y(t) 0 : S y(t)x (t)dt;

+ x (t) 0 (t phi sang tri), y(t) 0 : S y(t)x (t)dt .

1 2
S r ()d .
2
C cho di dng to cc:
di ng cong
b
C cho trong to Descates : s 1 f 2 (x) dx .
a

C cho di dng tham s: s x 2 (t) y2 (t) dt .

b b
Th tch: V S(x)dx; vt th trn xoay: V f 2 (x)dx.
a a
b
Din tch mt trn xoay: S 2 | f (x) | 1 f 2 (x) dx .
a
TCH PHN SUY RNG
Cc hm ni n kh tch trn [a, A], A a.
A
Nu I lim f (x)dx hu hn th TPSR f (x)dx hi t, c gi tr bng
A
a a

I, f (x)dx I . Tri li, tch phn suy rng phn k.
a

0 f (x) g(x) , g(x)dx hi t th f (x) dx hi t.
a a

VCB f (x), g(x) 0 , f (x) Cg(x) (0 C ) khi x th f (x)dx
a

v g(x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a

1
f (x) 0, p : f (x)dx hi t vi p > 1, phn k vi p 1.
x a

f (x) dx hi t th f (x)dx hi t.
a a
116
b b
Tng t vi TPSR loi II f (x)dx v g(x)dx.
a a
b
1
f (x) 0, lin tc trn (a, b] v f (x) th f (x)dx hi t vi p < 1
(x a) p a
v phn k vi p 1. Lu trng hp a 0 .
- Yu cu SV chun b:
lm bi tp theo k hoch: Cch tnh TPX (1 tit)
ng dng ca TP (1tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 263 268: Chui s
Bi ging 11: Chui s Chui s dng

Chng 4: Chui
Mc: Bi tp: Tch phn suy rng (2t)
Kim tra (1t)
4.1 Chui s (1t)
4.2 Chui s dng (1t)
Tit th: 51 55 Tun th: 11
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Nm chc khi nim hi t ca chui s, cc tiu chun hi t ca
chui s dng
- Ni dung chnh:
117
Chng 4: CHUI
4.1. CHUI S (1 tit)

4.1.1. nh ngha
* Cho {u n } l mt dy s. Tng hnh thc

u n u1 u 2 ... (4.1)
n 1
c gi l mt chui s.
u1, u 2 , ... : cc s hng; un: s hng th n hay s hng tng qut.
t S1 u1
S2 u1 u 2
..........
n
Sn u i u1 u 2 ... u n
i 1
..........
Sn gi l tng ring th n. Dy {Sn } gi l dy tng ring.
Nu tn ti gii hn hu hn lim Sn S ta ni chui hi t, c tng S
n

(s S gi l tng ca chui) v vit S u1 u 2 ... u n ... hay S un.
n 1
Tri li, ta ni chui phn k.
Nhn xt. * S hi t hay phn k ca chui khng thay i khi ta
thm, hoc bt, hoc thay i mt s hu hn s hng ca chui.
* i khi cn thit hoc thun li nu chui bt u ti mt ch s
khc 1:

* Rn u i c gi l phn d th n ca chui. Chui hi t khi
i n 1

v ch khi chui phn d ui hi t. R rng khi R n 0 (n ) .
i n 1

1
V d 4.1. Chng t rng chui n(n 1) hi t v tnh tng ca n.
n 1
n
1 1 1 1 1
Gii. Sn ...
i 1 i(i 1) 1.2 2.3 (n 1)n n(n 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 .
1 2 2 3 n 1 n n n 1 n 1
118

1
Suy ra lim Sn 1 . Vy chui hi t, c tng bng 1:
n
n(n 1) 1. #
n 1
V d 4.2 (Chui hnh hc (chui ''cp s nhn")).

q n 1 q q 2 ... (4.2)
n 0
1 q n 1
Vi q 1: Sn 1 q ... q n .
1 q
1
| q | 1: lim q n 0 lim Sn .
n n 1 q
| q | 1: lim q n lim Sn .
n n
q 1: Sn n (n ).
q 1: S2n 1, S2n 1 0 . Vy khng tn ti gii hn lim Sn ,

n
chui phn k.

Tm li, chui qn hi t khi | q | 1,
n 0
phn k khi | q | 1 .
Cc tng ring S6 v S15 ca chui (4.2) th hin Hnh 4.1. #
4.1.2. iu kin cn chui hi t

nh l 4.1. Nu chui un hi t th lim u n 0 .
n
n 1

Chng minh. T ch un hi t suy ra tn ti gii hn lim Sn S .
n
n 1
T lim u n lim (Sn Sn 1 ) S S 0 .

n n
Nhn xt. Mnh phn o ca nh l trn cho ta mt phng

php rt tt chng minh mt chui phn k. Xt v d sau.

V d 4.4. Xt s hi t ca chui sin n.
n 1
119
T V d 1.8 ta bit rng, khng tn ti gii hn lim sin n . Vy chui
n
cho khng hi t. #
4.1.3. Tiu chun Cauchy

nh l 4.2 (Tiu chun Cauchy). Chui s un hi t khi v ch
n 1
khi
0, N , n, p , n N, p 0 : Sn p Sn . (4.3)

1 1 1
V d 4.5. Xt chui iu ha n 1 2 3 ...
n 1
Ta thy vi 1 / 2 , vi n nguyn dng bt k th

1 1 1 1 1
S2n Sn ... ... .
n 1 2n 2n 2n 2
Vy chui iu ha khng hi t.
Lu . C th chng minh rng
1 1
1 ... C ln n n ( 4.4)
2 n
vi C 0,5772... l hng s Euler, n 0 (n ). #
4.1.4. Cc tnh cht v php ton

nh l 4.3. Nu cc chui u n , vn hi t cn a l s thc bt k th
n 1 n 1

cc chui (a u n ), (u n vn ) cng hi t v
n 1 n 1

(a u n ) a un ; (u n vn ) un vn .
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
4.2. CHUI S DNG ( 1 tit)
4.2.1. Cc tnh cht m u

Khi u n 0 n , chui u n c gi l chui s dng.
n 1
120
Vi chui s dng, dy tng ring khng gim, thc vy:
Sn 1 a1 ... a n a n 1 Sn a n 1 Sn ,
Ta c ngay nh l:

nh l 4.4. Chui s dng un hi t khi v ch khi dy tng
n 1
ring {Sn } b chn, tc l tn ti mt s M 0 sao cho vi mi n 1 ,

Sn u1 u 2 ... u n M .

H qu. Chui s dng un phn k khi v ch khi n phn k ti
n 1
v cng, tc l lim Sn .
n

nh l 4.5 (nh l so snh). Cho hai chui s dng un , vn
n 1 n 1
sao cho 0 u n v n . Khi

(i) Nu vn hi t th u n hi t;
n 1 n 1

(ii) Nu un phn k th vn phn k;
n 1 n 1

un
(iii) Nu lim
n vn
k, (0 k ) th hai chui u n v vn cng
n 1 n 1
hi t hoc cng phn k.

V d 4.6. Xt s hi t ca cc chui

ln n 1
(i) n ; (ii) sin 2 n
; (iii) ln 1 n .
n 1 n 1 n 1
Gii.

ln n 1 1 ln n
(i) khi n 3 ; chui n phn k. Vy chui phn
n n n 1 n 1 n
k.

(ii) sin n
n
(n ); chui 2n hi t. Vy chui cho hi t.
2 2 n 1
121

1 1 1
(iii) ln 1 (n ); chui n phn k. Vy chui cho
n n n 1
phn k.
Lu . Nu b i iu kin chui dng th h qu trn khng cn ng.
V d [1].
4.2.2. Cc quy tc kho st s hi t
nh l 4.6 (Tiu chun DAlembert (Kim nh t s)). Gi s i

u n 1
vi chui s dng u n vi u n 0 , tn ti gii hn nlim .
n 1 un

Nu 1 th chui un hi t;
n 1

Nu 1 th lim u n v chui u n phn k.
n n 1
Chng minh.

n 1
V d 4.7. Xt s hi t ca chui s 2n
.
n 1
a n 1 n 1 1
Gii. y l chui s dng. Li c lim lim 1.
n a n n 2(n 2) 2
Vy chui cho hi t. #
nh l 4.7 (Tiu chun Cauchy (Kim nh cn)). Cho chui s

dng un sao cho lim n un .
n
n 1

Nu 1 th chui un hi t;
n 1

Nu 1 th lim u n v chui u n phn k.
n n 1
Chng minh.
Nhn xt. * Nu dng tiu chun DAlembert hay Cauchy m ta nhn
c 1 th s hng tng qut ca chui dn ra v hn: lim u n ; t
n

chui un phn k.
n 1
122
* Trng hp 1 , c hai tiu chun DAlembert v Cauchy u
cha c kt lun: Thc t, chui c th hi t, c th phn k.

n
V d 4.8. Xt s hi t ca chui s 3n .
n 1
n
n
n 1
Gii. y l chui s dng vi lim a n lim 1. Theo tiu
n n 3 3
chun Cauchy, chui cho hi t. #
V d 4.9. Xt s hi t ca chui s

q 2(n 1)/2 q 2 q 2 q 4 q 4 q6 q 6 ...
n 1
trong 0 q 1 v (n 1) / 2 l phn nguyn ca s (n + 1)/2.

n 1 1
2 .
n
Gii. lim a n lim q 2 n q 1.
n n
Vy chui hi t theo tiu chun Cauchy.

Lu rng nu ta p dng tiu chun DAlembert th cha c kt
lun. #
nh l 4.8 (Tiu chun (so snh vi) tch phn). Cho hm f(x) lin
tc, khng m, n iu gim trn [a, ) . Khi tch phn suy rng

f (x)dx v tng un vi u n f (n) cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a n 1
Chng minh.
Lu . Thc ra ch cn ng thc u n f (n) xy ra vi n ln.

1
V d 4.10. Xt s hi t ca chui np , p
n 1
(Chui Riemann hay p-chui).
1
Vi p 0, lim 0 nn chui khng hi t.
n np
Vi p 0 , xt hm s f (x) 1 / x p . Hm ny n iu gim n 0 khi
n , f (n) 1 / n p .

dx
Hn na xp hi t khi p 1 , phn k khi p 1. Vy
1
123

1 hi t khi p >1
np phn k khi p 1
n 1

1 1
c bit, chui n
phn k, chui n2 hi t. (L. Euler ch ra
n 1 n 1

1 2
rng 2 , xem V d 4.29). #
n 1 n 6
V d 4.11. Xt s hi t ca cc chui sau

(n!)
2n
(i) n n , ( ); (ii) n 2 sin 2n , 0 2 .
n 1 n 1
n 1
u ((n 1)!) nn 1
1
Gii. (i) Ta c n 1 . (n 1) . 1 .
un (n 1)n 1 (n!) n
u n 1
* 1: lim : Chui phn k.
n u n
u n 1 1
* 1: lim 1: Chui hi t.
n u n e
u n 1
* 1: lim 0 1: Chui hi t.
n u n
Tm li, chui hi t 1 .
2
(ii) Ta c n un 2/n
sin 2 2sin 2 (n ).
n
1
* sin 2 : Chui phn k
2 4 2
1
* sin 2 0 : Chui hi t.
2 4
1
2n 1
1
* sin 2 . Chui tr thnh n 2 2n n 2 , l chui hi
.
2 4 n 1 n 1
t (p-chui vi p 2 1 ).

Tm li, chui hi t 0 . #
4
- Yu cu SV chun b:
c trc TL[1], tr 275 277: Chui c s hng vi du bt k
T c TL [1]: VD 4.19 (b); VD 4.23(b); VD 4.24 (b, c, d); VD
4.25(a, b, c, d)); 4.5.7 (V d khc) (a, b, c); VD 4.27; VD4.29 (b).
Bi tp v nh cho c Chng 4
Tr: 1( 2, 5, 11, 12, 13, 18, 26); 2, 3( 1, 5, 9, 12); 5(b, f).
124
Chnh: 1(28, 29, 30); 11(f); 12(c); 14 (c l, Cha: c, e, f, i, j, l);
15(a, b, c); 16(a, b); 18(d, e); 21; 23 (c, e); 24(a, b); 26(a i, Cha: a, c,
e, h) 27(a f, Cha: a, c, d, f); 33(a, c); 34(a, b, c).
BS 1. f (x) ln(1 2x) . Tnh o hm f (2000) (0) .
2 n
2 1 2 1 2
BS 2. Xt s hi t ... ...
5 25 n5
BS 3. Cho chui hm

1n 1 x

n

n 1 2n 1 1 2x
Tnh tng ring th 5 ti x = 0. b) Tm min hi t ca chui.
Bi ging 12: Chui c s hng vi du bt k - Chui hm s

Chng 4: Chui
Mc: 4.3. Chui c s hng vi du bt k (1t)
4.4. Chui hm s (1t)
Bi tp: Chui s dng (2 tit)
Chui c du tu (1 tit)
Tit th: 56 60 Tun th: 12
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Vn dng c tiu chun Leibniz
Thy mi quan h gia hi t tuyt i v bn hi t
Nm c khi nim min hi t ca chui hm s
Nm c s hi t ca cc chui quen thuc: Chui iu ha,
iu ha an du, chui hnh hc, p-chui
- Ni dung chnh:
4.3. CHUI C S HNG VI DU BT K (1 tit)
4.3.1. Chui an du
nh ngha. Vi u n 0 , cc chui

u1 u 2 u 3 u 4 ... ( 1)n 1 u n ,
n 1
125

u1 u 2 u 3 u 4 ... (1) n u n (4.5)
n 1
gi l cc chui an du.
nh l 4.9 (nh l Leibniz)
Cho chui an du u1 u 2 u 3 ... (u n 0) .
Nu {u n } l dy n iu gim n 0 th chui hi t n tng S.
Ngoi ra
n
Sn u n u1; S un u1 . (4.6)
i 1 i 1
Chng minh. S2k (u1 u 2 ) (u 3 u 4 ) ... (u 2k 1 u 2k ) 0 .
Vy {S2n , n 1, 2,...} l dy tng, dng.
S2k u1 (u 2 u 3 ) ... (u 2k 2 u 2k 1 ) u 2n u1 (4.7)
Vy {S2k } l dy b chn trn. T n hi t. t S lim S2k .
k
lim S2k 1 lim (S2k u 2k 1 ) lim S2k lim u 2k 1 S .
k k k k
lim Sn S . Vy chui cho hi t.
n
By gi t (4.7) ta thy (4.6) ng vi n chn. Vi n l th
S2k 1 u1 (u 2 u 3 ) ... (u 2k u 2k 1 ) u1
.
S2k 1 S2k u 2k 1 0 u1.
Vy (4.6) cng xy ra vi n l.
V d 4.13 (Chui iu ha an du). l chui

1 1 1 1
(1)n1 n 1 2 3 4 ...
n 1
1
Tt nhin, y l chui an du. Li c 0 (n ) ; theo tiu chun
n
Leibniz, chui hi t.
S hng tng qut a n (1)n 1 / n v cc tng ring Sn ca chui th
hin Hnh 4.3. [1]. Dy {Sn } c dng zig - zag dn n gii hn khong
0.7. Sau ny ta bit (xem mc 4.5.4c) tng chnh xc ca chui l
ln 2 0.693 .

1
Tng t, ta thy chui (1)n n hi t vi 0. #
n 1
4.3.2. Hi t tuyt i
nh l 4.10. Nu chui
126

| u n | | u1 | | u 2 | | u3 | ...
n 1

hi t th chui u n hi t.
n 1

Chng minh. Theo tiu chun Cauchy vi chui | u n | th
n 1
n p n p
Sn p Sn un | u n | 0 (n ).
i n 1 i n 1

Li theo tiu chun Cauchy, chui u n hi t.
n 1

cos n
V d 4.14. Xt s hi t ca chui n 2
.
n 1

cos n 1 1 | cos n |
Ta c 2
2 . 2 l chui hi t, vy chui 2
hi t.
n n n 1 n n 1 n

cos n
T chui n2
hi t. #
n 1

nh ngha. Chui un c gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui
n 1

| u n | hi t, c gi l hi t khng tuyt i hay bn hi t (hay hi t
n 1

iu kin) nu n hi t nhng chui | u n | khng hi t.
n 1
T nh l (4.10), hi t tuyt i l tnh cht mnh hn: Mt chui
hi t tuyt i s hi t; tri li, c nhng chui hi t nhng khng hi t
tuyt i.
Nh thy V d 1.14, chui iu ha an du hi t. Mt khc,

1 1
(1)n l chui phn k. Vy chui iu ha an du bn hi t.
n n 1 n
n 1
T tiu chun D'Alembert v tiu chun Cauchy cho chui s dng,
ta nhn c nh l sau y kho st s hi t tuyt i ca chui.
u n 1
nh l 4.11. Gi s rng lim hoc lim n u n .
n un n

Nu 1 th chui un hi t tuyt i,
n 1
127

Nu 1 th chui un phn k.
n 1
(Lu rng, vi 1 th cha c kt lun).
V s hi t tuyt i, ta c nh l c sc sau y:
nh l 4.12 (nh l Riemann). Nu chui hi t tuyt i v c tng
bng S th khi thay i th t cc s hng ca n mt cch ty , v (hoc)
nhm mt cch ty cc s hng ca chui ta s lun lun nhn c
chui hi t tuyt i v c tng bng S.
Nu chui cho bn hi t th c th thay i th t cc s hng ca
n nhn c chui hi t v c tng bng mt s bt k cho trc; hay
c mt chui phn k; thm ch, c mt chui phn k ra v hn.
Nh vy, chui hi t tuyt i c tnh cht ging vi tng hu hn:
C th hon v th t cc s hng. Tnh hi t tuyt i cn m bo mt
s tnh cht khc na ging vi tng hu hn nh tnh tch 2 chui, thng
2 chui ...
4.4. CHUI HM S (1 tit)
4.4.1. S hi t, min hi t
nh ngha. Cho dy hm s {u n (x)}: u1 (x); u 2 (x); ... xc nh trn
tp X . Tng hnh thc

u n (x) u1(x) u 2 (x) ... (4.8)
n 1
c gi l chui hm s,
X: tp xc nh,
u1 (x) : s hng th nht, u 2 (x) : s hng th hai, ... ,
u n (x) : s hng th n hay s hng tng qut.
Nu khng cho trc tp xc nh, ta hiu tp xc nh X ca chui
(4.8) l giao ca tt c cc tp xc nh ca cc s hng u n (x) .

Nu x 0 X m chui s u n (x 0 ) hi t th x 0 c gi l im hi
n 1
t ca chui hm (4.8). Tp cc im hi t ca chui hm c gi l

min hi t (hay tp hi t) ca n. Tri li, nu chui s u n (x 0 ) phn
n 1
k th x 0 c gi l im phn k.

Gi tr ca tng ca chui u n (x) vi x nm trn min hi t c
n 1
gi l tng ca chui.
128

V d 4.15. Xt chui hm x n 1 x x 2 ...
n 0

1
Nu | x | 1: x n : Chui hi t
n 0 1 x
| x | 1 : Chui phn k.

1
Vy, min hi t ca chui cho l ( 1, 1) v xn 1 x . #
n 0

1
V d 4.16. Xt chui hm nx .
n 1
Chng ta nh li rng khi dng tiu chun tch phn V d 4.10 ta
thy vi x 1 th chui hi t, vi x 1 th chui phn k. Vy min hi
t ca chui cho l x 1 . Khi y, chui hi t n hm (x) , gi l hm
Riemann. #
4.4.2. Hi t u

Chui hm s u n (x), x X c gi l hi t u trn tp D X
n 1
n hm s S(x) nu
0, N N(), n N : Sn (x) S(x) , x D. (4.9)
Nh vy, nu chui hi t u th d cho trc c b th no chng
na, tng ring Sn (x) s gn tng S(x) ca chui mt cch ty , ti tt c
mi im ca D, nu ch s n ln.

(1)n
V d 4.17. Xt chui x2 n .
n 1
1
y l chui an du. Hn na u n (x) 0, (n ) x .
x2 n

(1) k
Vy n hi t. Chui phn d x 2 k ca chui ny cng l chui an
k n 1
du, li c, 1 / (x 2 k) 0 (khi k ) . Theo nh l 4.9,

(1) k 1 1
Sn (x) S(x) 2
k
u n 1 (x) 2
x (n 1)

n
.
k n 1 x
1 1
Nu n th Sn (x) S(x) : Chui hi t u trn . #
n
nh l 4.13 (Tiu chun Weierstrass)
129

Nu u n (x) a n , n * , x D v chui s an hi t th chui
n 1
hm
u n (x) hi t tuyt i v u trn D.

n 1

cos nx
V d 4.18. Cho chui hm n2 x2 .
n 1

cos nx 1 1
Ta c 2
n x 2

n 2
. Chui s n2 hi t. Vy chui cho hi t
n 1
u trn . #
4.4.3. Tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u
nh l 4.14. Gi s vi mi n nguyn dng th hm u n (x) lin tc

trn khong suy rng D v chui hm u n (x) hi t u trn D. Khi
n 1

tng S(x) ca chui hm u n (x) l hm s lin tc trn D.
n 1
nh l 4.15. Gi s vi mi n th hm u n (x) lin tc trn on [a, b]

v chui hm u n (x) hi t u trn [a, b] . Khi tng S(x) ca chui
n 1

hm u n (x) l hm s kh tch trn [a, b] v ta c
n 1
b b b

S(x)dx u n (x) dx u n (x)dx . (4.10)
a a n 1 n 1 a
Ni ngn gn, nu chui ca cc hm s lin tc l hi t u th ta c

th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui.
nh l 4.16. Cho u n (x), n 1, 2, ... l cc hm lin tc cng cc o
hm u n (x) ca chng trn khong (a, b). Hn na, gi s rng chui hm
u n (x) hi t v c tng bng S(x) trn (a, b), cn chui o hm

n 1

un (x) hi t u trn (a, b). Khi S(x) l hm kh vi v
n 1

S(x) u n (x) un (x), x (a, b). (4.11)
n 1 n 1
Yu cu SV chun b:
130
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Chui s dng (2 tit)
Chui c du tu (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 279-282: Chui hm s
T c TL [1]: nh l Riemann
Bi ging 13: Chui ly tha

Chng 4: Chui
Mc: 4.5. Chui lu tha (2t)
Bi tp: Chui c du tu (2 tit)
Chui hm (1 tit)
Tit th: 61 - 65, Tun th: 13
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Tm c bn knh hi t - min hi t ca chui ly tha
Mt s cch tm MHT ca cc chui hm khc
- Ni dung chnh:
4.5. CHUI LY THA (2 tit)
4.5.1. Khi nim chui ly tha, bn knh hi t

Chui ly tha l chui hm s dng

a n x n a 0 a1x a 2x 2 ... a n x n ..., a n (4.12)
n 0
trong x l bin, hng s a n l h s ca x n .

Tng qut, cho trc x 0 , a n , chui hm s

a n (x x 0 )n a 0 a1(x x 0 ) a 2 (x x 0 ) 2 ... (4.13)
n 0
c gi l chui ly tha ca x x 0 (hay chui ly tha ti x x 0 ).

t X x x 0 , chui (4.13) tr thnh a n X n , li c dng (4.12). V
n 0
th chng ta ch cn xt chui ly tha dng (4.12).
Chui (4.12) lun hi t ti x 0 . V s hi t ca n, chng ta c:
131

nh l 4.17 (Abel). Nu chui ly tha an xn hi t ti x 0 0 th
n 0
n hi t tuyt i ti mi im x m | x | | x 0 | .
Chng minh. Do chui (4.12) hi t ti x = x0 nn s hng tng qut
ca n c gii hn 0. Vy tn ti s dng M sao cho a n x 0n M, n . T
n n
n x x
anx a n x 0n M , n .
x
0 x 0
n
x
Li thy chui x0
hi t vi | x | | x 0 | . p dng tiu chun so
n 1
snh, nhn c pcm.

H qu. Nu chui ly tha an xn phn k ti x1 th n cng phn
n 0
k ti x m | x | | x1 | .

H qu. Tn ti s R 0 chui a n x n hi t trong khong (-R,
n 0
R); phn k trong (, R) v (R, ) .
R nh th c gi l bn knh hi t; khong (-R, R) gi l khong

hi t.
Nhn xt. T H qu, min hi t ca chui ly tha c mt trong 4
dng
(-R, R); (-R, R]; [-R, R); [-R, R].
4.5.2. Quy tc tm bn knh hi t

nh l 4.18. Nu
a n 1
lim hoc lim n a n (4.14)
n an n
132

th bn knh hi t R ca chui ly tha an xn xc nh bi
n 0
1/ , 0

R 0, (4.15)
, 0.

Phng php tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
Tm bn knh hi t theo quy tc trn;
Xt s hi t ca chui ti u mt R v R;
Kt lun.
Tnh cht sau cng rt c ch khi tm min hi t.
Tnh cht. Hai chui ly tha

a n x n a 0 a1x a 2 x 2 ... , (4.16)
n 0

a n x nm a 0x m a1x m1 a 2 x m2 ... m (4.17)
n 0
cng hi t hay phn k, c th tr ra ti im x = 0.

(Nhn hay chia chui ly tha vi ly tha ca bin x c chui c
cng min hi t, c th tr ra ti x = 0).
Phng php tm min hi t ca chui ty
Cch I: Ly tha ha, a chui cho v chui ly tha.
Cch II: Coi x l tham s, x c nh thuc tp xc nh, chui hm tr
thnh chui s. Dng cc tiu chun so snh, tiu chun D'Alembert,
Cauchy ... vi chui s xt s hi t (phi bin lun).
Nhn xt. Nu dng tiu chun DAlembert hay Cauchy vi chui s

u n (x) (x l tham s) m ta nhn c 1 th lim | u n (x) | . T ,
n 1 n

chui u n (x) phn k.
n 1
V d 4.19. Tm min hi t ca cc chui hm sau:
133
n

2n x n
n 1 2n

xn
(i) , (ii) x 2 , (iii) 2n
.
n 1 n n 1 2n 1 n 1 1 x
a n 1 2n
(i) y l chui ly tha, hn na 2 (n ).
an n 1
Vy R 1 / 2 v khong hi t ca chui l (1 / 2; 1 / 2) .
1 1 1
Ti x 1 / 2 , chui tr thnh 1 ... y l chui iu
2 3 4
ha an du nn n hi t.
1 1 1
Ti x 1 /2, chui tr thnh 1 ... , l chui phn k.
2 3 4
Tm li, min hi t ca chui cho l [1/2, 1 / 2) .
n
n 1 2n (x 2) 2
(ii) lim n u n (x) lim n (x 2) .
n n 2n 1 2
(x 2) 2
Theo tiu chun Cauchy, chui phn k khi 1 , hi t khi
2
(x 2) 2
1, 2 x 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 .
2
* Ti x 2 2 chui tr thnh
n n
n 1 n 2n 2
2n 1 2 2n 1 .
n 1 n 1
Ta khng th dng tiu chun D'Alembert cng nh Cauchy cho
chui ny v u nhn c 1 , song nhn thy rng
n
2n 1 2n 1
1
lim a n lim 1 e1/2 0 : Chui phn k.
n n
2n 1
S: 2 2 x 2 2 .
n
n 1 n
Cch II. t t (x 2) 0 c chui
2
t v kho st
n 1 2n 1
nh thng thng. (Tuy nhin vi chui ly tha ny, ta khng cn xt ti
mt tri t 2 ca khong hi t (-2, 2) v t 0 ).
(iii) R rng khng th ly tha ha c chui ny. Ta c
lim
u n 1 x
lim

x 1 x 2n

x khi x 1

n u n x n 1 x 2n 2 1 / x khi x 1
Vy vi x 1 th 1 : Chui hi t.
134

1n , chui phn k v
* Xt ti x 1 c chui 2
lim a n 0 .
n
n 1
S: ( , 1) (1, 1) (1, ) . #
4.5.3. Tnh cht ca chui ly tha
Cho chui ly tha (4.12) vi khong hi t (-R, R) v tng ca chui
l hm S(x) trn (-R, R).
nh l 4.19. Chui (4.12) hi t tuyt i trn khong hi t (-R, R).
nh l 4.20. Vi [a, b] ( R, R) ty , chui (4.12) hi t u trn
[a, b] .
(Chui ly tha hi t u trn on ty nm trong khong hi t
ca n).
nh l 4.21. Tng S(x) ca chui ly tha (4.12) l hm s lin tc
trn khong hi t ( R, R) ca n. Nu chui hi t ti mt tri (phi) ca
khong hi t th tng S(x) lin tc pha phi (tri) ti mt y.
nh l 4.22. C th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui ly tha
(4.12) trn mi on [a; b] nm trong khong hi t (-R, R) ca n:
b b
n

n
a n x dx a n x dx . (4.18)
a n 0 n 0 a
c bit, x (R, R) ,
x
n a 2 a n 1
a n t dt a 0 x 21 x ... n n 1 x ... (4.19)
0 n 0
Mt cch tng ng,
n a 2 a n 1

a n x dx C a 0 x 1 x ... n x ... (4.20)
n 0 2 n 1
Chui v phi ca (4.19), (4.20) cng c khong hi t l (-R, R).
nh l 4.23. C th ly o hm tng s hng ca chui ly tha
(4.12) ti mi im trong khong hi t ca n: x (R, R) th

n n 1
a n x a1 2a 2 x ... na n x ... (4.21)
n 0
Chui v phi ca (4.21) cng c khong hi t l (-R, R).
H qu. C th ly o hm (hoc ly nguyn hm) mt s ty ln
chui ly tha trong khong hi t ca n; cc chui thu c c cng
khong hi t vi khong hi t ca chui cho.
4.5.4. Khai trin mt hm thnh chui ly tha
a. Vn khi trin hm thnh chui ly tha (xem [1])
135
nh ngha. * Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti im x 0 v ln cn v c
o hm mi cp ti x 0 . Chui hm
f (x 0 ) f (n) (x 0 )
f (x 0 ) (x x 0 ) ... (x x 0 ) n ... (4.24)
1! n!
c gi l chui Taylor ca hm f(x) ti x 0 .
* Nu x 0 0 , chui Taylor tr thnh
f (0) f (n) (0) n
f (0) x ... x ... (4.25)
1! n!
c gi l chui Maclaurin ca hm f(x).
* Nu chui Taylor (4.24) hi t ti mt ln cn I (x 0 , x 0 )
ca im x 0 v hi t n f(x) trong ln cn ny:
f (x 0 ) f (n) (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 ) (x x 0 )1 ... (x x 0 ) n ... , x I
1! n!
th ta ni hm f(x) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ti ln cn nu ca
x0 .
T phn tch trn ta nhn c nh l sau y:
nh l 4.24 (Tnh duy nht ca khai trin). Nu f(x) c th khai trin
thnh chui Taylor trong mt ln cn no ca im x 0 :
f (x) a 0 a1 (x x 0 ) a 2 (x x 0 ) 2 ... x (x 0 , x 0 )
th f(x) kh vi v hn ti ln cn ny v chui v phi chnh l chui
(4.24).
b. iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Taylor ()
c. Khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp
x x2 xn
ex 1 ... .... x ( , )
1! 2! n!
x3 x5 x 2n 1
sin x x ... (1)n 1 ... x ( , )
3! 5! (2n 1)!
x2 x4 n x
2n
cos x 1 ... (1) ... x ( , )
2! 4! (2n)!
( 1)...( n 1) n
(1 x) 1 x ... x ... x ( 1,1)
n!
136
1
1 x x 2 ... x n ... x ( 1,1)
1 x
x 2 x3 n 1 x
n
ln(1 x) x ... (1) .... x ( 1,1]
2 3 n
x3 x5 x 2n 1
arctan x x ... (1)(n 1) ... x [ 1,1].
3 5 2n 1
Dng cc khai trin Maclaurin trn, i khi ta nhanh chng nhn
c khai trin ca hm s. Xt v d sau.
x3
V d 4.21. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y .
3 x
x3 1 x3
Gii. y 1 (x / 3) (x / 3) 2 ...
3 (1 (x / 3)) 3

1 1 1 1
x 3 2 x 4 3 x 5 ... n ( 1) n 1 x n 2 . #
3 3 3 n 1 3
4.5.5. ng dng
a. Tnh gn ng gi tr biu thc. Xem mc 2.4.3.
b. Tnh o hm ti im cho trc. Dng cc khai trin quen bit c
th ta tm c khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x):

f (n) (x 0 )
f (x) a n (x x 0 )n n!
(x x 0 )n .
n 0 n 0
Khi tm cc o hm ca hm ny ti x 0 nh sau:
f (n) (x 0 )
an f (n) (x 0 ) a n n! (4.28)
n!
V d 4.22. Cho hm s f (x) s in x 2 . Tnh o hm f (2000) (0) .

( 1)n 1 2n 1
( 1) n 1 4n 2 f (n) (0) n
Gii. sinx x s inx 2 x x .
n 1 (2n 1)! n 1 (2n 1)! n 0 n!
4n 2 2000 n 500.5 khng nguyn. Vy f (2000) (0) 0 .
Ngoi ra ta c

a a 4k 0 y (2k 1) (0) y (4k) (0) 0
2k 1
1 1
a 8k 2 y (8k 2) (0) (8k 2)! #
(4k 1)! (4k 1)!
1 (8k 6) 1
a 8k 6 y (0) (8k 6)!
(4k 3)! (4k 3)!
137
4.5.6. Tnh tng mt s chui ()
a. S dng trc tip cc chui quen bit
Ba chi thng dng nht l
1
1 x x 2 x 3 ... x n ..., x ( 1,1) :
1 x
chui hnh hc hay chui cp s nhn
x xn
ex 1 ... ... x (, ) : chui e m
1! n!
x2 n 1 x
n
ln(1 x) x ... (1) ... x (1,1) : chui loga.
2 n
b. o hm hay tch phn chui quen bit hay chui cho
Bc 1: a ra mt khai trin quen bit, v d
1
1 x x 2 x 3 ... x n ... x (1, 1) .
1 x
Bc 2 (nu cn): o hm hay tch phn 2 v trn khong hi t, v d
1
1 2x 3x 2 ... nx n 1 ... x (1, 1),
(1 x)2
1
2 2.3x 3.4 x 2 ... n(n 1) x n 2 ... x (1, 1),
(1 x)3
x 2 x3 x 4 xn
ln(1 x) x ... ... x (1, 1),
2 3 4 n
x 2 x3 x 4 xn
ln(1 x) x ... (1) n 1 ... x ( 1, 1).
2 3 4 n
Bc 3 (nu cn): Biu din chui cho thng qua nhng chui ny.
Bc 4 (nu cn): Thay x x 0 thch hp.
Cng c th ta lm cc bc trn nhng vi chui cho. Nh rng vic ly o hm

thng d hn ly tch phn.
o hm chui cho Tch phn chui quen bit.

o hm chui quen bit Tch phn chui cho.
c. Tch chui cho thnh tng

Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Chui c du tu (2 tit)
Chui hm (1 tit)
c trc TL[1], tr 302-306: Chui Fourier
T c TL [1]: Tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u
Tnh tng mt s chui
138
Bi ging 14: Chui Fourier
Chng 4: Chui
Mc: Bi tp: Chui lu tha (1 tit)
4.6. Chui Fourier (2t)
Bi tp: Chui Fourier (1t)
Tit th: 66 - 70, Tun th: 14
- Mc ch, yu cu:
Khai trin hm thnh chui lng gic
Khai trin hm theo cc hm sin hoc cosin
- Ni dung chnh:
BI TP: Chui hm, Chui lu tha (2 tit)
4.6. CHUI FUORIER (2 tit)
4.6.1. Chui lng gic
nh ngha. Chui hm

a 0 (a n cos nx bn sin nx) (4.31)
n 1
trong a 0 , a1, a 2 , ... , b1, b 2 , ... c gi l chui lng gic.
Hai nh l sau y nu ln nhng tnh cht khi u ca chui lng
gic.

nh l 4.26. Nu hai chui | a n | v | bn | hi t th chui lng
n 1 n 1
gic (4.31) hi t tuyt i v u trn .
Chng minh. Ta c
u n (x) a n cos nx bn sin nx | a n | | b n | .
Theo tiu chun Weierstrass ta thu c pcm.
nh l 4.27. Nu a n 0 v b n 0 (n ) th chui lng gic
(4.31) hi t ti x 2k (k ) .
4.6.2. Chui Fourier
a. Chui Fourier ca hm s
139
B . Cho p, q l nhng s nguyn bt k. Khi ta c:

sin px dx 0; cos px dx 0 (p 0);

cos px sin qx dx 0;

0, p q

cos px cosqx dx , p q 0
2, p q 0;

0, p q

sin px sin qx dx 0, p q 0 (4.32)
, p q 0.

By gi gi s rng hm s f(x) tun hon chu k 2 v c th khai
trin c thnh chui lng gic dng
a0
f (x) (a n cos nx b n sin nx), x . (4.33)
2 n 1
Gi s c th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui v phi th

a0
f (x) dx 2 dx a n cos nx dx bn sin nx dx a 0 .

n 1

1
Vy a 0 f (x) dx .

Nhn hai v ca (4.33) vi cos kx, k 1, 2, ... v gi s rng chui thu
c v phi c th ly tch phn tng s hng, ta i n:

a
f (x) cos kx dx 20 cos kx dx

a n cos nx cos kx dx b n sin nx cos kx dx

n 1

1
0 a k cos kx cos kx dx 0 a k a k f (x)cos kx dx.

Li nhn hai v ca (4.33) vi sin kx, k 1, 2, ... v gi s rng chui
thu c v phi c th ly tch phn tng s hng, ta c
140

a
f (x)sin kx dx 20 sin kx dx

a n cos nx sin kx dx b n sin nx sin kx dx

n 1

0 0 bk sin kx sin kx dx bk .

1
bk f (x)sin kx dx.

Tm li, cc h s a i , bi phi tha mn

1
a 0 f (x)dx,

1
a n f (x)cos nx dx, n 1, 2, ... (4.34)

b 1 f (x)sin nx dx, n 1, 2, ...
n

nh ngha. Cho hm f(x) tun hon, kh tch trn on [ , ] . Cc

h s a n , b n xc nh theo (4.34) c gi l h s Fourier ca hm f(x).
Chui lng gic tng ng
a0
(a n cos nx b n sin nx)
2 n 1
c gi l chui Fourier ca hm f(x).
Nhn xt. Nu hm f(x) tun hon chu k 2 th
a
f (x) dx f (x)dx, a . (4.35)

a
Vy, khi tnh h s Fourier, ta c th ly tch phn trn on bt k c
di 2 .
Tnh cht.
Nu thm iu kin f(x) l hm chn th:
b n 0, n 1, 2, ...

2 (4.36)
a n f (x) cos nx dx, n 0, 1, 2, ...
0
Nu thm iu kin f(x) l hm l th:
141
a n 0,

2 (4.37)
b n f (x)sin nx dx, n 1, 2, ...
0
Chng minh. Nu hm f(x) chn th hm f (x) cos nx chn, hm
f (x)sin nx l. Tri li, nu f(x) l th hm f (x) cos nx l, hm f (x)sin nx
chn. S dng V d 3.22 ta nhn c pcm.
b. iu kin c khai trin Fourier

nh ngha. Hm s f(x) c gi l n iu tng khc trn on [a,
b] nu c mt s hu hn im a 0 a a1 ... a n b sao cho trn mi
khong (a 0 , a1 ); ... ; (a n 1 , a n ) hm f(x) l n iu.
Tnh cht. Hm b chn v n iu tng khc ch c th c cc im
gin on loi mt.
nh l 4.28 (nh l Diriclet)
Nu hm f(x) tun hon chu k 2 , n iu tng khc v b chn
trn on [ , ] th chui Fourier ca n hi t ti mi im trn n
tng S(x):
a0
S(x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx) . (4.38)
2 n 1
Hn na,
f (x) nu x 0 l im li n tc ca f(x),

S(x) f (x 0) f (x 0)
nu x 0 l im gin on ca f(x).
2
Lu . n gin, ta vn vit cng thc (4.38) di dng
a0
f (x) (a n cos nx b n sin nx) (4.39)
2 n 1
vi ch nh nu.
V d 4.26. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s f(x) tun hon chu
k 2 bit rng trn khong [ , ) th f(x) = x.
142
Hnh 4.6. Hm y x, x [ , ) v thc trin tun hon ca n
Ta nhn thy rng hm ny tha mn mi iu kin ca nh l
Diriclet, vy c th khai trin n thnh chui Fourier. Ta c

1
an f (x)cos nx dx 0, n 0, 1, 2, ...

2 2
bn x sin nx dx ... ( 1) n 1, n 1, 2, ...
0 n
1 1 sin nx
f (x) 2 sin x sin 2x sin 3x ... (1) n 1 ... .
2 3 n
Lu rng ti x tng ca chui bng
1
S() f ( 0) f ( 0) 0.
2
Tng t, S() 0 . #
c. Khai trin Fourier ca hm tun hon chu k 2
Gi s hm f(x) tun hon chu k 2 , n iu tng khc, b chn.
Bng php i bin

x x x x (x : x : )

ta c f (x) f x F(x ) .

Th th F(x) l hm tun hon chu k 2 , n iu tng khc, b
chn. Vy ta c th khai trin n thnh chui Fourier:
a0
F(x ) (a n cos nx b n sin nx )
2 n 1
hay
a0 nx nx
f (x) a n cos b n sin (4.40)
2 n 1
trong

1 1
a 0 F(x )dx ... f (x) dx,

1 1 nx
an F(x )cos nx dx ... f (x)cos dx,

1 1 nx
bn F(x )cos nx dx ... f (x)sin dx. (4.41)

143
V d 4.27. Khai trin hm f (x) cos x thnh chui Fourier.
Gii. Hm f(x) tun hon chu k . Hn na, n l hm chn nn
bn 0, n 1, 2, ... Theo (4.41),
/2
2 4
a0 cos x dx
/2 0

/2 /2
2 nx 4
an f (x)cos dx cos x cos 2nx dx
/2 0
/ 2 0
/2
4 4 ( 1) n 1
[cos (2n 1)x cos(2n 1)x]dx , n 1, 2, ...
.2 0
4n 2 1

2 4 cos 2nx
Vy cos x

(1)n 1 4n 2 1 .
n 1
V hm f (x) cos x lin tc nn cng thc trn ng vi mi x. #
d. Khai trin hm s bt k thnh chui Fourier
Gi s f(x) l hm n iu tng khc, b chn trn [a, b]. Ta xy
dng mt hm s g(x):
- Tun hon chu k T 2 b a ;
- n iu tng khc, b chn;
- g(x) f (x), x [a, b] .
R rng c nhiu hm nh vy. Ta gi vic lm trn l thc trin tun
hon hm f(x) cho.
Khi hm g(x) khai trin c thnh chui Fourier, tng ca chui
bng g(x), v do bng f(x) ti nhng im lin tc ca hm f(x).
c im ca chui thu c l:
Nu hm g(x) chn: Chui ch gm ton hm s cosin;
Nu hm g(x) l: Chui ch gm ton hm s sin.
1, 0 x 1
V d 4.28. Cho hm s f (x)
2 x, 1 x 2
Hy khai trin hm ny thnh chui Fourier sao cho chui thu c
(a) ch cha hm s sin; (b) ch cha hm s cosin.
Gii. (a) Xt hm g(x) trn , tun hon chu k 4 v
f (x), x [0, 2]
g(x)
f ( x), x [ 2, 0]
Hm ny n iu tng khc, b chn, tun hon chu k 2 4 nn c
th khai trin c thnh chui Fourier. Hn na, hm g(x) l nn chui
ch cha hm s sin.
144
a n 0, n 0, 1, ...
2 2
1 nx nx
b n g(x)sin dx f (x)sin dx
2 2 2 0
2
1 2
nx nx 2 4 n
sin dx (2 x) sin dx ... 2
sin
0
2 1
2 n (n) 2
2 4 1 k 1
n 2 (2k 1)2 (1) , n 2k 1

2 , n 2k
n
2 1 nx 4 (1)n 1 (2n 1)x

Vy g(x)
n 1 n
sin
2
2
n 1 (2n 1) 2
sin
2
. (*)
Trn on [0, 2], tng ca chui bng f(x).

f (x), 0x2
(b) By gi t g(x)
f ( x), 2 x 0.
Hm g(x) chn, vy b n 0, n 1, 2, ... Ta cng tnh c a n .
T ta c
3 4 x 2 2x 1 3x
g(x) 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
4 2 2 2 3 2
(**)
2 4x 1 5x 2 6x
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos ... .
4 2 5 2 6 2
V g(x) lin tc nn ng nht thc xy ra vi mi x. T khai trin
trn cng chnh l khai trin ca f(x) trn [0, 2].
#
1
Nhn xt. (i) Chui hm s (*) c cc h s c , trong khi chui
n
1
hm s (**) c cc h s c . Chui (**) hi t nhanh hn.
n2
(ii) Ngi ta chng minh c rng, nu hm f(x) lin tc th cc h
1
s Fourier ca n c cp VCB , 2 . T chui Fourier hi t u.
n
Tri li, cc h s Fourier ca hm gin on c cp VCB 1/n.
e. p dng tnh tng ca mt s chui
V d 4.29. Cho hm s f(x) tun hon chu k 2 , v f (x) x 2 vi
x [ , ]. Hy khai trin hm f(x) thnh chui Fourier. Da vo tnh

1 1 1
(i) ( 1)n 1 ; (ii) ; (iii) .
n 1 n2 n 1 n 2
n 1 (2n 1) 2
145
Gii. Hm f(x) tha mn cc iu kin khai trin thnh chui Fourier.
N l hm chn, vy b n 0, n 1, 2, ...

2 2 2 1
a 0 x 2 dx 2 ; a n x 2 cos nx dx ... 4( 1)n 2 .
0 3 0 n
2
cos nx
f (x) 4 (1)n 2
.
3 n 1 n
Cc tng ring S2 v S5 ca chui th hin Hnh 4.7.
2
n 1 2
* x 0 : 0 f (0) 4 (1) 2 Sa .
3 n 1 n 12
2
cos n 2
1
* x : f () 2 4 (1)n 2
4 2
3 n 1 n 3 n 1 n
2 2 1 2
Sb .
3 4 6

1 2
* Sc Sa Sb .
2 8
Ta ghi li kt qu p trn s dng sau ny.
1 1 1 2
1 ... ,
22 33 42 6
1 1 1 2
1 ... , (4.42) #
22 33 42 12
1 1 2 1
1 2 2 2 ... .
3 5 7 8
TM TT CHNG 4 (T c)
TM TT CHNG 4

q n 1 q q 2 ... : Chui hnh hc, hi t | q | 1 .
n 0

1 1 1
n 1 2 3 ... : Chui iu ho, phn k
n 1
1 1 1
1 ... (1) n 1 ... : Chui iu ho an du, hi t.
2 3 n
146

1 1 1
n p 1p 2p 3p ... : p chui, hi t p 1.
n 1
Chui s dng phn k th phn k ti v cng.

Tiu chun so snh

v n u n , u n , v n 0 th u n , v n cng hi t hoc phn k.
n 1 n 1

Tiu chun DAlembert. un l chui s dng,
n 1
u n 1
lim .
n un

1 th chui u n hi t; 1 th u n phn k.
n 1 n 1

Tiu chun Cauchy. un l chui s dng, lim n un .
n
n 1

1 th u n hi t; 1 th un phn k.
n 1 n 1
Tiu chun tch phn. f(x) 0 lin tc, n iu gim trn

[a, ) .

f (x)dx v un ( u n f (n) ) cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a n 1
Tiu chun Leibniz. u n 0 th chui an du u1 u 2 u 3 ... hi

t.
Hi t tuyt i

| un | hi t u n hi t; un c gi l hi t tuyt
n 1 n 1 n 1
i.

Hi t u. u n (x), x X hi t u trn D X n S(x) nu
n 1
0, N N(), n N : Sn (x) S(x) , x D.
Tiu chun Weierstrass
147

u n (x) a n , an hi t u n (x) hi t tuyt i, u trn
n 1 n 1
D.
Min hi t ca chui ly tha. Mt trong 4 dng ( R, R),
( R, R], [ R, R), [ R, R ] ; R: bn knh hi t, ( R, R) : khong hi t.
a n 1 1
lim hoc lim n a n R .
n an n
C th ly o hm (hoc ly nguyn hm) mt s ty ln chui

ly tha trong khong hi t ca n; cc chui thu c c cng khong
hi t vi khong hi t ca chui cho.
Khai trin Taylor
f (x 0 ) f (n) (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 ) (x x 0 )1 ... (x x 0 ) n ...
1! n!

Tnh o hm ti 1 im. f (x) a n (x x 0 ) n
n 0
f (n) (x 0 ) a n n!
Khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp

Tnh tng ca chui hm: Dng cc chui quen bit - o hm
hay TP chui quen bit hay chui cho - Tch chui cho thnh tng.
Chui Fourier.
* f(x) tun hon chu k 2 , n iu tng khc, b chn:
a0
f (x) (a n cos nx b n sin nx)
2 n 1

1
a n f (x)cos nx dx, n 0, 1, 2, ...

1
b n f (x)sin nx dx, n 1, 2, ...

* f(x) tun hon chu k 2 , n iu tng khc, b chn:
a0 nx nx
f (x) a n cos b n sin
2 n 1
148

1 nx
a n f (x)cos dx, n 0, 1, 2, ...

1 nx
n f (x)sin dx, n 1, 2, ...
b

*CNG B KT QU im Qu trnh, im thng xuyn

Hc vin thc mc Gio vin tr li v im Qu trnh Thng
xuyn
Lm bi tp theo k hoch: Chui Fourier (1t)
c trc TL[1], tr 307-310: Chui Fourier cho hm ty
T c: TM TT CHNG 4
Bi ging 15: n tp
Chng 4: Chui
Mc: Bi tp: Chui Fourier (1 tit)
n tng hp (4t)
Tit th: 71 - 75, Tun th: 15
- Mc ch, yu cu:
* Cng c nhng bi tp c
* Hon thnh nhng bi tp cha cha chng IV
* Duyt li c h thng cc bi tp c hc phn
* Sn sng thi cui hc k
- Ni dung chnh:
Bi tp: Chui Fourier (tip - 1tit)
Cha cc bi cha c iu kin cha
Lm li cc v d cha kp gii thiu (3 tit)
(Gio vin lm l chnh)
Chun b thi:
Nhc li v cc cu hi l thuyt, cch hc chng
149
Mt s kinh nghim khi thi
Nhc li tinh thn nghim tc trong thi c
Nhc mt s quy inh trong k thi
ng vin tinh thn SV thi tt
Yu cu SV chun b:
Nm chc thi gian thi + phng thi + cc quy ch thi
150

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B MN DUYT BI GING CHI TIT Thay mt nhm

Ch nhim B mn (Dng cho 75 tit ging) mn hc

Ch bin: PGS S T Vn Ban

Bi ging1: Gii hn Lin tc o hm

V d cui chng 1 (b, d, e)

Ti liu tham kho cho Hc phn GTI

Tp con A c gi l b chn trn nu tn ti (t nht) mt cn

Hnh 1.1. Mi s hu t xem l mt s thc

Cc khong a, b ; (, a]; [b, ); (, ) : ng,

nh l 1.3. Vi mi x , tn ti duy nht s nguyn n sao cho

1.2. GII HN DY S (2 tit)

c. Cc php ton v gii hn

nh l 1.13. Cho hai dy {u n }, {v n } .

Ngoi ra n (Mnh hn!)

Ta ni hm m dn ra v hn nhanh hn bt k hm ly tha no (hay

Ta ni giai tha tri hn hm m (n! dn ra nhanh hn a n ). #

Bi ging2: Gii hn dy s - Gii hn, lin tc ca hm s

Chng 1: Gii hn, lin tc

1.2. GII HN DY S (tip - 1 tit)

1.2 Gii hn trn, GH di

Khi c gi l gii hn trn ca dy {u n } v k hiu l lim u n .

Hnh 1.12. Hm xui v hm ngc

Hnh 1.13. Hm sin x v hm arc sin x

Hnh 1.14. Hm arc tan x

Hnh 1.17. th hm bc thang

1.4. GII HN CA HM S (1 tit)

Minh ha (xem [1])

1.4.2. Mt s tnh cht ban u ca gii hn hm s

nh l 1.23. Hm s y f (x) xc nh trn khong suy rng I c

V nh l trn nu ln iu kin cn v nn n c coi nh nh

Bi ging 3: Gii hn hm (tip) S lin tc

1.4 GII HN HM S (tip 1t)

lim f (x) lim (f (x) g(x))

Ta ni f(x) l v cng ln (VCL) khi x a nu lim | f (x) | .

nh ngha. Gi s f(x) v g(x) l nhng VCB (khi x x0) v

(ii) Nu 0 th x o(x ) (khi x 0 ) .

1.4.5. Bin th ca cc gii hn quan trng (xem [1])

1.5. HM S LIN TC (2 tit)

Gin on kh c gin on loi mt.

V d 1.30. Tm hng s a hm sau y lin tc trn ton trc s

T tnh lin tc ca hm f(x) suy ra

H qu (nh l v cc gi tr trung gian). Hm f(x) lin tc trn

Chng minh. + Trc ht ta chng minh tp gi tr

Tng t, J b chn di, t J b chn. t

+ By gi ta chng t tn ti t 0 [a, b], f (t 0 ) M . Thc vy, theo tnh

T tnh lin tc ca f(x) v (*) suy ra f (t 0 ) lim f (t n k ) M .

Nh vy hm f(x) t c gi tr ln nht M ti t 0 . Tng t, f(x)

nh l 1.34 (S lin tc ca hm ngc)

Bi ging4: Lin tc u o hm, vi phn cp I

1.5. HM S LIN TC (tip -1 tit)

Vy lim f (u n k ) f (v n k ) lim f (u n k ) f (c) lim f (c) f (v n k ) 0 ,

Dy tng (gim), b chn trn (di) th hi t.

0, 0, x (a, b), | x x 0 | | f (x) f (x 0 ) | .

Hm f(x) lin tc trn on ng gii ni [a, b] th b chn, t c GTLN

0, 0; x, y [a, b], x y th f (x) f (y) .

2.1. O HM V VI PHN CP MT (2 tit)

Gii. (i) Hm ny lin tc trn , c bit ti x 0 . Mt khc,

Hnh 2.2. Mt s hm khng kh vi ti 0

u u (x 0 ) v(x 0 ) u(x 0 ) v(x 0 )

u(x)v(x) u(x)v(x) u(x)v(x) hay (u v) u v u v ,

u(x) u(x) v(x) u(x) v(x) u u v u v

(eax f (x)) e ax (f (x) af (x)) hay (eax f ) eax (f af ) .

* Tng t, chng ta hy t hiu ngha o hm tri f (a) .

Hnh 2.3. Tip tuyn tri, phi ca hm y sin x