MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONS

KANDAHAR UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING FACULTY
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
Road Engineering

PAVEMENT DESIG AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION

Lecture 12
Date: 13-11-11
Time: 10:00AM-12PM
Instructor: Asst. Prof. Mohibullah Rahmat
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 Functions of pavement:

1. Load Bearing Capacity:

Distribute load from tires to
Subgrade.
2. Seal Roadbed from Moisture,
Prevent Dust/Loss of soil.
3. Smooth Surface for
Comfortable Ride.
4. Safe Ride Friction with Tire
Skid Resistance.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Flexible Pavements:
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
are layered systems with better materials on
top where the intensity of stress is high and
inferior materials at the bottom where intensity
is low.
Local materials can be used in this type of
pavements.
Economical Design.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
Seal Coat:
Thin asphalt surface used to waterproof the surface
or to provide skid resistance.
Surface Course:
Is the top course of an asphalt pavement, also called
wearing course. Usually constructed of dense graded
HMA.

This layer must be:

Waterproof.
Tough to resist distortion under traffic.
Provide smooth and skid-resistant riding surface.
If the above are not available use of seal coat is
recommended.
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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
Binder Course:
Sometimes called asphalt base course; is the asphalt
layer below the surface course.

Two reasons of using Binder Course:

1. HMA is too thick to be compacted in one layer.
2. The Binder Course generally consist of larger aggregates
and less asphalt a, so replacing a part of the surface
course with Binder Course is more economical Design.

If Binder Course is more than 3in thick, it is normally

placed in two layers.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
Tack Coat:
Is a very light application of asphalt used to ensure a
bond between the surface being paved and the
overlaying course. Tack coat is also used to bond
and asphalt layer to a PCC base or other old asphalt
pavement.

Essential requirements while using Tack Coat:

1. Must be very thing.
2. Must uniformly cover the entire surface.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
Prime Coat:
Is an application of low-viscosity cutback asphalt to
an absorbent surface, such as an untreated granular
base on which an asphalt layer will be placed.
Its purpose is to bind granular base with asphalt
layer.

The difference between tack coat and Prime Coat is that:

Tack Coat does not require the penetration of asphalt into the
underlying layer but a prime coat penetrates into the underlying
layer, plugs the voids and forms a watertight surface.

Keep in mind that both are spray applications.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Conventional Flexible Pavements:
Base Course:
Base Course is the layer of material immediately
beneath the surface or binder course. It can be
composition of crushed stones or other untreated
materials.
Subbase Course:
Is the layer beneath the Base Course. The reason or
using two layers is economy. Instead of using one
layer of good materials we can use two layers of
medium quality layers.
Subgrade:
The top 6in of subgrade should be scarified and
compacted to a desirable density.
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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Full-Depth Asphalt Pavements:
Full-Depth asphalt pavements are constructed by placing
one or more layers of HMA directly on the subgrade or
improved subgrade.
Developed by Asphalt Institute (AI) in 1960. Good in
areas where local materials are not available.

Advantages:
No permeable granular layer to entrap water.
Less construction time.
Uniformity of pavement structure.
Less affected by moisture or frost.
More effective waterproof for subgrade.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
RIGID PAVEMENTS:
Constructed of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC). Layered
Theory can not be applied to rigid pavements, the reason is
that rigid pavements are much stiffer and load distribution
covers larger area.

Joint and edge effects provide load transfer through use of dowels.
Rigid Pavements are directly placed over the top of prepared
subgrade or on a single layer of granular or stabilized material.
As there is only one layer between the concrete and subgrade some
call it base course or some may call it subbase.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Use of Base Course:
Due to pumping action, the use of a granular base course
became quite popular.

Reasons for using a Base Course:

1. Pumping: Is ejection of water and subgrade soil through
joints and cracks and along the edges of pavements.

Pumping may occur due to:

1. Temperature curling of the slab.
2. Plastic deformation of the subgrade.
3. Faulting and cracking.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Use of Base Course:
Reasons for using a Base Course:

2. Frost Action: Frost is caused by formation and

continuing expansion of ice lenses. After a period of
freezing weather, frost penetrates into the pavement and
subgrade.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Use of Base Course:
Reasons for using a Base Course:

3. Improvement of Drainage: When water enters, open

graded base can carry it away to the road side.

4. Control of Shrinkage and Well: When moisture

changes, the subgrade shrink and swell. Use of Subgrade
can reduce this shrinkage.

5. Expenditure of Construction: Base course provides

dry and clean surface which facilitate the construction work.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Types of Rigid Pavements:
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP):
Closely spaced joints.
Dowels or aggregate interlocks may be used. Joint
spacing 15-30ft. (4.6-10.9m).
Doweled spacing recommended <20ft. (6.1m).

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Types of Rigid Pavements:
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP):

Wire mesh or deformed bars for increasing joint

spacing and hold slab together after cracking.
Not for structural capacity.
Typically joints 30-100ft, optional 40ft.
Because of longer panel length, dowels are needed.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Types of Rigid Pavements:
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP):

No joints (first experiment in 1921).

Slightly lower thickness due to less stresses at joints.
In AASHTO manual same design monograph is used.

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
Types of Rigid Pavements:
Prestressed Concrete Pavements (PCP):

Pre-application of compressive stress.

Reduced thickness.
First PCP in 1971.
Joints spaced 300-760ft. (91-232m).

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 Types of pavement:
Contd
COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS:
Combination of Flexible and Rigid Pavements.

Not a feasible option for new construction.

Very expensive.
PCC overlaid with HMA is the most common (97,000
miles in the US.).
Usually a crack relief layer is used such as Open-
Graded HMA Base, Granular Base, etc.

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Types of pavement:
Contd

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