CELL DIVISION

(ANDI NUR NASYFAH BONGKANG (H41116512)

The miracle of life on earth is continually being renewed. All higher of life
reproduce through a process called sex. it begin with mating of a male aand
female. Sexual reproduction starts with the release of male sperm cell into the
female reproductive tract. Inside each male sperm cells nucleus is his DNA
blueprint for life and their (sperm) destination is the female egg cell. The eggs
nucleus contains her DNA blueprint.

The sperm cell secrets a special enzyme to penetrate the eggs cell
membrane. Inside the egg, the sperm breaks open and release its nucleus of 23
chromosomes which combines the egg cell nucleus, also containing 23
chromosomes. So the fertilized has 46 chromosomes, thats the correct number
chromosome of humans. Next, the complete DNA blueprint for a new life is read
by enzymes in the egg and copied. After that cell division called mitosis will
occure. Through the process of mitosis the egg cell undergoes its first regular cell
divison, it separates and duplicated chromosomes, and finally divide the cell in
two part

The fertilized egg continues dividing and undertakes its long journey of
growth and development. Sperm and egg cells are made by a special cell division
process called meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell divison, in meiosis the mother
cell divides into four daughter (n). In meosis divide of Meiosis I and Meiosis II, in
Meiosis I the chromososmes present in meiocytes is reduced to half and these
reduced chromosome divided by mitotically in meiosis II. A parent sperm or egg
cell must divide twice to produce four daughter cells, each having only the
chromosome number. Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and
recombination with them.

Meiosis begin with interphase. In the nucleus of a human parent sperm cell
float 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). One set of 23 is from the males mom
and the other set of 23 is from the males dad. During interphase, these two sets
pair up they are now called Homologous pairs, each chromosome pair is then
replicated, because the chromosome pair replicated so, the parent cell nucleus now
has 92 chromosomes (46 x 2). To prepare for cell divison, all the chromosomes
now thicken and condense. after interphase, there is process call prophase 1, wich
in prophase 1, two centromes form and begin to migrate to opposite poles of the
cell. In the nucleus, the four paired homologous chromosomes continue
condensing, the chromosomes so closesly and touching each other that they
excahange section of DNA, It is called Crossing Over. Crossing over mxes up
genes, and helps to roduce unique offspring. As prophase I continues, the nuclear
membrane dissolves, and spindle fibers from the centromes seek out each
chromosome. The spindle fibers attach each chromosome at a central point called
centromere. Next there is process called Metaphase 1, in metaphase 1 the
spindle fibers position the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. Next process is
Anaphase 1, during anaphase 1 duplicated chromosome pairs randomly pulled
apart to opposite sides of the cell. After that process of telohase 1, nuclear
membranes form around the separated chromosome pairs in the middle. One
parent cell has divided into two daughter cells. These two cells each have 46
chromosomes.

In Meiosis II, the two daughter cells undergo a second complete cell
division, the duplicated chromosomes separate again. The resulst is four daughter
cells, each containing only of the parent cells original DNA. These 4 cells will
grow tails and become sperm, each contains 23 chromosomes ready to combine
with the 23 chromosomes in the egg to from a new human life.