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Exp. 5 Diffusion of Sodium Chloride in Water - Latest
Exp. 5 Diffusion of Sodium Chloride in Water - Latest
Exp. 5 Diffusion of Sodium Chloride in Water - Latest
Experiment 5
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OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
Diffusion is the transport matter from one point to another point by kinetic energy of random
molecular motion. The most common driving force of diffusion is a concentration gradient of
diffusing fluids. Concentration gradients tend to move the fluid in such a direction as to equalize
concentrations and destroy the gradients. Diffusion also can force by an activity gradient, pressure
gradient, temperature gradient or external force fluid. Diffusion is not restricted to molecular
transfer through stagnant layers of solid or fluid.
Whenaconcentrationgradientexistswithinafluidconsistingoftwoormorecomponents,
thereisatendencyforeachconstituenttoflowinsuchadirectionastoreducetheconcentration
gradient.Thisisknownasmasstransfer.Ittakesplaceineitheragasoraliquidphaseorinboth
phasessimultaneously.
Rateofdiffusionisgivenby:
(1)
Where J =diffusionfluxacrossunitareatothexdirection(rightside),mol/cm s
2
D =diffusivity,cm /s
2
=concentrationgradientinthexdirection,
Thenegativesignindicatesthattheflowisfromhightolowconcentration.
ByexpandingEquation(1)usingrespectivetermsconstitutiverelations,weget
(2)
Rearranginggives
(3)
whereV=volumeofwaterindiffusionvessel,L
Mass & Heat Transfer Lab DKK1761
x=lengthofcapillaries,cm
d=capillariesdiameter,cm
N=numberofcapillaries
M=molarconcentrationofNaClsolution,mol/L
CM=conductivitychangeperunitmolarconcentrationchange,S/mol/L1
=rateofconductivitychangeovertime
Theslopeobtainedfromtheplotofconductivityasfunctionoftimecanbeusedtocalculatethe
diffusivity.
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS/MATERIAL
LS32136BLiquiddiffusionapparatus
Figure1:LiquidDiffusionCoefficientApparatus
This liquid diffusion coefficient apparatus is used to determine the diffusivity of NaCl
solutionindistilledwater.AknownconcentrationofNaClsolutionisplacedinadiffusioncell
immersedindistilledwater.Amagneticstirrerandaconductivitymeterareprovidedtomonitorthe
progressofdiffusionovertime.Aplotofconductivityagainsttimewillallowforthedetermination
oftheliquiddiffusivity.Theconcentrationatthechosenlowerendsistakentobeconstantwhile
theconcentrationattopendiseffectivelyzeroduringexperiment.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Mass & Heat Transfer Lab DKK1761
1. Prepare the solution of 3M NaCl. [Prepare the standard curve for 0.01,
0.02, 0.04, 0.005 M of NaCl; Concentration vs. Conductivity]
2. Determine the number of capillaries (holes) of the PVC round plate in the
J-tube. (the diameter is 2 mm while the height is 10.0mm).
3. Clamp the higher end of the J-tube to the J-tube clamper. Be careful when
clamping the J-tube.
4. Pour NaCl solution to the J-tube until the liquid just reaches the tops of
the capillaries. Kindly wipe away the excess solution with a soft tissue.
5. Insert the connectivity probe to the liquid vessel. Ensure the cable is
connected to the digital conductivity meter.
6. Pour 1500 mL of deionised water into the test vessel.
7. Switch ON the magnetic stirrer.
8. Switch ON the conductivity meter. Ensure there is reading shown in the
meter.
9. Place the J-tube into the test vessel. Care must be taken in this procedure.
No solution should be dropped to deionised water.
10. Fill the test vessel with small amount of water until the capillary tops are
submerged approximately 5 mm below the surface of the water. Record the amount of water added to
test vessel.
11. At the same time, when the capillary tops are submerged, start the
stopwatch.
12. For every 5 minutes, take the conductivity value for a time period of 40
minutes.
13. Once the experiment done, kindly remove all the glassware and rinse with
deionised water.
RESULT
Table1:Standardcurvedataforsodiumchloride
NaClconcentration(M) Conductivity
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Mass & Heat Transfer Lab DKK1761
Table2:ExperimentalData
Time(min) Conductivity
DISCUSSIONS
Discussallyourresults.Thequestionsbelowonlyserveasaguideline.Yourdiscussionshouldnot
onlylimittothesequestions.
1. Plotagraphofconductivityversustime.DeterminetheliquiddiffusivityofNaCl
solutionfromtheobtainedslope.
2. Comparetheexperimentalvaluewiththeoreticalvalue(canbefromtheliterature
revieworcalculationusingliquiddiffusionequation,e.g:WilkeChangetc.).