TH AI{ATOMY

AIND ACTIOI.{
oF TH HORS

Lows D. Luard

4 f,
2
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DOVR PUBLICAIOI.{S, INC.

Minola, Nw York
 Bibliogrphicl Not
ation ote
Vrmont, in
in lak and
epaate fuli-

Library of ongrss Catalging-in-Publiation Dta

Luad, Lows Dalia.
Th anatomy ard ation of the horse / I.owes D. Luard.
P.m.
originally pulishd: Woodstok, Vt. : Countrynan Pess, 1936.
Inludes ibliographial rfrenes nd index.
IsBN 0-486.42980_6 (pk.)
1. Horss. 2. Hoss-Aatomy. 3. Aratomy, Atisti' 4. Horses in art. 5
Ation in rt. I. Tit].
sF279.L7 2003
636' l'0B91-d21 2003046196

Manufatued in th Unitd Stats of Ameria

Dover Publiations, In., 31 ast 2nd Stet' inola. N.Y. t1501
 Prfae
Shou]d an artist learn anatomy? is a question sti]'l unleided.
The Greek sulptors, we are told, aquired their knowlelge
of the onstrution of the botly merely through the daily ob-
servation of naketl athletes; whereas Leonardo la Vini and
Diirer, artists with a strong sientifi bent, stufieil anatomy.
But anatomial study is sientifi, and siene, in the opinion
of a ertain shool of thought, has nothing to tlo with art.
Diffiult questions these, for artists get results aknowledged
by real judges as true rt, b method's strang opposite. Does
not the least sientifi of artists or poets transmute and em.
boly in his art or poetry a mass of pratial knowledge a-
quired in ilaily living? Cannot thn knowledg deliberately
aquired e simila transmuted?
While it is for you, reader, to deide if anatomy will hlp
or hurt you as an artist, I offer you this refletion that, where-
as any ignorane may be repaired by well-direted study, there
is no proess, I know of, y whih partiular knowledge an be
lisarild at will.

The plates in this ook are based uPon drawings made in

the lisseting thatre and th musum of the Frnh Govern-
ment Veterinary Shool at Alfort, near Paris, where I ras
given evry faility for stuly.
In London, I have een ]lowel y the ourtesy of Si
Freilerik Hobilay to ome for h and adyie to the Royal
Yeterinary College; anl I have partiula to thank Mr. C.
W. ottaway for his kinlness. IIe not only put his knowlelge
at my lisposal, but fountl time to read n.y proofs and' sav me
vn
viii Prefae
from those errors whih a layman is so rtain of om-
mitting.
My thanks are a]so due to the Royal olleg of Vetrinary
Surgeons for allowing me to make a liber] use of the books
in their librarv.
 Contents
PRFA P8 vIL
I. TH FRAM t
II. ATION AND MIIANIS I
III. TII SLToN J
rv. TtI MUsLs 50
v. PROPORTIONS 84'

vr. MovMNT 88
VII. ART 9
VIII. GLOSSARY 95
IX. NoTEs oN TIIE TxT t0+
BIBLIOGRAPIIY 116
INDx Lt7

l
 Illustrations
Coloured Pltso

1. Bones anl Musles of the Heal and Nek L2

2. Lowet Layer of the Musles of the Body 22
5. Uppr Layer of the Musles of the Body 50
4. Bones and Musles of the Shoulder Blale and Arm 4.0
5. Musular Attahment of the Shoulder to the Bil 58
6. Bones anl uscles of the Fore Leg 69
7. Bones and usles of the Thigh: outside views 70
8. Bones and Musles of th Thigh: insile and bakviers 76
9. Bons and Musles of the Hind Les 82
10. Musles f the Chest anl Nek 98
11. Diagram of the Musles of the Fore and Hind Limbs 108

oNot: Th plats have ben reprodued in blak and whit in their original
loations, and in a full-olor insrt tween Pags 42 and 4'

i
 o(lplt.l 8

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 Th Skelton
For learness' sake the Skeleton is shown with orrly one
for leg and. on hind leg' Distributl through th book are
illustrations of bones and ioints drawn from various points
of viw, rhih the reader shoull omPare with this Plate.
The Nek pg6 The Ulna and Radius pge58
Axis and Atlas ones 7 Tlne Tibia and Fiula 59
The Skull 7 Tlne Hip and Shoulder Joints 4'5
The Pasterns 21 Lft Hok: inside view ++

Th Thoax 27 Left Kee: outside view +4.

The Right Hok: front view 28 -r-y Plrotogaphs of a Foal's

The Luma Vrtebr and Kee 46
the Pelvis fom aove 55 The Fo arrd Hind Legs
Tlr Skull: font view 5 Plte |7,p. 108
/
I
 hapter I. The Fram
As the only purpose of an artisti anatomy is to help the
artist in the oservation of form, it an neglet the intriaies
of nerves, veins, arteries and many other organs to onern
itself a]most exlusively rith the ons and musles-one
might say the superfiial musls, if it were not that oasion-
ally musles that ar ompletely hidten shoull be stuliel,
beause an und'erstanding of their ation leals to the better
understaniling of the ation of the musles that shor.
Thus limited, the study of what we may all the mehani-
al anatomy of the horse is omparatively simple, the more
so that a horse an do so few things. outry from some read.er
at this aspersion on a noble animal!
The horse els inleetl in trotting, galloping, jumping,
pung weights anil arng load.s; a true title to nobility, for
suh powers serve the onveniene and pleasure of man. Its
strength and endurane are prodigious. It an lift itself with
the alletl weight of a riiler over a jo-P and reover safely on
lanling, and even .when mountd an gallop lown a fr
running d.eer.
But to ahiev suh amazing feats it needs to e made
rther rigid. onsequently though it goes forward so bril-
liantly it goes bakwards molrately, lies down anil gets up
arrkwadly, and generally has to make several lumsy efforts
before it an roll over on its bak. And this nessary rigiility
of its backbone and other parts limits the variety of its pos-
sible attitudes, and redues its soPe as a subjt for the
tlraughtsman. Think of the entling antl twisting powers of
a at.
1
 2 Th Fram
Tht. Bones Let us begin our study by looking at the bones, and ty to see
what is required of the musles to make them at. Bones and
mus]es are, of ourse' inter-
depenilnt, the ones deiling
.Yf .t as it.were the points of attah.
r!. l
:ii.j' ment of the mus].es and the
diretions in whih they are to
fu. . Pull; being mouldeil their
'*';l .,;td turn
by the requirements of
'##t4," the musles, *ith twists and
hannels
^^-.^1^ anil l-.. ^L.
^_.] knos, l.. - 'l
that the
musles may get their required purhase and e abl to do
their.work rithout interfeng with eah othe.
Look first at that essentiat prinle in the onstrution of
Il quatlrupetls, the differene in the way in whih th botlv is
suported by the fore and hind legs.
Support of gs is though the
the Body f the femur being
in front the bodv
is slung, being supportel
from th underside of
the shoulder lade b
musles and tendons at.
taheil to the ribs (see
skelton, Frontispiee,
and Pl. 5, p. 58).
Suh differenes in
onstrution are alapted
to the speial duties of
the for antl hind quar-
ters. Thus the foe of the hind lgs, the hief engines of
propulsion, is transmitted T'rithout loss through the diret
thrust of bone on bone, and the fore lgs are ale to take up
withorrt shok the momntum of horse and rider alighting
 The Fram 5
Support of
the Bo

Another notable liffrne of struture is in the feet. The Th Fet

for legs have hoofs rhih are larger anl rounder than those
of the hinl feet, being ilesigned. to arry more
weight, for they have to suport the eight of
the eal and nek in alilition to their share of
the weight of the boily; and. the hinil fet are
narrower and more pointil, th tter to grip
the ground when galloping and iumping' The
front feet too have a rider stane.l
Despite the liffrences, there is a orre- Corrspond-
spondene betwen th fore antl hinil lgs both nce ofFore
in onstrution anl in ation (see skelton, and Hind
Frontispiee, and. Pl. 11, p. 108). The shouldr Limbs
blale, rhih transmits the propulsion of th
fore limb to the ody, slopes forwards and Pi| FooI

send simila to the pastern anl hoof, the hintl lg dire,

.knee'.2 But the knee
the for legs .ith .dd."d joint, the
^Ir
rSee Chap. ' p. 104.
lPrope the arpus=wist. The familiar trm .knee' is not fortunte, as the
ioint really orresponds to th humn wist.
 4, Th Fram
Corrspond- makes no differen in ordinary paes et.ween the propulsive
enc oJ Fore ation of the fore leg and that of the hind leg, as it is mintaind
nd Hind unent; it is in th advanement of the fore leg that the us of the
Limbs knee omes in, to lift the foot lear of the ground to prevent
tripping, and to raise it well out of th way as when jumping.
In a quiet pae suh as the ralk, the fore and hind legs be-
have very simila, serving muh like the spok of a wheel. It
is only in violent moYements suh as galloping antl jumping
that their diffrenes of ation really ome out and the pur.
pose of their diffrenes of struture beomes lar.
often in books of artisti anatomy little or no attempt is
made to stuly the effet of the ation and interplay of the fif-
ferent Parts' the musles being mer mappl as {lexors and
etensors, that is, musles that lose a joint or pull it opn.
Suh lassifiations, neessary as thy are, should be suppl-
mentd rrith some eplanation of the moYements rsulting
from the ation of musles when working in ombination.
Anil this an best be don, I think, by trying to work out how
som partiular ation is ffeted.
,:ltion of Lt us think then not of how a horse shoots his foot bak-
]VIuscls wards as in kilting, but of how from the resistane of the

etter .feel' of the fores and

/ /
|, .(..l

stresss whih reate th se- '/ /

uene of shapes and rhythm' .. /
that the artist njoys. Let us approach the study of the musles
as an inventor's problem of how best to operate the given
levers, the bones, so as to supply the rquired momntum to the
 Th Fram 5

boily. Stuly the skelton and bfor you look at the diagrams ction
of
of te musles ask yourself what musles you woull lesign, Muscls
and you T',ill' I am sure, und.erstand. etter nature's solution of
the prolem.
But before stulying the musles, whih are reserveil for
another hapter, let us ontinue our genral survey of the
skeleton (se the Frontispiee).
Look at the vertbral olumn and for the moment that Th
part of it from the hips to the hest whih forms the bak. The |/rtbrI
vertebr] olumn, whih Column
runs from the healto the
tip of the tail, is omposed
of a sries of ones on-
neted by joints, rhih
Yary enormou in their
onstrution and their
fleibility, the neck bones
bing teeply emeilletl
one in the other, with
b]l - and - soket joints,
whreas the tail bons are really not sok-
eted into ah other at all. This gives suh
flebility to the tail that a horse an s.w.ish
it up and down, sideways or round' and
round rith absolute fredom; and the leep
ball anl soketing of the nek bones a]lows for the pu of
strong musls wiihout any danger of lisloation. In the ak-
bone the vertebre ar firmly onneted' without muh play,
so that it may a firm though not riil olumn.
The hors's power of arrying wight ilepentls upon this
firm knitti,,g o} the bones of the ak, to whih the slight
ahing of i1 ontributes. The bakbone runs up to the
pelvis o. a point in the mitlte of the hest where the
.,ek p.ope ens. Anl the height of the withrs, so
 6 Th Fram
Th haateristic of the shape of a horse,
is, we se' not directl
vertebrl due to the bakone, but to the long
proesses whih stand up
Column from it.
The variation in the proesses on the liffrent vertere
is
very striking. They are, of ourse, modified to suit
their
duties. The long Proesses that form the withers serve
to
support th nek and head, and are raked bakwards
the
bette to resist this pu-l.l. on the loins the upright
Proesss are

shorter and-lunter (it is the only omfortable

plae to sit on a
bare-akel.do-'k:y, with its knife-edged bakbone),
and e
inlind slightly forward: and the tr-ansvers
are
very strongly developedl into broad flat lades, Prosses
for the attah-
ment of strong musles (se i-llustation,
P. 33).Where
pelvis is attahed, a setion of th akorie
is atually sd,
for the vrtebr are we]ded into a solid mass, alled
th sac-
rum' and the sarum, making a unit with the pels,
transmits
to the borly.
ty flexible in all diretions. It moves
ds to a ertain height, but not very

intothesoketotit,.,"iffi ;::T."J''":#;"'":tH:l:?
their transverse Proesses hek the laterJ movement.
The
two points of its geatest flexibity are ner
the hest antl just
behind the head. There the skir is supported
by the
one on rhih it has an up-and-dorn ilovement ^t1..
onJy, the
 Th Fram 7

atlas eing able to rotate uPon the axis bone through aout Th Ncch
three-quarters of a irle. The flangs on the atlas, necessarily
strongly levelopeil for th attahment of the strong musles
that support the ha[, are very
notieale in the living animal, # C,vica|
Vrtera
being inleel the only bone the
forms of whih show on the sur-
fa etween the heatl anl the
hest.
In the skull itself a striking Th Skull
tIas -.-
haractristi is the enormous
lepthof the jaw anl maxilla
to give the molar teeth .leP
seure sokets, anl the markd'
ridges of one on the sile of
tls turned s fr s possible
the fae for the attahment of onth zis; seen;from und.rnth
the strong Masstr musles that
work it. In a [eal horse, or one that is ly''g dou.n, the heal
looks a].most too large and too heavy to e liftel. It is, however,
lighter than it looks, for the sku ontains immense hollow
hames. the sinuss. rhih ommuniate rith the nasal
avlty.
The horse has eighten ribs on eah sile, of whih the The Ribs
strongest are at the hest where they are attahel firmly to
the breast one, the first
eight ris reeiving the
insertions of the brar{hes
of the big Serratus mus-
le (59b) upon whih the
weight of the boily is
arrid from the shoulder
blale. Towards tlre quar.
ters the ribs are inlinel bakwards and are thinner and more
moile, allowing play to the lungs and other interna] organs.
 8 Th Frame
Th A hors has no oar bones, as we have, lreause they would
Shoulder not serve him. our shou]der blales ar on our flat bak and
BIds our ollar bones keep our arms aPart that we may the better
use them. A horse is flattened laterally and his shoulder
blales, whih lie along his hest, move freely forwards and
bakwards at every stride. If you will look at his skeleton
from in front (see illustration, p. 27), you will see that his
hst is boat-shaped, so that his shoulder blatle in moving for-
ward. omes nearer to and brings his foot nearer to th entral
line of his motion.
There are nrany onstrutions and adaptations of shape in
the bones, on whih I have not touhed, to whih referene
wi]l e made later rrhen treating of the musles and thir
ation.
And now lt us turn from th sklton to the musles that
rrk it.
 Chaptr II. Ation and Mhanis
I suggested that the best 'ay for the read.er to und'erstanil the
nrusles and. their ation rould e to study the bones, and try
to invent some of th required musles for himself. A iliffiult
task, for a horse, like any living thing, is of an intriay be-
yond the most ingenious mahine evr inventeil by man.
an inded has only surpasseil the anima]s in speel and
Power by limiting eah mahine to som spial pur-
pose, and he has been antiated in a his inven-
tions y nature-at least it is diffiult to think of
/
anything that h has done the prirripl of whih
is not embolied in some rature. There is
the eel that stuns rith an eletria] disharge:
reatures in the darkness of the dep sea
that light thei way rith head
lamps like a ar: the little Indiarr
fish that an shoot at a distane-:= ;J
of
oI 51 Iet the
si feet ne lnseS
insets IraT flut-
that rlu-
-
F,

z7 :
te overheatl rvith a jet
,-
of water,
7 tt k^,
?o,
1
as the natur]ist shoots hum- \
nring irds: there is a fish too
that has a rod and line with
hooks, with whih he grappls and stroke-hauls llis prey:
in the eye thre is a musl that hanges the diretion of
its pull by working through a ring as its pulley: the ird's
wirrg is bth plane and propeller; anl the aroplane that
does not lift its wheels and arriage wears .trousers', to
break th air resistane, as the eagle wears feathers on his
legs: and th horse's leg, when on the ground, works like
9
 10 Ation and Mhanis
the spoke qf 3 Trrhgg]-]hih brings us bak to our sub.
jt.
utomtic In our study of the musles ]et us bgin with the legs, as we
Support ditl in stulying the ones. When a horse is standing still, as
in stable, he remains planted firmly on both his fore legs for
a long time without altering his position, ut is ontinuIly

shifting th weight of his quarters from one hinl lg to the

other. The rason for this is that his forehanlis entir.'P-
ported by inelasti' tissues, whereas his quarters are supported
partly by musular fore, so that he is ompellel frequently to
hange his position to rest his musles. If a horse d'oes not
stand planteil equally on both fre feet, but ases one of them,
it is a sure sign that he has sme soreness or inflammation in
the limb.
The weight of the fore part of the boly is supported from
th undersid of the shouller blale by the great Serratus
r.rnelasti'. The wod must not e tken litelly, s it is applil for onvniene of
eplnation to tissues that, though not truly ielasti, ah a poi.nt at whih they
not furth extensile.
 Ation and Mhanis 1.t
Thorais musle (59b), the eight branhs of rhih are at. utorntic
tahd to th first eight ribs (se Pls. 2, 5 and 11). Support
The miilille branhs of
the mus]e ar intrspersed.
rvith inlasti fires whih,
w.hen the musleis relaxed,
support the body without
any fatigu to the horse.
The weight of thebody pu-
ing on the shoulde blale
tnds to flex, to lose, th
joint at A (Pl. 11, P. 108), so hre a]so thre is an arrangement
of inelasti tissue to keep the joint from losing. The Bieps
Brahii musle (47), whih is attahed to the shouliler blale at
one nd. and, passing ovr the humerus, is attahed to the
radius at the other, ould do this work and often does, for it is
the extensor of the joint, but it would beome ehaustel if it
had to support the horse all the time, and so it is relieved. of
this tluty by the inlasti tissue whih forms part of it.
The only possibility no.w of the horse ollapsing is if his
knee, C, were to buk]e forward, so another inelasti string
is inserted at a Point on the annon bon belor the knee. A
strong tend,inous band, found in the ternal Radia] xtensor
(55), it is attahed at its upper end to the Bieps musle (47),
so that it is drarn th tighter, the more the ]atter tightns.
In Pl. 11 the onstrution is ilepited diagrammaticlly rith
oloured lines, the Bieps gren, the trna] Ralia] xten.
sor mauYe, whih make it lear, I think, that the ord to
belor the knee is not only usefu] for the PurPose rhih has
been desriel, ut is ind.ispensable in violent movements
suh as lanling over a j'.P. For then the greater the pull of
the boly uPon the shouldr blale the greater the tension of
this od anl the more firmly the kne is losd against any
possibity of bukling over.
 Plt 1. Bons and Musles of th Head and Nek
|The umbers printd r the nms oif muscles re the numbers oif the other plts in u-,fuch th musls pp|. .

T,he plts t.n thih the mtlscls re best shouln re numberd in hulr tp.l

Numbers Nnbers
and Colours andColours
of th xfusls of thz Musles
1' Blue rbiculr muscl of the mouth, lD. auve mohyoideus, P|' 2, 5, 10'
2. Red Leutor of th uppr lip nd nostril. 17. Yellow Retus pitis.P|,2.
5. auve Leutor o1f the uppr lip. 18. Blue T,rpzitls, cruil prt, P|.5,4, ,
4' Green Zgomtitts' 19. Yllow Splnfus. Pl. ' 10'
5. Red Deprssor oif th loer lip' 21. Red Complerus.Pl.2.
6. auve Bucintor. 25. lVlauve Postrtor bliqu of th hed.Pl,.2.
7. Yellow Msseter. 24. Geen nterior bliqu of th hed.
8. Yellow Ltrl dtltor o1f the nose' 5,1. Red Mstoido-Humerlts. P|, 5, +, 5, 10,
9' Green Superior Diltor o.;f the nos. 59a. auve Srrtus Ceruicis. P|' 2, ) \ 5,
10. Yellow Trnsurse Diltor o1f the nose. bdrctor of th er.
11. Buff Ceruicl Ligment'P|' 2. rternI ddutor oif th er'
19. Yellow Strno-cephlicus. |' 2, 5, L0. Common mtcle o1f th er.
15' Blue Longus olli (1first to seuenth cruil Dprssor oif th er'
u r t br ) tt chmnt s' Leutor o1the er'
14. Green IntertrruuersIes colli (secondto 92' B\le Fcil uin.
s eue nth c e rui I urt ebrr) . 920. Blue Jugulr utn, P|. 2, 5' 70'
 omon mIsl t. ddUtor LvoLor or or 90
o the or 90 or th or 90 |or af the or 90

o r rugo to r nterior oblLle of Lhe od 24 r|iot roDezius l80

of th F-row
\\tng of llos
Lvotor o Uppr
Lip ond Nostl 2 Postriar ltque o t|| rlod

\Uprior DiloLa| 9

Lvotor of U|'Der Llp

.a5|rs DiloLcr or the Nos / 0

NlosIorda.001elo|1s 1
irtrol Dilo1or 8

rno'hoi1 !5b

Drsso o( th or 90 lugulor Vin 92 b

|trossetr 7

8utno|or 6 |iol eio 92 o j Splnils l9

l l//. lV. y r VcrI
Zgomorius 4 Htnrolis }4
^4osr
on\pleus 2l
DDrssor of tlle Lower tr 5 Pos trio 9rcrna-phal|5 l ].
ob/ue 23
Cervtol
Llgomnt

7/. -: In|e||ronsvrsolcs ol]1 l 4

]V-Vl| ervloI Vrtb

/lsr eeth

nt. bllqu
o |l|e od ?4
olti rt/l
,'8rs..of
(h /!ou|]
|'io)o,' Rcfus opi|is l7
S/ror; J.-etr.r;n
Srro (os

t Lottgtts ollt iJ l.-

|.Vll rviol y|lbro.
 Ation and Mehanis t5
The automati support of the hose's weight is ompletel utomntic
at the fetlok, D, by the Suspensory Ligament (69) and at the Support
Pastern joints, anl F, by the tendons of the Perforans (61)
and Peforatus (60) muscles ,ith their hek ligaments.
The Suspensory Ligament (69) a broad elasti ord at-
tahed at the bak of the knee and annon bone, very visible
towards the lorer end of th annon one; it divides just
above the fetlok into two branhes rhih are inserted on the
sesamoid bones, a and passing forrard on eah side of th
joint to the front of th first phalanx, to join the tendon of
the Common Digital tensor (54): see Pl. 6' P.62.
This arrangement serves two purPoses. It supprts the fetlok
automatially, and by its prolongtion to the front Prevents the
Pasterns from knukling over forward's, muh as the ti string
below the knee prevents the knee fom bukling forward.
To test the priniple of the automati suPPort of the horse
y his fore legs, I made a rough model with bits of rood and
string like this, and found that a weight, W,
rePresenting th down-ward pull of the boly,
attahed as depited, was supported by *y
gimrak onstrution. So th musular effort
demanded of th front legs when at rest is
apparently no grater than the sm]l musular
adjustments \e ourslves make, whn standing,
to kep the jointed olumn of our legs upright
und.er our ody.
The hinl leg, as ' notied in Chaptr I, or-
respond.s very closely to the fore leg in the
generl
harater and relation of the ones; anl the
orresponden is lose, for it is prodil with an
inelasti string, the Peron@us Tertius (82), whih
onnets the femur with the annon bone, muh
as the Bieps Brahii onnets the shoulder blale with the
Radius. Yet the hinl quarters are not automatiall supported
 L4. Atin and Mhanis
utomtic r-ithout effort on th part of the muscles, sine the artiulation
Support of the femur ith the plvis fa.lls too far forward in relation
to the foot.
Perhaps this is a usefu]. provision for safety, for it keps the
horse .on his toes', like a goo1 gamesplayer. A horse planted
on a].l four feet rvould be very slow at getting offth mark.
ction of Turn now to the leg's ation.l At eah stril the leg is made
Fore Lg y musular ontration into a rigiil spoke, whih rotates
about a point on the
shoulder blade as its
al, and as a rigid
spoke it ats until th
bod'y has ad.vaned. so
far that the 1g has
passed' the vertial
position. Then, as it
an no longer serY as

Spoh-lik ction of the for lgs

a support, the hors
uses it for propulsion
by etenling the joints. Anil in this ation of the legs the
ine1asti tissues play a vry important Part.
Let us fol].ow in more letail the ation of the fore leg.
At eah stride the leg is put forward rith the joints ex.
tended, and touhes th ground first with the elasti frog at
the bak of the foot. As the weight sttles on to the leg,
the pasterns yilil elastially, anl the Bieps (4.7) and the
Trieps (1), that extend'ed the leg, relax, letting the joints
at A anl B (Pl. 11, P. 108) lose quietly until the boily is
suppotel by the inlasti tissues whih re have een disuss-
ing. \hen the horse is stanling at ease anl th pull of his
weight is merly diretly d'ownward.s, th inelasti tissues sup-
port him unhelped; but when he is in ation, the leg ned's to
b braed, so the long heail of the Trieps musle (51a) that
rSe ChaP. .' p. 104.
 Ation and hanis 75
joins the und.er edge of th shoulle blale to the point of the ction of
elbow.(olecranon) ontrats, pulling against the inelasti tie For Leg

Bons of the l fore leg tn ctton

of the Bips (4.7), thus making the triangl ABS asolutely

rigil, while, belorr, the tensos straighten th kne and
pastern joints. Formed thus
into a rigitl spokefrom shouller
blale to foot, for, as eplained,
the knee is indiretly aetl,
the leg is rotated about a point
on the upper half of the shoul-
,"r,rr"'.
dr lade by th foowing
musles: the Rhomboid (39),
the Serratus Cerviis (59),the
Anterior and Posterior Deep
Petora]s (37 ar,rd 58), and the
Latissimus Dorsi (35). Depited
diagrammatially, the ation
of these musles is seen to be
tangentil (see lso Pl. , P. 5s).
The pinipl of automati suPport is applieil ]so in the
arriage of th shoulder. Strands of the Drso-sapular
 16 Ation and Mhanis
Support of ligament arising on th withers are inserteil on the undersid
the For of th shouller blale; and on its utside the tenlinous milll
Limb part of the Trapezius (18) is attahed to the spine of the
shoulder blale. Together they an support th whole fore
limb rhen th foot is off th ground, thus rlieving the
musles.
Th Dorso-sapular ligamnts mingle at their insertion
und'er the shoulder blade with the Serratus Thorais (9b),,
and the .pivot point' of the shoulder blale ours near their
juntion.
.Point', .pivot', .rotate' must not b takn litrally; they
are figures of speeh, usful for disussion and illustration.
The .point' upon the shoulder blade, on whih the leg is
Sliding of pivotel, is not fieil upon the boly, for th whole shoulder
th Shouldr an slile slightly bakwards and forwards. Drawn forward
rhen th foot takes the ground, th shouller blale has moved
bak by th enl of the strid. Thus the boily has not only been
advaned y the spoke-like ation of th leg anl the exten-
sion of the leg and shouldr joints, but has rept forwarl in
relation to th shoulder blale during the stride, whih rsults
in an adtlitiona] advane of the otly in relation to the foot and
the ground over rhih the horse is travelling.
After the stride, as th sPent leg is oming foward, the
shoulder blail is d'ra.wn forward. again along the hest. Thus
boly anil leg a-lternately reep forward. on eah other, adding
length to the stride, and inreasing the horse,s sped.'
When the botly of the horse has ad'vaned so far that the
lg has passed th vertia.l, and the .pivot point, on the shoul-
der blaile is in front of the foot, the leg is no longr of use for
supPort. Immdiatly, the joints at A and B are extenlel b1'
the etensor musls and the body propelll forrards. T
efft tlris the Long heatl of the Trieps (51) is relaxed. This
fres th shoullr blade, whih is thn etended on th
rSee Chap. I.' p. 110.
 Atin and Mhanis L7
humrus by the Bieps Brahii musle (47), and ]so frees the ttension of
elbow joint, rrhih is then extended by the ontration of th the For Leg
External and Intrna] heals of the Trips (51b anl 51) antl
the Anoneus (59). The Long head of the Trieps annot do
this work, for if used to etend the elborr it woull neessarily
pull th shou]iler blade ak and Prevent the desired exten-
sion f the shoulder joint y th Bips; -wheras the xternal

Tricps
Ionx Hod

,\
I

/l 6t.cL
\':'''-

and Internal heads of the Trieps, and the Anoneus, being

attahed to the humrus only, extentl the ]borr joint at
B, without interfering with the freedom of the shouldr
b]ad.
on the ling horse th Long head of the Trieps (51a) is zhtion of
very notieable as a soft bag-like mass, that hangs over the Trips
elbow joint, when the leg is at rest. When the horse is moving
it tightens and is Seen as a firm smooth surfae. The working
of this musle may easily b rathed at a quiet walking pae,
and thn it ri be ntiil that the musle slakens and be-
omes soft and ag-like again bfore the leg is liftl, as soon-'
that is, as it has passd the vrtial; whih is a onfirmation of
the anatomial planation of its ation given above. I had
 18 Ation and Mhanis
rtensio of often observed its moment of relaxation, and was puzded on
th ForeLeg the point until I kner the reason.
Suh lesriptions of musles anil their ation are neessarily
rathr summary. For in the simplest movement innumerale
musles ome into play. But one th general priniple of the
motion of a lirnb is gaspel, the ation and effet of many of
the less dominant musles should' be suffiiently lear from
the plates.
At the end of a stride, ,when the leg has attainel its full ex-
tension, the foot is lifteil, th kne elbor anil shouller joints
are flexed anl the leg anl shoullr are brought forward to.
gether for the net stride, the musle that d.oes most of this
.work being the astoido-Humralis (54.) whih is attahed to
the humerus and' the fasia whih oYer the shoultler lade
and arm.
As th limb alvanes the shouliler and elbow joints are ex.
tended, anl the knee and ftlok joints straightenel, projet-
ing the foot forrards,l ready to take the grounil again and to
xeute the net strile.
Lction of The ation of the hinl lg resembles that of the fore leg in
Hind Leg that it bens y serving as a ril spoke and ends by the ex.
tension of the joints.
As the foot touhes the ground the elastiity of the hoof
anl th play of the pasterns relieve the lim of shok, and
musles suh as the Vasti (79) on the tp of the femur ve
.way gradually, aowing the weight of the ody to sttle
gently on to the support of the leg.
The braing of the hintt leg is very similar to that of the
fore leg. Th fore leg, you rmmbr, is loked into a rigid
spoke by the ontration of the Trieps, etween the shoulder
blale and elbow, pulling against the inelasti tissues of the
rMaey and Pags ve liams of severl positions of the legs oth in suPPort
ad suspension in the diffeent paes, plotting the ouse though r'hih th diffent
joints tavel. ny of these diagams a reprodued in Goubeau and Barir's
xteri of the Horse'
 Ation and Mhanis 19
Bieps Brahii (see p. 1). In the hinil. leg the rigil mass is ction of
formed of the femur, tiia anl metatarsus, the triangle ABII Hind Leg
(Pl. 11' p. 108),by the ontration of the Vasti on the stifle
joint, and the Gastronemii (80a) et.ween the fmur and'
hok, .which pu against the inelasti string of the Peronreus
Tertius (82).
Thus loked into a ritl spoke, the hinil leg is turned. uPon
the kno of the femur by the action of the idille Glutus
(68) antl the mass of musles that form the rump.
As soon as the leg is past the point of support, the hip,
stifle anl hok joints at H, A antl B are xtended and the
horse thrown forward y their thrust. Most of the musles on
the quarters help in this etnsion (see Pls. 8 antl 9). on the
front of the leg the Rtus Femoris (79), the xterna] anil
Internl Vasti (79D, 79) extend the femur on the tiia
the tibia on the femur, eause the foot is th fixed point
-not
from rhih a]l the ones get thei rsistane for propeng the
botly. They are Powerful muscles rhih orrespond to the
strong musles on the top of your o.wn thigh. Behind the leg,
the musles which form the rumP help to extend this anl the
other joints by pulling th leg bak with tremend.ous Power:
the Bieps Fmoris (70)' th Semimemranosus (72), te
Smitendinosus (71), the Addutor (76), and the Glutrus
musles (68 anl 69). How geat the mass of these musles is
may be sen y looking at a hors from behind, as r.ll as
from the side.'The sketh overleaf is from a.Trait du Nord'
lraught horse, a rossred Frenh antl Belan stallion.
Simultaneou with the extension of hip anil stifle joints,
the hok joint is etended y the Gastronemii (80), whih
pu on the Tenilo Ahis (80b). But th Gastronemii, the
alf musles, whih ar relatively muh less developed than in
man' are not strong enough to do the .work of etending the
hok by themselves' or to take up the strain often thrown
tSe Chap. I., p. 110.
 20 Ation and hanis
ction of uPon them, and. so they ar helpel by an ingenious ontriv-
Hind Lg ane of parIlel tendons, the Peroneus Tertius (89) anl the
Superfiial Ditar Flexor (86), rhih ompel the power
appliel to the one joint to at uPon the othr.
In Pl. 11 (p. 1O8)these tendons are rePresentel diagrammati.
a]ly. They join the hok to the femur on the uPPr side of th
tiia, and the annon bone (Metatarsus) to th fmur on its
under side. Bing inextensible and working in parallel thy
ompel these two joints, stifle antl hok, A and B, to open and

(a

lose together, and the musu]ar fore of th quarters, exerted

lire on th stifl, is indire eerted equally on the hok.
Thus th powrful xtension of the stifle by the Vasti musles
 Atin and Mhanis 2I
tnds th hok through the pull of the femur n the Tentlo ction of
Ahillis (80D)' anl the extension of the hok by th ontra- Hind Lg
tion of the Gastronmii (80a) ontributes to the extension of
the stiflie by th puJ'l f the tibia on the Peroneus Tertius (89).
It is this simultaneous etension of both joints that makes the
ation of th quarters so effetiy.r
Belor the kn antl hok the legs ar ratially only bones Fetlochad
and strings. Pstrns
on the front of the legs the mehanisrn is vry simple, the
tendons of the ommon (54, 84.) and Lateral (55, 85) xtensors
puing th pasterns forward's into the
position in whih the foot is at the right
inlination to take the ground.
At th bak of the legs the mehanism
is nore intriate and mor intersting,
rith the three strings whih suPPort th
weight of the oly and hlp in its pro-
pulsion. They are th Suspensory Liga-
mnt (69, 89) and th Perforatus (60,
86) anlPerforans (61, 87) tndons.
The ftlok joint differs frm the other joints in that it is uer.
.ovrextend.ed.'
whn supporting the weight of the horse, the ettnsion
pasterns inlining forwards in front of the lirre of the annon
bone' Anil the rnor imprtant duties of the Perforatus and
Prforans tend.ons are to support the fetlok joint and pasterns,
and to straighten them in th at of galloing anl jumping.
Their true flexing ation of lifting the foot ours only when
the foot is offthe ground.
Genorally spaking, th Suspensory Ligament, Perforatus Bch
nd Perforans suPPort the first, seond and thirl phalanges, Tendons
rsptivly.
Let us first onsider the ation of th tendons as suPPorts to
th fetlok and pastrns.
lSe Chap. I.' p. 111.
 Plte 2. Lowr Laver of th Musls of the Bdv
|The nurnbrs printed er the nmes o1f muscles re th numbers oif th other pl.ates in tahich th muscls ppear.
Th plts in hich the muscles r bst shou' re numbered in heuier typ".f
Numbers Nultrs
ad,Colours and.Colours
of Mushs of il Mu,sIs
11. Buff CrvicI Ligmert.Pl, 7. 4. Green Teres Minor. Pl. 4..
19. Yellow Sterno-Cephlius. Pl. 1' ' 10. 47. Green Biceps Brchii. Pl. 4.' 6, t0, t|.
15D' auve omo-hoid.. Pl. t, \ 5, t0. 49. Blue Brchilis ruictls.P|.5, 4,6' |0.
17. Yllow Rcttts Cpitis'P|. |' 1 -1
'.,]. |Yeltow Ticeps Brchii' P|. 6, 6.
90. Blue
+,
Lonsimus Cpitis. |b.I
20. Yellow Longissimus tlntis. 55. auve Egtrnl Rdil Eztnsor (Ertnsor
91. Red Complezus.Pl.l. Carpi Rdil,.s). Pl. 5, +' 6,10,11..
99. Red Multifi Cruicis. 4. Geen CommonDigitIEtettsor.PI.5.J.',|0'1.I.
95. Mauv Posterior oblique of th hed.Pl. |. 55. Yellow Ltral DigitI Eztelnsor. Pl. 5,4,' 6, |0.
95a. auve Srrtus Posterior.Pl, 5. 59. Blue ErternI Flegor of th Metrpus
95D. Red EztnIIntercost.P|.5, (Ezteror crpi Ulnris). Pl. 5' 4.,,Io'
96. Yllow TransursIis Costrurn' 6.$D. Yellow Ilius. Pl. 7,8.
97. Red Longissitnus Dorsi. P1.8. 68a. Mauve Middle Glutrus(Gl' Mdius).P|'7' 17.
27. P';ed Spinalis Dorst. 71 . Gn 9emitendinosus. Pl. 5' 7,8' 9, t|,
50. Geen EilernI obliqu ofthe z4'bdmen.P|, 5, 7' 72. B|ue Smimembrnosus.P|. 2' 7, 8,9' |7.
8, 9, 10. It is ut to show th Intenal 79a. Red Rtus Fernorls. Pl. x'7'E,9, t|.
oblique, 0D. 79D. Yellow Eztrnl vstus.L. 5' 7,8, 9' 1 1.
0D. Blue rnternl obliqu of th bdomez. Pl. 8. 80a. Blue Gstrocnemtus. Pl. 3' 7,8'g| 7|.
59. Green Rhomboideus.Pl.S,+, 5. 81. Red Soleus.Pl.517r9,ll.
55. Yellow zt'ntior SuperftciI Pectorl.P|. 5, 5,|0, 84. Geen ntrior or Long Digital Egtertsor.
57, Green ntior Dp Pectorl.P|. +' 5, 10. PI.5,7,9, ll.
58. Red Posterior Dep PetorI.PI.5,4,5,10. 85.Yellow Ltrl DigitI Ertensor' Pl. 5,7, g.
9a. auve Serrtus Ceruicis,P|. |'5'4,,5. 87. lVlauve Deep Digitl Fleror (Prns).
59D. Mauve Srrtus Thorcis. P|' , 4' 5, 77 . Pl. 5, 7 , g, ll.
41. Ble Suprspints. Pl..l. 92b, Blue rugulr vtn.P|. 7,5,10.
.12. Red lspintus. Pl.,|.. 92d. Blue Erternl Thorcic in.P|.5.
 Pa:ttor b!lqltt
:' L| leod 2 Iol55|DiU5
t1ontis 20

Logrssrmus opltis 2a
(opleus 2l
tvltddlc Glutoeus 68o
ervioI U3met l l 5||ol(]s P!5trio 2Jo
Lo:'l t.stos Dor.,t 27
5errtus evjus J9o
f rosv rso ! ts
Aholordus J2 os|rurn 2 llIocIs 64
spil1o]is Dorsi 27
i. no l
Irlt'rc;to/s| 25b

Rl((ui mo'atrJ
(irt' l7 l5L>

Jt o V
92
epho/ios
Ul(ilidU5
rvls )2
/lI DeeD Prorol 7- 79o

StprosDttlatus 4
smitndin
osus ? I
tt)(tosptnt)tis 42

/l
Bicps Brhti 47./ !t't'obliqL
5m;tmro n osus
72

il| 5UDe/,(joj Plorol 35 ltl !iiu

5rro o( A,Ja':, lCr
!s.sto t]5
(

cres |\tlla 4 Thorols Pc5t r 1c r Costronmius 80o

[/ ri(Ds L]i'|] Ptro,
rer nol ]9
P'rochilis 49 Rodiol B lLertlgI Votus
Dp Fl 'ar
tensor 79b 5o/us
Prforons 6 l 'y'l 92d 8 /
(ti horoi)
|rnol Flcor Log DiriL/ tnral 4
(.otnlo Dlpt(o/ F-nsor 54 Dp Fleot
o |v|rootpus 59 Pforons 87
L|erol Lo!roi DiEitol
DlFil r.Xrc,.o| 5,; llrtrrr;or B5
 Ation and hanis 23
The Suspensory Ligament running down the bak of the The Bk
annon bone is tliviled into two branhs whih are inserted Tendo
on the sesamoid ones, and, as the sesamoid ons are attahed
by ligaments to the seond anl hiefiy the first phalanx, the
Suspensory Ligament is in effet attahel to the Pasterns;
the sesamoids, rhih might be .lled the Patee of th fetlok
joint, helping it to slip bakwards and forrard.s over the joint.
The Suspnsory Ligamnt is an lasti ord, purely auto-
mati in ation. It servs as a spring, helping to support the
ftlok joint; its hief luty is aPParently to eliminate abrupt.
ness and shok in th ation of the fetlok and pasterns.
The Perforatus and Perforans tnd.ons, bing ontrolld
by musles, are not automati in ation, lik the Suspensory
Ligament, unti.l they reah thir limit of extnsion, when
their hek strings support them instead of the musles.
The hek string of th Perforatus is strong in both fore
anl hind leg; that of the Perforans is reak and, somtimes
eYn non-existent in the hinl leg.
Thus the horse has for his support all the three strings
whih are at th bak of the leg.
Nor let us study their ation as proPulsive agents.
The Suspnsory Ligament hs, for its autornati elasti.
ity is always attempting to pull the pasterns bak. If in the
leg of a dead hors the Prforatus and Perforans tend.ons are
ut and the pasterns overextnd'ed, pued well forward, and
let go, the Suspensory Ligament rill pu thm ak into line
rith the annon bone, but no farther.
The Superfii] Flexor (the Prforatus) differs notably in
the fore anl hinl legs, for musular as it is in the fore leg, it is
harlly more than a tendon in the hind lg; even in th for
leg it is very reak in ompaison w.ith the Deep Digitt F]exor
(the Perforans).
It .was stated preously that these tend.ons were limited in
their movement by hek strings; to be aurate, in th hinl
 24 Ation and Mhanrs
Tlrc Bh leg the Perforatus tendon is attahel dire to the hok. The
Trnd'or attahment, however, .llows the tendon, whih forms a sort
of ap over th tuber alis, to slip to and fro. When the
pasterns give under pressure, it slips down to its limit, and the
fetlok is then automatially supported from its attahment
n the hok. When the hok is flexed, the Perforatus tendon
is tightenetl by the moYement of the tuber alis, and the foot,
if off the ground, is bnt akwards. But the pull is not very
strong, for the foot an always b overextended, in whatevr
position th limb is, as may tested on the leg of a deal horse
and seen in instantaneous photographs.
The Perforatus' indeed, exerts very little propulsiv Powr
in omparison with the Perforans.
The Perforans is the prinipal agent in the ation of the pas-
terns. A very powrful musle in both fore and hinllegs, it pulls
th pastrns bak from the overextend.ed position with suh
nrgy that it fts the fetlok and leg with great effet.
Its ation is very effetive in adding to length of stride and
leap, beause it takes place when the oly is already on the
move from the tension of other joints. Everyone must have
notied in gymnastis how effetive a very slight push is in help-
ing smeon who is vaulting to lear the vaulting horse. In a
musular moYment little ontributions of fre add enor-
mously to the resulting ation. When a horse raiss his fore-
hanl into the air, he loes not only extend his shouller, elbow,
anl fetlok joints, but alls to this the ontration of the big
Serratus musle, whih lifts his body in relation to the shoulder
blale, whih is itself rising through the ation of the joints.
Distant transmission of Power maks for ativity. It maks
larg lf musles unneessary, and. avoids the putting of
wight low down on the leg, hih is dstrutive of agility.
Dr and hare a.lso have these parallel strings, but not logs or
ats. In deer, rhih jump so wond.erfully, the legs are notie.
ably light, mre ones with strings to work the joints. Light
 Ation and hanis 25.
The Bch
Tendons

thn the body whih theypropel,

re in varying dgrees a hek
to its advan. Put simpl, do
you put on heavy boots when
you jump ?
When a lrors is lying d.own
the ation of th strings is very

Suling of th
PeIuis
the length of the stride. In th hind leg there is, of ourse, no
sliding movment, sin the had of the femur is soketed into
the plvis. There is, however, a slight swing of the pelvis and
saum whih gives a similar rsult. Forward at the moment

Later I yrill rfer t the eonomi] way in whih suh

movments ar effeted.

Ftlo|t nd
Psterns
 26 Ation and Mhanis
Ftlok nd.lso all to the smoothnss of the ation in general. xtendd
Psternsin a straight line with the lg when the foot takes the ground,
thy give way, they .ovrextend', as the weight of the body
omes on to thm, and rover themselves after the leg has
passeil th vertial position. By shortening anl lengthening in
this.way, they keep the hors's oly nearly at the same level
tloughout the stiil. If you will put a ruth or room
hanlle undr your armPit you will rea]ize very learly the
advantage of their mehanism. When the foot of th ruth is
put on the ground in front of you its top is lowered, rising as
you advane' ti]l it reahs the vertial position, when it lifts
your armpit very awkwardly, dropping again as you leave it
hinl you. By the play of the pastern, this rising and falling
motion is avoideil in the hors's leg, and its boly travels
narly on a lvel, the ation gaining in speed and' onomy of
effot. You may see a thoroughbred's supple pastern bent at
right angles to the J.eg, paralll with the ground,l the ergot
at times even atu].ly touhing it.
The Foot Another interesting letail of the ation is th sudden vray in
whih the foot is liftl at the nl of the stride, so harater-
isti of a thoroughbred, that thre may be no risk of its strik.
ing an irregularity of the ground, as th leg is slung forward.
The rork is not left to the Prforans musle (61), as musular
ontration might not e rapid enough, ut is performeil by
the elastiity of the tendons and the Infeor Sesamoid liga-
mnts, whih, eing strethed when the footis d.own, flik the
foot up instantano', as soon as it is free of the ground.
This priniple of the flik is usel again in the astragalus, the
.wheel' of the hok joint, whih is not quite regulr in its
movemnt, so that rhn the joint is in ation the pull of the
musles is pent up for a moment anil is released ith a sudden
flip, like the movment of the blale of a penknife, that atlds
aeleration to th thrust of the leg.
lSe Chap. f' p. 112.
 Ation and ehanis 27
Before leang the legs let me refer to another arrange. Clrnce
ment. It is important that the foot of the lifted leg, rhen of the Foot
being brought forward., shoull not ollide rith the other leg
that is upon the ground.
In the for leg this learane is effeted y the movement of
the shouller blale rather than that of the leg. In a well-made
hors the foreleg shull benl a]most straight at the knee, for
if the foot thrors outward.s eaggeatedly, this .lishing'
su-lts in .lvaste of energy "e.
anil loss of speed. Owing
to the hest being shaped
]ike the Prow of a oat,
the shoulder blade as it
slips forward turns its
front elge inwards, whih
throws the elor and foot
outwards so that the foot
advances quite lear of the
other leg. Another on-
sequene of this move-
ment of the shoulder
lade is that rrhen the leg is
extended the foot is brought
under th middle line of
the boily, .whih maks Bon3r thorz dif the hors:1front
uieta
for spd and asy ation.
11 the hind leg this learan is ffeted' y the shap of the
hok joint, in whih the .whel' of the joint(the astragalus) is
set slightly outwards, so that the foot is arried oit*u.ils
as it omes forward. This utrard turn of the strasa]us is
 28 Ation and Mehanis
Clrc outward throw of th fmur, the tiia and hok ar inlined
of the Foot tolr.ard.s the millle line of the body, .,hih might ause the
foot, as the leg ad'vanes, to strike the other leg whih is on
the ground, if it las not itself swung
outwards from th hok by the setting
of the astragalus.
In for 1g anl hind leg alike the foot,
-when it is eing etended to begin the
stride, is brought on to or near to the
mildl line of the body: partiularly so
in a thoroughbrel, for this Prevents yaw-
ing of the boly, making for speed and
eonomy of effort in progrssion. In a
vry fast gul]oP the footmarks may lie
.as
if male by the spokes
u,7" in a true line
of a whel without a felloe'.
Spirl Anima1 progression is spirl. There is
Progrssion L lrok, front the forward. movnrent, the rise and fall,
uteu.,' f. instd uiu'l
on p. 44. and the lateral osillation of the body, as
it is supported alternatly y the right
and left legs. For rapid progression th rising anl falling
motion and the latral yawing shoulil be redued to the least
possible minimum as it is in a raehorse. Th rising and falling
motion is redud by the play of the pasterns and other elastii-
ties; and th sileways osillation by bringing the feet as nearly
as possible und'r the entre line of th oly. Duks w]k so
notoriously badly eause their legs ar short and set on so far
apart that they annot put their feet well und'er their bo[ies,
and so must wadlle their bodies right anl lft oYer their
feet.
Tlrc Let us lave the legs anl turn to the bakbon.
vrtbrl It is knitteil together with innumerable musls both
Column underneath anl on the uPPer side, the latter of whih
in a well-fed horse build up the shap of the ak. The
 Ation and hanis 29
moYement of thes musles is not pereptibl in them- 1-he
selves, though oasionally strings shorru. rnomentarily on the vrtbrl
loins. Column
The ribs are onneted by shets of musles rrhih on-
solidat the boily. Though they do not show as inlividual
musles the ffet of their ation is very notieable in the
hanges they ause in the position and visiility of th
ribs.
The verter of the nek, like those of the ak, ar inter-
onneted y an intriat we of musles (see Pl. 1), whih
mak of the ervil olumn a sort of stiffish hawser, aS an
be seen in the living animal .when th rrek is strongly
bent. Th stion of the nk is in genral oval, narrower
on the top and thikr toward's the underside, with the
strong astoido.Humral (54) musles whih attah it to the
trunk.
The shape of the bak is built up by the Lorrgissimus Dorsi
(27), the longest musle of th body, whih, running from the
hips to the nk, fis the angle betwen the upright Proesses
of th spine and th sideiay Prosses of the loins and tops of
the ribs. When in a gallop the spine is fleed to bring the hind
legswell foru'ad al th beginning of a strid, th Longissinrtts
Dorsi, by its powrful etnsin of the spine, adds to th pro-
pulsion of the hind limb.
When loking at the skleton w-e notied that the shape of Cruicl
th withers is made by the enormous bony Proesss that sup- Ligamnt
port the nek and had. From them thre run to the nek not
only musles, but th Crvil Ligament (11) : see Pl. 1, p. 1.2.
Formed. of elasti tissue, and divided into strands, whih
run to the diffrnt ervia] vertera and to the base of the
sku, it undrtaks th work of supporting the head and
nek. In the girffe it is enormously developed, aS rnay b x.
pted, and taks its purhase the whole way do'wn the ra.
tur's spine!
 Plt J, Upper Laer of th Musles of th Bod
|Th numbrs printd er the nms muscls re th numhrs of the other plts in hich the muscles ppr
o1f '
The plts in tphih the mttscles re bst shon re nmbered in heuter t1,p.f

Nnbers Nnbers
andCohus ndColours
of the Musclzs of th Muscls
12. Yellow Sterno-Cephlius.P\ .7'2, |0. 54. Green Common Dtgitl Ertensor (Ertensor
lD. Mauve omo-hoid.us.|.2,70, pedis).P|.2,4,'6,70'1l.
16a. Green Culneous mttscle of the neh, Pl. 5, 10. 55, Yllow Lterl Digitl Eztensor (Er' Digiti
18a. Blue Trpezius,Ceruilprt.P|.|,+,5, Quinti).Pl.2?4,'q70'
18D. Blue Trpezius,DorsIprt.P|.+,5. 59. Blue EzternIFlzoroiftheMetrpus
19. Yellow Splenius.Pl. 1' 10. (Ulnris Lterlis),P|.4'6,1o.
25a. auve Serrtusposterior.Pl.2. 66. ]Vlauve Tnsor;fscirltr'PI.7'8'7|.
95D. Rd Ertrnl rntercostls,P|.2. 67. Blue SupeciI Glrus, Pl. 7, 8.
99. Buff bdominI Tunic. 70. Red Bicpsfmorl.s. Pl. 7, 8' 9,'11.
50. Green Ertrrllbliquofthebdomn. 7L. Green Semitendinosr.Pl' 2,7,8,9,t|'
P|.2,7'8,10' 79. B.ed Rtus1femorls. Pl.2,7,8,9,||.
59. Green Rhomboidus.P|' 27 4,,5. 79D. Yellow rternl stus (v. Ltrlis). Pl. 2,
35. Green Ltissiml1sDorsi.P|.4,,5,10. 7,8,g,||,
5,l. Red Mstoido-Humerlis'l'. 1,4.,5'70. 80a. Blu Gstronemius.P|'2,7)8)g,7L.
55. Yellow nteriorSuprfictIPtorI.P|.2, 81. Red SoI.PI,217,9177.
5, t0. 84. Gren nterior or Long Digitl Ertnsor
58. Red Posterior DepPtorl'P|,2,4,5,7o' (Eztr.pedis).P|'2'7,9,t|.
59' uve SerrtttsCerutcis'P\,7,2,+,5. 85. Yellow LtrlDigitlEltensor.P|.2,7,9.
59b. Mauve SerrtusThorcis,Pl.2,4.,5,L7. 87. auve DpDigitlFleor(Prns).
40. Mauv DItoid.P|.4. P|' 2,7,9' 71.
49. Blue BrchiIis z4rttictls.P|.2,+'6,|o. 99D. Blue rugulr vein,P|.7,2, 10.
1. Yllow Triceps Brchii.P|,z, +,6. 92d. B|le. Ertrnl Thorcic vin'P|.2.
55. Mauve EternI Rdil Egtensor (rtr. Crpi
Rdilis). P|. 2, 4, 6, 70, | 7'
 SPlentus i 9

Rhonboidus 2

Srrotus Cerris J9o

sup!'oI 6lU|ous 6|
rceziu5
Dorsol, I 8b

mo-oideus |5
SmiLndtnosut
7I

Jugulol Vin 92

s|rna-p|1lius l2

U(ooeous l'lusl l6o r5

ostoido.Hurnrlis 4
toscio of
th Thigh
nt super|iol Pctarol 5
| olique of donn 0o
Brol1iolis 4
Fl
Vin'9 2rl
l Rctusl / 1 Gostronllus B0c

trn| Rodiol tr
Perforons 6l Serrotus \l/ emorls 79
lus 8 l

Pa5trio Dp P.toral
horois 39b l E,t.hoi
J8 l ydslus /9
Abdoi11oI Deep Fieor
ommoo Digitol x.esor 54 trol Fleor 59 ft ?9 nt Digl xt|nsor Prforons B1
84
Di'itol X|r 55
Ltero1 Dlfl F,itI
 Ation and Mhanis 51,
Without suh automati suppt a horse ould harlly keep Ceruicl
its head up. usles, whih suffre for oasionally tossing anl Li6ment
raising the head and nk, woull quikly beome exhausted if
asked to support them uninterruptlly. Everyone knows in
his own Person how quikly the human nek gets tired, short
as it is, when it is heltl in a horizontal position.
It is vry notieable how a tid horse, espeially on draw- S-i" of the
ing a load, swings its lread from side to sid. The reason for Hed,
the movemnt is, I think, as follows.
There runs along eah sid of the nek a long broal musle,
the Mastoido-tlumeral' (34), whih is attahed to the shoulder

}t to i,- ll u a Ii ?|

Ift Ig doun

laile and humerus at one rrd and to the mastoid pro.

ess of the head and the top of the nk at the other (se
Pl. 5). When a horse is walking, this musle dra,s for.w.ard
the shouliler lal and leg that is liftd from th ground. To
do this it pulls uPon the head, which tends to enl the nek to
the side. Simultanously, as the fore leg on the other side of
the horse is in ation, the Rhomboideus (32) and Ceal part
of the Serratus (59.), attahed to the shouliler lade, ar pull-
ing the nek in the opposite diretion. Working thus on oP-
posite sides of the nk thy ounterba]ane on another. The
Serratus ertainly is pulling muh more energetially than the
astoido-HumerJ'is, but, as its five stand's are inserted to the
lower cervial vertebre, it is pulling at the base of the nek,
r-hile the astoido-Ilumralis, ttrrough its attahment to the
 32 Ation and Mhanis
Stozng of the pulling at its xtremity. The gain in leverage througlr
s_kull] is
Had this longer purhase omPnsates the latter for its weakr
ation and allows its influene on the nek to ounterbalane
that of its opponent.
It must not be supposed that these are the only musles in.
volved. Musular ation is so intriate that the iarger move.
ments a]one n be disussed. The Splenius (19), the Longis.
simus Capiti and At]antis (20) antl oth musles that etentl
and end the nk join in as required.
This balaning of musular ation in the nek ours aPPar-
ntly only when a horse is fresh; rrhen he is tired he swings
his had sideways at eah strid t spar his musles' It is in
priniple rhat we do on a iyle when w are tireil. We
throw our weight siileways at ah stroke that the impetus
of the body may give a thrust to the pedal and redue
the demand upon the musles. The horse, by flinging his
nek and head away from the shoulder that is working,
similarly saves himself effort. If you rill wath a horse
losely you will see that this fling is exatly timed to the effort
of the leg.
lVloucment This mutual hlp of the shoulder blales is an instane of
of tlrc Pelois the eonomy of effort whih ours in the ation of musles all
over the boly.
In the pelvis thre is a similar mutua]. atiorr betwerr the
right anl left siles. When the right leg, for instane, is at
work on the ground and the left lg is lifted, w Se the left
half of th pels swing forward' This ation, whih ailds to
the forrard reah ofthe stride, and is takn by th left leg for
its own need's, helps the ation of the other leg. By pullirrg
forward the left side of the pelvis, it swings the right sid of it
bakrards; or, to put it more aurately, th true turning point
of the movment of the plvis is the heail of the right i"*...,
whih is supportd through the thrust of the lg antl foot
against the ground, and the plvis, turning uPon it as its ful.
 Ation and hanis 55
rum' ad.vanes its point of attahment to the bakbone, that Moocment
is, the body in general. of the Peluis
The swinging movement taks plae in the ]umbar verte-
bra. The pelvis is srung forward by the Lonssimus Dorsi
(97) anl other musles; the Longis.
simus Dorsi -lso stadying the verte-
brr of the bak, and Preventing
wrenhing in the oupling of th
pels with th lumar vertbra.
The swing of the pelvis is similar
to th ation of rowing. The water,
r,vhih is the fulrum to the blad of
the oar, orrespond's to the head of
the femur; the rowlok, the resist-
ane point on the oat, orresponds
to the point of attahment of the
pels to the backbone; and the pu1l
of the oarsman orrespond.s to the
pull of the musles that advane the Plvis
left side of the pels, rhih is the
handle of the oar.
Another instane of the riproal
help of the parts of the body is
sen in thisation. The Intern] antl Etern-l oblique Reiprocl
mus]s of the Ablomen (30, 0b), whih help to pull the tion of
point of th pels forrard .whn the leg is up, suPport th Muscles
boly from the plvis when the lg is on the ground. ontrat-
ing for the former PurPose they ar taut, and so rady to take
up the weight of th oly as the strile bgins. The ontrac-
tion and relaation of thse musles at eah stride is very
notieable.
The mor on studies the muscles, the mor on sees not
onJ.y how they hlp eah other, but how the musles and
movements involved in one at prepare for the net at. And
 64 Ation and Mhanis
Reiprocl th more one wathes their ation for enjoyment's sake, the
ction of moe one beomes aware of the design that rsults from th
Muscles interplay and ontrast of slak and taut and from .the variety
whih is podueil by the alternate ation and repose of the
musles''

#.l

Rht and ls d,rnfrom raedfore legs: se p.49.

 Chaptr III. The Skeleton
The bons are Yery important beause they explain the mus.
les. ven where their foms do not diretly affet the surface,
their influene is felt in the lie anil shape of the musles.
Diagams in a book an give no eal ilea of thei shaps in
the round. That an only be seen in the skeleton. At th
Natur] History Musum at South Kensington thee are
several skeletons of horses on view.
Draw some ones or, btte still, model them; their forms
are very interesting. It will eplain the pur-
pose of their twists and hannels, and the
strutural thrust anl pull of on part of the
skeleton against another rill beome lea to
you, as the strains in a builtling are to an
arhitet, so that rhat h sees is not deal
stone but a living organism.
In the living horse the surfae forms of the Th ShuII
head fo]low th s}rapes of the ones of the il} ,r:
skull very losely. It is only under the nose
and lips, and the large Masseter musle of
the jaw, that its shapes are entirely hidden.
The Supraorbital rilge over the eye, the
Zygomati ridge on the heek to 'hih the
Masseter musle is attahed, and the shape of
Skull,ithI.r
the profil are Yry important landmarks in Cartilges
th onstution of the skull; and a thing it
is useful to notie is the position of the orifi of the ear, fo
it is very fiffrult to plae the ear orretly in drawing a horse,
owing to its mobility.
,?
cc
 56 Th Sklton
The Nostrils The shape of the nostrils is made partly by th hooks of
artilage on whih they are supportel. The tip of one of these
hooks is seen in the at-
tahed sketh of a hors
, 'whose nose was torn in a
fight. The arti]ages rre
so attacheil that the
move very freely.
The asene of teeth
in a setion of the jaw
alleil the .Bars' is ver;r
onvenient for ri<lling
a horse. the more so that
it ours opposite the orner of the mouth. This gap a]so affets
the expression of the fa.
The rla The .hing', the onlyle, of the jawbone has a vry long
bearing siderays, allowing a latera.l moYement of the jaw in
mastiation. This silerays moYement is oftn notieale
when a horse yawns.
From the underside the bones of the lo.wer jaw anl the
deep left betreen them rre sen very listintly. The lower
jaw ones are surprisingly narro\, the molars only just over-
lapping the inner elges of the molars in the uPPer jaw, whih
fafitates the sideways grinfing moYement.
When a hors is eating, the oronoid proess of th lower
jaw anb seen moving in the hollow just aove the eye.
Th Neh The two top bones of the nek, the atlas and as, tliffer
markedly in onformation from the other fiv (see Pl. 1' P. |2,
and p. 7, Chap. I). Th balaned mobility of the head results
from the movements of thes two bones in ombination; the
skull being hung from the atlas bone, on rhih it has only an
up-anl-lown movement, the atlas one being pivoted on the
ais one, on rhih it an onl rotate. The allotment of these
two movemnts to different bones ves mobility without loss
 Th Sklton 37
of strength, whih would result if one bone hal to undertake T|z Neh
both movments.
Th other five bones of the nek, being onneted by bil
and sokt joints, hav a movement on eah other rhih is

Yulning

fre in all diretions; but this freeilom is limited in sope from

mehanial neessity; else the nek, whih may e d.esribed
as a limb rith eight artiulations, would be wobbly like a
hain, and unale to arry the hal seurely, or support the
pu of the musls whih oPerate the shoultler lale anl
l"g.
When a horse is tng to reach far ak, perhaps to mouth
his hinl foot, his nk forms a strained urve, only free at its
tremities. Th freest artiulation is that of th seventh er-
yia] vertebra with th first vrtra of the thorax, whih
permits the asy lowering of the nek as in grazing.
of the bones of th nk th only part that is visil in the Prominen
Living anima.]. is the rilge of the atlas on just behinil the of tls
hal. So prominnt is it that the hollo.w below it when the one
heal is sharply turned' makes a poket of shadow.
.hassis' of the horse, to The Ribs nd
The ribs anil akbone form the
uS a motor manufaturer's term, anil they resemble it in Bchbone
firmness and lastiity. A hassis must be not only strong but
 58 Th Skelton
h Ribs nd apable of supporting muh torsion, if it is to stand up to its
Bckbone work.
Th form of the hors,s thora and ris, its .barrel', is worth
studying, as the shape of the horse's xtrior follows them
very losly, and th movements of the shoulder blade are
affetd by the form of the hest, whih is very like the Pro\r
of a boat (se . 27).
Th The prosss rhih form the rrithrs rise so high in a
Withrs hors that its shouldr blales never show abov the line of the
ak, as thy d in a dog anl still more in a at. But horses are
omparativi stiff and inapable of rouhing (se Frontis.
piee).
Th Peluis Th pits f the pelvis shorr very distintly in the live
hrs, nd still more notieably in a ow: the haunh (the
iliurn), 'rhih is th most notieable, anl the buttok (the
is}rium). Frm ur point of ew th pelvi g,.dl" anl the
sarum may be onsidered to be a solid
mass, from whih many powerful musles
aris.
Th Lgs In bone constrution a horse's legs are
simpler than ar the lims of man and
many other animJ.s with their seyeraf
fingers and toes. They are formed of
.rhat is
pratially a series of single ones.
And th simplifiation of the ones sim-
plifies the musular mehanism.
The The Ula and Ralius' seParate bones
Forrm in the human arm, are welded into one
in the horse. the ulna being redued
merly to th low (the oleranon). Hene the horse has no
Po.wr f rtating his arm, whih simplifies the musular on.
strutirr blr the lbor jint.
Th Tibi In th hind leg, instad of two omplete bones below
ttre stifT, suh as re have below the knee, the horse has
 Th Skelton 39
a strongly developel tibia with a very rudimentary fiula Th Tibi
attahed.
In fore and hind lgs alike, the annon bones, whih orre- The Cnnon
spond to the bones of the bak of our hand and instep, are Bones
singl ones with two rudimen-
Tita
tary bones, the splint bons,
attahed to the ak of them.
I
Columns of support, they are
dense, hard, strong and almost
ylindrial, thos of th fore leg
ing the stronger. Th splint r.
ones are rudimentarY seond
and" fourth fingers.
The annon bones are suP- Ju1an Th Psterns
ported at th fetlok joint upon
the thre phalanges of the pas-
trn, whih orrspond to our
fingr ones, to e a1 to tlr Richt Lq ' Fron| vtew
bones of our third finser' ',\s t}r
for leg arries more wight than the hind leg, its pastern
bnes are shorter and thikr.
Finally, w rah the hoof, another apparatus lsignel to Th oof
red'u shok, with its onstrution of horny onia] she and
elasti pads and ushions.
At many plaes on the living horse the bones of the leg isible Bon
approah the surfae. The spine of the shoulder blal an be Forms
deteted, and often the outlin of the shoulder blaile at the
toP.
At the .point of the shoulder' (the sapulo-humral artiu-
lation) the tuberosity of the humerus is very notieable, as is
th elbow (the oleranon) at the nxt artiulation. on the
insil of th forearm between the flexr arrd. extnsor mus-
des, the one lies lse unde th skin, showing very sharply
on the inside of the kneel inded th bones of the atu] krr.
 Plt 4. Bones and Musles of the Shoulder
Blade and Arm
the nms muscles ,r th numbers o1f the othr plates in lahich the muscl.es pper,
|Th numbers printed er o1f

The pltes in lphich th muscls re best shotpn re numbrd in huir tp".1

Ntznbers Nnbers
ndColours nd,Colours
of tlt Muscls of thn MusIes
16. Gren Culneous mtlscle of th nech,P|, 7 , 51a. Yellow Triceps brchii, long hed. P|. 2, 5,
5,10. 6.
18a. Blue Trpezitts, Crutlprt.PI, |,5, . 51D. Yllow Triceps brhii, rternal hed. P|. 2,
18D. Blu Trpzitls, DorsI prt.P|.5,5. 51 6, tL.

52. Gteen Rhomboidet.P|' 2, 5, . 51. Yellow Triceps brchit, tnternl hd, P\, 6,
5. Geen Ltissimus Dorsf. Pl. 5,5,70. 2. Red nconetts. Pl..l.' 6.
5.l. Rd Mstoido-Irumrlis.PI. 1,5) 5, |0, 5. Mauve ternl RdiI Etensor (rtr' Crpt
57. Green rtrior Deep Pctorl.Pl.21 5, to. Rdilis) . P|. 21 5, 6, |0, 17 '
58. Red Posterior Dep PctorI. PI' 2,5, 4. Gen Common Digitl Ertensor (t. pdl|s).
, 10. Pt, \5,6,10, tr.
59a. auv 7,2,5,5.
Srrttts Ceruicis.P|. 5. Yellow Lterl Eztensor (Ezt. Digiti Quinti).
9D. Mauve Serrtus Thoris'P\,2,5,5, 1|. Pr.215,6, L0.
40. Mauve Deltoid.Pl., 56. Red obltqu Ertnsor o1f the Metcrpus,
41. Blue Suprspintus.Pl. 2' PI.6.
49. Red Infrspintus' Pl.2, 10. 7. Yellow rnternl rdil1flzor (Fr' rpi
45. Green Trs Mtnor. Pl.9. rdilis).P1', 6.
4.}. Yllow Sspulrts. 58. Green Middl Flz,zor o1f the Mtcrpus (Fr'
4. Red Teres Mjor. Pl. 10. crpt ulnris). Pl. 6.
46. Mauve Coro-BrhiIis.Pl. |0, 59. Blue Erternl Flror o1f the Mtcrpus
47. Green Bicps brchii (Corco-rdllis)' (t. rpi ulnris)'PI' 2',5,6, 70.
Pl.2r6rt0rl1. 60. Red 9upecil DtgitI Flezor (Pertus).
48. Mauve Cpsulris. Pl. 6, 8, 11.
49. Blue Brchilis t1ictts.P|.2'5,6,t0. 61. Mauv Dep Digitl Fl.zor (Perns).
0. Mauve Tnsor fsi ntibrchii. Pl. 6' 10. PI.6, 11.
 |ol l)|:l' l't torll ] / Susopulolts 44 Rhomboideus 5rrot05
^n|[| ln{rqspotus 42 crviis 39o
Trs ojor 45 nd llorois 39h
srrotus rvijs 9o
Tres ojor 45
fropezis
Lr|o| |o Susopu1orts 44
rapz1!5
|os|oido-
Thoracis lB
Umerolis )4
oroo-Brohiails 16
D|tod 40
Slpros\inotus 4 I
\! Insr Fiioe
ntirohti 5a
Bircs 4l
\. l.(:
Bips 47 r|Ds 5l \. tli
o
5uprosir;otti I \,r
su r0 s ] / (op' 1e\
otus 4 l )UD5 , 4;',1
ri.ps
Tres ||lar 4 rior DD

'
LonE lteod
lfo rriep5 Slo Pe.torol J6 0toeous
s,ntu5l. j j.
xt. od 5l Brohill t9- j 4usl | 6o
4l\ 1-' Deltoid 40 Tesor osioe .iep' 5Io
os| 52 Antibro(hii 50 lterol hod 5|
BrohioIis 49 ot.oo-8rch1olis 46
rieps s2
Dltojd 40 4" t. Heod 5lb
Tres ajor 45
ensor tosio
|ernoI Rodiol 5 Bips 4l od Lotissimus Dorsi 3J
Trieps lnternol nirohii 5a
X|esar
hod 5l
omoo Dllitol trohioIis 49 a,oo Dep Dig ]ttol Flo 5 7

Lotrol
Brohiolis 46 F^|e.ar
tensor 54 F Prorons 6l rrIoroIs
tsor Bl(ps 47

Biepi 47
Etrnol Rodiol xtr. 53 BiDs 47 s0prl Dig1
XLernol Fleor 59 |rcnol Fleor Fleor or L Brohiolis 49
flexor 59 ommon DiiLol tensor 54 II Perforotus
^|icus
Lote.ol Digitol
ommon Digl ternoI
tr 55 |iiddl /
tnsar 54
tlero, Jd Rodiol Extensor 53
ob'iqU
|ngo| 56
Deep Flor l
 The Skeleton 4r
the arpal bones, an a.].most b ountd on a thin-skinnd visible Bon
horse. Below the kne the 1g is only bone and tendns. Forms
on the hind leg, the point that nxt aftr the haunh
attrats attention is the tohanter of the fmur, whih an
be seen 'working under
the flesh.
At the stifle the form of
the big head of the femur
rith the knee-ap is very
distint, also the top of
th tibia, espeially on the
inside of the leg.
on the insile of the
tibia, as on the inside of
the radius, where the
musles do not over the
bone, its shape and hard-
ness are very edent; until
at th hok anl thene to the foot the leg is nly bone and
tendons. The two skethes of the inside of the right hind
leg illustrate hor the bone forms show in ation.
As our ey runs do.wn the legs thre small ones on ah Th
ath our attention; on the fore l the pisiform bone ehinl Ssmoir]s
the knee and the two sesamoid bons at the fetlok; on the
hinl leg the kne-ap (the patella) on the front of th stifle,
and the two sesamoils. They all help the w.ork of the tndons
by giving them mor leverage through deflting, like pullys,
th dirtion of their pull from its parallelism rith the line of
th leg.
Artiulations or joints are terms whih inlule all unins of rticul,.
bons or artilages, mobile or rigid, but fo our
urpose we tions
need only stuly those that notieably mve.
The motor effiieny of the skeleton ilepends uPon th
ombination of rigidity antl elastiity, for eyen the harlest
 4^2 Th Sklton
rticultior bones ned to be Proteted against shok. It is not unommon
for a raehorse when galloping to split a pastern bone if his
foot hits a storre. Thus th skleton is omposl of parts that
are .ind'iarubbery', the artilages; of parts that are somewhat
elasti, suh as the breast bone (the sternum), wih is partly
artilaginous; as well as of bones that ar hard. In the hok
joint, the thrust of hard bon on hard bone is relievel y its
being mad.e up of severa] bones tightly ound together by
strong ligaments; they form a mass rigiil for all pratial pur.
Poses' but not rigid as a single unit of bone is, and eessive
shok is avertd, ause th omponent bones must undrgo
a omPression before the fore eerted on the hok (alaneum)
is transmitted to the annon one.
v.ritjr It is very interesting to bsrve the variety of onstrution
o.f Joints in the joints of a hose,s leg rhih ad.apts them to different
mehani] dutis, so that, at any moment' whatever th
strain to whih th leg is subjeted, there is always a speialist
prepared to deal with it.
Thus, only one joint in eah leg has freedom of movement
in all d'iretions, the other joints eing pratially limited to

hintl leg the free-moving joint is the oxa-femora] artiulation,

whih orrespnds to our hip joint; so similar inled are the
hip joints of man and horse that you may see a horse standing
with one hintl foot rossd. over the other, muh aS a man
oftn stands.
 olor Plats and
Corresponding Kys
 Pltr 1. Bons and Musles of th Head and Nek
.The numbers printd r the nms oif mllsls r the numbers of th othr plrltes in Luhich th musls Pp|, .

plts t'n ,hih the muscles re bst shou-,n re numbrd in huir tp.l
,I.h

Numbrs Numbers
nd Co]urs nd Colours
oJ th l|[uscls of th Muscles
1. Blue Orbiulr musle o1f th moulh, 15D.auve mohyoids,P|. 2,5)10'
2. Red Leutor th upper lip ndnostril. 7. Yllow Rtus cpitis. P|' 2.
1

5. auve Leutor of the uppr lip. 18a. Blue T,rpezitts,cruiclprt,P|.5,,+, 5,

4' Gren Zgomticus.
5. Red Depressor oif th loer lip'
6. auve Bucilttor,
7. Yellor Msster.
8. Yellol Lterl diltor of th nose.
9' Gren Superior D[ltor oJthnose.
10. Yellolv Trnsurs Diltor o1th nos,
11. Buff Cruicl Ligment'P|'2.
12' Yellow Strno-cephlicus. P|. 51 L0.
15. B]ue Longusolli(firsttosunthceruicl
uertbrr) tthm nts.
14. Geen rntrtrnsuersls colli (scondto
sunth eruicl urtbrr)
19. Yellow Splnius. Pl. 5' 10.
21. Red Complrus. P|. 2,
25' auve Posterior blique of th hed.Pl.2.
24. Green nterior bliqu of the head.
54. Red Mstoido-Humerlis.P)'.5, +,5) 10.
59a. Mauve Srrtus Ceruicis.Pl,2)51+, ,
92. Blue Fcial uin.
' 92b. B}ue rugulr uin,P|.2?,10.
 ommo n1|)sl|: Lev|or oI Lor 90
of the or 90 o th or 90 of |he or 90
^bduto
arrugoLor Lrr blu or Lh l1eod 14 vior ropzius l8a
of |l1e Yero\!
Wng of t|os Splens l1
Lvotor of Uppr
Lip ond Nostl 7 Pastriar obl|(]|1 o|.r/le Heod 23

Sup(jor Dilo|or 9

Itv|ar a Upp| L|p

Ir0n5crse oilotor or th llos l0

ff|ostol da- u x'e rc i l \ 4
L|'erol DIlo|o| 8

oo.hoid l5ls
Dprssor of the ar 9o lugulof v, 92 b
|vlosstr 7

Btno|or Foio| ein 9] a

; spliU5 l9
(c|v vr|
z|Eon|i.Us 4 /1osI urnrolis 34 ' lll, lv' v
omplXus 7l
Dre550r af th Lower Llp 5 Pos trio 5lIo. .'P/lo,l( u
ob,;gu 2] '

|ntrtronsers|cs o1}t I4
'rl2
I'VIl rvto| Vrrebra

lttlsor eth
S.

Anl.. ltgu
or .h ||ad
(oltlrlt rth RIls op'| l7
5 o ]e 8'
5rrro(us
Cc 3io

l Lotlgus ollt l J ,-
l.l| (rvt| Ytl rcbr

(Faing Pag 12)

 ommo mutclc . A.!du|o| |vtttv o| | l 90
or.I| o. 90 or th. ot 90 of ||| Lo| 90
^du|or ctrcor ropzius l8o
orrugotor terior oblique or th Heod 24
of the ebrcw
Wing of tlos Splnius l9
LYotot of Upper
Lip ond Nostril 2 iar oliqu o( the od

S;tpcriol Diloaor 9

|'votor or Uppr Lip

|svelse Dilo(or orlhe Nos

'0
|v|osto1do-ume rclIs 34
Lo|Iol

mo-hoid |5h
Deressor of he ot ja Vein 92 b
oister 7

6 Foio| vei 97 o
; splei|ls l9
\ Il|, |v, V (r. Vrl.'
Zgoorius 4 Mosr- llumerolis 74
onlplxus 7I
Deprssor or Lowet Lip 5 Postrio slro-Pholl(u5 ,2
obliqu 23 rvrcol
Li8omnt

|n|r|ronsrsoles ollt I 4

/vr;
lV.V l| er al V r|cb roe

lnisor rth {"j J.L\ / /ostoido

HueroIis

t. obliqu
o( the Heod 24
oin Tcth Rtu' opi||s l7
5lrou1J r.8 ior,r,-'
5rrotus

"1 tongus Colll l

l-vll eIv)ol v|.ebro
-
(Faing Page \2)
 Pltr 2. Lwr Laer of the usls of the Bodv
|Th numbrs printd er tha nmes o1f muscles r th numbrs qf th other pltes in hih th muscles pper .

Th plts in hih th muscls r bst shon r numberd in heuier tpe,]

Nu.rnbers Nunbes
and Colours ndColours
of th MusIzs of th MusI.es
11. Buff CruicI Ligament,Pl' |' 4. Gren Ters Minor. Pl. 4..
19. Yellow Strno-CphIicus. PI. 7' 5' t0. 47. Gteen Bieps Brchii. Pl. 4.' 6, 10, L|.
15D. Mauv omo-hoid. Pl. |,2, 5, |0' 49. Blue Brchilis lxitls, PI. 5, 4, 6, 1'0.
17. Yellow Rtus Cpitts'P|, |.
11f.}Yr"* Triceps Brchii. P|. 5, +, 6.
90. Blue Longissimus Cpit. c rD.)
90. Yellor,rr Longissimus tlntis. 5. ]Vlauve EternI RdiI Etnsor (Ertnsor
91. Red Complus,|,7. Crpi Rh). Pl. 5, +,6, 70,71.
29. Red Multdus Cruicis. 54. Green Common Digttl Ertensor,PI.5,4,6,70, L |.
2. Mauv Posterior obliqu, of the hd.P.l'' |. 55. Yellow LterI Digttl Ertensor. Pl' 5, 4'' 6, |0.
25a. Mauve Serrtus Postrtor,Pl' 5. 59. Blue Etrnl Flezor of th Metcrpl,ts
25b. P.ed ErtrnIIrnrost.P|.5. (Eztensor crpt Ulnris). Pl. 5, +,6'|0.
96. Yllow TrnsllrsIis Costrum. 6'lD. Yellow Ilius. Pl. 7,8.
97. Red Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 8. 68a. Mauve Midd'le Glutrus (Gl' Mditts). P|. 7, 8, 7 7 .
27, Rd, Spinlis Dorci, 71. Gren Smitendtno.srzs' Pl. , 7, 8, 9, 1'7,
50a. Green Erternl bligu" ofth bdomen.P|. 5, 7, 72. B}e Semimembrnoss. Pl. 2,7,8,9' 77.
8, 9, 10. It is ut to show th Intnal 79a. Red Recttls Fmorls. Pl. 6' 7' 8, g, L|.
Oblique,50D. 79D. Yllow EzternI vsttts'PI.5'7,8, 9, 11.
50D. Blue rntrnl blique ofth bdomen. Pl. 8. 80. Blu Gstronemiw. Pl. 5' 7,8'g,77,
2. Gteen Rhombotd,us'Pl, 3, 4, 5' 81. Red Solus. P|. 5, 7 , g, Lt .
5. Yellow ntrtar Supcil Pectorl.PI, ' 5'|0. 84. Geen ntrior or Long DigitI zterlsor.
57. Green nteior Dep PctorI.PL,4,5,10. P|, , 7 , 9, 77.
58. Red Postrtor Dep PectorI.P|.5,4,5,10. 85. Yellow Ltrl Digitl Eztensor' P|. 5, 7, g.
59a. auve Srrtus Cruicis.P],, 7,5,4' 5. 87. Mauve Deep Digitl Flezor (Perns)'
9&. Mauve Srrtus Thorcis. P|. 5, 4,' 5, |7' Pl. 3,7 , g, 71.
41 . Blue Suprspintr. Pl. .l. 92D. Blu ruguJr vein.P|, |,5, |0.
49. Red In1rspin. Pl.,l.. 92d. Blue Ezternl Thorctc vein' P|' 5.
 Postr.tt Obhtttt.
[ |h t|cod 2 foil|sl.tl0s
Atlontis 20

Lo8lrsrmus op|tig z0

otnp|s 2l
fu|dd| Glutous 68o
ryi(ol L|gomt , l 5rolus Po5i'ior 25o
[o:ilissrmus Dorsr 27
Srrtus rvios 9o
rr05ve150li5
Rfioridus J2 ostarum 26 |l<us 64b

97

u,rilidos
ewl<ts 22

.4l!t' D Pc(tofo, 79o

saoro'pfiats 4
Semitend,n
osus 7 I
ilrfrosrts 42

-l 5emimbroosus
B;(s io.bli ,'7
!r,r.'oirJ;qr" 72
Y l oil'.iollln
t 50.,iil Ptolol J5 rtl. obllqu 0b
S rrot us o!. do; J'cl
Tcrs !tnor 1 1s ro Thatois Pc'triat Costnemius 8oo
Lrrips L\.. toro,
tro l
Btoialis 49 B E|erll vo5i0s
Rodiol
.n!or 5J Vitt 92d 7tb Solus 8l
(rtl- hoi)
l.g oig't/ F-tsa1 84
(ofi$n D!g|.ol xtesor 54 D:p Fior
orlMto(o.pus 59 Prforos 87

Ldtr0l tot.oi Dl8t(0l

Dipitol Ftrsr l5 f ',...or 85

(Faing Page 22)

 Plt J. Upper Lar f th Musles of th Bod
|Th numbrs printd er the n.'ms o;f muscles re th numbers of the other pltes in hich the muscks pper,
The pltes in ulhich the musles re best shon re numbred in heuier tp'f

Nutnbers Nters
arldColurs ndColours
of e Muscks oJth Muscls
19. Yellow Strno-CephItcus. PI .L, 2, Io, 4. Green Common Digitl Ertensor (Ertnsor
15D. Mauve mo-hyoideus.|, 2, |0, pedis). Pl. 2, 4,, 6, 70, Ll .
16. Green Cu!neous muscl ofthe nech,Pl. 5, Lo. cc. Yellow Lterl Digttl Ertnsor (Ertr. Dlgiti
18a. Blue Trpezius, Ceruiclprt.P|' |,4.,5. Quintt). P|. 21 4.' , |0.
18D. Blue Trpezls, Dorsl part.P|. +,5. 9. Blue Eztrnl Fleor oif th Metcrpus
19. Yellow Splnius. Pl. 1, 10. (Ulnris Latrlis) , P|' 2, +' , |0.
25a. Nlauve Serrtus posterior.Pl. 2. 66. Mauve Tnsor 1fscir ltr. PL. 7 , 8, 1| ,

25b. \ed, lternI rntrostls,|, 2, 67. Blue SupciI Glutrus. Pl. 7, 8.

99. Buff bdominI Tuni, 70. Red Bicepsfemorrb. Pl. 7, 8, 9, .11.
50a. Grn Eilrrtal bliqu of thr bdom. 71. Grn Semttendinosr,. Pl' 2, 7' 8' 9, ||.
PI.2,7 r8, to. 79. Red Retus ifemor*. Pl. 22 7, 8, 9, ||.
59. Green Rhornboideus.Pl. 2, 4', 5. 79b. Yellow Erternl vsttls (v' Laterlis). PI, 2,
55. Geen Ltissim|$ Dorsi. Pl. +,5,1o, 7r8r9rlt.
5.!. Rd Mstoido-HumerIis,Pl. t,4., , L0, 80. Blue Gstronmius. P|. 2, 7 ) 8,
g, 7L.
5. Yllow nterior SuperJictl Ptorl, P|. 2, 81. Red Soleus. Pl, 2, 7 , g, 17 .
5, t0. 8,1.. Gren nterior or Long Digitl Ertensor
58. Red Posterior Dep PetorI.PI.2,4., ,70, (Egtr, pdis). P|. 2, 7, 9, 7|,
9a' auv Serrtus Ceruicis'P\, |, 2, 4., 5. 85.Yllow Ltrl DigttI Ertensor. P|. 2, 7 , 9 '
59b. Mauv Serrtus Thorcis.P|' 2, 4, 5, ||. 87. Mauve Dp DigitI Flgor (Prns)'
40. Mauv DItoid.P|.4. PL.2,7 )9, L7.
49. Blue Brchilts z(rxiclrs. Pl. 2,+' 6,70. 92b. Blu rugulr vein'P|. 7' 2, |0.
1. Yellow Trieps Brchii.Pl. 2, +, 6. 92d. Blu. Ertrnl Thorctc in. PI. 2'
55. auve Egternl Rdil Ertensor (,rtr. Crpi
Rdilis). P|. 2, 4, , 70' 7 7.
 sjeDiUs ,9

Rhomboideus JZ

2
Serrctus Ceriis 39o
Glltols
,/
sup|frl 67

TriPs Bro'hii 5l 5r.ot05 Postrio. 25o

ropeziUs
erviol |8o Lotissim0s
nsor Foscioc Latoc 66
Dosi 3J
Defiod 40
x.eol

ono-oidli I5
smildiosU5

lugulor Yein 92

Strno:epholius I2

utoous |vlusle |6o p5

Fmoris I0
|v|stoido.Humrolis 4
Fosio of,
th hig
nt, sperr!ioI Pe.orol
t. obligu of bdomen 30o
Brdhiolis Vin'j2d Gos0onemrus 80o

ternol Rodiol tr Serrdtus

Postrior Deep Peitorol Thoro<is 39b
to
ommon DigiLo| tnsar 54 ternol Flxor 59 Tui 29 nt. Digl. x{nsor
84
ro| Digita| Etr 55
Lotrdl DiPl tr
It

(Faing Page 30)

 Plt 4. Bones and Musls of th Shoulder
Blad and Arm
|Th numbers printd er the nms oif muscles re the numbers of the other plts in hich the musles pper.
The pltes in uhich the muscles r best shouln re numberd in heuier t9.pe'f

Nnbers Nwters
and.Colours andColours
of tJt Musc|s of t} Muscls

16a. Gren Cuhanotls muscl oif thenech,P|. 1, 51a. Yellow Ticeps brchii, long hd. P|, 2, 1

5,l0' 6.
18. Blue Trpezius, Cerutcl prt.Pl. 7,5, , 51D. Yellow Triceps brchit, etrnl hed. P|. 2,
180. Blue Trpezls, Dorsl prt. P|, 5, 5. 5r6,t7'
59. Gren Rhomboideus. PI. 2, 5' 6. 51. Yellow Triceps brchii, internI hed, P|. 6.
55. Gree Ltisimus Dorsi. PL. 5, 5' |0. 52. Red nconeus. Pl.,!' 6.
5.1. Red Mstoido-Irumerlis. PI. 1, 5, 5, 10, 5. Muve ErternI RdiI Etensor (Eltr. Crpi
57. Green rterior Dep Pectorl, P|. 2, 6, to, RadiIis).P|.2,5, , |0' t|.
58. Red Posteior Deep PctorI, P|,2,5, 54. Geen Common Digitl Ertnsor (t. pedis).
5,10. PL.2,5) 6,70, Ll.
59a. Mauv Serrtus Cruic. P|. 7, 2, 5, 5' 55. Yellow Ltrl Ertensor (Ett. Digiti Quinrl).
9D. Mauv Serrttls Thoris, P|. 2,5, 5' 77 . Pl.215r6,lo.
40. Mauve Deltoid.Pl.5. 6. Rd oJf the MetcrPus.
bltqu Egtnsor
41. Blue 9uprspintus.P|.2. PI.6.
49. Red Iaspirtttls. PI. 2' | 0. 57. Yellow rnternl rdiIiflxor (Fz' crpi
45. Green Tres Minor. Pl' 2. rdiIis).I.6.
44. YellowSscpdris. 58. Green Midd'I Fleror oJf the Metcrpus (Fl.
,fr6. Red Trs Mjor. Pl. 10. crpi ulnaris). Pl. 6.
46. auve C oro- Br chiali s. P|, | 0, 59. Blue Ertrnal Flgor of th Mtacrptls
47. Green Btps brchti (Coro-rdllis). (Et. crpi ulnris)' PI, 2, 5' 6, 70.
Pl. 2,6,10r 11. 60. Red SuprltcilDigitlxleor(Per)'
48. Mauve Capsulis. Pl. 6, 8, 11.
.l9. Blue BrchiIis nttbus.P|.2'5,6,|o, 61. auv DeepDigitIFlor(Perns),
PI,6, 11.
 DrD Ptorc| j? Sup.ospi^o.u\ 4l Jl 5rrottls
Subs<opttllrts 44 Rllo|t|old|s
^nterio. ln{.ospotus 42 arvtts 39
Tres |t1ojor 45 Thorots 9b
Srtolus rviis 39o
Teres ojor 45 Serrotus
|opzi!s
rviol l8i rvius susopulor|' 44
Iopez|!s 19o
Itlosto!do-
Thorois l8b
Humerolis 34
Coroo-BrohiaIis 46
Sulrcslinoaat 4l Tnsor Faiio
An|irc(l|ii 50
rccs 47

8i5 47 rlps 5lo

5ujr9spiorus 4l
supro5i psuIoIis
notus 4l 5us supraspio|!5 1 l
r.ieps.
Long hod
io. Dp
lnfro 5lo Ptorol 3 uIonous
sPanotus Brchiolis 49 l6s
resor Fos<io r..ps J!o
tibrohii 50 lntrnol hod 5l
Brohiolis 49 o.Brolliolis 46
ers rV1inor rips
D|toid 40 4. Ext. Hod Jlb
Tres ojor 45
Tensor
ternol Rodial 53 ieps 47 Trieps Iotrnol Antibrohii 50 od Lotiss;Us Do,si ]J
xtensar
had 5l
Btohio|is 49 Dep Di8. ln|ernol Flor 57
cooo Digitol
tnsor 54 Lotrol F Pt(orons 6l
8rohiolis 46 F^leot
rr|oros
lnsor ircps 47
8's
terol Rodiol t.r' 53 'tenol ? Bips 47
ernol FIor 59 |ft|eol Fleor
Brohiolis A|1ti!5 49
Flor ommon Digital rcnsat 54
'I 60

55
Llerol Digitol
onmon Digl. trol
t
tnsor 51
obliqu ri:,i!:6 Rodio| tensor 5f Middle
lrcoI ) J
'|enso| 56
Dep Fle'o| 6I
ollque
ltensor 56

(Faing Page 40)

Pltr J. Musular Attahmnt of th Shouldr to th Body
|The numbers printd er the nmes oif muschs ,re th numbrs of the other pl,tes in hich th muscles
ppr.
The plts in which th muscles r best shouln ar numberd in heauier tyPe.)
Nwlbcrs Nwnbrs
and.Cohurs nd'Colurs
of th Muscls of th Musc|rs
16. Green Culnowof thench, Pl.3' 10. 36. Blue Postrior Super1icialPeorI.P|.6,70.
18. Blu Trpzius,CeruiIprt.PI. 7,5,+, 37. Geen nterior Deep Petorl.P|' 2' +, to'
18D. Blue Trapzitls, DorsI prt,P|, 6, 4,. 58. Red Postrior Deep Pectorl. PI. 2' 5, 4, |o.
32. Gen Rhomboid.us'P|. 2,5,4,. 39a. Mauve Srrtus Ceruicis,P|. 1'2'5,4.
55. Gren Ltissimus Dorsi. Pl. 3,4.' 10. 39D. Mauv Serrtus Thoris. P|. 2,5' 4,, t| ,
.$. Red Mastoido-Hulnerlis.Pl, 1,5,+, t0.
55. Yellow nterior SuperJtil PectorI,P|' 2,
5,10.
 horbordrrs 32

Trap1ius ertial l8o

.ntar

rvicus 39o touz|as oorso, l8b

lvlostoido-lumerolis 34
outsld of
Srrotus etviis 39o L(z Shouldr

Atrior De Ptorol roDcz|ls ceiol lo

Srrotus Most'oldo.Humemlis 34
Thorois
fu|t. suprfiiol Pt'orol 35_ 9
Rhomboideus 2

Poste|ior Ptorl J8
/Dep l|o..o|do- t1ro,,s14
od Anlt|of & Post'lor
---- slprFiol Ptoro| j5 36
rropziu|
jol l8o
+=

I!1ostoIdo- Huerc|is
I,
.Serrotus Crylis 9

At SFcrfio| Petorol 15

Pos.e|r s.|prrlo| P<toro| )6

SrrotDs rhorois J9
Aa|c|r sup|rnl Petorol Post.lor Dp |de of
Rrght Shouldr
Pe<|o|o| B

(Faing Page 58)

 Pltr 6. Bons and Musles of th Fore Lg
|The numbers printd er the nmes o1f musIes re the numbers of the othr pltes t hich the muscles ppear '
.lte
pltes in hih the rnusles re bst shotan r urnbered i heui'er t.p",7

Ners Nzunbers
nd Colours and.Colours
of th Msles of th Musls
6. Blue Posterior Superfictl Peorl. P|. 5, 70' 6. Rd bliqu Eztensor oif the Mtcrpus
47. Green Bips brhii (Corco-rd:il)' (bdutor pollicis). PI' 4.
PL,2,4,10r 71. 57' Yellow rnternl RdiI Flor (Fl, Carpi
Blue Brchilis ntit'P|. \' 4' 10. rdllis\,P|.4.
Mauve Tnsor ifsi antibrchii. Pl. 4' 1 0. 58. Green Middl Flezor oif the Mtcrptts
(F. crpi ulnris).PI' 4.
111'lv"tto* Trieps brhii. P|. 2, 5, 4.
51b.) 59. Blu Egtrnl Flror o1f th Metcrpus
51. Yellow Triceps Brchzi (Intnal had). Pl 4. (Ulnris lterIis). P|. 2, 5, +, 70.
52. Rd nconus.P|,4, I|. 60. Red SuprJtciI dlgitI Fleor (Pertus)
55. Mauve rternl Rdil Eztnsor (Ezt. crpi nd chek ligament. PI. 4,, 71 .
rdilis).P|' 2,5,4\ |o, ||. 61. Mauv Dep Digitl tr'lzor (Perns) nd
4' Green Comnlon DigitI Eztensor (Et. pedis). heh ligmnt, PI. 4, t| ,
PL.215'4.' 10' tl. 62. Blue Suspnsor1r Ligmnt. Pl. 11.
55. Yllow Lrtl digitI gtensor (. Dlgiti 67. Yellow rnternl Rdil Flezor (Ft. crpi
Qutnti) . Pl. 2, 5, 4., L0 . rdilis\'P|.4.
 Tlicps 5|
tInol Postenot Sperfi<iol
,4noUs sor osto
49; Rodrcl Plotol ]6
53 Flx.Prforons 6l F Prforons 6l
.is 5 b 5lo
-{:- ' 5'
/, lntInol
F|ol 57

Digl ttidd|
Fleor flercr 58
P-rforons
6I 47
rtrnol
Rodiol sor Fosioe
Ati|ochii 50
Btohto| 49 lnsor
8is s49
5J
omon 59 |ntenol Flor 57
D,Sitol Dep Flor
ommon Perforcns 6l
tensor 54 Loterol,
tensol
oliqu rtnsor
rlenso.56 rtnsor 53
55
Oblique
tnso.5 tniddl
F|or S8 of
srp- rtrol
D Digl' Fl.
.erol
Rodiol F|xor 6I Prfor
tsor otus
Digt.ol 60
ternol
tnsor 55 oligue - Rodiol 5-l
to| xtmsor rtso.
ommo Digiol ,tol Flot 56
xtnsor 54
rt50 5J obliqu r.ensor J6
lttnol
Lotercl, Prforctus 60
Flxot s7
Lotrol Ditol Digi.ol (ensor Fleor 59
5uspso1, Perforotus xtsor 55
lr. 55 Ligomn. 62 5Usnso.y
6,
Ligomnl 6Z Common
susPn5o'},
5usesor tedior 55 srp. Di8'.l
Ligoment 62 Ligoment 62
Flr rtsor
'.
ommon Digitol Perforotus- 5+
Petforctus 6O
x.enso-lat\ 60
4
(d ,

// \.:,-,
\__
^-. Outride Bok ln'id

(Faing Pag 62)

 Pltr 7. Bons and Musles of the Thigh : outsid views
o1f rntlscles re th nurnbers of the othr plts in hich
th musIs tlpPar,
|Th nubrs prirxed er the nmes
Th pltes in hih the musIes r best shon r numbered in huier type']
Numbers
Nulrers .

nd Colours
ndCohurs
of thz MusIes of t} Mllscks

50a. Gen Eltrnl bliqu o1f th bdomen.
PL.2,5,8, to.
48b. Mauve Cpsulris.P|, 8'
64. Yellow Ilio-psos.Pl' 8,
64D. Yellow ictls. Pl.2' 8.
66. auve Trorfstr ltr,Pl. 5, 8) 7L.
67. Blue Superft,iI Glutrus. Pl. ' 8.
68a. Mauve Middle Gluttls. Pl. 9,8, 11.
68D. Yellw Pirrmis.Pl' 8.
69. Green Dp Glrus. Pl. 8.
70. Red Biceps Fmoris. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.
71' Gren Smttndino'srrs. Pl. % 57 8,9, L| '
72. B|ue Semimembrnoss. Pl. 879,17.
76. auve ddutor Femoris. Pl. 8,9.
77' Pted' Qttdrttls Femorts,P|,8,
78' Gmelli'PI' 8'
79. Red Rectlls Fmorls' Pl. 2,5,8' 9, ||.
79b. Yellor EflrnI sttls (/. ItrIis). PL. 2,5 ,
E,9r 11.
80a. Blu Gstrocnemis. Pl. 2,5,8,g)77.
80D. Btue Tedo htllts. Pl. 1 1.
81' Red SoIus.P|.2,5,g) ||.
82. Red Prontls Tertius. Pl. 8' 9' 11.
84. Green nterior or Long DigitI Extnsor
(Et. pdis). |. 21 5, g, I |.
8. Yllow Lterl Digitl Ertensor.P|, 2, 5'g.
86. Reil SuperfrciI Digital Fleor (Prtus)'
Pl. 8, 9, 11.
87. Mauve Dp Digital Flgor (Prans).
PI.215r9) lr.
88. Yellow Poplttus, Pl. 8' 9.
|. ol. sutf;ficiol iddle hliddlc
of th Abdamn.
67 6lutoeUs 68o

xt. oblique
bieps.Fm.70 ond
of Adomen 30o 5eitediosus 7l
Supr. Semt
Copsulotis 18b Glur. 67 memD/onosus
Middle
ensor D..> 68o / 72
Fos(ioc Glutouj s 68b
Loto
66 Gemlli
t.
Fm. // 78

tdiotus 7l
Tfx" opsUloris s7A Dp ,' ,s(hium
69 48b Glutous
Fm.77o
lotoe t Vostus
66
\ 79 tus Fem. 79o

GIU.ous 7

Re(tus 76
Fmoris 79o
Portion
of 5em,-
.eol . Perfototus 86 tdiosls 7 /
Vostus 79b B.p5 8ieps Sml'memoosus
Fmoris 70
72
teroj
vos|us 79
edo thills 80b
LonE Dtgiaol
ddutor 7
tnsor 84 Prooe us Bieps Fem.70
cessor Tendon ertius 82
6ostlo(neiUs or Bicps 70 od Lang
80 '84x('
D'l.

l
6ornmius 80o
Lo|roI FIr. Peros
Et.. 85 87

t' 1'. 'i F. Pr(ortus 86'

F|c' erforotus 86
.l\ Bieps 70 onl
Smltdinosus 7 l

outsid or Lerr hi8h

(Faing Page 70)

 Pl,te 8. Bones and Musls of th Thigh : insid
and bak views
th numbers of th othr plts in hich th muscles pPr.
|The numbers printed r th nmes oif mcles re
The pltes in tl.,hich the muscles re best shouln re numberd in heuier tpe.]

Ners Nlgters
rld Co|urs andColours
of th Musbs of e Muscls

27. Rd Longissimus Dorsi.PI,2. 75. Mav Srtorius.P|. 9.

50a. Gren Etrnl bliqu of the bdomn. 74. Yellow Grcilis'P|. 9.
P',L..215r 7,1,0. 75. Red Pctineus.
0D. Blue rnternl obliqueoif the bdomn, 76. Mauve z7ddutor Femorts. Pl.7' 9.
PI.9. 77. \ed' Qudrtus Fmoris,P|.7.
1. Red Rectus bdminis. 77b, Ye||ow bturtor Erternus.
48D. Mauve Cpsulris.Pl. 7' 77. NIav Obturtor rnternus.
65. Rd Psos fuIinor. 78. Red GmelIi,P|.7.
6,}. Yellow IIio.Psos.P|. 7. 79. P.ed' Rectus Fmoris'P|' 2,5,7 , g, 77.
64. Yellow Psos Mqor. 79D. Yellow Ezternl sttls (. Lterlis). Pl. 2,
6.lD. Yellow Ilictls,Pl.2' 7. 5r7r9,lt,
65. Red Qudrtus lumborum, ttchment. 79. Geen rnternl sttls (v. Mdtl). Pl. 9.
66. Mauve Tnsorifsci ltr.Pl' 5, 7' 7|, 80' Blue Gstranemius.P|'2,5;7,9,77.
67. Blu Superfiil Gluttls.P|. 5' 7. 89. Rd Peronrus Tertius.PL,7,g, |7.
68. Mauve Middl. Glutus (G. Medfus). Pl' 9' 84. Gren Long DigitI Ednsor,P|.2,5'7
7, Ll. 85. Yellow Lterl Digttl Erterlsor.|, 2, 5,'9,||.
7 ) 9.

68D. Yellow Pirrmis.P|. 7. 86. Red Pertus. (Sup. DigitIFr.),P|. 7,9,

69. Geen Deep Glutlts.Pl,7. 71.
70. Red BiepsFemons.Pl. 5,7'9'7,|'. 88. Yllow Popliteus. Pl.8,9.
71. Green Semttendinoss. Pl. 2),7,9)|t., 92D. Blue rugulr in'
72' BJlu Semirnembrnoss' Pl. 2'7,9,||.
 l|rnol
rsor ob|' of Abdomc 30o
l.ogi5simus Fosioe
lnternoI oliqu Sri-
Loloe
of th bdomn ldiosUs
66

Tensor Fosrce

t obl of
th bdotnen 68o

llious 4b Gtelli
tum
t!|1ddl
6lutous 68o o5.uld.is us 64h
48 Retus
Psoss
63 Fem.79
Dp
ot. xr. Semi-
Rtus memron.
69 79o osus 72
Mrddle
sUr.
Glut.67
- Psoos 61o
tor F, 6
7
Gl0Lorus
68 69
o 7 48
Abd- Yostts 79
suprrltol Fem,79o Fem.77o
Glut.oeos 7 rt. obl
llio- 1t t!1"'"1! r, Fe 79o
Ad
.", ;:f,;,* Go
opsuIoris 64 lnternol 79c
r( EU t. Addr, Fem
us
tetnol It Vostus 79b Sortorius-73
l
Voscus 79
Vostus 79b m.79o
R.. ond
Fl Perforotus 86
Gost
79o
Snilendin6sus 7 l d Sei.
memDroosu5
vos|gs 79 Gto<ilis74
trnol Vos|us
79b 70
6ostroneiu!
Popliteus 88, rl Tendon of
Fm.76 &
Semiemhronosui 72 lnrcrnol
Peronous rel
ond Long
DlEito| tensot 74
84
Front Yiew of Feut ond Pelvis Insid of Thigh Bok of Femut Bot, of Thigh

(Faing Pag 76)

 Plt 9. Bones and Muslesf the Hind Lg
|The numbers printed r the nmes o1f mttscles r th numbrs of the other plts in ulhih the nntscles ppr.
The plts in tahih the muscles r best shon re numbered in heuier t.p".f

Ntms Nwnbers
and Colaurs nd, Co|urs
of th MusIs of t} Mrls
70. Red Bips Fmorz.s. Pl. 5,7,8, tt, 82. Rd Peronus Teius.PI.7 8' 7|.
71. Gen Semitndinoslzs. Pl. 2,5,7,8,|t. 85. Yellow ntrior Tibil Eztnsor. '
72. B|ue Semirnembr,noss. Pl. 2,7,8,7|. 84, Gren nterior or Long Digital Eztnsor
75. Mauve Srtorius.P|. 8. (Ert. pedis). PI. 2, 5, 7 , t7 .
74. Yellow Grcilis.P|. 8. 85. Yllow Ltrl Digttl Ertnsor. P|' 2' 5, 7.
76. uve ddrctor Femois. Pl. 7,8. 86. Red 9upcil Digitl Fleror (Prtus
79a. Red Rtus Fmoris.PI.2,5'7'8,|7. or Plntris).P|. 7 8, |t.
79D. Yellorv Egternal sttts (. Iater.P|, 2, 5' '
87. Mauve Dep Digxl Flezor (Perans) nd
7r8, ll. chech ligment. Pl. 2,5, 7 , |L,
79. Geen rntrrtl vsttls (v, medialis). Pl. 8. 87. Mauve Long Digitl Flexor (prt of 87),
80a. Blue Gastrocnmls. Pl. 9' 5,7 8, 77. 88. Yellow Popliteus.Pl. 8.
81. Red Soleus.P|,2',7,||' ' 89. Blue Suspnsor1rLigamnt, Pl. 11.
 .. DiEI .r. s
vog .^'
Gosrom|Us 80d Lo|.Crol R( tU5 Etct nol
IID 8Oo F Vostus 79b 76 ond
semitd-. smiem.
-oP
iosus.7 l !!t
Solus 8l ips 70

Goslroc-
mrU5
80o 8t lntnoI
Yostus
PCfonous 88 79
fertius I ft. Prforos
gnd LoE Lo.ra' i. LonE
tnsor 05 83 74
Digl lt. E

87 s.m trioI osus 7 l

Brcps 70 Gostreius' |edi- rbiol 83 88
\_la nosus 7 I Per-
'ons
n.erio. i( Semi- I
Pr(or. 87
I

rtbl 83 'otus 86 I ! 7I od|

t . Prforclus r. tus 86 )
7o od
|rzlls l
Prooous Trtlus 82 -
ibio|
Aorrcr Tiio| 83
Loterol tnsot

At. or Long Extr.8t|

xlsol
85
Sussor
Ligomnt 89

Long Digl- :rr".8,l

Dig|' tr.84
Perdorotus 86

Pr|otons 07

Prfoions 87

(Faing Page 82)

 Plte 10. Musls of the Chest and {ek
|Th numbers printd fter th nmes oif musls re the numbrs oif the othr plts in thich the muscls pPer.
Th plates in hich the musles re bst shon re numbered i heuir tpe.f
Nubers
ad Colours
of th Muscls
19. Yellow Sterno-cephlicus.P|. 1, 2, 5.
75, B|ue StrnoThjrro.H1.oideus'
15D. Mauve omo-Hoideus.P|. t,2.
16a. Green Cutneous muscle o1f the nch.P|.5.
19. Yellow Splcnius.PI. 1, 5.
50. Green Eernl obliqu ofthe l1bdomen.
Pr.215r7rg.
55. Green Ltissilns Dorsi' Pl. 5,4.,6.
,l. Rd Mstoido-Humerlis.P|'1,5,+,5,
55. Yellow ntrior Supetl Peorl, P|, 2,
5, .
56. Blue Postrior SupcilPectorl' Pl. 5, 6.
57. Gen ntrior Dep Ptorl.PL.2,4,5,
58. Rd Posterior Dep Petorl.Pl' 2,5,4,,5.
41. Blue Suprspinatus.P|.2,4,.
49. Red Infraspintus.P|'2, +.
Nltrs
and, Colaus
of th Muscles
.l5. Red Teres Mjor. Pl.,|..
46. auve Corco-brhiIis.P|. 4.
47. Gteen Bicps brchii.PI. 2' 4' 6' 77.
49' Blue Brchilis nti.PI,2,5'4,6.
0. auve Tensor1fsci ntibrchii.Pl. 4.' 6.
51. Yellow Trieps Brchii.P|' 2) 5, 4' 6, 77.
55. Mauve EzternI Rdil gtnsor (E*, rpt
rdiIis). Pl'. 2, 5' +, , ||'
4. Geen Common Digitl Eztensor (zt, pedis).
P|.2,5,+,,1'|.
55, Yellow Ltral Digitl Ertnsor (Et' digiti
quinti).PI. 5' +'.
9. Blue Egtrnal Fleor o1f the Mtcrpus
(Ezt. crpi ulnris). P|. 2, 5 ? 4., 6,
99D. Blue rugulr vin.P|.7,2,5,
 Bieps 47

omo.Hoidus
rol Fosio
A|ibtochii 50

sro.hl/|o.|oidus
ntr. Deep
Pe|orcl 37
s ojo 45
Brochiolis 46

5r'no.Pholi(U' l utoneoUs
ortl|}\lek l6d

lloous us.l
or th Ne(t..]L6o 'xtl o|iqu
o| dome 30o

/!losrordo-
umer0'1s

Tricps Bro<hii 5l
An|IIo. s!peIriol
Petorol 35
-.

l'aol
B'ohIolll n.ius Rodiol 53
tsor

.rrol
Flor 59
Pos.|r suP||lial Supeiol
PGlorol .]6 Porol 36 Posterior
DeeD Ptool J8
ilo, rt.ror 5J

ammon Dil
trnol Rodtol 5
tensor 54
tnso

(Faing Page 98)

 Plt 11. Diagram of the Musles
of the Fore and Hind Limbs
|The numbrs printd fter th nmes o1f musles re th numbers o1f the
other pltsin hichthe mtlscls pper. The plts inhih th muscles
re best shou. r numbered in heuier tPe")
Nwnbers
and,Colours
of t} MusIs
59D. Mauve Serrttls Thorcis.P|. 2, 5, 4, 5.
47. Green Bteps brchii,Pl. 2, 4, 6, |o.
51a. Yllow Trieps, long head.Pl. 2, 5, 4., 6.
5 1b. Yellow Trieps, zternal hed. P|. 2, 5' +, 6' |0.
52. Red nonus. Pl.,l.' 6.
55. lVlauve Etrnl Rdil Erterzsor (Ezt. rpirdiIis). PI. 2' 5, +,
6, 10.
54. Gee Common DiI Ezteror (Ert. pedis).PI.2,5,4,'6' L0.
60. Red Super1ficiI DiI Fleror (Pertus) d chch ligment,
PI.4,6.
61. Mauve Deep Digitl Flezor (Perans) nd hech ligamnt. Pl. +' 6.
62. Blue Susplorjr Ligment.Pl,6.
66. Mauve Tensor fsir ltr. P|. 5, 7, 8.
68. Mauve Mid Gluttls.P|. 2,7, 8.
70' Red Bicps Frnon.s. Pl. 5, 7 , 9, 7|.
71. Ge Smitndinostls.Pl, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9.
79. Blue Senimembrnosrzs. Pl. 2,7,E,9.
79a. Rd Rctus Fmon. Pl. 2,5,7,8,9.
79D. Yellow Eflern'l vsttts (Y. ltrIis). Pl. 2, 5, 7 8, g.
80a. Blue Gstronm'Pl'2,5,7,8,g. '

"* Ble *&] -

80D.
z4hillis, see Gstrmius (8o) p.77 .
il; }Tendo
81. Red Solus.PI.2,5'7'g.
89. Red Peronrus Tefi, Pl. 7' 8' 9.
84. Geen Long DigitI Eztrtsor.P|.2.
86. Red SuprficiIDilFhzor(Pertus). Pl. 7'8,9.
87. auve Dep Digital Fltor (Peral). PL. 2, 5' 7 g.
89. Blue Susplor Ligmnt.P|.9. '
 l.!dl. Gl!|ou' 680 Hlp ioinr
Shouldt.blode

srrctu5
Thoros
'.
'9
.. neps,
LonB hod
.' 5lo

tcno| ...
dumrus. vostu' 79
Bips 17..
ticpl
furnol hod 5I o

futconus'.
52
.
|olronon\ ndo Ahillis.
Dp Flor Gos?.ror|ivs
87 Solus 8l, Flcol
-Prforons '. Prfolozus 86

Prforotus 60
ond h<k PrcnoUs
LiEonI Trtius 8I

.. Porons 6l .'Prforons
ond heck
'.. .
ond hk
Co 8o. - . .
'.. .... "
LlEom2t
Ligomt 87

. Susp.ntorf
Liromnt 62
omod Digi.ol
sor 51 Ssooid
(U.) .ssoo,d
8o Bo
( Pholonx I --.
t,. ll
PoJa.rns< .
"".//

iodI.g

(Faing Page l08)

 Th Skelton 43
It is intresting to notie that, though they are oth soket BIl nd
nd bll joints, there is a tlistint differene in the way in Socket
hih they are artiulated. As th skeths show, the sokt f oints
of the hip joint is deep, espeiay torards the front of the
l, enlosing a large portion of the had of the femur; in the
shouller joint, the up on th end of the shouller blade (the

Front
View

L Hip Joint Nght Shoulder foint

roint
Glenoid avi is very small. These differnes of onstru-
tion are adapted to the pnipal duties of the hind antl fore
legs, the former making for firmness of attahment, the latter
for great freedom of movemnt.
one joint rith universal movment plad high on the leg is
suffiient to allorry the leg to swing forwards, ak.wardsand out-
ward's from the odywith a thefreeilom that it needs,asrhn
a horse is glloping on a urYe' rhi]e the rstrition of moYe.
ment of the other joints gives the leg rigiility and strength.
 4,4, Th Sklton
Hies Below the ba].l and sokt joints we getPowefulstraightfo-
ward artiulations, the lbor and knee, stifle anl hok, the
knee and hok being shock absorbers with
their layers of severa.l ones, though
,t't ftllr other.wise un]ike eah other (see Pl. 6'
Isl
p. 62; ntl Pl. 9, p. 89; also the astra.
galus on P. 28). In the hok the om.
ponent bones are tieil into an inseparable
mass; in the knee they are knit so that
they an oPen. For the knee (the arpus)
is a joint made for the easy lifting of the
fore leg, to prevent stumbling and for
leaing obstales as in jumping. The fle-
ion of the joint is so fre, from its being
made with layers of bones whih even s]ide
a little uPon eah other, that a horse an
IJt 'HocL flik his hest with his hoof to lislolge a fly
fnsid Vtl that is teasing him. This onstrution of,
the knee noreoYer fai]itates the ation
of th tendons that run aross its surfae; for, when the
knee is ent, it offers them only slight
hanges of firetion from th faets of
one layer of one to those of the next,
instead of a harsh hange of diretion as
a single-jointel hinge woull lo. When a
horse falls, this opening of thebones makes
the injury to the knee often vry severe.
.Ih
Knee The skethes on p. 46 were made from
-ray photographs of the kne of a foal,
taken from th inside. The proportion of
th bones and thir shape liffer onsider-
ably from those of a mature horse, but Itt ..n
otsid Vlzl
the priniple of moYemnt is the same.
Th opening takes plae rrst betwn the Railius anil the
 46 Th Skeleton
,he
Kne uPPe laye of arpalbones, later the hing movement etvgeen
the upper and lower layrs of arpals eomes very large.

From X-r photorPhs of afoal's lft hne tahnfrom th blsid. Cr, c2, 5 : Cr-
pl bones; MC : Mettapa; MC:Clun bolu; MC2, MC4:SPIht bos;
P : Prm bon ; R : Rdhls.

A notieable point is how, as soon as the knee ends, the

Pisiform bone desrts th Radius and rmains in the middle
of the joint. Ra]ly the upper layer of arpal bones is the
entral platform of the knee on whih turn first the Radius
 Th Sklton 47
and later the lor row of arpa.ls, whih pratially fom a The Knee
kno at the top ofthe annon on.
As th stifle and hok, the big propulsive hinges of the Union of
quine motor, ae linked together and rv.ork in unison (see Pl. Hoh nd'
1 1' p. 108), all the trmendous
Power of the quarters is trans. Stifl
ritted to th long lever of the hok, throwing tremendous
strain uPon the joint. To diret this fore the double whel of
th astraglus is deeply embedded in grooves t the ase of the
tibia. This is a joint for the diret trallsmission of thrust. It is
no joint for sideway strain, having no sideway play. Of that it
must be relivd, as it is, by the play of the head of th fmur
in its soket above, and belor by th elastiity of the Pastern
joints and hoof.
In th Pasterns we find automati springs, real spring Sprulqs
shakies, so well designed that ne foot an support the full
r.ight f the ody, taking th irregularities of the ground. as
they ome. Firmly tied by ligaments against lateral displae-
ment, thir artiulation with the annon bone and eah
other is neessarily shallo.w; they would break if one bone
as inserted in another, as in tlre hk. The pasterns have
a Yry long swing to and fro. They an e fleed bak at
right angles to th annon orre, antl, supported y the ten-
dons, an be extnded forwads, .vetended', not only
into the position they oupy when a horse is standing at
rest, but at times atually at right angles to the annon
bon.
The more on looks at the oily the more one sees
}row intrdependent the parts are, saving ah other and
omplmenting ah othr mehanially, omplmenting
eah other lso in beauty and design, hard parts and soft,
iong antl short, square and round, in ontrast and repeti.
r].on.
The attahed impessions of fore leg and hinil leg were
rapidly drawn from a horse pulling very hard. They shon'
 ,+8 Th Sklton
Fore nd lea that the impression prolued uPon the eye was that
Hind Lrgs the fore of the musles was direted to the joints.

/{/

&
tL

t\

In'raring,n":":;r:::"":::::,::;,ytheSquareness
of the point of the shoulder, the angles of the knee and the
sweng of the extensor musles.
The sketh of the hinl leg, if you ri]l .read'' it arefully,
shows the Yasti musles (79) on the top and both sides of the
femur onentrating on the kne-ap, the Bieps (70) sweng
rith the effort, and the line mad by the Tenlo Ahil]is (80b)
running to the hok. It is notieable, too, how squarely the
foot is turned down, so that the toe ligs into the ground.
When a hors is pulling really hard he lorrers his forehand
in ordr to put his hinl legs into the position in whih they
get their thrust most diretly into the line of the resistane. In
fat, the hors lies down to it, as a man does when pulling in a
tug-of.war. To lo this he flexes his fore leg at elbow and knee
joints, using his etensor musles to keep his knee from losing
altogether,whih aounts for theiraentuation in the sketh.
As his flexors are pulling the foot ak, one sees that in violent
 Th Sklton ,{.9

efforts the musls on both sids of the leg are in ation at Fr l

one' whih braes th leg and supports the bone against the Hid Legs
sYere strain that it is undergoing. The wheeler of a art rho
has th weight of the shafts on him dare not
.lie down' to it,
s a leader an with only traes upon him.
In the seond sketh, of right and left fore legs seen from
ehind, it is again ntieale lrow th bone frms are em.

\.
Lft fore leg pulling sen fron bhind Right fore lg pulling seen from behind

phasized at the elbow and knee, and the foot is putting its toe
into the ground. Se also the drawing of knes on p. 34.
Whih observations sho.w how muh the skeleton, lridden
as it is, influenes th superfiial appearane of the body.
 Chapter IY. Th Musles
.Musles
are highly speialized organs that hav the property
of ontrating when stimulated. Striated musles', the kind
of musles rith whih we are onernd., .at upon th bones,
ovr the grater part of the skeleton and play an important
part in determining th form of the animal.'1
Thus the voie of siene, Sisson, Th ntom of the
Domestic nim,
The musles are attahed to the bones either diretly, or
inliretly through the artilages, ligaments or fasia. In the
plates th aras of attachment markel upon the bones often
represent only part of the attahment of a musle whilr
through fasia or aponeurosis applies its force to a muh larger
ara of the bone or bones onerned'.
Th musls annot push the bones sine they only work
by ontration; so that rhen we push something our ation is
th result of pulling on the part of the musles.
In the notes on the musles, their ation is lesribed. as x-
tenling or fleing a joint, or they are said to ad.dut, abdut,
or rotate a lim inwards or outwards. While suh terms on-
veniently exPress the ation of a musle, it should e rmem.
berel that the musle whih flexes a joint is also used. to on.
trol its extension, just as one whih extends it is usel to on.
trol its flexion. For instane, when you jump, yu employ th
big musles in th top of your thigh to straightn, to xtend,
your knee joint, and your alf musles to extend your ankle
joint; and when you land, the sam musls hek the flexion
rAs many people seem not to know it, let me mention that musles ae th fleslr,
or meat'
5o
 Th Musles t
of your knee and ankle, and let you dorn gralually without vrit of
shok. Your ieps, with hih you lift a weight in your Musculr
hand, a.].so ontrols the deliay with whih you put it dorn tion
again. The Addutors of a lim are as often used to ontrol its
outward. swing as atually to pu it inwarls. Indeeil, the inter-
play of musles eyen in a simple moYement is very intriate;
whih is why a hi]tl takes some time before it an o.ordinate
its movements, and why we find it diffiult to learn new om-
binations of movements as in games.
Musles are as vaied as the bones they serve, thik, thin,
flat, round, long, short. In some th ontration makes no
hange of shape notiable enough to onn the draughts-
man, in others th hange is very striking, as in the human
bieps, as very shoolboy knors. Does the boy exist who has
not lenhel his fist and bent his arm hoping that his bips
rill beome an errormous ball f iron?
Musls vary as muh in their speed of ation as in thei
strength, those with a long purchase starting a movement
more easily than an those rith a short lverage, though the
lattr make up in spel what they lak in initiative. To extend
the femu on the plvis, as in kiking, the muscles of the
rouP, Bieps femoris (70), Semimembranosus (72), and
others, start the movement easily, for their pull is eerted at
som distane from the frrlrum' tlrtl hip joilrt; ut tlr Middl
Glutreus (68a), with its pull on h short leverag of t}re
great trohanter, adds a rapidity to the moYement of the fmur
of whih the others ar inapable. A similar priniple is em-
ployl by a man swinging an axe, who holds it near th blade
to Start the swing, and runs his hand down the haft to adl
speed to the finish of the stroke.
A pint of interest is th diffrene of ation in a musle
that onnets one one to the next, and of a musle that, ig-
noring the next bone, Passs to a bone beyond. The Brahi]is
(49), for instan, whih arises on the humerus and is inserted.
 52 Th Musls
varit of on the radius, an only flex the elbow joint; rihi]e its nigh-
Muscular bour the Bieps Brahii (47), whih arises from the shouller
,4ction blade and passing by the humerus is also inserted on the
radius, an flex the elow joint if the shoullr is fixed, an
xtend the shouller joint if the elbow is fietl, or arry out
both funtions simultaneously.
The f]ow of musu]ar ation is
lea i]lustrated on the
nek of a ralking horse y the Serratus Cerviis (39).
Wath whn the foot takes the grounl anl you rill see, as
the shoulder blale turns' the different strands of the musle
stand. out in turn upon th nek, like a series of fingers, be-
nning.with the strand vrhih is nearest to the shouldr until
they are all taut; se the illustration on p. 51.
The ation of a muscle, however rapid, however instan-
taneous it appears, neessari.ly develops and diminishes gradu.
ay, as is notieably shown in a slowel-dorn rlm in the ine-
matograph. This resndo anl diminuendo movment takes
plae not only in the ation of an inlidual musle, but a]so
in the way in whih musles follow and omine rith eah
ther's ations. And when the resenilo and diminuendo is
rhhmi it gives us plasure through our yes and .we all it
graeful.

Dcscription In th desriptive lists, that follow, th musles are num-

of the red for onveniene of rferne; and the numbrs aPPear
Muscles on the plates rith the name of the musle. Sometimes for
.want of spae
on the plate the name of a musle is abbrated.
A musle and its areas of orirr or insertion on the bones
bear th same olour on every plate in whih they appar, and
in the list this olour is noted against the musle. The readr
is waned, however, that in looking up ertain of the plate
referenes he may find only the area of attahment of th
musle to th one, and not the musle itself; of ertain uninr-
Portant musles onl the attahment is given.
 Th Musls
The names of the musles are given as far as possible in Dsription
nglish. usles have a great variety of nams in different of the
text-books, so muh so that if the read'er studies the subjet Muscls
further he rill find, to his great inonveniene, that different
authors use different names rithout mentioning the alterna-
tive names at all!
The desription of the musles is deliberately simplified.
oftn only the prinip.l attahment or insertion is given, and
orrly the prinipl funtions mentioned. For simpliity's sake
tlre Ligaments, a very interesting part of the mehanism of
the joints, are harlly mentioned. Lik othr parts of th boly
the musles are so intriat in struture, sharing their neigh-
ours, attahments and duties, eYen at times ating in ontra-
ditory ways, that a full lesription woulil plunge the rader
into the Irlaze of thnial terms that is a-lled a tet-ook.
,I,|
The ation of most of the musles of the hail and fae is Hd
iar from the plate without muh planation (se Pl. 1, rtd F
.t2), )

Those of whih the ontration shows most ar the ig

Msstr rnusIs, whih as a hors munhes tighten int<l
idges that radiate like the ribs of a fan. and the Buccintor.
 54 Th Musles
The Head whih forms th hek just behind the mouth, opposite the
nd Fc teth.
Though the musles that move the nos, ears and eyelids
are hardly ever notieale in themselvs, their influene on
xpression is great.
A horse pinhes his nostri]s and lays bak his ars to sho.w
tmper; blors through his nostri]s when alarmed; and opens
thm like trumpets .when xitd or
glloping, for he d.oes not breath
through his mouth. florse raes are
run r.ith losed lips, as men's raes
are run with open ons' IIe oPens
his mouth when he nighs.
A hors gts muh information
thrugh his nose, for the long hairs
with thir sensitive roots ar true
feelers and he misss thm if they
are ut short, as they are somtimes, to .mak him look
smartert.
In his book, The ntom of rprssion, Sir harles Bell
states that the musles rhih in the lion lift the lips off the
anin teth, in the horse Pass to the nose. Th lion and the
other felines an oPen the jaw right bak to seize and hew
their prey, whiJe the hors an only open his mouth mod.er-
ately; whih must make it most unomfortabl when he
yawns' but makes his mouth th better ontainer to holl a
quantity of fodler whi.le he hews it.
 Th Nlusles

Desriptiv List f Musls

|Th plts in hih th muscls r best shousn r nurnbrd
i heuier tP".7
1. rbiulr of the Mouth (rbiulris orrs). Blue. Pl. 1.
The sphinter of the mouth whih loses the lips.
2, Lutor of the [Jppr Lip nl Nostril (L. nsi labili.
Retl. Pl. 1.
It lifts the upper lip and dilats the
nostril.
3. Lotor of th Upper Lip (L. I,bii
superioris proprius). auve. Pl. 1.
Working on eah side of the fae thes
musles met on th top of th nose,
and ating together lift the upper lip,
and an atully turn it insid out' as
may be sen from tim to tim. Ating
sepaately, they pulJ. it sileways.
4. Z1rgomtius. Green. Pl. 1.
A thin ribbon whih pulls ak the orner of th mouth.
5. Depressor of the Loer Lip (D, labii infrioris). Rel.
Pl. 1.
It pulls the lowr lip bakwards and downwards.
6. Buccinfor. Mauve' Pl. 1.
This musle lies long the mouth. It is a]led the .Trum-
Ptr' eause it tenses the sides of the mouth; it assists
in pushing the food between the teeth in mastiation.
7. Msseter. Yeow. Pl. 1.
From the zygomati arh and the rest to the lower jaw.
This musle loses the jaw when working in unison rith
its fellor on ihe other side of the head, r pus it side-
.ways as in mastiatiorr, when ating alone. It makes the
56 Th Musls
shap of the lower elge of the jar. Its fan.shaped rbres
shor very distintly when a horse is munhing.

8. Ltr| Diltor of the Nose (Caninus muscl. Yellow.

Pl. 1.
It dilates the nostril.
9. Suprior Di|tor of the.Aosz. Green. Pl. 1.
It helps to enlarge the nasal cavity.
t0. Trnsors Dilator of th.Aose. Yellow. Pl. 1.
Lis under the ommon tendon of the Levator of the
Upper Lip (5).
tt. Cruic| Li1mnt (Ligrnntum Nuh. Buff. Pls. 1, 9.
It is an arrangement of elasti tissu to suPPort the
reight of the nek. It is mposed of t.wo Parts, the funi-
ular part, whih arising from the rithers is insertd int
the ocipital proturane of the skull, and the lamlla
part, whih arising from th funiular part as well as
from the rithers is inserted into th 2nd to the 6th r.
vial vertera.
|2. Sterno.Cphlicus (Sterno-Mndibu|ari. Yellor. Pls. 1,
2' , t0.
From the artilage of the strnum to the angle of the
lower jaw.
Ation: Flexes the head and nek.
t3. Longus Colli. Blu. Pl. 1.
It runs from th atlas bone a-long the underside of the
nek to th 6th vertebra of the thorax, binding the ver.
tbrre to eah other.
|4. IntertrnstsersIes colli. Green, lear and shaleil. Pl. 1.
Attah the ervial vrtebrre to eah other, the lear and
shald areas of musle interonneting resPetively.

!5,. Strno.Tttro-Hoid,eus. Blue. Pl. 10.

 Th Musls 57
75b. mo-Hoideus. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,5, t0.
These are two musles, arising on the ariniform artilage
of the sternum anl th susapular fasia respetively,
to be insrted on the hyoid bone, btween the jaw bones;
the thyroid branh of 75a is inserted on the larynx'
They shor in the throat, etween the tro branhes of
the sterno-ephali musle (12).
16. Cutnous musI (Panniulus Crnosus).
It adheres losely to th skin on ertain parts of the bdy,
the fae, nek, arm and abdomen. It is th twithing
musle that dislolges insts.
76' utnous of th Nh. Greerr. Pls. 5, 10.
It arises in the sternum and the tvro parts diverge over
th strno.phali musle to join the mastoido-humera-
lis, where it is gralually lost.
I6b. utnous of th bdomn.
It overs a large part of the abdomen and flank.
17. Rtus Cpitis ('lntius Mjor,) Yellow. P7s, I,2.
From the 3rd, 4.th and 5th ervial vertebrre to the
oipital bone. Ation: F]exes or inlines the head.
78a' Trpezius Ceruil p,rt. Blue. Pls. 1, 5, +, 5.
I8b, Trpzius Dorsl or Thori prt. Blue. P|s.5,4,5,
From the ervial ligament and the rithers to the spine
of th shoulder blale, wher it is divided into two parts.
Ation: The ervial part d.raws the shouller blade for-
.wards and upwarls; the
dors] part dra's it upwards and
bak.wards. Ating together they lift the sapula.
The tnd.inous fires that form the mitllle part of this
muscle suPPort th shouller lade and fore limb when
the leg is off the gounl just as the tendinous fibres of
the Serratus Thorais support the fore parts of the ody
from the shoulder lade when the leg is on the ground
(see p. 10).
Pltr 5. Musular Attahment of the Shoulder to the Bodv
|The numbrs printd er the nrnes of muscles re th umbrs o1f the other pltes in tohich the mtlsIes ppe'r.
The pltes in hich th musles are best shouln r nmbered in heuier trpe.1
Nwrers Nrs
adCo|urs tld, Col,ours
of tfu Musls of t) MusIes
16a. Geen Cutanouso1fthenh. Pl' 5' 10. 36. Blu Posterior Super1icial PetorI'P|.6, 10.
18a. Blue Trpzitls, CeruiI prt.Pl. 7,5, 4,. 57. Green nIerior Deep Pectorl.P|. 2,4., !o,
18D. Blue Trpezius,Dorslprt.Pl.5'4. 38. Red Postrior DepPctorI.P|'2,3,4.,10.
39. Gren Rhomboidrus.P|, 2'5,4. 59a. auve Serrtus Crutc.Pl. I,2'5,4,.
. Green Ltissimus Dorsi. Pl. 5,+, |0. 59D. auve Serrtus Thors, P|. 2' 5, 4, |7.
5,l. Red Mstoido-HumerIis.P|.1,5,4,,|0.
55. Yellorr ntrior Superficil Pctorl.PL 2,
5,10.
 ropziu9 ervil lBo

Srrotus Cryius J9o

ostoido.| uerolis 34
r/- Outside of
sr||o|us ervrc|s 9o./ Lft Shouider

zrus ervtol l8o

Anrcrior Dp P|orol
srlotuj ostotdo-omero|is 34
rhorois
At. 5Uerfiio/ Petool J5-
Rhomoidus J2.

Postetior De Pctoroi f8
|^olto|do' urolts 34
od Antrr & PosLerr
Superfiiol Petool 35 36
Dorsoi i 8
to( Dorsl 3
Srrotus Cervtts 9o
Rhomotdes J2

ostoldo- Humrolis

.5errotus Crviis 39o

nt Spr[tlol Ptoro, 5*-_

Postrlor sUpr,(iol PLar| 6

s Thorois 9b
lnstd of
s'pr|l Ptoro/ J5 Post.ior D Rrght 5hou/dr
^nt(rr ctoro| 3B
 Th usls 59
Yellow. Pls. 1, 5, t.
19, Splniu.s.
From the 2nl, 5ril anl 4th thorai spines and th r.
vial ligamnt to th skull, atlas, and 5rd, 4th and 5th
ervia] vrtbrre.
Ation: To pull th head and nek to th sitle; or ating
togethr to raise th hal and nek.
2, Longissirntls cpitis t tl,ntis, Blue, Yellow. 1,.2.
From the 1st and 9nil thorai verterre to th base of
th skull and wing of the atlas, respetively.
Ation: To etend the had and nek, or ating singly to
benlthe head and nek.
They sho.w at mments f strain'
21, Complezs. Red. PI.2; attachments. Pl.1.
From 2nd,, \rd and 4th thorai spines, the 1st to 6th
thorai vrtebrre and th ervial vertbrr to the
oipital bone.
Ation: Strong extnsors of the heal and nek. Acting
on one side only, inline the heal and nek to th siil.
22. Multdus Ceraicis (Trrars Spinous muscle of the
ne. Retl. Pl.2.
From the artiular Proesses of th last five eral ver-
tebrr to the spins of the preeding er] vertebrr.
Ation: It binds th nek tosethr and' extends it or
flexes it.
2, Postrior oblique of th Hd. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2.
A short thik nrusle whih onnts th atlas and axis
bones. It is hilden und.er the Mastid-Humera]is
musle (54).
Ation: Rotats th atlas and }rad on the axisorholds
axis still on th atlas.
24.. ntrior blique of the Hd' Gren. Pl. 1.
It joins the atlas one to the skull. xtends the skull, or
flees it laterally. It lso is hilden.
60 Th Musls
25, Srrtus Posterior (S. rspirtorirzs). auve. Pls. 9, 5.
Helps in epiration.
25b. ztrnl Intrcostls. Red. Pls. 9, 5.
Join the ribs to eah other.
26. Trnsurslis Costrum (Ilio-costal). Yellow. Pl. 2.
It lis longsitle the Longissimus Dorsi from th lumbar
region to the th, 6th anil 7th rvil vertebrr. It
hels to onnet th bak, ribs, et.
Ation: xtends the spine, or flexes it sileways anl helps
in inspiration.
27. Longissimus Dorsi. Rel. Pls. 9, 8 inluding th
27. Spinlis. Rd. P]'.2.
The longest musle in the oily, eten.ling fronr the sa-
rum and ilium to the ].ast four ervia] vertra; th
idlle Glutreus (68) gains Power from being attahd to
its aponeurosis. It lies upon uPPer surfaes of the ris
against the spines of the bakbon and forms th shap
of the bak.
Ation: It is a very Powerful etensor of the bak anil
loins, aiding in all movements of the hind quarters,
suh as ,kiking, puing, jumping, rearing. Ating
on one side of the body only it flxes the spine sid.
ways.
28. Multifi Dorsi. Hidden.
It runs from the sarum to th nek. hidden bv the
Lngissimus Dorsi (27). It is omposed of bundles
whih slope upwards and forwards, joining the proesses
of the verterre together. It extends th spin.
29. The bdominlTunic. Buff. P]. 10.
It is a sheet of elasti tissue rhiph helps the musles to
support the abdomn. rts upper layer ovrs th xter-
nal oliqu of the Abdomen (0).
 Th Musls 61.

50, EternI oblique of the ,Lbdomn. Gren. Pls. 2, )71 8,

10.
Its origins ar the last fourten ribs, the lumo.ilorsa]
fasia and. the tuber or. Its broad aPoneurosis, the fibres
of whih blend dth those of the Interna.l oblique, oYers
the ablomen, and joins, at th linea ala, the aponeurosis
of th same musles of the other side of the boly; with
the Internal obJ.ique, the Rtus adominis and Ablomi-
na] Tuni it supports the abd.omen.
Ation: It omprsses the abdonrn antl the internal
organs. Ating singly it enls the body sideways; ating
together thse musls arh the bak.

50b. Internl blique of th bdomn. Blue. PJ.s. 2, 8.

It lies und.erneeth the prling musle. From the tuber
o it sprads like a fan to e inserted into the last fou
ribs anl to mi its fires with those of the trnal
oblique.
Its ation is sirrrilar to that of th xtern] oblique.

I. Rectus bdomtnis. Hiilden. Attahmnt Rd. Pl. 8.

This musle, whih arises on th breast bon arrd. tlre ad-
jaent ribs, is onnted to the puis.
Ation: It helps to arry the weight of the abd.omerr,
with the ternal (50) and Intrnal (0b) oblique
musle anl the Alomina] Tuni (29).
Ation: Simiiar to that of th above rnuslsl arh:s th
loins.

32. Rhomboidts (Ceruilis .nd Thoraali, Green. Pls. 2,

,4',5.
From the Ligamentum nuhae, and the spines of the
9nd to 7th thorai vrtebrre, to the underside of the
artiJage of the shoulder blade.
Ation: It dra.ws the sapula upward,s and forrards, or
an raise the nek.
 Plt 6. Bones and Musles of the F'ore Leg
|The numbers printd er the nams oif musls r the numbers o1f the other pltes in hih th muscles ppr,
.l
plts in hich the rnusles re bst shotan re numberd in heui'er trp".f
Nuters Nurnbers
and Colours ond, Colours
o1f the Muscls of tfu Muschs
56. Blue Postrtor SuprJiial Pectorl.P|.5, 70. 56. Red bliqu Eztensor o1f the Mtcrpus
47. Green Bieps brahii (Corco-rdialis). (brctor pollicis). P|' 4,
PL.2,4, lO,7l. 57. Yellow Internl RdiI Flezor (Fz' Crpi
49. Blue BrhtIts ntius'P|.2,,4,|0, rdilis).PI.4.
. 50. Mauve Tnsor1fscia ntibrchii.P|' 4, 10. 58. Geen Midd'Ie Flezor o1f the Metcrpus
61 n1 (Fr, rpi ulnris).P|' 4,.
!. ]. |Yellow Trteps brchii' P|. 2, 5,
c to.l
+.
59. Blue Ertrnl Fleror o1f th Metarpus
1. Yellow Tricps Brachz(Internal head). Pl.l. (Uln,rts lterlis), PL. 2, 5, +, 10.
2. Red nconeus.P|.4,L|. 60. Red Suprlicil dlgital Fletor (Per tus)
55. auve Externl Rdil Eztensor (Ert, crpi nd heck ligment.Pl. 4,, 1| '
rlis).P|'2,5,+'t0,7|. 61. auv Deep Dtgitl F'lezor (Perr) nd
54. Green Common Digitl Eztensor (Ert. pedis), hek ligrnrtt.PI. +' |7.
PL 215, +, LO, lt. 62. Ble Su,spnsorjr Ligmnt. Pl. 1 1.
55. Yellow Lrtl digitI Eteruor (Ezt. Ihgiti 67. Yellow rntrnl Rdil Flegor (Fz. crpi
Qutnli). Pl. 2, 5, 4., !0. rdilis).P|' 4.
 I t'o\t I r tt | \t!l)r |
| | t'tt
Rodtol otleus 5 P(orol t I I'crfototls 6l
l Prforons 6l
5 rtips5lo
5l lnlerol
7

p Dig'
Bis
:
47 Flexor
P.erforons t .t,
l
ternol ii::'l
Fle ensor Fosioe i .,.- J
introl Rodio I 59 tirchii 50 l
Rodiol xte r Bie' \\'".r'iol,'
\,
5o
Brohtolts 49 F| 57 5-l xt6r o1 Lotero/ \ I l.it,o.t.
^1,:i \
ommon or 59 tsor \,l', | ,o,'' lnternol flor 57
1,.,.,
ssl | Dep F|eor

-i Perforons 6l
49
omon tensor 54 lnlernol t.nol
LoLrol'
(esor
ol4u tenso .t; Rodi ol
xtsor 5]
obliqu tensor 56
ietlsor 56 JJ
lique d|e
ltsor 56 Flxor S8 tral
Deef o;gl
trol Fleor 6l
lrnol Rodiol
Rodiol rsor Midd] Flor
Lorrol Digirol xtsot 58
xtsor 55 56 |ifu|.7)o.lique
tsor
ommon Ditol ternol Rodiol
tddle,/
FIeor
Yffi- s
oliqu Etnsor 56
tso 5J
rnsor 54

Lolerol,
Perforos 6a t( Flor 57
Dj8itol E(ensor 5 tlor 59 lto, x(ensor 55
Lolerol DtBtrol su5pe5ory Perforous
txtr J5 ;
vl Lont 62 60
sU5es,
Ligmt.62 ommon
(e
LO
Suspensory Dig itol
srp.
5Uspen50. ten'o.55 Ligomct 67 F|e x tenso r
o1on Ligomnt 62 PeIror|0s 54
tso. PrforoLus-
omon DiEitol 60 Prforot'us 60 60

(' t\

Ourside
 The Musls 65
i5. Ltissimus Dorsi. Green. Pls. 5, 4.,5,I0.
From the lumbo-dorsa-l fasia to the tuberle on th und.r-
side of the humerus. It overlaps the edge of the sapula.
Ation: It is a powerful agent in the ation of the frorrt
leg. Pulling the humerus upwards and bakrard's, or
equally pulling the body forwards. It also tends to flex the
shoulder jint'
1+. Mstoido-hmralis (or Brhio-cphIius). Red. Pls.
115, +r 5r I0.
From the .lltoid tuberosity and the fasia overing the
shoulder and humrus, to th skull (the mastiil and
nuhal rest), the wing of the atlas bone, and th 2nd,
5rd and 4th ervia] vertera.
Ation: When the head and nek are fied it pulls th
for limb forward.s, extending the shoulder joint; whn
the limb is fixd, it tends the hatl and nek or inlirrs
them. It also helps to extend th elbow through its pull
uPon the strong fasia from the deltoid tuberosity to the
oute fae of th elow.
. nterior Supeil Pectorl (or Ptorlis desandens).
5,5,10.
Yellor. P1s. 2,
From the prow of the sternum, to the humerus and
fasia of the arm. These musles forrn the very hara-
teristi bosom-like form of the hest.
Ation: To aildut and adyane the limb.
56. P o s t er io r S up rfrci l P c t or l (or P c t or li s t r l s u r s us).
Blue. Pls. 5, 6, 10.
From the vntr.l elge of the sternum to the humrus,
with th preiling musle.
Ation: Adduts th limb.
7. nterior Dep Petorl (Sterno prtespulris). Green.
Pls. 9, +,5, lO.
Siil of the strnum and first four ribs to the fasia of the
Supraspinatus (41).
64, Th Musls
Ation: To addut the limb, and pull it bakrards;
qual.ly to pull the boily forwards when the leg is fixed.
38. Postrior Dp Ptoral (Ptorlis sndens). Reil.
Pls. 9, 51+,5,, lO.
From the strnum, the fourth to nint}r ribs, and a-
dominal tuni, to the tuberosity on the underside of the
humerus and tendn of th orao-brahia]is.
Ation: To aililut th limb, arrd pull it bakwarls;
qual.iy to pull th body forwards.
39. SrrtusCensicis. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,3,+,5.
From the undersile of the s}rouller blale to the last four
or five err.ial vrterre.
59b. Serrtus Thorzs. Mauv. Pls. 9, ) 4.,5,It.
From the first eight or nin ribs to th undersil of the
shoulder blad.
Ation: Th rvial part draws th top of th sapula
frwards; th thorai part pulls it down,wards. Ating
togther they raise the body in relation to the should'er
blale, and whn at rest form a sort of sling supporting
the ody (see p. 11).
40. Deltoid. auve. Pls. 5, 4.
From th spine and the dors] angle of the sapula and a
tendinous insrtion on its spine, to the deltoid tubero-
sity on the humerus.
Atin: It flxes the shoulder joint, and abduts the
humerus. Whn the fore leg is raised its tnsion produs
a hannel aross the form of th shoulder.
4t. Suprspintus. Blu. PLs' 2,4.
Fills th hollow on the shoulder blade, in front of th
spine. It is inserted on the inner and. outer side of th
top of the humerus.
Ation: xtends the joint and stadies it against strain
and shok-see Subsapularis (44).
 Th usls 65
+2. Ispintls. Red. PIs. 2, 4.
Fills the hollow behind the spine of the shouldr blad,
and has a double insertion on the outer tubrosity of the
humerus.
Ation: Abduts and rotats th humerus. The ation of
this musl is opposel by that of the Subsapularis; ,hn
rvorking simultaneously they bra the joint. See Sub-
sapularis (4.4).
+. Teres Minor. Gren. Pls.2,4.
Its origin runs along the posterior elge of the Infra-
spinatus, and it is insertd on a knob just above tlr del-
toid tubrosity of th humerus.
Ation: Fles, rotates and aduts the humrus.
++. Subspullrz. Yllow. Pl. +.
oupies most of th underside of the shouliler lad,
and is inserted on the intrior tuberosity of th humerus.
Ation: It adduts the humrus-se Infraspinatus (49).
The shouliler blade is artiulatd with the humerus irr a
shallow a]l anl soket joint and is braed as well as
rotated and flexed by th musls on ah sid of it.
There is a gener] b]ane of opposition btu.een the
Infraspinatus (42) and Supraspinatus (41) on one sid and
the Subsapularis (44) on the other.
45. Tres Mjor. Red. Pls. 4,I0.
From the dors] angl of th shoulder blad to the tuer-
le n th inner side of the humerus, in ommon 'ith
the Latissimus Dorsi (55).
Ation: Fles the shouldr joint, and adduts t}r
humerus.
46. Coro-brhilis. Mauve. Pls. 4, 10.
From th oraoid Pross on the underside of the
shoulder blad to the intrior surfae of the humerus.
Atin: Alluts th arm, and flexes the shouldr joint.
66 The usls
47. Bieps Br,chii (Coro.Rdili. Green. PIs. 2, 4, 6,,

10,11.
From the oraoid proess of the shoulder blale, it runs
ilown in front of the humerus, riding on the ridges on
the front of the humerus, whih keep it in plae.
It is insertel into the tuberosity of the rad.ius. A stout
tndinous band passes from it to the xternal Radial
tnsor (55).
Ation: To flex the elbow joint; or etend. the shoulder
joint; or it braes the joints-see a ilesription of its
ation, PP. 11, 1'+,|5.
48. Cpsulris Brachji. Mauy. Pl. +.
From the glenoiil avity on the underside of the shoul-
dr b]ad to the posterior of the humerus. It is vey
sma].l anl hiiltlen, and dos not affet the surfae forms.
48b, Cpsulris Femois. auve. Pls. 7, 8.
It loes not affet the surfae forms. The Capsularis
musles prevent the apsules from getting pinheil in
th shoultler and. hip joints resptiYrlJ*.
49. Br.hilis ntictls. Blue. Pls. 2, 52 4' 6' t0.
It rises from the spiral grooYe on the humerus, and pass-
ing the lorrer enl of the bieps is inserted. on the inner
tuberosity of the radius.
Ation: It flees th lbor joint and rotates the radius.
50. Tpror Fsciae ntibrrchii. Mauv. Pls. 4, 6' 10.
It lies on the underside of the should.er blad, arising
from the posterior border of th should.er blale and the
tendon of the Latissimus Dorsi (35)' and is insertd on
the bak of the elbow anl the fasia of the forearm.
Ation: It etend.s the elbow.
5|. Trieps Brahii, Yellow, is divild into thre parts :
|ta. Lon5 Hed(Caput Lon7urn). YeIo'. Pls.9, 3)+,6,|I.
Tlre long heal taks its ris from the dorsal angle and
 Th Musls 67
the posterior edge of the shoulder blade, to e inserted
on the oleranon.
|b' ztrnI Hed (C'put LterIe). Yeow. P|s.2,3, 4,
6, 11.
The etrna] head takes its origin on the rough line on
the outsid of the humerus aove t}re dltoid tuberle,
and is inserted on the top of the oleranon rith the long
head.
i\, Intern'I Hed(Cput mediI\. Ye]Iow. Pls. 4, 6.
The interna] had arises on the insile of the middl of
the humerus, and is inserted on the inner side of the
olranon.
Ation: They a]l three extend' the elbow joint. See also,
for their speial ations, pp. t6, t7 .
52. nconuus. Rel. Pls.4,6, 11.
It is overed by the tieps. It riss on th Postrior Part
of the humerus, and is inserted. on the oleranon elow
the trieps.
Ation: A weak suPorter of the last two musles and
a]so ats as a apsularis.
..
ttrnI RdiI Eztensor (zteror crpi radiIis).
Mauve. Pls. 9, 3, +r 6, 10, !t.
From the etensor ondyle of the humerus and the fasia
overlying the brahia]is. Its tendon runs d'own the front
of th radius and is attahed to the tuerosity on the
front of the annon bone (large metaarpal bone).
Ation: It is the most owerful tnsor of the knee
joint, or it an flex the elbor joint. This musle rives
the tendon from the ieps. See Bieps (4.7) and p. 11 for
its ation.
5*' Common Di7itl rteror of th For Le5 (rt, Ped).
Green. PIs.2,,4.,6) trO' 11.
This musle takes its orins on the humrus just below
68 Th Musls
the preeding musl' on the radius and ulna, anl the
ligament of the elbow joint. Its long tendon, whih
rosses th kne outside the preous musle, slopes
aross the annon on to be inserted in the front of the
thiril phlanx, whih is hililen in the hoof.
Ation: It etends the digits and the knee, anl an help
to flex the lbow. rn atin, it stands out sharply.
55. Lterl DigitI rtor (rtnsor Digiti Quinti).
Yellow. Pls. 9, ' 4) 61 L0.
Its origin is on th radius, the humrus and the eternal
]ateral ligament of the elbow joint. Its tendon, whih
Passes down the outsid of the knee, slopes forward
below it, to b insrted on the front of th first phalanx.
Ation: It etends the <ligit and the kne joint.
56. oblique ttnsor of the Metcrpus (bdutor Polli)'
Red. Pls. 4,6.
Its origin is on the etrna]' side of the radius, under the
two preeding musles. Just above the knee it passes over
the tendon of the Extrna] Railia] musle (53), to e in-
serted on the insile of the knee on th seond mtaarpal
bone.
Ation: It etends the knee, and rotates th leg out.
ward,s.
7. Internl Rdil Flzor (Fr. Crpi Rdi|is). Yellow.
PIs.4,6.
originates from the lo.wer nd of th insile of the
humerus, and is inserted just below the knee on the
seond metaarpal one.
Ation: It flexes the knee, or ].ternativ an xtend.
the elbow joints.
58. Middle Fleror of the Metrpus (Fz. Crpi Ulnris).
Green. Pls. 4,6.
Its origins are on th inside of the humerus, just belor
 Th usls 69
the preeding musle, and on the olranon, and its ten-
lon is inserted on the pisiform bone.
Ation: To flx th knee, or a].ternatively to extend the
elbow joint.
59. rtrnI Flror of th Metcarpus (Ulnris Latrlis).
Blue. Pls' 9, ,4'' 6, t0,
Its origin is on the lower outside edge f the humerus; it
has an insertion on the pisiform one, and. a ontinua-
tion of it runs in a goove on that bone, to be inserted on
the eternal splint bone (the fourth metaarpI).
Ation: It flees the knee and extends the lbow.
60, Superfiil Digitl Flezor (or Perfor). Rl. Pls. 4, 6, 11.
It is .Suprfiia.l' bause of its tendon, whih
a]lel
forms the ak of the leg below the knee, for the musle
itself is hitltlen by the terna] Flexor (9), the iddle
Flexor (58) antl the Interna-l Fleor (57).
It arises from the lowr edge of the insitle of the hume-
us, and is joinetl by a firous and, whih arising from
the lower part of th bak of the radius fuses ith its
tend.on. Its tndon then passs down the bak of the knee
and annon bon. Tor'ards the bottom of the anrron
bon, on a level with the sesamoid bns, the tendon
forms a ring, through rhih the tndon of th Deep
Fleor (61) passes. Hne its other name' .Pforatus'.
The tendon now diles into tro parts, whih PaSS on
eah side of the first phalan' to e insertd on the
seond phalan, just above the oronet'
Ation: It flexes the iligits, anil the knee joints, or an
help to extend the elbow joint. See p. 23 for the ation
of the fibrous banil whih ats as hek tendon.
6I' Dep Di5itI Fletor (or Perfor^) of the For Leg'
auve. Pls. 4,6, 11.
It has t}re same origin on the humerus as th preling
musle, also an origin in the ulna and on the radius.
 Plt 7. Bons and Musls of the Thigh : outsid views
|Th nuntbrs printed r the nmes o1f muscls r th numbrs o1f th other plts
in hich th musIs pPIr.
The plts in tllhich th mtlsIs r best shon r numbered in huir typ']
Nutnbers Numbers
nd.Colurs ndColours
of th Musc|es of th Musls
50, Geen Ertrnl oblique of th bdomn. 79. P.:ed RettsFemorls. Pl. 2,5,8,9'I|.
P'1,.2,5) 9,10. 79D. Yellow Ertrnl vsttls (v' lterlis).P|.2'5'
48b. ]Vlauve Cpsulris.PL' 8' 8,91 11.
64. Yellow Ilio-psos.Pl' 8. 80a. Blue Gstrocnemius'P|,2,)8,g,11.
64D. Yellow Ilitls, P].2' 8. 80D. Blue Tndo chillis. Pl. 11.
66. auve Tnsor1fsci lt.P|, 57 8? |1.. 81. Red Soleus,Pl. 2,5)9r77.
67. Blue Supil Glutzus. Pl. 5, B. 89. Red Peronrus Tertius. Pl. 8, 9, 11'
68a. Mauve Middle Glutztls. Pl. 9,8' 11. 84. Geen nterior or Long DigitI Ertensor
(Et, pedis). PL. 2, g, 7 I.
68D. Yllow Pirrmis'P|, 8. 51

69. Geen Dp Glutrus. Pl. 8.
70. Red Biceps Fmorts. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.
71. Green Smitndinoss. Pl. 2,5, 8,9, 17.
72. B|le Smimembrnosrzs. Pl. 2,8,9, LL.
76. auve ddu.tor Femoris' Pl. 8,9.
77. P..ed Qu.drtus Fmoris'PI.8.
78, Gmlli'P|' B.
8' Yellow Ltrl DigitI Ertensor'Pl, 2, 5, g'
86. Red Superfictl Digitl Fleror (Pertus).
Pl. 8, 9, 11.
87. auve Dep Digitl Flzor (Perns).
Pr. 2,5, 9, ll .
88. Yellow Poplitus. Pl.8' 9.
 t' Qbl Sqarfll tddl lutqut 6|! | |t|lt|Jl
o the bdoe.
sUpriol Glutos 6I -.6"\ /0 obl
^|||||!|
o( b,!l 30o luLoe|1s 0|J(|
Glutoeus 67
oo
e0ln Tensor A
t. oblique osus \(o,;o" toi'
7 i Bieps Fem 70 od
of bdol 30o Seitendiosus 7 I
supr. 5ml
opsuloris 48 Glut 7
mem|o|\osus
iddl / 11
Tesor Dep-} Glutors 680
Fosio C/utoeus
L0toe
66
Gefrlli
sm i-
mDronosus
,/ 78

Dep
6|u|oUs
69 /Bips
70 Deep ,/
Glutous
nsor Qlodrotus
Foscioe Fem.77o
(. .
yo5tU'
LOIOe Retus Fem.79o
5emt-
79b o
66
tndiosUs G|utous 67
7l R(U5 trnol
RtUs F 79o 'ddutor 76 Yostus
moris 79o
P rtio
of Si-
xterol F. Prforotus 86 tdiosU5 7 I
ostus 8i5 8ips Semimboosus
Femoris 70
ter
Vosts 79
Tendo hilles 80b
Long Dtgilol
ddu|or 7 6
tnsor 84 Pronoeus i.ps Fm' 70
Aessor Tendo Trtius 82
6osLroemius of Bips 70 oo Lang
80 Dil' t.
84
8t

Loterol DtB erfor ons \ \\ 6o/onemius 80o

P (Dorso| hod of
|r, 85 l Bie5 od semi(.
diosus ore rovd)

I
F|c, Per(orats 86

outsid or Lft hilh

 The usls 7t
The tendon ornmon to all its three heals passs the
bak of the knee and annon bone; towards the midille
of the ]atter it is joinil by a .heck ligament'. Lower it
Passes through the ring in the preeiling musle, hene
its nam of Fleor Prforans, and is inserted p.ithin the
hoof on the undersile of the third phalanx, the offin
bon.
In the ving horse it is very rarely possible to see the
division bet.wen the Superfiia] anil Dep Flexr ten-
dons. Th musle of th Deep Flxor, whih is not
buried like the Superfiial Flxor, shows above the knee
bet.ween the Lateral xtensor (5) and the xtern]
Flexor (59) musles.
Ation: To fle the ligits and the knee: it an a.lterna-
tively help to etend the lbow joint.
For the ation of the hek tend.on see p. 23.

62. Th Suspnsory Ligmnt (Introsstls medius) of the

Fore Leg. B1ue. Pls. 6, 11.
It has some rnusular fires and is etremely elasti,
though it is almost entirely tendinous. In the fore
leg it taks its origin at the bak of th knee and at the
top of th annon bne, diling into two strand.s whih
are insrted on th sesamoid bones of the fetlok. The
tend.on gives off a band on eah sile of th fetlok, whih
join the tendon of the ommon ligitai extensor.
Ation: To support th ftlok, see p.2; and. ompare
the Suspensory Ligament of the Hind Leg (Sg).
63. Psos Minor. Rd. Pl. 8.
It onnts the ilium to the lumbar and last trro drsal
vetere.
Ation: It flexes the pels on the loins.
64. Ilio-Psos. Yel]or. Pls. 7, 8. ompsed of 64 and 64b.
72 Th Musls
64. Psos Mjor. Yllorr. Pl. 8"
It lies on th ventrl surfae of th bakbone, taking its
origin from th 16th dorsa] vertebra and the lumbar ver-
ter ; it is inserted on the inside of the fmur, with the
iliaus.
Ation: It turns the fmur outward.s, and flexes the hip
joint.
64b. Ilict"ts. Yellow. P|s. 2,, 7, 8,
originating under the ilium, on the sarum and frr
the tenlon of ttre Psoas ajor, it is inserted rrith the
latter on the insitl of th femur' owing to its lose on.
netion with th Psoas Major at their insertion, thy are
often onsiderd as a single musle, the Ilio-psas.
Ation: It a]so turns the femur outwards, and flxes th
hip joint.
65. Qu'drtus Lumbrum. Hiilden. Rd. Pl. 8.
It ]ies on th underside of the akone; arising from
th last tw ribs and th lumbar transYrs Proesses' rt
is inseted on the sarum and th saro-ilia ligament.
Ation: Ating singly f]exes the lins sideways'
66. Tnsor Fsi Lt. Mauve. Pls. 3, 7,81 tI.
From the angle of the ilium to the Fasia lata it pulls on
th kne-ap and the tibia.
Ation: It tautns the Fasia lata; flexes the hip joint or
xtnds the stifle. See p. 95.
67 . Supil Glutu.s. Blue. PIs" 5,7,8'
From the external bordr of th ilium antl gluteal fas.
ia to the xtern] trohanter of the femur.
Ation: It pulls the femur forward's, rotating it inwards,
and flexes the hiP joint.
68a. MiddleGlutrt(Glutrus medtu. Mauve. Pls. 9, 7,8,I|.
A very strong musle, it is hidlen y the fasia. From the
extrnal surfae of the ilium and the aPoneurosis of the
 Th Musls 75
Longissimus Dorsi (27) to two insrtions on the great
trohantr of th thigh. Itsattahment to th Longissimus
Dorsi adds to its po,r, as in jumping' kiking' et.

Piriformis. Yeow. Pls. 7,8.

Harlly separal from the Middle Gluteus.

69. Dp Glutus. Green. Pls. 7, 8.

Lies underneath the preeling musle from the ilium to
the great trohanter.
Ation: tends the hip joint, anil abluts the thigh.

70' Bipsfemoris. Red. Pls.5,7'819, 11.

It is a Yery Powerful musl dth several insertions. Tak-
ing its origin from the sarum' the gluteal fasia anlthe
ishium, it sweps do.wn (a) to be insertd in the fmur
just behind the extrnl trohanter, (b) to be attahed to
the patella, and () to th rest of th tibia and th fasia
of the leg, while (d) a strong tendon branhes off to be
insrted on th tubr alis, the tip of the hok. This ten.
don maks the harateristi ontour of this part of the
hinl lim.
Ation: It pulls the leg bak.wards and tnds the limb
generlly. Its many points of attahmnt make its ation
mplex. It extends the hok through the tendon (d); it
also extends th femur in the pels and pulls bak the
femur and tibia simultaneously through the ations of
th attahments a, b anl ; see Pl. 11 and h. IX' p. 111.

7L, Semitndiostls. Gen. Pls. 2, 5,7, 8, 9, 11.

It originates from the saraf and first audal vertbrr,
and from the ishium. It is attahed, by a tendon passing
internally, to the rest of the tibia and the fasia of th
leg. It sends off a tendon whih unites rith that of the
74' Th Musls
Bieps (70), whih is insertel in the tuber alis of the
hok.
Ation : Its attahment t the tibia rotates the thigh in.
ward.s: flexes the stifle joint. It also helps in propulsion
by pulling th leg in genral bakwards, thus xtending
the hok and hip joint. See Ch' I' p. 111.
72. Semimembrnosus. Blu. PIs.2,7
It originates from the undersile of'8,9,77.
the ishium and also
from the ligament that runs from the sarum to the
ishium. It lis und.er the Grailis musle (74) and its
tendon is inserted on the insiile of the lower enl of the
femur.
Ation: Similar to and generlly in unison with that of
the Semitend'inosus (71) and th Bieps (70).
73. Srtorius. auve. Pl.8, 9.
From th ilia fasia undr the pelvis to e inserted with
th tndon of th Grailis (74) o the insid of the pa-
tella, th tibia, anl the fasia of th leg.
Ation: It fles the hip joint and adduts th fmur.
74. Gr,ilz. Yellow. Pls. 8,9.
Its origin is on the pelvi symphysis and under surfae of
the puis. It is inserted on the patella and th fasia of
the lg, and a]so rith the previous musle on the inner
side of th tibia.
From behinl, this musle ves the harateristi square
shape to the inside f the leg.
It opposes its powr to that of the musles on the outside
of the thigh, muh as the Subsapular (aa) on the
underside of the shouldr blade oPPoses the musles on
its upper sile.
Ation: Adluts the femur.
75. Ptinus. Hiddn. Retl. Pl. 8.
It originates on th pubis anl is inserted on the insiile of
 The Musls l
the fmur half-way up; it is pratial.l hidden by the
Graitis (74).
Ation: It a.lduts th femur and flees the hip.
76. dductorfmoris. auve. Pls. 7, 8, 9.
From the underside of the pelvis to the bak of the
femur, and to th stifl joint. It lies undr th Grailis
(74.).It adduts the femur, and etenils th hip joint.
77. Qudrttls Fmoris. Rd. Pls. 7, 8.
77b' bturtor' zterns. Yellow. Pl. 8.
77 c. bturator, Intrns. auve. Pl. 8.
There are sever]. minor muscls, suh as thse and the
next musle, whih reinfore th ation of their more
powerful neighbours, but d.o not onen the observ of
the outside shapes of the body.
78. Gmelli. Red. Pls. 7,8.
From the later] border of the ishium to th fossa on
the insile of the trohantr. They help to rotate the
femur outrard's.
7 9. Qudricps Fmoris,
This inludes the four following musles:
79. Rcttls Femoris. Red. Pls. 2)3,7) 8,9, 11.
This musle, whih ]ies on the front of th thigh, takes
its origin on the ilium; and has its tendon insrted on the
knee-ap.
Ation: It an extend th stifle joint, sine th kne-ap
is attahed by a ligamnt to the tibia; it also fles the
hip joint, rrhen the stifle is fied; .when the hinil leg
is liftel and oming forward for the nt strid, its
ation brings the leg frward by simultaneously fling
the femur on the ilium, and extnding th tiia on th
fmu.
 Plt 8. Bons and Musles of the Thigh : inside
and bak viws
th numbrs oif th othr plts in hich the muscls IpPer'
|The numbers printd r the rulmes oif musles r
The pltes in hich th mtlscls re bst shouln r numbrd in huir typ.]
Nw$ers Nunbers
nd Colours ltd' Colours
of th Musls of e Muscls

97. Red Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 2. l. Mave Srtortus.P|.9.

50a. Gren rtrnl obliqu o1f th bdomen. 7+. Yellow Grcilis'P|,9.
Pl. 21 51 7, 70. l' Rd Pctineus.
500. Blue rntrnl bliqu oif the bdomn. IO. Mauve ,{ddutor Fmoris' Pl.7' 9.
PI.2. 77 . Red Qudrs Femoris.P|' 7,

31. Red Retus bdominis. tlD. Yellow bturtor Eternus.

48D. auve Cpsulris,P|,7 7 7c. Mauve bturtor rntrnus,
'
65. Red Psos ]VIinor. 78. Red Gmelli,|.7.
64. Yllol Ilto.Psos'PI. 7. 79. Red Retus Fmoris'P|.2,5'7,g,77'
64a. Yllow Psos M1or. 79b. Yellow Eztrnl vstus (v. Ltrlts)' Pl. 2,
640. Yellow Ilictts. P|' 2, 7' 5r7)9rrt.
65. Red Qudr t us lumbo r um, tt hme nt. 79c. Green Internl sttls (v. Mdil). Pl' 9.

66. Mauve Tnsor1fscir ltr.P|' 5' 7 7I. 80. Blue Gstrocnemtus. P|, 2,5;7 ,9, 11.
67. Blue
'
Superficil Glultls. P|. 5, 7 . 82. Red Peronrus Tertitts.Pl. 7 rg, 1'l'.
68a. auy Middl Gltttztls (G. Med). Pl. 9, 8+. Green Long Digitl Eztensor'l.2,)5'7
7,11. 85. Yellow Ltrl Digitl Etnsor. |' 2' 5,'9,7|'
7' 9'
680. Yellow Pirrmis.P|' 7. 86. Red Prtus. (Sp' Digitl F,).P|' 7,9,
69. Gen Deep Gluttls'Pl,7. 17.
70. Red Bips Fmorz. Pl. 7 7 97 7|. 88. Yellow Poplittts. Pl. 8' 9.
71. Gen Semitendinoss. Pl. 2, 5 7 7, 9, 1 7. 92b. Blue fugular Vein.
72. Blue Semimembrnoszs. Pl. 2,7,9, |1 .
 Quodrotus LOrllrssrn)ut
ltrnol ltqo Lum\orunt 65
af the Adomen llio Psoos
64

nsoI Fasrce Lotoe 66

t bl of
rhe Abdornn 30o Niddle
Glutus 68o
Dee
lIIoUs 64b eso r
69
fosioe
l|lli,,
Lotoe Semimmbronosus 2
rr" \."i',,".,,
48
6
7

Psoos RetUs
De.p iar 6 Fem.7?
C/l to us Retus obt- rt. 5mi
69 rmor|s Io 77b memb ro .
Psoos 64o osus 7 2
Dep 5Ur
GI0Lous Clutotts Glut 67 tor Fm.76
6 Bis.7o 1nus 7 5
oDsuloris 4
Quodrotu Vostrs 79
Suprfttol Superfliol ..'/.\ Fe 77o
Clutus 67 tGluloUs Fem 79o
67 Coscranmi
-",n:].o'no,u,
opsulorts lnternol 79
ddr Fm trnol Blps
| r ooI Vostls 79 >ortortus f i vostus 79
Vostus 7? /6
Ret. anl
fl Perforotus 86 79o
CosIro nmius
5mi-
mmbroosus
80 vo,Lus 79 Groilts7 4 5el -
|rol vostus
t

Bieps 70 tendiosUs / /

Popl||Ds BB ndon o
tor Fm.76 & 6ostroemit]l
Semimonosus 72
5nr i.
tndtosus 7 Giotlis 74

ro| lw o| rnr ond Pclvts

Bok of Femur Bok of Thigh
 Th Musles II
79b. zternI vsttts (v. LatrIis). Yellow. Pis.2, 3,7,8'
9, tt. See 79.
79, Internl vstus (v. Mdialz). Green. Pls. 8, 9.
The Yasti diffr from their partner, th Retus Femoris,
in that though their tendons are inserted on the knee-
ap thir origins are only on the femur.
Their ation onsequntly is ]imitel to etending the
stifle joint, or of ourse to prventing it fleing, an offie
often demanded of them. They orrespond to the big
musles on the top of our own iig, rhih .we an use
to straightn our knee, r to support ourslvs with ou
knees bent.
30, Gstronemius. Blu. Pls. 2, ,7 8'g' 7!.
This musl, whih orrespond's' to ur alf, has two
heals rhih arise on eah side of the lo.wer third of the
femur. Their joirrt tendon, tlr Tendo Alrillis, is at-
taheit with th Perforattts (86) to tlre tip of th tur.
a]cis of the hok.
Ation: It etends th hok, or if the hok is fiel an
flx th stifle; but owing to th .parallel strings' (se 82
and 86), it annot do both at one.
80b. Tndo z{chillis. Blu. Pls. 7. 11.
See bov. This nam i. ... generay used to desig-
nate th aggregatd tendns whih are attahel to the
point of th hok.
81. Soleus. Reil. P]s. 2'17,g,1|.
A thin musle from the head of th fibula, whih joins
the tendon of th Gastronemius (80).
Th following musles show a lose similarit of onstru-
tion to the musles of th lo.wer for leg.
82, Peronus Trtius (Tn1o-femor'o-nt tlr'lel). Red. Pjs.
7 rgrg, !7.
This is really less a musle than a tendinous string
78 Th Musls
whih onnets the bottom of th femur with the annon
bone. Its terrilon splits opposite the hok joint (to allow
the tend.on of the Tibia]is Antrior (85) to pass through),
the branhes of the tendon being attahed to the outsid
of the hok joint and to the annon bone.
Ation: It flxes the hok, anl inlirtly the stifle (see
P. 20,, a-lso the Suprfiil Ditr Flor (86)). It also
.elieos the musles .rrhen the leg is supporting weight
(see p. 14).

83. nterior TibiI ztensor (Tibilis ,7nterior). Yllow.

Pl.9.
It lies on the font of the leg, running from the top of
the tiia to th insile of the hok anl annon bon, hav-
ing passed through and. over the Peronaus Tertius (89)'
Ation: It flexes th hok joint.
8+. nterior or Long Di5itI ttensor (rt. Pedis). Green.
Pls. 9, 5r7 )9, t!.
Its origin is n the lower enl of the outside of th femur.
Its tendon Passes down on the font of the hok join
torard.s the outside, gralually sloping aross the annon
one, till it passes aross th midlle f the fetlok joint to
b inserted on the thirl phalan. A third of th distane
do.wn the annon bone it is joinel by the tendon of the
Lateral xtensor (85).
Ation: It extnds the ligits and flexes the hok joint.
85. I-teral DigitI rtensor of the Hind Le1. Yellow.
Pls. 9, 3r7,,9.
It forms th ntral mass of the sile of the leg. It takes
its rise from the stifle joint, the tibia anl the head of the
fibula. Its tendon Passes do.wn the sitle of the hok joint
to join that of the preeling musle.
Ation: To rinfore the ation of the Long Digital -
tensot'.
 Th Musls 79
86. Supil Digitl Fleror (Prfortus or Plntris ml,cs-
l). Retl. Pls.7,8' 9' 11.
Like th Peronreus Tertius (82), it is more a tendinous
string than a mus]e. It starts from the femur betrpeerr
th two hatls of the Gastronemius (80a), and is hidden
y them until its tendon aPPears twisting round' their
tendon, so that it is on tp at the tuer a]is of the hok.
It forms a sort of ap oyer the hok on either sid of
whih it is inserted rith the tendon of the Bieps (70)
and the Semitndinosus (71). Thene a broad tend.on
Passs do.rn the bak of the leg, to rhih it gives its
form, to be inserted on th sond phalan, as is the Per.
foratus (60) in the fore limb.
Ation: It etends the hok automatically .lvhen th
stifle joint is extendd. Aiso, sine it is ontinued to the
foot, it flexes the digits (see p. 24,).
87. Deep Digitl Fltor (Prrforns). Mauve. Pls.2, 3,7,g,
11. This musle is omposed of three parts:
S7a. the Flror Hllucis lon5us, the depest and strongest
part, whih ariss from the bak of the tibia and passes
dorn the inner side of the hok in the tarsa] grooY;
87b. the Tibilis postrior, th tendon of rhih joins that of
the preeding musle just above the hok; and
87. the Long Digitl Flzor. The latter's tendon
asses down
the side of the hok in front of the tndon of th Fleor
Hauis longus and they unite a third of the way dow.n
the annon bne. A hek ligament, muh weaker than
that of the for limb, nor joins the united tendon, whih
Passes through th ring of the preeding musle, to b
inserted within the hof on the underside of th third
phlanx, the offin bone.
Ation: It etnds the hok joint and also flxes th foot
(see p. 24).
80 Th Musls
88. PopliteJ. Yllow. Pls. 8,9.
It swings sharply aross the bak of the stifle joint from
its origin on the outside of the femur to its insertion on
th inner edge of the tibia.
Ation: It helps to flex the stifle and rotates the leg in.
'ward.s.

89. The Susperor Li5ment (Interosstts rnedius) of the

ar attahel to the sesamoid bones, and an extension

Passes forward on eah side of the fetlok
to join the
Long xtnsor (84).
Ation: It supports the
fetlok anl prevents the
pasterns from ukling
ver (see P.23).

90. The r.P|.7.

The ear is a trumpt of
artilag, whih arries
sound to the orifie in
the skull that leals to
the tympanum. Its
lower end is hidden by
musles anil the parotid
glanl.
The musles that move
Rottion of th r
the ear are thin shts
that are hardly notieable and lo not muh onern the
artist. What d.os onern him is the extreme mobility of
a hors,s ears, whih has great effet upon his expression.
They are oked when he is interested, tlroop when h is
 Th Musls i.
tired, and ar lail bak whn he is out of t_:: =
moves them unasinglyto getinformation. a_... l-...-:o
sen in a blinkred horse, rhose ears ar fr:u:-*.
turned bakwards, to learn what is going on bhind r:- -

What makes them diffiult to draw is that thev roiat as

well as rise and fall.

\si
/a7f\
i

t{-#i:i 't

.l./.'. .-. :/,,',1:N#

,P! {
1
I

91. Thy. Pl. 1.

The musles of the eyebrow and' surrounding parts do
not onern the artist eePt in th hanges of pres.
sion produed by their ation.
The hors, like other fugitive animls, has its yes set
uPon a knob on the side of the head, whih allows it to
look behintl it by a very slight movement of the nek.
The innr orner of the eye is squarer than it is often
 Plt 9. Bons and Musls of th Hind Lg
|The numbers printed r the nmes of muscls re the numbers of th other pltes in ulhih th muscles pPr.
Th plts in hich th muscles r bst shon re numberd in heuier tjrpe.f

and,Coburs and.Colours
Musls
of th of th Muscles
70. Red BicepsFmorus.Pl.5,7,8'tt, 89. Red PeronrusTeius.PL,7'8,|t.
71. Geen Semitendinoss. Pl. 2,5,7,8'||. 85. Yellow ntriorTibiIEgtensor.
72. Blue Smimembranoslrs. Pl' 2, ,8, |t '
7 84. Green nterior or Long Digttal Ertensor
75. Muve Srtorius.P|.8. (Ezt, pdis).P|.2,5' 7, |7.
7.l. Yellol Grcilis,P|. 8. 8. Yellow Ltrl Digitl Eztnsor. Pl. 2,5,7 .
76. auve drctor Femois.Pl.7,8. 86. Red Supertiicil Digitl Fleoor (Pertus
79a. Red Rtus Fmoris. Pl. 9, ,7 8, t|.
2
or Pl,ntris). Pl. 7, 8, 11.
79D. Yellow Egternlvsttts(v.ltrIis).P|.2, 87. auve DepDialFkzor(Perns)and
7'8,||. chekligment.P|.2,5,7,77.
8.
79. Gn rnternI vsttls (v, mdilis). Pl. 87. Mauve Long Digitl Flror (part of 87).
80a. Blue Gstrnemius.Pl.9' 5,7,8,|7. 88' Yellow Popliteus.P|,8.
81. Red Solus.P|,2'5,7,|!. 89. Blue Suspnsor2'Ligamnt. Pl. 11.
 o(t.o(lIe''"5 80J Io|lol DIgl t| 8s fltus F'|Iol
L| vos| ,1D Fn 79o Vostus 79t Sortortus I l 76 otll
5l tl.
5mltedi05U5
r

8r(ePs 7 /
ronosus 72
7C
l /
)1;
Sa]us 8l
I rr. ,'
Gostao( J :.(
mlU5 (
80o us 8/
Poilteus
Proo0s 88
Tertius I
87 Popliteus Croilis
and LanE Latrol Dp Fle i Long
tenior 85 rforans 8 74
Digl Ett P rfo rons
/_\BZ 87

Lon
Ir Perforons |
Poplltus Semi. 8leps nter tol nosus 7 I
Blcps 70 td i. 70 ftbiol 83
CsLro<nmtus us B8
80o nosus 7 / F. Per
nrcrior
.
ons 8reps /0, 5mr- 1
Pr(or- B7
ftbrol B3
otus Bb
tdtnasus7l ot'dI
itr Co Fr. Prforatus 86
Perforotus 86 F1
em,u5
)
s l0 and 8/
ro 0s
Peroous Iertlus 82
ntJinosus 7 I t |biol Trtius 82
- rt 8
rsor 83
tr ar Tjblo1 8
trior Tibia| 83
Loterol rcnsor Lr tor
iiol 8
US
nt o Long tr.84 rtius 82

sU5pensor
sUsDn50ry Lj8omI
igolt 89
-Z-- 89

sUse5ory gomnI
IEo1t
89 Perforolus
Log Dtgl tr B4 Digl
E Dig| ' |I 84

\ tnsor B4
Suspenso.y Lang Digl. 'tr
Prforotus
Prforons 87 Perforolrs
og
Prforons

tt-_)

|'r|rons 87

()gts)d
 The Musls 85
depicted in pitures: and the pupil in an orlinary light
is not round ]ike that of human beings, ut eptial.
92. veir. Blue.
of a horse's vins some are notieale always, others
only after eertion.
A thin-skinned horse like a thoroughred, after it has
been raed, is overed with a netwok. of distended
veins. But on a]l horss the foowing more important
veins ae a-lways notieab]e: the large FaciIvin (99a),
whih runs along the front edge of the massete musle
past the enl of the zygomati ritlge (see Pl. t),the ru6ulr
vein (92h, see P].s. t' 2, 5' 10), the Cepha|ic vein (92),
.rrhih
runs uP the inside of the for leg long the radius,
the rternl Thori vein (92d), whih lies long the
uPPer side of the deep ptorl musle, unler the girth
(se Pls. 2, 3), ttre Sphnozs vein (92), on the inside
of the fmur anl tiia.
 Chaptr V. Proportions
An anatom)r book should, I suppose, mention the proportions
of a horse, for they help the lraughtsman to .get it right'.
The body of a horse goes generally speaking into a square;
that is, the length of the body from the point of the shoultler

M sur ements in, Heds,

to the etremity of the haunhes is approximately the height
from the ground to the top of the withers.
A draught horse is generally longer than he is high: a rae-
horse sometims higher than he is long. Yet Elipse, the rae.
84'
 Proprtions s5
horse that was neYer eaten, was longer by a tenth than he
r as high.
The hailis a useful unit of measurement that orresponds Hed'
,

v.ith ertain divisions of the botly whih ar marked on th

diagram.
1. The length of the heal from the rest to the nose is
qul to
2. Th length from the *i'g of the atlas bone to the as
of the nek.
5. The distan from the point of the shouller to the top of
th w.ithers.
4. The d.epth of the botly.
5. The distane from th shouller blale to the point of the
haunh (the external angle of the ilium).
6. The distane from the breast bone to just above the fet-
lok.
7. Th.e length from the stifle to the hok.
8. The distane from the hok to the ground.
Colonel Duhousset, in his ook on the hors, has mad,e out
a table of a great manY more measuremnts based on half.
heads, and on dis-
tanes suh as that
between the mid-
dl of the hok anil
the fetlok. But
they are too intri-
ate, I thinlr, to be
eally usful.
Barye, the Frenh anima] sculptor, makes the folloling
notes aout the horse.
That the length from the beginning of the mane to th tip
of the lips is longer than the distane from the mane to the
 86 Prportions
Proportion.s end of the tail' H makes a drawing something like this,
the tail being doked. When th horse is not holding his head
out, his boly iooks the longer.
H summarizes the parts of a thoroughbred thus: Fur
long parts: the nk, the upper bones of the leg, the blly and
the haunhes. Four short Parts: the loins, th ears, the pas-
terns and. th tail. Four road Parts' the forehad, the hest,
the roup, the limbs. He is appar-
ntly lassifying them as ontrast.
ing elments of design'
A foal's proportions are notie-
ably different from those of th
mature horse. Short in the bod1,
and nek, and very long in the
]ower bones f the legs, it has to
spread its fore legs to reah the
sround with its mouth.
Ther are, f ourse, innumerable other differenes be-
tween a foal and a horse, as there are etween a hill and a
man. The shape of the sku]l anil setting of the ey: the up-
right mane and. mattd tail: the shot thigh bone: the larg
artiulations so notieable at the knee and hok. It stands too
uon its toes, with upright pasterns, and has a sprightly ation
a-11its own.
Grotth of Th ilirtions of the growth of the hair on th different
tlt l]air parts of th body of a horse are vry interesting. Generl.l
downrarils to shd moisture, it hanges its diretion
arding to the shape of the limbs and parts of the body;
the different streams meeting in pituresque-whirls and fan
shaps.
The lie f the hair affets the appearane of a horse in
that it influenes the shape and psition of the high lights
as in sunshine; and affts the aPaane of the hos
whn wet, whther from rain or from sweat. For a horse.
 Proportins 87
un-like a dog, sweats through its skin and sweats itself wring- Photo5rphs
lng wet. of Horss
As one usully Ss a hors from its own levl, on only sees
it in elevation, as the arhitts would say. oasionally on
ses a horse fr,om above, as from the bo of a oah, but how
often d.oes on sit on a oah? When one rides a hors one
ses litt]e more than its nek and ears, and a sharp perspetive
of its shoulders. Here instantanous photography helps us in
rpriene, for it gives us opportunities of eoming familiar
rrith unusual aspets of a horse,s shapes through the snapshots
to be seen in the papers of horses falling at jumps, turning
had over heels, an]' even braking their neks.

( i.L
i\(
.'\'{",l$

Horse in the ult: shoing lie oif the hir
 haptr YI. Movmnt
1l
t
a

:)- g4'
\i\ --\
- t--

When we ome to draw the horse in movemnt anatomr-

must not stand in our way. ovement produes a-lterations in
the appearane of form (longations, urvatures, distortions)
whih are not merely sujets for urious notation, but are
ssentia-]. ingredients of the beauty anl the rhythmi ilesign
that are reated when the reature moves. A limb may aPPear
longr or thinner or more urvd than rhen it is at est,
whih is as .true' as is the effect of a irle produl by a
right objet srung round. and round in the air, or th ap.
Pearane of a rapiilly rotating rhel as a rim without spokes,
an aPearane so evident to us all, that we aePt' nay demand.
a rim without spokes as its ProPer representation. ,d littl
more sutlety of obsevation would make other hanges of
PPearane qually familiar, anl the artist oull then us
them in a piture without Protest from the sPetator.
There is so muh misunderstanding on this question oi
.truth' in art that I must
touh upon it, though it has ben
disussed muh too often.
I am not refrring here to the rvile truth, the truth to
88
 Movmnt 89
-naginative oneption.whih in the unity of sorne great work Inst,ntn.
f art justifies frank ontraditions of fat: for instane, Ru- ous
Lns' landsaP in whih shadows fa]l both a.way from and Photographs
tor'ards the sun. I refer to the truth of observation of the
.'orld we see-or rather the worll .we look at and d.on't see.
or most of us neither look nor trust our own eys. Anl there
.rings up in consquene a faith in the photograph, a belief
:lrat it is true beause it is .sintifi', for nowadays siene
:ather bullies us.
The instantaneous photograph, true as it is in one sense, is
q uite untrue to what we se; as untrue to what w see as is the

-ray photograph. our eye an no more se the seParate

hass of a rapil movement than it an pereiv -rays. Why
thn is the artist to follow the instantaneous photographs any
more than he is to follow the -ray photographs? Beauty is
ut skin deep, says the X-ray amra' let me show you horv
r-our w,ife really looks, and in your belief in sientifi truth
vou shoull omplain of the ordinary portait paintr rho
paints only her outside for you.
Th amera, Poor thing, is blinl-blind to the beauties we
njoy. When to our yes horse and ride swing beautifuy
and rhythmially aross the turf, th amea 1ggg1fl5-!t sees,
;[a1 |5-a smudge, if its ation is not rapil enough, or, if it is
sussfully instantanous' a frozen and hane attitude! It
Ilver sees moYement, for moYment is seen only by an at of
memory, through roetion. You hear a tune bause you
all notes that hav passed, and link notes head at different
times with eah othr and with those that are sounding at the
moment: this is in fat the methd by whih you understand
this rvritten sentene. And in esult the human ye Sees a
nrovment as a diretion, vrhih is why we an read descrip-
tive gestues made in the air.
The gra of a d.aner is omposed of the phases whih your
anlera reord.s as .sti.].ls'. And if these .stifls' are used in series,
 90 Mvmnt
Istntan- as in the inematograph, your eye, seing th suession of
eous hanng shapes, gets a sensation similar to that whih it gets
Photographs from natur and by means of similar impressions.
The artist annot, like the inematograph, use hange to
rePresent moYement; he has to rend.er it in fixel and' un-
hanng materials. And therein lies his strength, for his pur.
pose is not to reonstrut nature, but to exPress and ommuni-
ate his own emotion and interest, whether his art b rea-listi
or so abstrat as not to be rognizably onnetel with
natural aPPearane.
Too muh importane has ben attahl to th amera's
.instantaneous'
lisoveries. The human eye frequently sees
phases of movment. I still retain an impression reived as a
hill, of a fo trrier gailoping *ild]y after a ball. It disap-
.instan-
peared sullenly behinl a rall, laving in my eye an
tanous' image of its attitude, rith its hinl feet, as I notied
with some surprise, thrwn forward beyonl its hest. .Instan-
taneous' attituds were seen before the amera was invented.
Many of th horses in the Parthenon Frieze ar in attitudes
very lose to the amra's reords, but they ar woven into a
ronilerful rhythmic Pattern. eissonir, by patient study,
sa.w suh attituds a-lso and is often applaulel for it; but his
alilel knowlelge dil not rilen his powers of xpression, for,
laking rhythmi sense, he failed to notie the essentiJ. qual.
ity of the ations he observd.
A little attention will show you that your yes are on-
stantly reeing suh instantaneous images, rhih generlly
pass unnotied.
Instantaneous photographs are the anatomy of rnovement:
very interesting to study, vry useful for sientifi purposes;
to show how a birl flies that you may improYe your aroplane,
or for wathing the exit of the sh from the mouth of th
gun; useful a]so to us for th better und.erstanling of what
happns in a horse's ation, for suh stuly is in its essene
 Mvmnt 91
=ientifi' But to the artist an isolated instantaneous photo- Rhythm
raph is not of us in his partiular kinl of observation of
rovment, for rarely does an instantaneous photograph ap-
ture a rhythmi Pattrn' and it is by rhythmi pattrn that
jnovement is expressd in rrorks of art.
But what of the ridiulous attitude aepted in old pitures?
laims the Alversary' generlly a man of siene. The tub-
iike reaturs raised. on their hind legs pawing towards the sky!
he outstrethed raers suspended aov the ground with
their fore feet impossibly in front of their nose! They're just
onventions, symols ithout sense' onserated by tradition !
Sintifially and fatully they ae wong of ourse. But
are they rhythmi? Th appel is to the ourt of art, and the
touhstone of our julgmnt is ,truth' of impression, not truth
to fat; and wher the pitori.l intention is the epression of
movmnt, all fail like, photographi image, tub-like praner,
outstrthed raer that have not rhythm. Rhythmi pattern is
.true', eause it is
true to human sual impression; beause
\-e See rhythmi pattern as a reature moYs' as the r,.ind runs
aross the orn, as the water flors anl ripples. Antl so, by fun-
damenta] assoiation rith visua] eprine,1 pitoria.l rhythm
rs the true means of epressing the dsigns and beauty whih
are born only of movment.
on of the soures of our pleasure in rhythmi movment
is the resend.o and diminund'o withits Snse of limax, how-
ver slight; you feel it at ah striile of a horse evn in a flo.w.
ing uninterrupted gallop.
Even simple ations have a multipliity of rhythms of differ.
nt speds mong in liffernt diretions rnore intriat tharr
those of an elaborate musial omposition. Parts of a odv ar
rPossilythassoiationseraisedytheationoftheeye,musu]a.root::.
following th hythmi shapes aoss th sufae of the Piture' and fo1lo.il'g il:: .-
imagirration eyond the piture plane into spae. Is the possily an a].tea:o:. ::
fous in looking fom foegound to distane in a piture, in spite of iE :-
the sam plane, as thee is in looking at near and distnt ojects ali.?
 92 ovmnt
Rlrythmi advaning, while others ar reed.ing, others stationary; parts
Pttrn rise whi.l others fa. And to adil to the intriacy, ojets that
are moving too fast to be visibJ.e, like the spokes of a rapiilly
rotating wheel, may eome visile because.we are not follow.
ing them with our eyes.l In onsequne things aPPear urved',
distorted, longated, and.,.when suh afterations of aPPearane
are essential ingedients of th lesign, thy must be aepted
and usd.
Rhhmi pattern gives the sense of movemnt in a piture,
vn if lookel at upsil down. It is a vry subtle instrument,
anlit an be so designed as to onvy a sense of movemnt in
a partiular diretion and. at a particular speed. How potent it
is is shown in a piture I have in mind. A group is represented
as pulling to the left, ut they form a lesign of whih the
rhhmi patten, no dout unintentio.fly, gives a sense of
mong to the right. Rason Says one thing, but to a sensitive
spetator th pattern says the opposite, antl the Pattern
dominats.
Sine, then, snsiility to rhythm is the soure of our en-
joyment, knowldge of what ours' that is, knowltlge that is
sintifi in its essene, ileriveil perhaps from camera or dis.
setion, must be without arrogane, subserent to sensibility,
willing to be set aside rhn it interfers.
lSe hap. i' p. 115.
 haptr YII. Art
.The
only PurPoSe of an artisti anatomy is to help the artist
.n the obsrvation of form'. This, the opning sentene of
:his ook, I should like now to molify, by sng that it an
only really do this if it helps the artist to a grater astheti
njoyment of form.
For art is not an observation and rePort of natur.l aPPar-
ane aurate in a sintifi sense, but, lik Poetry, is the e.
.not less
prssion of motional erin; poetry whih is
true to nature, beause it is fa-lse in point of facts'. A phrase of
Hazlitt's, who in his letures on the nglish Poets begins by
.Tlre
sang, best general notion whih I an giv of potry is
that it is the natural imprssion f any ojet or event, y its
r.ividness eiting an invo]'untary movemnt of imagination
and passion, and produing through sympathy a ertain mod'u.
]ation of the voi and sounds expressing it.'
Involuntary! Apparntly artisti oneption is as invo].un.
tary as really fl.ling in lov, varying lik lov in purity, depth.
degree. It is often slight, trivial, temprary, whih is perhaps
why great artists are as rare as the world's great lovrs; for to
be eithr demands great passion, lepth and. onstan. In
mod'ern opinion the fount of a rork of art is the su-::-
sious. It is there that its oneption ours anil the gni i^:.is
the ingredients and knowledg that it rquires for its d: .. - :.
mnt. So, if our knowllg of anatmy is to be of artis;.: -^...
it must pass into th suonsious and. suffer a har3. 1: -:-.-
deed muh ordinary experien and muh of our toI.:" - ' _:-.;
aquired knowlilg has -lreaily d.on.
Not nly is the intllt not the fau]tv throu::. .l;:- -- :
93
94, Art
reate art, musi, or Poetry, .it annot even be trusted. to re-
ognize Poetry when produed and may even hindr its pro.
d.ution'.l The intellet's proper offi in paintirrg is in th
pratial exeution of a rork. For as our spirit is lodgel in a
materi.l boily, so poetry, musi, painting must for their e-
pression use the earthy forms of words, gut, oloured muds.
There is siene in the ution of a work of art, and suess.
ful exeution is the ]ulation of mans to an end', howeve
automati it may apPear, however unonsious it may beome
by prati. The tliffiulty in eeution is the adjustmnt of
thes two lements, intellet and imanation, that is, so to
ontrol our earthy tools and melia that w do not fa]l out of
the stat of imagination and passion; otherwise the shapes,
olours, strokes or brushwork are no longer modulated into
the unity of a work of art, and our piture beomes old-
blooiled and litral.
rn art, justifiation is y faith, there is no justifiation y
auray of fat or measurement, and our study of anatom
must not eome a measuring stik, a narrow onsiene
thwarting our imanation, but must e so we understood'
and digestel that w use it unonsiously anil deny it when
need is.
In drawing the artist feels th other side of the bol while
he is drawing the sid that he sees; so let our anatomy e to us
an inner ey, that we may wand'er in imagination beneath the
surfae of the boil, enjoying aesthetia]ly the dsign, th
rhythms, the interpla of the parts of its mobile arhitetur'
and a nw relm f atisti experiene anil enjoyment be
opened to us.

rA. . Housmn, The Namz n.d Nture of Poetrr,

 hapter YIII. Glossary
Poll ot N
ar
N"h Poilt+ ' !
:I
.o Bt'oz
hh

l|'/J'
Poinl
te SouIZzr-- -
Sholl
Thig
E|o stifl Leq or
Eohi
Forarnt Hok
F7nh
Kd Conno
ChsnuI Bo
Cannon Bone FtIoh
Corot
Co"ont
Hoof----1-
---------=|7.
Prts o1f th Irors

bdomn. The avity of the body posterior to the ilia.

phragm, whih ontains the stomah, th intestines, the liver
and other organs.
poneuros. A broal fibrous sheet whih serves as a tend'on.
rrn. A term aPPlie.lto the Iumerus.
.wheel'
str6alus (a puey). Th one whih forms the
of th hok joint. See Chap. II. pp. 28 and ,!4.
urs. A synovial ursa is a simple sa lubriated inter-
nll.y with snoYia] fluitl, whih is plael at points of pssure,
as where a tend.on passes over a bone.
9
96 Glossary
Clneum: s CIis. Trms for the point of tlr lrok, the
heel. Se Tarsus.
Cnnon one. See etaarpus, and Metatarsus.
Cariniform Crtil6e. It may be d.sribed as th prow of
the breast one. It an be felt between the Anterir Super.
fiial Petor] musles (55): see illustratin of the Thorax, p.
27,}ap.II,
Carpus. The so.alleil .knee' of the fore leg. It relly orres-
ponds to the human wrist and is omposed of seven bons in
two layers. The Pisiform bone at the bak does not arry any
weight, ut servs as a ssamoid bone, enabling the flexors to
work mor effiiently. See pp. 4,4 and,46, anl Pl. 6' P.62.
Crtilgis gristle. It is a firm elasti substane rhih ours
on the end of bones, ab in joints or in the prolongation of the
]ower ends of the ribs, being bon in a transition state. Th
artilage on the top of the shoulder blade forms an elasti
attahment for the musles. See Rhomoileus (52).
Cnlical vertbrr. Th sevenonesof thenek. SeePl. 1,
P.t2.
Ceruil Ligament. The elasti ord and ands whih sup.
Port the hal anl nek. Se Pl. t,p. L2.
Chsnuts. Horny knobs whih our on the inside of the
fore legs aov the knee, and on the insil of the hoks. Poss.
ily the rudiments of lits.
Cocgel vertebr. Thy vary from fourteen to eighteen
in number, from th lrst vrtebra behind the sarum to the
last one at the tip of the tail. When a horse is loked, about
si vrtbre are kept.
Cofi'n Bon. The thirl phalan; it is hidden in the hoof.
Conle. Th term applieil to the enl of a bone that is
some.what ylindrial in sction, forming a hingel joint, suh
as the lbow. Cf.Head of bone.
Coronet. The boriler or rim round the top of the hoof.
 Glossary 97
Corcoid Pross. Th knob at the lorer end of the shoul-
ler ]ale in front of the shoulder joint from whih th Bieps
Brahii musl (4.7) arises.
Coz, s Cotc, the hip bone, whih is omposeil of the
Ilium, Ishium anl Pubis' The Tuber Coxr forms the knob
of the haunh, whih in a ow is so very notieable. It is the
orin of many important musles of the hinl leg.
Crst. A ridg, an elongated turl. The oipital rest
is at the top of the skull where it joins the nek.
Croup. The upper part of the hind quartrs formed b1, the
itldl Glutaus musle (68) and the inner angle of the Ilium.
See p. 95.
Cuneiform. Wedg-shapil.
Digit, The digit onsists of thre phalanges (the pastern
bons) and the sesamoid bones. The hors has only one d.igit,
whih orrsponds to our midll fingr.
lboul. See Ulna, anilRadius.
rgot. A knob of horn situated just behinil the fetlok
joint, perhaps the vstig of a digit.
,rteror. A mus]e that tnds, opens or straightens a
joint as against a flexor whih loses it. In the as of the fet.
lok, rhen the foot is supporting weight the joint is .overex.
tended', as th pastern bons are pulled beyonl the ]'in of the
annon bone. Fljon of th fetlok onsequently brings
them into line with th leg efor it loses the fetlok joint.
oasion.]'ly extnsor and fleor musles trespass on eah
other's lomain.
Fsi. A sheet of onnetive tissu. oftn, like the Fasia
lata of the thigh, it ats as an aponeurosis, transmitting th
pull of the musls to th bones.
Fmur. Th thigh one. It is artiulateil with th hi
at th top; its lo.wer nd forming with the tibia and knee.ap
th stifle joint.
 Plt 10. Musls of the Chest and Nk
|The numbers printd er th n'mes o1f muscls r the numbrs oif th othr plts in hih th mwcles apper.
Th pltes in u,hich the musles re bst shouln ie numbrd' in heuit. tpe.f
Nnbers Nnbrs
ad. Colurs and, Colours
of th Muscls of tln Muscles
19. Yellow Sterno-cephlicus. P|' 7, 2, 5. ,15. Red Ters Mjor. Pl..|..
t' B|ue StrnoThrro-Iroideus' 46. auve Corco-brchiIis. P|. 4.
15D. auve mo-Hoideus,P|' 7,2. 47. Green Bicps brachii. P|. 2, 4, 6, || .
76, Green Culneous musle o1f the nech.P|.5. 49. Blue Brchilis ntictls, PI, 2, 5, 4, 6.
19. Yellor Splnius.PL. |, 5. 50. Mauve Tensorfsci ntibrchii, Pl. 4.' 6.
0. Geen Eternl obliqu o1f the .,Ibdomen. 51. Yellow Trieps Brhii.PI. 2,52 4, 6' 77.
Pr.215,7rg. 5. Mauve Ertrnl RdiI Erteror (E. crpi
55. Geen Ltissimtas Dorsi. Pl. 5' 4',5. radtIis), P|. 2, 5' +' 6, |1,
,s. Red Mstoido-Irumerlis.P|' 1,5,+'5, 54. Green Common Digitl Ertensor (Ezt, pedis).
3. Yellow z('nterior SupeiI Peorl, P|, 2, Pl.215, +r 6,71.
5,5. 5- Yellow Ltrl Digitl Ertnsor (Ezt. digiti
56. Blue Postior Supecil Pectorl. Pl. 5, 6. quinti).PI.2'5' 4,,.
7' Green ntrior Deep Pctorl.P|, 2' +, 5. 59. Blue Eternl Flegor oif th Metcrptts
38. Red Postrior Dep Ptorl.PI,2,5'4.,5. (Ezt. crpi ulnarts). PI. 2, 5, 4., 6.
41. Blue 9uprspintus.Pl.2,4. 92b. B]e rugulr in, P|. 7, 2, ,
.l2. Red Infrspintus'P|. 2, 4.
 tleps 17

nteilo oP Petorol 37 rso Fosio

ntibrohii 50
5UrospiotUJ 4,
Dep
lfrospino|s 4z Petorql 37
^ntr.
rcs |ojor 45
iolis 46
lulu|or vln - 1o5toido.
lD umro|is 4 lotissimus Dorsi 3l
sGtno-pholi!s I C ut oeou s
o[ lhe

Cutoous musJe xtrol ob,ique

o[ th Nk u|6o of t}re Adom 0o

osrotdo'
11umerol 34

trieps Brochii 5|

Ptoro! 35
^n||.\upcr|(|oI
Brahioli| 49 An|||oI
suprr|iol
PetoroI J5

Xtrol ips 47
Rdioi 5]
ttsor

tero l
fleor 59
Posrrr Super|9!:--
Pe|aIol Lol.rol, Deep Petorol J8
tesor 55

o Dig/
rerol Rod! 5/ teosor 54
tnsor
 Glssary 99
Ftloch. The joint etr'een the annon orre (the metaar.
pus, or metatarsus) antl the upper pastern (first phalanx); the
sesamoid ons lie hinil it.
Flror. A musle that flexs or loses a joint. See Etensor
above.
Fibut. A thin on about tw-thirls of the length of the
Tibia to the outer sile of .whih it is atthel.
Forerm. Its bones ar the Radius, and the Ulna.
i'ossa. A asin-shapel d'epression.
Fro7. The welge.shapeil form at the bak of the sole of the
foot; it is formed. of the most flexible horn of the whol hoof.
Gshin, Th part of the hind leg bet.ween the stifle and
hok, of rhih the Tibia forms the bone.
Glenoid Cllitjr. The sha]low soket at the bottom of the
shoulder blade whih artiulats with the head. of the hu-
merus; or the grooYe n the skull rhih reives the onlyle
of the jaw bone.
Hnd. A term of measurment; it equals four inhes.
Hd of Bo. A rounled kno that forms the artiula-
tion, as opposelto a ondyle whih has a long bearing.
Hoch. The joint on the hinl lg bet.wen the stifle and the
fetlok. The point of the hok is th ig lever of the hind les.
Se Tarsus and laneus.
Hoof . The horny substane of th foot on whih th horse
stand.s. It orrespnd.s to the nail of our third finge.
Iliurn. The large bone whih forms th sile of the pel
girdle. At the top it joins th saral vertebrre forming a rigil
mass rith thm. Its point, the Tubr Coxe, makes the point of
the haunh, and it forms with the Ishium and. Puis the
avity in .whih the head of the thigh bone turns.
Ischiurt,. The ntl bone of th pels whih forms the point
of the uttok.
,Knee,.
Se Carpus.
Knee-Cp. S Patella.
100 Glossary
Ligamnt, Ligaments are the binling banls whih tie the
bons together. The intriay and ingenuity of thir arrange-
mnt at the joints is vry striking. Though flxible they are in
priniple inelasti. Certain ligaments are elasti, suh as the
era] ligament (11) anil the Sesamoidean gaments, whih
y their elastiity lift the foot as soon as it leaves the grountl.
Lumbr vrtebrr. There ar six just in front of the sa-
rum. Thir transverse Proesses are Yery developl for the
attahmnt of the strong musls whih form the shape of the
loins (see illustration , p. 53, Chap. II).
Mtcrpus. The large bone of the fore leg between the
.kne,
and the fetlok joint. It is a]led the third metaapal
bone, th inside and outsiile splint bones attahed to it eing
a]'lel the seond and fourth metaarpals eause thes bones
orrespond to the three middle bones whih frm the ak of
the human hand, the bones of the seond, thirl and fourth
fingers, th thumb anillittle fingr having disappared in th
horse.
Mettrsus. Th annon one of th hinl leg. The large
bone etween the hok antl the fetlok. It is a]ld the third
metatarsal bone, the inside and outside splirrt bons attaIred
to it being alld t]r sond and fourtlr mtatarsals. Ths
bones orespond to the three midille bones of the frve whih
form the instep of the human foot.
Naiculr Bone. A sma.].l sesamoid one whih lis ehind
the artiulation of the seond pastern and offrn bones. The
Perfoans F]exor (61' 87) plays over it.
,
Nr'. The nea sid. of a horse is a trm for th left side.
the sile on whih a hors is usully mounted.
ccipitl Bon. .The highest part of th skull whih artiu-
lates behinlrith the atlas bone.
,off'. The off sile of a horse is a term for its right side. Se
.Nr'.
 Glossary 101
Pastr. See Pha]anx.
PtlI. The knee-ap. The sma]l one whih plays ove
the front of the lower nl of the thigh bone (femur) to faili-
tate the ation of the tendons that etenl the stifle joint, in
whih it is embeldetl.
Phalnz, or Pastern. The three bones elor the fetlok
joint, whih orrespond to the thre end joints of our midille
finger.
Pisiform Bon, or Aessory Carpal. Se Carpus.
Proess. A general term for a prominene' more exatly a
prolongation of a bone.
Pubis. The bone that forms the base of the pelvi gidle.
See Ilium.
Rd,itls. The large bone of the forearm to whih the ulna
is welled. These two bones in th human arm are seParate'
whih gives us the power of turning the hanl over (see P. 58).
Rlbs. There ar usually eighteen on ah sile of the horse.
Artiulated with th bakbone at the top, thy ae onneted.
by artilage to the brast on and eah other, whih ves
them lierty of movment as in breathing.
Scrurn. It is a solid mass of fiv vertera to rhich the
ilium is firmly attahed.
Scapul, The shouliler blade.
Ssmoid. A term for bones that give lverage to the ation
of the musles; more espei.lly the sm]l bons ehind' the
pasterns-whih help the play of the tendons. They moYe bak.
ward's and forward's on the fetlok joint, being attahed to the
first phalan.
Sesmoiden Ligrnnfs. See Ligament.
Shoulder BI.d. The top bone of the fore lim, the sapula.
Sins. An ai avity in a one, suh as the large aties in
the skull, rhih ommuniate with the outer air, liretl o
intliretly though th nose.
ro2 Glossarv
Skull.Is reJ.ly formd of several bones, but from the artist's
point of w may be onsiderd a unit.
Spine.Is a pointed pross.
Sp|int Bon. See MetaarPus and tatarsus.
Sternurn. The breast bone.
Stifl. The joint bt.ween the femur and the tibia. It orres-
pnds to our kne joint, being the true knee, rhih the .knee'
of the fore leg is not.
Smphysis. The union of to simi-lar bones joined y
fibrous artilage, as the Symphysis Pubis.
SjrnouiI shths and rnembranes are ]ubriated hannels
for the tendons, and overings for the joints.
Trsus, or hk, is omposed of six bones. This onstrution
givs it elastiity to meet the tremend.ous strains to rhih it is
subjeted. The Astragalus bone, the pulley, is the nearest
approah to a whel that .we finl in the onstrution of the
horse (se pp. 28,44.).
Tndon. It is the inelasti string or band y whih a musle
is attahed.
Thih. S Femur.
Thorz. Thhestof thhorse (se p.27).
Tibi. The bon that lis betrru.n the stifle joint and the
hok. S Fibula.
Trochntr, A name for big prominenes, .g. on the
fmur.
Trochl. A ulley-lik artiulation. See for instane
Tarsus.

luber. A large rounded projetion, as Tubr Calis, the

point of the hok.
Uln. The bone whih forms the elbow. See Radius.
vertbr. The bons whih o,,'Pose the vertra] olumn
from the top of the nek to the tip of the tai]. The vertebrl
olumn.is for onvniene tliiled into the following setions:
 Glossary 705
seYen ervia] verterre of the nek; eighten thorai vr.
tebrr rhih arry the i:ibs; six lumbar vertebra whih
form the loins; five saral vertebrre reldd into a solid nrass;
si:teen oygeal on an aYerage, whih inlule the tail.
Xiphoid Crtilge. The posterior tip of the strnum, it fa]ls
und,er the rth.
 hapter Ix. Notes on the Tet
FromChpter I,pg 1.
Weight on The proportion of a horse's weight aried by the fore feet
For nd anl hind feet is approximately 5 to 4. And the fore legs also
Hind Lirnb arry two.thirds of a rider's weight, if the iler is sitting ack,
and even more of a jokey's weight, sine jockeys took to
perng like monkeys on the dthers, a se introtluel y
the suessful Amerian rid'er, Tol Sloan, towards the end of
the nineteenth entury.
The position in whih th horse's heal is hell auses, it is
stated, onsideral variations in the wight arrid by th
fore lgs. If th read.er is interested to pursue the sujet fur-
thr he ri]l fintl it disussed at length in Goubau and Bar.
rier's Ertrior of the Horse.
From Chpter II, pge 14,
TIl lmp Instantanous photography has made lear what really
ours in animal motion. It shows that a hors does not employ
th.e jump when he gailops, as fast-running anima]s suh as
d.eer, hares and greyhounds do, meaning y a
i,,.P the ation
in whih the hinl legs are the last to leave the grountl (1) e.
fore the period of suspension in the air (9), anlthe foe legs
the first to neet it again (3). It is in this order that a horse
employs his legs.when he atully jumps, wheras he loes th
 Nots on th Txt 105
opposite rhen he gallops; for then his fore legs are the last to Tfu G|lop
leave the ground bfor the peod of suspnsion, and his hintl
legs the first to strike it again.
The advantage of this latter methotl of progression is that
only a short art of the strile is spent in suspension in the air,
the horse being suppoted' on the grounil dung the rest of
his striile sometimes by two legs, sometimes by one. A stride
is the distane ovred betreen one footf]l and the next foot-
f]l of the same foot. The following is a rief statement of a
hose's giloP, whih the skethes ri]l help to eplain.
After his period of suspnsion in the air (4.) a horse lands,
let us say' on his right hinl leg (5)' anil is supportel by it
alone until he puts down his lft hinl
leg (6)'.when he advans on the two to.
gether; as the right hinil leg leaves the
gounl, the left hinl lg is at the point

at whih it passes from the position of support to that of pro.

pulsion, so at this moment he puts down the right front
leg (7) and tavels on the tro legs togethe, until at the moment
that the fore leg becomes upight, the left hind leg in its turn
leaves the ground (s). Now h is supported by the ight fore
leg alone, until he puts down the othe fore leg (9), when he
advanes on both togethe up to the time of the last phase (10);
 106 Nots on th Txt
Th Gllop then the right for leg is lifteil, laving th left fore leg
to finish the strid by itself and omplte the projetion of
the hors into the air for the priol of suspension, after whih
h lanils on his right hind ig again (5)' to rPeat the seris
of movements.
Th legs whih mad.e th gratest efforts wer the right
hind leg and the fore leg, the .leading'leg, whih was the last
to leav th ground, for they in turn suPportei the hors
rithout help. Threfore a ridr maks his mount hange from
tim to time the leg on rhih he leads, to ve the legs an
equl share of .work.
It is beause he is supported in this way, and his body travels
most of th time on the same lvel, that a horse ombines en-
d'uran so rmarkably with speed. Th gratst ffort in
animl loomotion is th throwing up and athing of th
boly during th priod of suspnsion; for rhih reason a gry-
hound tires quikJy, having two priods of suspenqion in a
strid, one of them of great lngth.
tion of the Lt us look at th sequene of a greyhounl's movements,
Gryhound beginning with his longer priol of suspension in th air (11).

Sine it is a true jump, he lands on one of his fore legs (12),

quikly puts down the othr for leg and immediately, befor
his hind legs an rah the grunl, projets himself into the
air again (15) for his sond and shorter priod of suspnsion.
This time his ation is in priniple th same aS that f the
hors, for it is his fre legs that have liftd his forhand into
the air, anl his hinl lgs that ath him on lanling. This
 Nots on the Txt to7
sond period of suspension (r4.) is very short, however, for ction of th
the hind lgs, having been rought right in front of his fore Grjrhound
lgs by the arhing of the loins, take the ground a.lmost im-
mliately. This position, whih is illustratel in sketh (15), is
very harateristi of a greyhound.'s ation. He is bent ]ike a
spring in preparation for the ig j,.P, his longer prioil of
suspension, whih forms hlf of his stride (11). For when he
]ands on his hinl legs after his lessr suspension he does not
run smooty, on hind legs and fore legs in sequen, as a horse
does, but straightway jumps from his hinl legs into the air,
lifting himslf a onsidrale height from th ground' His
jumping ation makes him a good sprinter, vry quik off
the mark, but it tires him very rapidly.
A greyhound. ovring ten feet in his total stride overs fiv
ft in his .jurrp' (11), two feet between th footfalls of his
fore lgs (19), two feet in his net suspension (14), followl by
a steP of a foot between his hinil lgs (16). Thus he is in the
ai rith a]l his legs off the ground for an aggregate distane of
seven feet out of the ten!
Aording to Muybridge, a hors strid'ing 22 ft. 10 ins. Period of
overs 6 ft. 6 ins. in th air (a),3 ft. 10 ins. bet.rveen his hintl Suspnsion
feet (6), 7 ft.6 ins. betwen the hind foot and the diagonal fore
foot (7), and 5 ft. between his for fet (9). Thus he is in the air
only for rather more than a quarter of his total stride. As the
tot] strile is given as taking ,44 of a seond., anl th periolof
his suspension as .088, he travels in the air at a rate that is
quiker than his aYerage rate when he is in ontat with the
ground, anl his susnsion takes only a fifth of the tot.l
time of the stride, less than one-tenth of a seond. The
lift required to arry him over so short a priod of sus-
pension is very small, hardly ilisturbing the level flor of his
ation.
It may make some of the ation learer if we think of the
fore and hind quartrs as separate units, like the two ators
 Plt 11 . Diagram
of th Musles
of th Fre and Hind Limbs
|The numbers printed er the futms o1f muscles re th numbrs of tfu
other pltes in uhich the mltscles ppetr. The plts in thich th muscls
re bst shou-,n re numbered in huir t2,p'f
Nnbers
Colours
and,
of t} MusIs
59D. auv Serrtus Thorcis.Pl.2,5' +, 5.
47. Green Biceps brchit.PL.2, 4, 6, |0.
51a. Yellow Trieps, long head,PI. 2' 5, +, 6.
51D. Yellow Tricps, eternal hd.P|.2' 5, +,6, L0.
52. Red nconeus. Pl.,l.,6.
55. auve Ezternl Rdil Eztensor (Ezt. crpirdilts). PI.2,5,+,
6, 10.
54. Ge Common Digitl Eztensor (Ezt. pdis), P|. 2' 5, +, 6' |o.
60. Red Superficil Dil Fleror (Pertus) ndchek ligrnert,
Pl..+,,6.
61 . Mav Dp Digitl Fltor (Perans) and check ligment. Pl. 4' 6.
69. Blue Suspsoryr Ligrnent.Pl, 6.
66. auve Tensor1fscir ltr. P|. 5' 7, 8.
68a. lvlauve Middle Glutrus.Pl. 2, 7 I 8.
70. Red Bicps Fmorz.s. Pl. 5,7'9' ||.
71. Gren Semitndtno.szs. Pl. 2, 5'7, 8, 9.
72. Bhte Semimembranosns. Pl. 917rEr9.
79a. Red Rectus Femorls. Pl. 21 5, 7 ,8, 9.
79D. Yellow Erternl vsttts (. lterlis). P|' 2, 5, 7' 8, 9.
80a. Blue Gstrocnmius.P|.2,5,7,8'g.
--- Blue *&l -
80D.
ft; JTendo hillis, see Gstronemius (80) p.77 .

81. Red Solus.P|,2'5,7'9.

82. Red Pronrus Trt. Pl. 7, 8,9.
84. Green Long Digitl Eztelor.Pl.2.
86. Red Supecil Digitl Flzor (Peratus). Pl. 7' 8' 9.
87. auve Deep Digital Flzor (Perns). PI.2,5,7,9.
89. Blue Susprory Ligznt.P|.9.
 lddl Clutoeus 68o Hip joint
5houldr-blod

, e
' Jgb
orocotd Semtre
Pros s . frrcps' Daonosus
Lon hod 72
-' 5lo
cpt 70

Rtus fm
terno| .-
dur!' .. voss 79b
Bips 17...
I r|Ds| ..
lt.rnol hod 5lo

Aonus... -..':.. &ips

\) : ... .o||s /U

fndo Achil|
Dp fleol GosIro(rcl!5
Rodius 87 Solus 8I, Flot
-Prfolons Perforotus 86

Prforotus 60
.-.- ond hk Pcronous
." Ligomrnt Terrius 82

Prfo|o|5 E

Prforos 6I .'Prforos
od hck .ond
Ltgom.nl hk
onnon Bo.. Ligomnr 87

suspnsor 5uJp5orf
Ligoent 67 ligmet 89
ommoo Digttol Long Digito!
|nsor 51 5somotd
tensor 84 (ut)... 5somold
((u( ) Eo -. 8oe
I Pholo
Po't.nJ]
( Pho|o I

PoslrJt
L ,. Il ::
 Nots n th Tt 109
onea]ed in the stag donkey, though, of ours, mor losely rump nd
oupld and interd.pendent. GlIop
In a trot the artnrs run with opposit legs. Bi]'l's right leg
to Tom's left, Bill's left to Tom's right. It is th smoothest
way for two men to arry anything.
In a galloP Bi]t and Tom at at different times, Tom the
hind quarters laping first, Bi stepping out widely as he feels
Tom athing him up, leaping in his turn efre Tom has
retuned to th ground, so that for a momerrt they are bth in
the air togethr. Their movments rePresent a horse's ation
very lsely, for a horse,s fore legs hurry, just as Bill.lid, whn
the quartrs, thrown up anlfor.ward with addtlmomentum,
press forwards on to then. Photgraphy anil the position of
his footfa]ls sho.r that at eah stride the fore feet take a onsid.
eraly wider step than lo the hintl feet. Thus, in a gallop, as
pposed to a jump, it is apparently the for lgs whih under-
take the aelerated propulsion f the forehand. In a jump, or
the long period of suspension of a greyhound.'s ation, the
for legs, when raising the forehand, annot really add to its
aelration, as they must onform to the spel of the hinl
uarters, whih are in the air or just taking the grountl; thus
th forehand has to .wait in the air for the thrust of the hinl
quarters to add to its aleration. Bill, that is, jumps into the
air and Tom prope]s Bill's weight as wll as his own.
Th advantage of a horse's method of galloping is that oth
fore and hind lgs shar in the dutis of supporting and pro-
pelling the body.
Th stiffness of the onstrution of a hors's bak and loins,
-whih suits his ation, as a greyhound's suppleness
suits his
undulating laps, rnakes it possible for a horse to arry the
weight of a rider.
Th ation of a anter is similar to that of a gallop, in that The Cnter
the horse on landing aftr suspension is on one hinl lg and
efbre suspension on one fore, but it differs in that he has at
 110 Nts on th Txt
times three legs on th ground, whih never ours in a gallop.
Th slorer the pae the greater the ned for support.
The Trot In a trot eah fore foot, rith a liagonal hind foot, is liftel
alternately; the horse being, in a fast tot, twie ffthe ground
in a strile. As it is a very level motion, the hors an keep up
a trot for a long whil.
Th WIh In a walk, as it is the slorst Pae, a hors requirs a great
amount of support, and is on thre lgs anl two a.lternately;
in a very slow walk he lifts only one leg at a time, having
always three and, somtims eyen four fet on the ground.
onsieur arey, by an apparatus attahed to a horse's feet,
plottel exatly the time that each fot was on the ground in
the lifferent PaeS. Some of his diagrams are given in Gou.
eau and Barrier's Ezterior of th Horse, if the read.er rishes
to pursue the subjet. I think th artist is etter employed in
wathing the paes and seeing what they looh lih to him.

From Chpter II,pg 76.

Legv. It is beause it is liftl at every strid tht the leg has this
Whel freedom of movement, therey gaining an advantage over the
wheel; for th priniple of altering their relative positions an.
not be appliel between the hub of a rheel anil the oily of a
ar, sine the propulsive agent, the lring wheel, is uninter.
ruptedly in ontat with the ground.

From Chnpter II, p5e 79.

Horse-Pousr Horse.powe: .II.P.'is so familiarly usetl nowadays in rela-
tion to motor ars that it is interesting to learn that a horse, a
vagu enough term, an devlop 27 h.p.
In Amria they hav ompetitions, whih, it is stated,
exite normous intrest, to test the orer of draught horses.
A .Trator Dynamometer' is used, to whih the horses ar
harnessed. It reods the total Power exerted, by a team of
horses and ]so that of ah membr of the tearrr.
 Nots on th Txt LI|
It is argued that lraught.horse breding has not made the Hors-Pousr
same Progress as raehorse breeding beause the dams and
sires ar not hosen for atual performane. Raehorses are
slted for stud on their
known qualities of sped,
endurane, t.' these eing
julgel on th reorded per-
formanes of themselves and
their forbears. Draught
horses hv en sleted on
th opinion of julges uPon
their onformation, without
th corretive of ompetition
and the tsts that suh a
mahine would giv.

From Chptr II, p. 21.

The ation of these mus. Multipl
les is a gooilinstane of how ction of
diverse th appliations of Musle
the fore of a single mus.
le an be. Bicps Ftnois
(o, b' c. '' d)
The Bieps femoris (70), shoan thtrc
for instan, has four points Sitn.dinosu,s -
shon ttr _
of attahment (see Pls. 8, 11)
originating from the rump
and buttok: it is insrted (a)
on the ak of the femur; (D)
on the knee-ap; () on the tibia; anil (d) sends a tendon
to the hok.
Though at frrst sight its pull at these various points may
apPear ontraditory, they really all ontribute to the eten.
sion of the hind leg; starting with the foot as our fixed point
w s that th tendon () y pulling on th hok tnds th
 rt2 Nots on the Txt
tiia on the annon bone ; net (' c) pulling the tiia, antl (D)
pulling the kne-ap to.wards th uttok, extends the stifle
joint anl a]so etenls the hip joint; (") by pulling ak the
femur extends the hip joint only.
Thus th Bieps femoris, ating by itself, an extnd. a the
joints of the hinl leg simultaneously.
The Semitndinosus (71), though less omplex than the
preeling musle, etend.s hok, stifle and hip joints simu]-
taneously. Its insertions on the rest and thg fasia of the tibia
at like setions , c of the Bieps, and its tendon to the hok
ats lik the Bieps' tendon (d).

From Chapter II, p6e 26.

Rise nd The rheel tloes not have to dea] with the .ruth' or
Fll of .broomstik' tliffru, sine its .legs', the spokes, trail, so to
Fetloch ,1..

speak, on th im and so maintain th axle always at th same

height aove the ground.
In the first skth three positions of the lorer enl of the
annon bon anl of the tip of a spoke are omParil with eah
othr. the ris anl fall of the annon bone in rlation to th.
 Notes on the Txt 775
ground bing effetl y the play of the Pastens' as th rrse
anl fall of the spoke is by th urvatur of the wheel.
Fo i.]'lustration's sak the hoof is d'rarn in thre fifferent
positions on the grounl, whih of ourse do not our in a single
stride; the movements of
th pasterns and ftlok
joints rally take plae
oYer a statina hoof as
in the seond. sketh.

From Chpter /I, pge 9 2 .

I mention this to test ltsibilit. of

)rour Powers of oserva- WheI
tion. The phenomnon is Spohs
offered you very timyou
are among wheeled taffi.
I arn not referring to the momentary visibil of the
whels of a passing ar, whih, I think, everyone must hav
notied, whih is due to a sudden moYement of our head,
and is eplaind as follows. When ou folloul a ar vith
your eyes, the image f th wheel is held ontinuusl on
the sam part of th retina, so that the sua] impessions re.
ived' from the spkes are superirnposed on the after im-
ags of previous impressions, resulting in a lur. If our
hatl is sudiln.ly displaetl y a jerk (the shok of the im.
pat of your fot uPon th grounl is often suffiient), the
image of the whel is transfrred to a fsh pat of the
retina, whih bing free of its after images gives an .instan-
taneous photograph' of th rhel rith its spokes dearly se-
Parate' to be foord immliately b the norma-l impession
of blur.
Th partiular phenomenon to whih I eferred, as a test
for your powers of observation, is as follows, and I shall be
surprised' if you have notied it.
 774 Nots on th Tt
isibilit of When a ar or biyle is apprahing fix your eyes uPon
Spokes some point on th road near its ourse, seleting the spot so
that the vehi]e will pass .ithin your fiell of sion. To keep
your ys steatlily on the road may nd. some determirratiorr,
ut if you suel you rill se the spokes quite distin at
the ottom of th rvheel. They may aPPar urved, or even to
riss-ross a little, thre are variations of aPPearan due to
differne of sped and other fators, ut you will se the
spokes distintly, even spokes as thin as those of iyles.
Above th hu I have not seen them. This is not du, I
think, to their eing lost by oming against the botly of the
ar, for the spoks of iyle wheels, whih have the same bak-
ground aove th hu as below it, are not visible at the top.
The invisibility of spokes at the top is due to the yloitl
movemnt of the whl, rhih auses its upper hlf to advane
rotate-more rapilly than th lowr half whih is in
-not
ontat rith the road.
Another effet aused. by th cyloil movement is that the

is,
im of the wheel appears as if flattened along the roail some-
what like the sketh,
anl if
seen more from
above like the seond
sktch. These aPPear.
anes are not due to any
atua]. flattening of a pneumati tyr, for they are equally
notiable with the iron t5e of a horse-drawn vehile.
As .we hav gone so far, it may be interesting to seek the
ause of thse aPPearanes.
Sine the eye is fixelly wathing a spot on the oad., the a
rosss our visual fiell, anilblurring, due to the superposition
of images, is eliminated, beaus the whee] is ontinually sen
y fresh parts of the retina.
It has een suggested to me that the aove eplanation is
probably inorrect, sin it is so liffiu]t for the human e)re
 Nots on th Tet !1,5
rrot to follow movirrg ojts, that it is almost etain that trlisibilit of
one's eys do follor the ar. Without going into iletail, let me Spohs
say that this is not onvining, as th phnomenon may b
sen simultaneously in vhiles going opposite ways !
If the xprimenter finds great diffirrlty in priving these
aPParanes, it is possibly du to his being untrained to pay
attention to visual imprssions reeived. near the priphery of
his retina, to his bing unable onsiously to notie what his
eys offer him, .hih is, I think, one of the faultis whih
make the artist. At any rat y this eperiment lre an test his
Po]/r of observation, and' if suessful rea]ize how habitually
one an fail to see what one'S eyes are ontinually rporting.
Whih disovery shull prsual lrim to trust the artist more,
whn he shows him effets that h finds unfamiliar, and may
lead him to disovr for himslf, that many of the urvatures,
longations, distortions of apparane aused. by movement ar
as essential a part of its intrst and beauty, as is the apparnt
altration f a olour aording t the olours that surround.
antl ontrast rith it.
 Bibliography
The Hd nd Nch of th Horse, by o. harnok Bralley.
Y\t. Green & Son, dinburgh.
The Limbs of th Horse,, by the same authr.
Th ntorrry of th'e Domesti nimals, by Septimus Sisson.
W. B. Saunders.
h Eztrior of th Horse, y Goubeau and Barrier.
The Horse in Motion, by J. D. B. Stillman. osgool.
Points of the Rehorse, by Majr.Gener-l Sir Jhn Iills.
Wm. Blakrood.
The Horse: Guid to its ntom, y llenerger, Baum
anilDittrih.
tls der z{ntomie ds Pfrdes, Shmaltz.
 Inde
Ation of fore leg,2, t4' I05; anter, 109
lf hinl leg, 1, 18, 105 arpus, 5
Aroplane, 9 ervia] ligament, 99
Ala artilage,55,56 Chretodon Rostratus, 9
Artiulations, 41 hek tendons,24
Astragalus - 26, 28, 4,4, hest,27
Atlas one, 6,36, 7 ollar borrs, 8
Automati suPPort of bly, orrespondene of for arrd
t0, tt, 13, 25; of shoul- hind limbs, S
der, 16
Axis bone, 71 56 Deer, 2+r 2'c, t0+
Donkey,6
Bak,5,28'29,37 Duhoussetr SS
Bak tendons,21 D[rer, 1

Ba]l anil soket joints, 45

Barsr 56 agl, 10
Bary, 85 ar, 80
Bell, Sir harles, The n- lips,84
tom of rprssion,54 Elbr,44
Borres, of th fore leg, 2' 75, llnerger, Baum and Ditt-
3+, 38, +' 4.+14; of the rich, Thr Horser lt6
hind lg, 2' 9' 4't, 43, y, 81
++) 4,7,4.8
Bradley, The IIed nd Nh Fae,55
of tI Horse; Th Limbs Fet, 3
of th Hos, |16 Fetlok, 2L' 25; oYr.etn-
sion of, 2!, 25r 96; and
annon bone, 39 rim of wheelr l72
177
718 Index
Fibula,58 Jump, 104
oal, 86
Footr3r 26 Knee, 5) tt15+, ++, 4,5r 4,6,
Forearmr SS 4,9
Fore leg, 10r 7+) 48,49 Knee-ap, 4.t' 4'8
Frog, 14
Legs,7+,2t,8
Gallop, 105, 109 Leorrardo da Vini, 1
Gubeau and Barrier, Th Level mvemnt of body,26
rterior of the Hors, Ligaments, SS
I8, |7, t16
Greyhound, 104,, 106 Mahines, made y man, 9
Marh Viking, 59
Hair, growth of ,87 Marey, 18, 110
Hazlitt,95 ailla,7
Had, 7, 5; swirrg of the, 51; eissonier.90
measurement by'heads', Movement, Chap. VI,88
85 Musles, Chap. IV, 50; res.
HiIs, Sir John, Points of th end'o ation of ,521' of.
Rclrse, |16 hinil limb. 112
Hinil \e9r15,18,4,8 Tlre numbers ln brhets
Hinges,44 efer to the desriptions of
Hip joint, 42,45 the musles on pp. 55-85
Hok, ation of, 19, 28,4.2, Abilominal tuni, (99)
44r 4,7 Adilutor Femoris, (76), 1g
Iloof,5,39 Anoneus, (52), L7
Hors-power, 110 Bieps Brahii, (47)
Housman, A. .' 94. Bieps Femoris, (70), t9,
48,51, ttt
Inelasti tissues, 10 Brahialis Antius, (49)
Intllet, 93 Buinato (6)' 53
Capsularis Brahialis, (a8a)
Jaw, 6, 6,5+ Fmoris' (48b)
Joints, variety of ,4'2 -Cervia] ligament, (lt)' 29
 Ind
Musles{orrtinud)
omplexus, (21)
orao-Brahialis, (,}6)
Cutanous of the Ablo-
men, (1Ob)
of th Nk, (16a)
-Deltoid, (4,0)
Digital xtensor, Anterior
or Lng, (8+),2I
ommon, (5,l), t5,2|
- Lateral, (55), (55), 2\
-Digital leor, Deep (Per-
forans), (6t)12t, 24
Dep (Prforans), (s7),
- 2t,2+
Long, (87)
- Superfiial (Prforatus),
- (6), 2t,23
Superfiial (Perforatus),
- (86),21, 2+
Flexor Hal]uis Lnsus
(Perforans), (s7-)
Gastronemius, (80a), 19,
2t
Gemelli, (78)
Gluteus, Dep, (69)
iddle, (68a),
- Superfiiat, (67)t9, 5L
-Grailis, (74)
Iliaus, (64.b)
Ilio-Psoas, (64)
Infraspinatus, (42)
Interosta]s, xternal,
(25b)
L19
s-(o rr tin u e d)
1\4us l
Intrtransvsales ]li,
(14)
Latissimus Dorsi, (55), 15,
29
Levator of th Upper Lip,
/-\
(c)
Levator of the Upper Lip
and Nostril, (9)
Longissimus apitis et At-
lantis, (20),52
Longissimus Dor.si, (97),
29, 3
Longus olli, (15)
Lower Lip, Deprssor of,
(5)
Masseter, (7),7, 35, 5
astoido-humeralis, (54),
19,31
Metaarpus, xternal
Fleor f, (59)
Middl Flexor of, (5s)
- olique xtnsor of,
- (6)
ultifidus erviis, (99)
Multifidus Dorsi, (gB)
Nose, Later] Dilator of, (8)
Superior
- TransverseDilator of, (g)
Dilator oi
- (10)
obturator ternus, (7 7 b)
Internu s, (77 c)
-Oblique of the Abdomen,
xternal, (50), 5
120
Musles-(ontinued)
oblique of the Ad.omen,
Internal, (50b),3
oblique of the Heal, An-
teior, (24)
pg51g.io(23)
-Omo-hyoitleus, (15b)
orbiular of the Mouth, (1)
Petineus, (75)
Petoral, Anterior Deep,
(37), t5
AnteriorSuperfiial,(5 )
- p951g1ior Deep, (58), 1
- Posterior Superfiial,
- (56)
Perforans, (61)' 15' 2I,2,
26; (87),21',2
Perforatus' (60)' t, 2t, 25;
(86),24
Peronreus Tertius, (89),
L5, t9,20r 21
Piriformis, (680)
Popliteus, (88)
Psoas ajor, (6aa)
inor, (65)
- 25
Quadratus Fmoris, (77 )
Lumborum, (65)
-Quadrieps Femoris, (79)
Radial, xterna]. xtensor,
(55)
fn{g11al Flexor, (57)
-Retus Alominis' (51)
Femoris,(79)
- Ctis , (17)
-
lndex
ffi5g|g5-(ontinuetl)
Rhomboideus, (52), t5' I
Sartorius, (75)
Semimembranosus, (72),
19
Semitendinosus, (7 t), t9,
5L, ttl
Serratus erviis, (9 ), t5,
I' 52
Thorais, (59b), t|,
-
7
^
t6,2+
Posterior,(25)
-Soleus, (81)
Spinalis, (27)
Splenius, (19),52
Sterno-ephalius' (1 9)
Sterno-Thyro-Hyoideus,
(l5,)
Susapularis, (44)
Supraspinatus, (41)
Suspensory ligamen t, (62),
(89)' 13' 2t,2
Tenlo Ahillis, (80b)' t9'
2lr 4'8
Tensor Fasir Lata, (66),
Anti-brahii' (50)
-Teres ajor, (4)
Minor, (43)
-Tibil tensor, Anterior,
(85)
Posteriorr(87b)
-TransversaLis Costarum,
(e6)
 Ind t27
Mus]es-(ontinued.) Proesss, 6, 29, 38; illustra.
Trapezius, ervial part, tionrSS
(18)' \5
Dorsal part, (18b), 16
-Trips Brahii, ternal
Quarters, 10
Head, (51b), t7 Ribs,7, 29r67
fn1grnal Head, (51) Rubensr 89
- Long Head, (51),14,
- t6) 17 Sarum, 6,25
Vastus, xternal, (79b)' 18, Shmaltz, tlas dr ntomi
19,4g ds Pfrd.s, 116
Interna|, (79), 18' 19, Siene, 1,91
- 4,8 Sesamoid Bones, 23,4t
Zgoatius, (4) Ligannts,96
Muybridge, I07 -Shouldr blade, 8; sliling of
th, 16
Natural llistoy Museum, Shoulder joint, +2, +3
5 Sisson, The z1ntomjr of th
Nek, ons of, 5, 6' 29, 56 Domstic ntm'als, 50,
Nostrils, 5'56,55,5+ r16
Skeleton, hap. III'35
ovrtension of th fetlk,
Skullr T, 55
Sloan, jokey, 104
27,251 26
Spiral progression, 28
Spke, ation of for |eg, 1'43
Parthenon Frieze, 90 ation of hind leg, 19;
Parts of th horse, 95 visibility of moving, 115
Pasterns, 2tr 25r 59, 4,7; and Stifle, ation of, 19, 4+, +7
rheel, 119 Stillman, Tlrc Horse in Mo-
Pelvis, 25,32, ' 8 tio,I16
Persimmonr 26
Photography, instantanous, Tail, bons of, 5
89, go Tangntial ation of musles,
Pivot pint, 16 r5
r22 Inde
Tho'-a-' 27 Walk, 4.,51, LIO
Tiia,58,9 Weight on fore and hind feet,
Trait lu Noril daught lrorse, 10+
.,20 Wheel, 110; anl pasterns,
Trohanter,41 1.t2
Trot, 109, 110 Withers,516138
Truth, artisti, 88 Wristr S

Vins,8
Verter, 5,29,37 , 102 Yarning,56
 a
I
I

..[Th
author] is unqualld among living painters in the reprsntation
of animals. xllent anatomial drawings.''_Ne Statesman and Nation

..Unusual
in onption, origiality, styl and interest . . . a treasur for th
horseman's |lr ar .,' T im s (Londo) Litrar S u p p le me nt
-Th
This asy-to-read text xplains th hors as a mahin dsigned for movment.
Using diffrnt olors in his drawings, th author not oly desribes with larity
the hors's skelton and the funtions of various musls, but also reats imags
that hav the power to suggest movment and stress. Mor than 75 illustrations
inlude aurate diagrams and olor illustrations of th hors's anatomy, as wll
as metiulously rndered skethes of the ntire animal.

of valu to students and tahrs of art, this book wil] also appeal to horse lovrs
who want a depr understanding-without having to examin th anatomial
omplxities of th subjet_of why this animal is apabl of moving with suh
grae and sped.

Unabridged Dover (2003) rpubliation of th edition publishd by the

ountryman Prss, Woodstok, Vermont, l936' 67 blak-and-white illustratios.
Index. Bibliography. Glossary. xiv+l46pp. plus 24-pag full-olor insert. 6x9.
Paprbound.
ALSO AVAILABL
T Aov o TH HoRS, Gorge stubbs. l2lpp. || |4%' 2402-9
All- Ptt AND ANAToMY, W. Frank Caldron. 336pp. 69%.2252-2
AAts oANIMLAov oAtss, W. llnbergr t al. 15lpp.9%|2%.282-5
Hoss AND OTHR Atls IN oTIoN, adward Muybridge. iv+9lpp. 9 |2,249||-5
Alt- Dttwl AND PA|NTING, Waltr J. Wilwerdig. 129pp. 8% x 1,1,%. 2|7|6-7

For urrent prie informatin write to Dovr Publiations, or log on to

www.dverpubliations.om_and see very Dover book i print.

Fr Dovr Fine Art and Art Instrution Catalog (5828-) available upon rqust.

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+1e. 5 IN USA =9 ilil|lilil]

+],.5 IN ANADA 7aoa6| 4?9