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09 OUMH2203 - Topic05
09 OUMH2203 - Topic05
5 Writing 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Describe the different parts of a formal letter and their respective
functions;
2. Write various types of business letters with the right format and
layout; and
3. Use correct punctuation and appropriate language to effectively
convey the message in business writing.
INTRODUCTION
This topic provides you with lots of practice on using appropriate language in
business writing. You will get to hone your writing skills through exercises
related to choosing the right words, coming up with the right sentence structures,
paragraphing and word ordering (please refer to Figure 5.1). In addition, you
will also be introduced to the various formats of business letters. You can also
brush up on your grammar, in particular, the use of singular and plural forms of
nouns in the English language.
You will need to work with words, sentences, paragraphs and the layout of the
document. Selecting the right words will contribute to a courteous tone and offer
greater clarity. Make sure that the sentences are of the appropriate length and
that there is proper paragraphing.
ACTIVITY 5.1
Short sentences are easier to read and convey the message more clearly. Long
sentences may cause confusion and end with important points being lost to the
reader. Too many short sentences lumped together, however, may result in the
piece of writing sounding jerky and monotonous.
It is better to use sentences of various lengths to improve the flow of ideas. The
general rule in business correspondence is to keep sentences within a length of
between 15 and 20 words. While you may be an accomplished writer and able to
construct long, complex sentences, your reader may not be able to understand
such sentence structures.
In the same way, the use of proper punctuation helps the reader to pause where
necessary; this often adds clarity to the message.
ACTIVITY 5.2
ACTIVITY 5.2
ACTIVITY 5.3
5.1.4 Tone
In business communication, the choice of words and order of information in
paragraphs often help to convey the right tone. It is important to be courteous at
all times, regardless of the nature and purpose of your communication.
We note that a stop payment cheque has been allowed conveys the same idea
in a non-threatening manner. Avoid using imperatives e.g., Send your payment
as soon as possible. Add please to sound more polite so that a statement still
fulfils the function of requesting an action.
Finally, sentences in each paragraph must have a logical development. The use of
connectors such as however, while, therefore and as will help to make a text
more coherent.
ACTIVITY 5.4
Read the following letter and describe its tone. If you are the recipient
of this letter, how would you feel? Now, rewrite the letter to give it a
more appropriate tone. Remember, this exercise focuses on the tone
and not the content of the letter.
Dear Madam,
Your allegations of a delay in processing your credit claim have been
considered and dismissed by our department.
Please consider the needs of an overworked staff before you put pen to
paper and write to this organisation again.
Yours sincerely,
Adam Tarika
The subject is the person or thing that the sentence is about. The object is the
person or thing affected by the action or situation. The complement tells you
more about the subject. Read the examples in Figure 5.2 for a better
understanding of word order and the components of a complete sentence:
ACTIVITY 5.5
(a) Break the sentence into three short sentences. You may need
to correct the grammar, and change/add words in order to
convey your message clearly.
(b) Identify the subject, verb and object or complement in each of
the sentences.
ACTIVITY 5.6
The layout of the letter provides the frame for the body of your letter. There are
essential and optional parts in the layout as you will soon see.
The following explanation will give you an idea of the purpose of the different
parts of a letter.
(a) Letterhead
The letterhead gives information about the writer, the organisation he/ she
represents, the address and the telephone number. Most business
organisations use company stationery with a letterhead which includes
these details. Often the telex, facsimile number and e-mail address are also
included. Some company letterheads also provide reference for use when
the need arises (Our Ref. or Your Ref.).
(b) Date
The date is placed between the letterhead and the inside address. A
common way of writing the date is 4 August 2000, although people in the
United States state the month first. Thus, it is better to write out the month
in full to avoid confusion over what the numbers in a date stand for.
(e) Greeting
Sometimes referred to as the salutation, the greeting is placed two lines
below the inside address or the attention line as the case may be.
Dear Madam and Dear Sir would mean you do not know the
recipients name and add to the formality. You may use the first name of
the recipient if you plan to communicate with a more personal tone.
The name or expression is often preceded by titles that identify the gender
or marital status of the recipient. Mr and Mrs differentiate between
gender; Miss and Mrs convey marital status. Ms is reserved for
women whose marital status is unknown or if the recipient prefers to be
addressed in that manner.
(g) Body
There are three parts to the body including the opening and the closing. The
opening paragraph catches the reader s attention, explains the situation
and states the intention.
The middle section, sometimes also referred to as the body of the letter,
contains details about the purpose of the communication and should
prompt the reader to take the desired action. The ending is usually worded
courteously to maintain goodwill.
ACTIVITY 5.7
ACTIVITY 5.8
Label the different parts of the letter. Write the names of the parts in the
boxes provided.
Look at the extract of the word report taken from a dictionary (please refer to
Figure 5.3):
ACTIVITY 5.9
1. (a) Identify all the countable nouns in the letter (Activity 5.8),
e.g. brochure, products.
(b) Make a note of whether the nouns you identified are
singular or plural. If the noun identified is singular, write
down its plural form, and vice versa.
(c) There are nouns which only occur in the plural. For example:
Earnings per share have increased.
Their headquarters are in Johor.
The goods will be sent by special delivery.
We have opened new premises in Senawang.
Their new factory is on the outskirts of Bangi.
Many thanks for your invitation.
Singular Plural
aircraft aircraft
criterion criteria
foot feet
formula formulae/formulas
matrix matrices
person people
phenomenon phenomena
ACTIVITY 5.10
5.4 LAYOUT
The parts of a business letter can be arranged in different ways. There are three
main types of layout:
(a) Full block layout;
(b) Modified block layout; and
(c) Modified block layout with indented paragraphs.
ACTIVITY 5.11
ACTIVITY 5.12
Read the letter in Figure 5.4 and answer the following questions.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
The open style does not use punctuation except in the body of the letter. The mixed
style places a comma after the greeting and after the complimentary close e.g. Dear
Mr Devadas and Yours sincerely.
Sentence structure, word order and proper paragraphing are other important
considerations in effective business writing.
The tone of business letters depends on the degree of familiarity between the
writer and the recipient of the communication.
There are various types of business letter formats full block layout,
modified block layout and modified block layout with indented paragraphs.
All the different parts of a business letter letterhead, date, inside address,
attention line, greeting or salutation, subject line, body, complimentary close,
signature have different functions.