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REVIEW 2014 - 008
PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS
Domestic Cold Water Supply and
Distribution System
A. DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
B. DOMESTIC COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
C. STORAGE TANKS
D. PIPES, FITTINGS & VALVES FOR WATER SUPPLY
E. PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER SUPPLY
F. WATER SUPPLY TESTING
G. WATER SUPPLY DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

CEBU 1
DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 2
The Domestic Cold Water Supply
of the plumbing system consists of
the piping and fittings which supply
cold water from the building water
supply to the fixtures, such as
lavatories, bathtubs, water closets
and kitchen sinks. This is also
known as Water Distribution System.
What is a Domestic Cold Water Supply

System?
CEBU 3
The Elements of the Water Supply and
Distribution System are:
1. Water Service or House Service
2. Water Meter
3. Distribution Main or Horizontal Supply Main
4. Fixture Branches
5. Riser
6. Valves and Control
7. Storage Tanks
What are the Elements of the Water

Distribution System?
CEBU 4
Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution
System: Water (Street) Main A water
supply pipe for public or community
use controlled by public authority.
Water Service Pipe The pipe
from the water main, water meter,
water supply system or other
approved source of water supply, to
the building or structure served.
Water Distribution Pipe A
pipe which conveys potable water
from the building supply pipe to the
plumbing fixtures & other water
outlets in the building.
Fixture Branch A pipe connecting
several fixture.
Fixture Supply A water supply
pipe connecting the fixture with the
fixture branch or directly to a main
water supply pipe.
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 5

Domestic Water Supply Riser Diagram:
Hot Water Fixture Branch
Cold Water Fixture Branch

Hot Water Riser
Water Heater
Cold Water Riser
House Service
Cold Water Horizontal
Supply Main
Hot Water Horizontal
6
Supply Main
Service Tap Connection Detail:
Corporation Cock A valve screwed into the street water

main to supply the house service connection.
Gooseneck The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a
goose, usually flexible. Also the lead connection between a
service pipe and water main.
Curb Stop or Curb Cock A control valve for the water
supply of a building, usually placed between the sidewalk and
the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be
discontinued.
WET TAP PROCEDURE
CEBU 8
WATER MAIN
SERVICE TAP
Pipe Tap Tool
Water Main
Corporation Cock Saddle Clamp

CEBU 9
Gooseneck Connection
Service Tap Connection

CEBU 10
Meter Connection Detail:
Water Meter A mechanical device used to measure

the volume of water passing through a pipe.
Meter Stop A valve placed at the street side of the

water meter and serves as a controlling device for the
building installation.

Supply Manifold
Butterfly Valve
Supply Manifold
CEBU 12
DOMESTIC COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CEBU 13
1. Upfeed Distribution System
a. Direct Pressure
b. Hydropneumatic Pressure System
or Pneumatic Air-Pressure system
2. Downfeed Distribution System

a. Gravity Tank
What are the General Types of Water

Distribution System?
CEBU 14
Upfeed Water Distribution System:
Direct Pressure System Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System

Downfeed
Water
Distribution
System

CEBU 16
This is a pumping system that provide water
within pre-set flow and pressure ratings,
automatically on demand giving all the
advantages of city water supply.
This system contains 3 basic elements:

1. A Pump (of any type or manufacture)
2. A Pressure Sensing Electric Switch
3. A Pressure Vessel (Pressure Tank)
which contains an elastic medium.
Hydropneumatic Pressure System

CEBU 17
Pressure Tank
Pressure Sensing
Electric Switch
Pump
Hydropneumatic
Pressure
Boosting System

CEBU 18
Bladder
type
Pressure
Tank

CEBU 19
To House
Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System

using Bladder Type Pressure Tank:
CEBU 20
Shower
Connection
Water Closet
Connection
Lavatory
Connection
Fixture Branch
Sink Connection
House Distribution Layout: Fixture

Supply Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 21
Shower Fixture Supply Connections:

Water Closet and Lavatory Fixture
Supply Connections:
Vacuum Breaker

WATER STORAGE TANK
CEBU 24
1. Tanks should be designed and
constructed so as to be:
a. watertight
b. vermin-proof (rat proof)
c. corrosion proof
d. capable of withstanding the pressure
under which they are to be operated
and
e. provided with safe and easy means of
access for inspection.
What are the requirements for Water

Supply Tank Design and Construction?
CEBU 25
Water Storage Tanks
Stainless Steel Grade 304

Modular Water Storage
Tank: 100,000 to 1 million
Polyethylene Water Stainless Steel Grade liter Capacity
Storage Tanks: For Hard 304 Water Storage
water, deep well system, Tanks
cisterns & other fluids.
2. The capacity of any single tank in or on
building shall not exceed 113,000 liters
(30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
3. Tanks shall not be located over openings
in floor and roof construction.
4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic
supply and for standpipe or automatic
sprinkler systems shall be designed and
installed to furnish water in sufficient
quantity and pressure for such systems.
What are the requirements for Water

Supply Tank Design and Construction?
CEBU 27
5. The gravity tanks
shall be
provided with
the following
pipes:
a. Inlet Pipe
b. Overflow
c. Drain Pipe
d. Outlet Pipe
e. Air Vent Pipe
f. Manholes &
Covers
g. Water Level
Indicator
h. Control Valves
Section of a Water Storage Tank

Float switch
Float Valve A float switch is a device used

A float valve is used to shut to detect the level of water within
off the flow of liquids, a tank that actuates the pump to
normally water, at a pre- turn ON or OFF.
determined level.
TANK ACCESSORY Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

CEBU 29
Types of Elevated Storage Tanks as to
Location of Inlet Pipe:
Floating-On-The-Line System water is Fill-And-Draw System Water is pumped

pumped both into the tank & to the directly into the reservoir and from the
consumers. Water goes up to the tank when reservoir, water supply is distributed to the
the water demand is low or if there is a consumers through gravity Flow. The tank
residual water supply, & water is drawn from is usually installed near the water source to
the tank during peak demand. This system minimize head losses due to friction.
requires continuous pumping @ low pumping Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 30
capacity
FLOATING-ON-THE-LINE SYSTEM
CEBU 31
How a water tower works:
1. Pump station
2. Reservoir
3. Water use
WATER TOWER
Riyadh, KSA
FILL AND - DRAW SYSTEM

CEBU 32
WATER STORAGE TANK: GRAVITY
CEBU 33
PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR WATER
SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
CEBU 34
The materials for Mains, 4. Polybutylene (PB)
Risers and Branches Pipes
are:
1. Galvanized Iron 5. Polyethylene (PE)
(G.I.) Pipes and Pipes
Fittings, Schedule 40
6. Copper Pipes and
2. Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) Pipes and Fittings
Fittings, Schedule 40 a. Type K
b. Type L
c. Type M
3. Polypropylene (PPR)
Pipes and Fittings, PN
10 or PN 20
What are the materials for Mains,

Risers and Branches?
CEBU 35
Galvanized Iron Pipes and Fittings
(Schedule 40) ASTM A53
CEBU 36
"Galvanized" refers to a metal
plating process that coated iron
or steel water pipe surfaces with
a corrosion-resistant zinc
surface.
Galvanized steel supply pipes are

typically 1/2-inch diameter with a length
of 20 feet (6 meters). The connections
are threaded. When the pipe corrodes,
the rust accumulation inside the pipe
chokes down the diameter of the pipe,
resulting in poor water pressure.

CEBU 37
What are the Types of G.I. Pipe
Fittings?
1. Nipple 5. Reducer
a. short nipple 6. Bushing
b. long nipple 7. Plug
c. close nipple 8. Cap
2. Couple 9. Union
3. Elbow a. thread piece
b. center piece
a. reducing elbow
c. shoulder piece
b. street elbow
10. Flange
4. Tee 11. Extension Piece
CEBU 38
Galvanized Iron (G.I.)
Supply Pipe Fittings:

CEBU 39
Union Patente
Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings

CEBU 40
Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings:
PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene)
Tape or TEFLON Tape
BUSHING FLANGE
G.I. Pipe Screw Joint

PVC Pipe and Fittings (Sch. 40)
CEBU 42
Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most
widely produced plastic after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC
is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional
materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile
applications.
In the water distribution market it accounts for 66% of the market
in the US, and in sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for
75%. Its light weight, low cost, and low maintenance make it
attractive. However, it must be carefully installed and bedded to
ensure longitudinal cracking does not occur. Additionally, PVC
pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements,
creating permanent joints.
uPVC = unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
CPVC= Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride
CEBU 43
PolyVinylChloride (PVC) Supply Pipes &
Fittings:

CEBU 45
Gibault Joint is a
coupling designed to
supply an efficient and
economical method for
PVC pipes. It is an ideal
way for re-connecting
Solvent Weld Joint pipes after removal of
the damaged PVC pipe
PIPE JOINT or for Connecting 2 pipe
into a pipeline.
METHOD FOR
PVC PIPES Compression Joint Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 46
POLYPROPYLENE (PPR) PIPES AND
FITTINGS
CEBU 47
Polypropylene pipe
is used in many
industrial settings
due to its chemical
and thermal
resistance,
affordability, and
cost.
Use PPR PN 10 for
cold water piping.
Use PPR PN 20 for
hot & cold water
piping.
Polypropylene (PPR) Supply Pipes &

Fittings: Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 48
CEBU 49
POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES and
FITTINGS
CEBU 50
High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE or PE Pipe) is made
from ethylene, which can be derived from either crude oil or
natural gas.
PE pipe is extremely strong, durable, flexible, corrosion free and

chemical resistant. These features make it perfect for a variety of
underground conditions and help it last up to 100 years.
The smooth walls allow for less friction, which increase flow
through the same diameter as that of other pipes.
POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES

CEBU 51
Flexible PE Pipe Rigid HDPE Pipe
Compression Fittings Fittings for Heat

Fusion / Screw Joint
POLYETHYLENE PIPES AND FITTINGS

CEBU 52
POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES AND
FITTINGS
CEBU 53
Polybutylene is a form of plastic resin that was used extensively
in the manufacture of water supply piping from 1978 until 1995.
Due to the low cost of the material and ease of installation,
polybutylene piping systems were viewed as "the pipe of the
future" and were used as a substitute for traditional copper piping
The piping systems were used for underground water mains and
as interior water distribution piping.
While scientific evidence is scarce, it is believed that oxidants in
the public water supplies, such as chlorine, react with the
polybutylene piping and fittings causing them to scale and flake
and become brittle. Polybutylene water pipes are no longer
accepted by United States or Canadian building codes.
POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES

CEBU 54
POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES
CEBU 55
COPPER PIPES AND FITTINGS
CEBU 56
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap
water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic
types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper
tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or
solder. Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, but is
becoming very costly.
COPPER PIPES and TUBINGS

CEBU 57
COMMON WALL-THICKNESSES OF COPPER TUBING
ARE "TYPE K", "TYPE L", "Type M", and "Type DWV":
Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure
rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial
such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion
protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required
by code. It is color coded in Green.
Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is most popular for
use in water supply system. It is color coded in Blue
Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in
residential and commercial water supply where pressure is not too
great. It is color coded in Red.
Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only
suitable for unpressurized applications, such as drains, waste and
vent (DWV) lines.
CEBU 58
Cut Ream Clean
Apply Flux and Assemble Light Torch Solder

Copper Pipe Solder Joint or Sweat Joint
CEBU 59
Pipe Cutter Flaring Tool
Copper Pipe Flared Joint

CEBU 60
Copper Pipe Compression Joint
CEBU 61
COMPOSITE PIPES
CEBU 62
Composite Pipe:
From Unitec Pipes

CONTROL VALVES FOR WATER
SUPPLY
CEBU 64
A valve is a device that The different types of
regulates, directs or controls the valves found in the
Plumbing system are:
flow of fluid (gases or liquids)
by opening, closing, or partially
1. Gate valve
obstructing various
passageways. Valves are 2. Globe valve
technically fittings, but are 3. Check valve
usually discussed as a separate 4. Angle valve
category. In an open valve, fluid 5. Ball valve /
flows in a direction from higher Stop Cock
pressure to lower pressure. 6. Faucet/Bibb
CONTROL VALVES
CEBU 65
Gate Valve: Globe Valve:
Gate Valve A valve in

which the flow of water is
Globe Valve - A
cut off by means of a valve in which the flow
circular disc fitted against of fluid is cut off by
machine smoothed faces means of a circular disc
at right angles to the that fits against the
direction of flow. horizontal valve seat.

Check Valve: Angle Valve:
Angle
Valve A
device,
usually of
the globe
type, in
which the
Check Valve A valve inlet and
that automatically close outlet are
to prevent the flow of at right
liquid or gas in a reverse angles.
direction. Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 67
Ball Valve: Faucet:
Faucet A valve on a water

pipe by means of which water
can be drawn from or held
within the pipe. The valve is
Ball Valve A spherical placed at the end of the pipe.
shaped gate valve providing
very tight shut off.

Butterfly Valve Foot Valve
Pressure Shower Valve

Reducing Valve for Hot & Cold

PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER
SUPPLY
CEBU 70
The Basic Plumbing Tools
for Water Supply Works
are:
Pipe vise Strap Wrench
Pipe cutter Chain
Pipe reamer Wrench/Pipe
Pipe stock and Tong
die Basin Wrench
Pipe tap Open End Wrench
Pipe wrench Adjustable
Monkey wrench Wrench
Flaring Tool
What are the Basic Tools for Water

Supply Works?
CEBU 71
PIPE WRENCHES:
Straight Pipe Wrench is used to screw

pipes into or out of their fittings.
End Pipe Wrench assures a fast and easy

grip for pipe working in restricted spaces or
close to a wall.
Monkey Wrench or Spud Wrench is

used to tighten or loosen fitting with parallel
sides or hexagonal ends such as nuts, valves
and unions.
Strap Wrench is used when working with

brass or plated pipes and fittings since it
does not damage the surface being tightened.
It is also used in places too small to admit a
pipe wrench.
PIPE WRENCHES:
Adjustable Wrench is used the same as

that of a monkey wrench.
Basin Wrench spring loaded jaws

Chain Wrench provide fast one hand ratcheting
Chain Tong
Chain Wrench is used for turning
pipes usually with 150mm diameter and Plastic Nut Basin Wrench designed to
larger. reach & turn plastic mounting nuts on
faucets, sprayers & ballcocks.
PLUMBING TOOLS:
Pipe Reamer is used to remove the burrs from

the inside of the pipe or to enlarge an opening. A
burr is a rough or sharp edge left on metal by a
Pipe Vise is used to hold the pipe to cutting tool.
be cut, threaded or assembled.
Pipe Tap is used for Pipe Extractors

making internal make easy work of
threads in G. I. pipes. removing broken
Flaring Tool is used to widen the end threaded ends of
of a soft metal tubing usually copper, to pipe,NAMPAP
Danilo V. Ravina, plugs &
make a mechanical seal. CEBU
fittings. 74
PLUMBING TOOLS:
Pipe Cutter is used

for cutting G.I. pipe
or copper tubing
Pipe Stock & Die (Ratchet Threader

Plastic Pipe Cutter
Type) is used to make external threads
on G.I. pipes.
Deburring Tools
and Inner Outer
Reamer
Automatic Threading Machine

CEBU 75
OTHER GENERAL
PLUMBING TOOLS:
Angle Grinder
Cold Chisel
Electric Drill
Anvil
Folding Rule
Steel Tape Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 76
OTHER GENERAL PLUMBING TOOLS:
Hacksaw Level
Different Types of Hammer

Vise
Tin Snip PVC/ABS SawDanilo

CEBU
V. Ravina, NAMPAP
77
PLUMBING DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT:
LINE LOCATING TOOL
Line Locator
Transmitter Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

CEBU 78
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
CEBU 79
Hard Hat
Fall Protection Component

CEBU 80
GENERAL SAFETY: EYE AND EAR PROTECTION
TESTING THE WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
CEBU 82
PLUMBING CODE RECOMMENDED:
REQUIREMENT: 1. Rough Piping Test
installation is
subjected to a
Upon completion of a hydrostatic test @ 862
section or of the kPa (125 psig)
entire hot & cold minimum for a period
water supply systems, of 3 hours & should be
it shall be tested and proved watertight without
any loss of pressure.
proved tight under a 2. Finish Piping Test
water pressure not the entire completed
less than the working system, including all
pressure under which fixtures & faucets, should
it is to be used plus be retested by subjecting
50% of not less than it to a hydrostatic test
of 517 kPa (75 psig)
15 minutes. for a period of 3 hours
Sec. 501.2.6 NPC & should be proved
watertight without any
loss of pressure.
What are the types
of Water Supply
Piping Test? Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU 83
Hydrostatic Water Test:
CEBU 84
Compressed Air Test for Water Supply
Piping System:
CEBU 85
What are the methods and procedure of Disinfections?
Disinfection Methods
Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply
systems, including water supply tanks is required to
remove objectionable matters in order to correct an
unsanitary condition.
Procedure
All water supply connections should be disconnected,
plugged or effectively shut off to prevent any foreign
matter or contamination from entering the water supply
thereto.
Methods
For disinfection, one of the following methods may be
applied:
a. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a
water solution containing 50 parts per million (PPM)
of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 24
hours before flushing and returning to service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a

water solution containing 200 parts per million (PPM)
of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 3 hours
before flushing and return to service.
CEBU 86
PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY
PURIFICATION PROCESS
CEBU 88
Majority of the treatment processes used
by the local water district or the public
water supplier are not generally applicable
to the purification of private water
supplies.
The method used to purify private water
supply for domestic use is the Filtration
Process. This process usually comes in 5
stages.
What is the Purification System of

Private Water Supplies?
CEBU 89
Stage 1: Sediment Prefilter Traps dirt, rust and sand
particles.
Stage 2: Granular Activated Removes Chlorine.
Carbon Prefilter
Stage 3: Carbon Block Removes most of organic
Prefilter materials.
Stage 4: Reverse Osmosis* Removes virtually all
organic compounds.
Stage 5: Carbon Postfilter Removes odors & gases.
*Reverse Osmosis is the movement of liquid through a

semipermeable membrane from a more concentrated solution
to a more dilute solution. This is achieved by applying an
external pressure to the solution on the more concentrated
side of the membrane.
What are the 5 Stages of the Filtration

Process for private water supplies?
CEBU 90
CEBU 91
What are Water
Softeners?
Water Softener Zeolite Resin
An apparatus which
chemically removes Brine Tank
the Calcium and Plastic Lined Steel
Magnesium salts Tank
from a water
Refill System
supply, usually by Immersed Sensor with Float
ion exchange. Shut-off
When water is
heated, carbonates
easily form from
the solution
resulting into hard
scale.
This scale can
reduce the heat
transfer & the net
cross sectional area
of the pipes, as well
as corrode the
equipment.
Water flow of Filtration Cycle Water flow of Backwash Cycle
WATER
SOFTENER
CYCLE

CEBU 93
END OF PRESENTATION
CEBU 94

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REVIEW 2014 - 008

B. DOMESTIC COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

D. PIPES, FITTINGS & VALVES FOR WATER SUPPLY

E. PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER SUPPLY

F. WATER SUPPLY TESTING

G. WATER SUPPLY DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

What is a Domestic Cold Water Supply

What are the Elements of the Water

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 5

Hot Water Fixture Branch

Cold Water Fixture Branch

Corporation Cock A valve screwed into the street water

Corporation Cock Saddle Clamp

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Service Tap Connection

Water Meter A mechanical device used to measure

Meter Stop A valve placed at the street side of the

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 11

2. Downfeed Distribution System

What are the General Types of Water

Direct Pressure System Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 15

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

This system contains 3 basic elements:

Hydropneumatic Pressure System

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System

House Distribution Layout: Fixture

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 22

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 23

What are the requirements for Water

Stainless Steel Grade 304

What are the requirements for Water

Section of a Water Storage Tank

Float Valve A float switch is a device used

TANK ACCESSORY Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Floating-On-The-Line System water is Fill-And-Draw System Water is pumped

FILL AND - DRAW SYSTEM

What are the materials for Mains,

Galvanized steel supply pipes are

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP

Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 41

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 44

Polypropylene (PPR) Supply Pipes &

PE pipe is extremely strong, durable, flexible, corrosion free and

POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES

Compression Fittings Fittings for Heat

POLYETHYLENE PIPES AND FITTINGS

POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES

COPPER PIPES and TUBINGS

Apply Flux and Assemble Light Torch Solder

Copper Pipe Flared Joint

From Unitec Pipes

Gate Valve A valve in

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 66

Faucet A valve on a water

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU 68

Pressure Shower Valve