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Fads Currently Used by Purse Seiners: Floating Structure
Fads Currently Used by Purse Seiners: Floating Structure
as logs, to find and catch tropical tuna. In the last two decades, this fishing mode has become
more and more important and fishers have increased the number of floating objects in the
ocean by regularly deploying thousands of artificial fish aggregating devices (FADs) to
increase their catch of tropical tuna (Fonteneau et al. 2000, Moreno et al. 2007a).
Still, very little scientific literature exists about the design and construction of drifting FADs
(DFADs) currently used by fishers. This lack of information could be explained by the fact
that most tuna purse seiners in the world use one common design, as this design seem to meet
their requirements. Artificial FADs consist mainly of bamboo rafts, with a surface area of 4 to
6 square meters, having black netting attached on the top of the bamboo and hanging
underneath (from a few meters up to tens of meters).
Although such artificial drifting FADs are suitable for fishers -- because they are easy and
cheap to construct, efficient in aggregating fish, and durable -- this type of FAD is also
responsible for incidental mortality of sea turtles (and sharks) through inadvertent
entanglement.
Turtles have been found entangled by DFADs in two ways: (1) they climb on the surface
structure to rest, and this behaviour causes entanglement in the nets that cover the DFADs; or
(2) they become entangled in the nets hanging underneath the surface structure.
There is an urgent need to include modifications in the design of drifting FADs to reduce this
problematic ghost fishing. The use of alternative "Ecological FADs" that reduce such ghost
fishing can lead to more sustainable and responsible purse seine fisheries.
struktur mengambang
Bamboo is mainly used nowadays to handcraft the floating structure, due to its lightweight
nature, strength, resistance to waterlogging, very cheap price and availability. The vast
majority of fishers make rectangular rafts of about 4-6 square meters, as was the case some
years ago (Fonteneau et al.2000).
A minority of fishers use bundles of bamboo instead of the more frequently used rafts. The
advantage of the bundle design is that turtles cannot climb on the surface structure to rest; but
the fact that rafts are more flat and hence, less detectable for other fishing boats, renders them
more widely used than bundles.
Most of the skippers use several layers of black nets or a black plastic over the bamboo raft to
provide shade and to make the FAD less detectable. The black plastic reduces the likelihood
of entanglement of turtles on top of the FAD, but in case of strong wind, the raft has a sail
effect and is prone to damage.
In order to assure buoyancy and eventually enhance the life of the structure, floats used in the
float line of purse seine nets are attached in the upper part of the DFAD. These floats, made
of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate co-polymer (known as EVA) eventually lose their buoyancy when
damaged.
Satellite linked buoys are attached to DFADs to monitor their positions (Moreno et al.
2007b). They have great autonomy and are not easily detectable by other vessels. Some of the
satellite buoys are equipped with sounders with a threshold biomass alarm. However, the
biomass estimation made by those sounders is still not fully reliable and most skippers prefer
to switch the alarm off.
Submerged structure
The importance of the hanging panel of netting in the efficiency of the FAD has been pointed
out by both skippers and scientists (Armstrong & Oliver, 1995). The hanging panel of netting
is usually made from rejected purse seine netting, and the mesh size used varies from 200
mm to 90 mm. A segment of chain or cables is sometimes attached at the bottom of the net to
keep the net in a vertical position. Some skippers do not use weight, because they think the
weight of the encrusted animals in the netting is enough.
The length and number of hanging panels of netting is quite variable. From the recorded data
collected in the survey, length varies from 6 to 25 meters in the Indian Ocean. The number of
hanging panels varies from one, hanging from the middle of the structure, to two hanging
panels from two opposite sides of the rectangular raft.
Bambu terutama digunakan saat ini untuk kerajinan struktur mengambang, karena
sifatnya ringan, kekuatan, ketahanan terhadap genangan air, harga yang sangat murah
dan ketersediaan. Sebagian besar nelayan membuat rakit persegi panjang sekitar 4-6
meter persegi, seperti yang terjadi beberapa tahun yang lalu (Fonteneau et al.2000).
Sebuah minoritas nelayan menggunakan bundel bambu bukan rakit lebih sering
digunakan. Keuntungan dari desain bundel adalah bahwa kura-kura tidak bisa
memanjat pada struktur permukaan untuk beristirahat; tetapi kenyataan bahwa rakit
lebih datar dan karenanya, kurang terdeteksi untuk kapal nelayan lainnya, membuat
mereka lebih banyak digunakan daripada bundel.
Sebagian besar nakhoda menggunakan beberapa lapis jaring hitam atau plastik hitam
di atas rakit bambu untuk memberikan keteduhan dan membuat FAD kurang
terdeteksi. The plastik hitam mengurangi kemungkinan belitan kura-kura di atas FAD,
tetapi dalam kasus angin yang kuat, rakit memiliki efek berlayar dan rentan terhadap
kerusakan.
Untuk menjamin daya apung dan akhirnya meningkatkan umur struktur, mengapung
digunakan dalam garis float purse seine jaring yang terpasang di bagian atas dari
DFAD. mengapung ini, terbuat dari Ethylene Vinyl Acetate co-polymer (dikenal sebagai
EVA) akhirnya kehilangan daya apung mereka ketika rusak.
Satelit terkait pelampung melekat pada DFADs untuk memantau posisi mereka
(Moreno et al. 2007b). Mereka memiliki otonomi besar dan tidak mudah terdeteksi oleh
kapal lainnya. Beberapa pelampung satelit dilengkapi dengan sounders dengan alarm
biomassa ambang batas. Namun, estimasi biomassa yang dibuat oleh orang-orang
sounders masih belum sepenuhnya dapat diandalkan dan paling nakhoda lebih memilih
untuk beralih alarm.
struktur terendam
Pentingnya panel gantung jaring dalam efisiensi FAD yang telah ditunjukkan oleh
kedua nakhoda dan ilmuwan (Armstrong & Oliver, 1995). Panel gantung dari jaring
biasanya terbuat dari ditolak purse seine jaring, dan ukuran mata digunakan
bervariasi dari 200 mm sampai 90 mm. Segmen rantai atau kabel kadang-kadang
melekat pada bagian bawah jaring untuk menjaga net dalam posisi vertikal. Beberapa
nakhoda tidak menggunakan berat badan, karena mereka pikir berat hewan
bertatahkan di jaring yang cukup.
Panjang dan jumlah tergantung panel jaring cukup bervariasi. Dari data yang tercatat
dikumpulkan dalam survei, panjang bervariasi dari 6 hingga 25 meter di Samudera
Hindia. Jumlah panel tergantung bervariasi dari satu, tergantung dari tengah struktur,
dua panel tergantung dari dua sisi berlawanan dari rakit persegi panjang.
Human and material costs to build traditional FADs
In the Indian Ocean, costs to build traditional FADs arise mainly from the purchase of
bamboo canes. The pieces of net for the submerged part of the structure are recycled from
purse seine nets, as fishers store the remaining pieces from purse seine net repairs. EVA
buoys for FAD floatation are also recycled from the purse seine. Since other materials are
recycled, the total cost of materials to build a traditional FAD in the Indian Ocean is only
about 6-8 Euros (USD 8-10).
To complete the FAD gear, a positioning buoy is attached to the raft. The cost of these buoys
can vary from 600 to 1300; so that the cost of the hardware of the FAD represents a
maximum of 1% of the total cost.
Fishers take time to build FADs that need to "survive" and be productive for a long time at
sea and they pay attention to do it in a precise way. An estimate of the human effort and time
needed to build a single FAD is approximately 6- 8 persons devoting 40 minutes.
Another Spanish company tested DFADs made using a polyethylene pipe cylinder in the
upper part and agricultural netting material (shade cloths) as hanging netting. Instead of being
surface FADs, they were suspended 20 cm below surface to prevent being spotted by other
vessels.
On their own initiative fishers have also tested different
designs, such as subsurface drums filled with bait, in an
attempt to attract more fishes. Some others have attached
empty salt sacks every 6-8 m along the hanging net from the
DFAD, trying to produce brightness/shadow effects.
Those new designs have not been adopted by the fleets and
most of vessels still use bamboo rafts with black nets. Different reasons can be advanced to
explain why those new FADs are not used:
Most fishers strongly consider that rectangular rafts are the best FADs, and new
shapes are usually not considered as good FADs.
Manusia dan material biaya untuk membangun rumpon tradisional
Di Samudera Hindia, biaya untuk membangun rumpon tradisional timbul terutama dari
pembelian tongkat bambu. Potongan-potongan bersih untuk sebagian terendam struktur daur
ulang dari dompet jaring pukat, sebagai nelayan menyimpan sisa potongan dari perbaikan
jaring purse seine. EVA pelampung untuk FAD pengapungan juga didaur ulang dari purse
seine. Sejak bahan lainnya didaur ulang, total biaya bahan untuk membangun FAD tradisional
di Samudera Hindia hanya sekitar 6-8 Euro (USD 8-10).
Untuk melengkapi gigi FAD, pelampung posisi melekat rakit. Biaya pelampung ini dapat
bervariasi dari 600-1300; sehingga biaya "hardware" dari FAD merupakan maksimal 1%
dari total biaya.
Nelayan mengambil waktu untuk membangun rumpon yang perlu "bertahan hidup" dan
menjadi produktif untuk waktu yang lama di laut dan mereka memperhatikan melakukannya
dengan cara yang tepat. Perkiraan usaha manusia dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk
membangun sebuah FAD tunggal adalah sekitar 6- 8 orang mengabdikan 40 menit.
Most of times, the experiments have not been done in a methodical way so lots of
particular different reasons could have driven down the results even if the idea
could have been good. So fishers tend to keep on with the usual known design.
Ecological FADs should last as long as traditional ones (e.g. several months).
Ecological FADs should be made in such a way that they do not put at risk the crew in
the deployment or the recovery of the FADs.
Ecological DFADs should not put at risk purse seiner net during fishing operation.
Surface structure:
Raft: As bamboo is a biodegradable material and well accepted by fishers, there is no major
reason for not using this material for ecological FADs.
Float line: EVA buoys are not biodegradable, but could still be used since very few of them
have to be attached to DFADs. Real cork, which is biodegradable, loses buoyancy with time
and suffers bites from large marine animals.
Cover of the DFAD:
Non-biodegradable elements:
struktur Underwater harus memungkinkan organisme fouling untuk menetap di. Panjang
struktur bawah air harus sesuai lebih atau kurang (bila mungkin) untuk panjang panel
gantung saat ini, meskipun tidak ada pengetahuan ilmiah tentang peran panjang tersebut.
rumpon Ecological harus bertahan selama yang tradisional (mis beberapa bulan).
rumpon Ekologis harus dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka tidak membahayakan kru
dalam penyebaran atau pemulihan rumpon.
DFADs Ecological seharusnya tidak diletakkan di tas risiko seine net selama operasi
penangkapan ikan.
Bahan harus mudah untuk menemukan dan, jika mungkin, semurah mungkin (meskipun
kriteria ini tidak teknis).
Bagian ini ulasan bahan yang mungkin yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat rumpon
ekologi.
struktur permukaan:
Raft: Sebagai bambu merupakan bahan biodegradable dan diterima dengan baik oleh nelayan,
tidak ada alasan utama untuk tidak menggunakan bahan ini untuk rumpon ekologi.
baris float: EVA pelampung tidak biodegradable, tapi masih bisa digunakan karena sangat
sedikit dari mereka harus melekat DFADs. gabus nyata, yang biodegradable, kehilangan daya
apung dengan waktu dan menderita gigitan dari hewan laut besar.
Tutup dari DFAD:
Non-biodegradable elemen
kain naungan ringan rajutan kain polyethylene yang digunakan dalam pertanian untuk
menyediakan tanaman dengan perlindungan dari matahari. Bahan ini menghindari penyu
belitan tapi tidak biodegradable, sehingga solusi alternatif yang lebih baik.
Biodegradable elements:
Palm leaves and fence structures made from bamboo slats or thin canes:
Bamboo slats: Each roll of screening is made of individual vertical bamboo slats cut from a
large cane. The average width of each slat is 15mm, varying from approximately 5mm to
20mm. The slats are tied together with horizontal
galvanised wire.
Thin bamboo cane: Each roll is made of individual vertical bamboo canes. The average
width of each cane is 9mm, varying from approx 5mm to 15mm. The canes are tied together
with horizontal galvanised wire.
Underwater structure:
Different options can be adopted:
Non- biodegradable:
Purse seiner nets can still be used, but since the mesh
size can vary from 90 to 200 mm they should be
rolled and tied (forming some kind of sausage) so
that animals cannot be entangled.
Mussel Ropes: polyester ropes used for mussel aquaculture could be a good substrate
for fouling organisms that, from fishers point of view, are essential for the
productivity of FADs. Each rope has approximately 45 mm diameter. Ropes
hanging from the raft prevent turtles and sharks from being entangled.
Biodegradable:
elemen Biodegradable:
daun kelapa dan struktur pagar yang terbuat dari bilah bambu atau tongkat tipis:
bilah bambu: Setiap gulungan skrining terbuat dari individu vertikal bambu bilah dipotong
dari tongkat besar. Lebar rata-rata setiap slat adalah 15mm, bervariasi dari sekitar 5mm ke
20mm. Bilah diikat bersama-sama dengan kawat galvanis horizontal.
Tipis tongkat bambu: Setiap gulungan terbuat dari individu tongkat bambu vertikal. Lebar
rata-rata setiap tebu adalah 9mm, bervariasi dari kira-kira 5mm ke 15mm. Tongkat yang
diikat dengan kawat galvanis horizontal.
Mussel Tali: tali poliester digunakan untuk kerang budidaya bisa menjadi substrat yang
baik untuk fouling organisme yang, dari sudut fisher pandang, sangat penting untuk
produktivitas rumpon. Setiap tali memiliki sekitar 45 mm diameter. Tali tergantung dari rakit
mencegah penyu dan hiu dari yang terjerat.
Kedua tangan tali: Meskipun tidak biodegradable, tali mudah untuk menemukan dan ke
toko. Mereka mengurangi belitan penyu dan hiu. tali kedua tangan dapat dengan mudah
ditemukan untuk harga yang lebih rendah daripada pilihan sebelumnya.
biodegradable:
Biodegradable nets made of vegetal fibre, such as sisal (Agave sisalana). These nets
of 4,5 mm wire width and less than 80mm mesh size could be used rolled and tied,
forming a kind of sausage of 45 mm of diameter, so that animals cannot be
entangled.
Ropes: There are various types of biodegradable ropes (sisal and raffia) and semi-
biodegradable ropes of various diameters that could be used hanging from the raft.
Palm daun: ini adalah bahan yang digunakan oleh beberapa perikanan rakyat di rumpon
berlabuh (Malta, Filipina, dll) (Itano et al 2004.). Mereka biodegradable dan dapat bertahan
beberapa bulan. daun kelapa dapat dengan mudah ditemukan harga yang sama seperti tongkat
bambu di daerah tropis dan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan volume struktur bawah air
rumpon.
Tali: Ada berbagai jenis tali biodegradable (sisal dan rafia) dan tali semi-biodegradable dari
berbagai diameter yang bisa digunakan tergantung dari rakit.