Ade Zuhrotun, M.Si., Apt.

Laboratorium Botani Farmasi

Departemen Biologi Farmasi
Fakultas Farmasi UNPAD
 Pada tahun 1838, Schleiden menunjukkan bahwa sel
merupakan unit dasar (fundamental unit) dari
struktur tumbuhan.

Seluruh tumbuhan (The bodies) tersusun dari satu

atau lebih dari unit dasar ini.

Setiap sel mengandung massa protoplasma yang

mungkin memiliki atau tidak memiliki dinding sel
yang mengelilinginya

Protoplasma merupakan materi hidup, sedangkan

bagian non protoplasmik terdiri atas vakuola dan
organel tak hidup (zat ergastik)
The cell walls of plants make up the plant skeleton.
They are all formed by the living contents of the cells (protoplasts)
during cell divisions.

In most plants the cell wall when first formed consists of cellulose,
(C6H10O5)n, a carbohydrate, or closely allied substances.
It may remain of such composition or become modified to meet certain
functions required of it.
In outer covering cells as epidermis and cork, whose function is that of
protecting the underlying plant units, the walls become infiltrated
with cutin and suberin, waxy-like substances, which make them
impermeable to water and gases, as well as protect them against
easy crushing.
In stone cells and sclerenchyma fibers whose function is that of giving
strength and support to the regions wherein found, the walls
become infiltrated with Hgnin which increases their strength,
hardness, and in the case of sclerenchyma fibers, their elasticity
also.
In the cells comprising the testa or outer seed coat
of the pumpkin, squash, mustard and flax, etc.,
whose function is that of imbibing quantities of
water, the walls undergo a mucilaginous
modification.

The cell wall when first formed is limited in both

extent and thickness. As the protoplast within
enlarges new particles are placed within the wall
by the process called intussusception. This
increases its area.

New particles, also, are deposited on its surface

which gradually increases its thickness. The latter
process is known as growth by apposition.
Zat pembentuk dinding sel:
1. Selulosa: sel parenkim dan trikoma contoh katun,
dll.
2. Lignocellulose (Lignified wall): pada bagian kayu
dari tumbuhan. Contoh sel batang, serat kulit, serat
kayu dll.
3. Reserve cellulose: pada biji-bijian tertentu. Contoh
nux fomica, ignatia, ivory nut, date coffee, dll.
4. Mucilaginous modification of cellulose: berbagai
bagian tumbuhan
5. Suberized walls: In cork, wounded areas of plants,
endodermis.
6. Cutinized walls: bagian luar dinding sel epidermis
7. Callus of sieve plates:Plates of sieve tubes.
8. Silicified walls: Epidermis of Equisetacese,
Gramineae, Diatoms.
 Within the cytoplasm will be observed a
number of clear spaces. These are vacuoles.

They are filled with cell sap (water with

nutrient substances in solution) are called
"sap vacuoles."
Protoplasmik:
(a) Cytoplasm, or the foamy, clear and granular-looking often granular
matrix of protoplasm outside of the nucleus.
(b) Nucleus or Nucleoplasm, a denser region of protoplasm containing
chromatin, a substance staining heavily with certain basic dyes.
(c) Nucleolus, a small body of dense protoplasm within the nucleus.
(d) Plastids, composed of plastid plasm, small discoid, spheroidal,
ellipsoidal or ribbon-shaped bodies scattered about in the cytoplasm.

In the cells of lower plants like the Spirogyra, plastids are large and are
then called chromatophores.
Leucoplastids are colorless plastids found in the underground portions
of a plant and also in seeds, and other regions given up to the
storage of starch. Their function is to build up reserve starch from
sugar and other carbohydrates as well as to change the reserve starch
back into sugar when it is needed for the growth of the plant.
Chloroplastids are plastids found in cells exposed to light and contain
the green pigment, chlorophyll.
Chromoplastids are plastids found in cells independent of their relation
to light or darkness and contain a yellow, orange or red pigment
called chromophyll.
Sugars.
Sugars comprise a group of crystalline substances found in
the cell sap of many plants either free or in combination
with glucosides. They may be divided into two main
groups: monosaccharoses and disaccharoses.
Starch.
Starch is a carbohydrate having the chemical formula of
(C6H10O5)nwhich is generally found as the first visible
product of photosynthesis in most green plants. It is found
in the chloroplasts and chromatophores of green parts in
the form of minute granules.
Dextrin.
Dextrin is a carbohydrate made from starch (chiefly from
corn or potato starch) by the application of heat (yellow
dextrin) or by treatment with both heat and acids (white
dextrin).
Amylodextrin. This is a carbohydrate intermediate in
properties between starch and dextrin. It occurs in
the form of small irregularly shaped granules
Inulin.
Inulin is a carbohydrate isomeric with starch which has
the chemical formula of C12H20O10. It is found
dissolved in the cell sap of many plants, especially
those of the Composite.
Hesperidin. Hesperidin is a glucoside having the
chemical formula of C12H26O11 . Like inulin it occurs in
solution within the cell sap. It is found in abundance
in the Rutaceae family but occurs in many other
plants.
Strophanthin. This is a glucoside occurring in the cell
sap of the endosperm of Strophanthus Kombe, S.
hispidus and other species of Strophanthus.
Salicin. Salicin is a glucoside occurring in the cell sap of
the bark and leaves of the Willows and Poplars.
Saponin, another glucoside, found in Soap
Bark, Senega, Saponaria and other drugs.
Coniferin is a glucoside, occuring in the cell
sap of the spruce, pine, and other plants of
the Conifera
Digitoxin, a glucoside found in the leaves of
Digitalis purpurea, is colored green with
hydrochloric acid.
Alkaloids. Chemically, these are basic
carbonaceous amines which like glucosides
are products of metabolism.
They undoubtedly serve as defensive agents in
plants containing them on account of their
bitter taste and poisonous properties.
Gluco-alkaloids. These are compounds intermediate in
nature between alkaloids and glucosides, having
characteristics of each.
To this group belongs solanine (C28H47NO11) which is found
in Solanum nigrum, Solanum Dulcamara, Solanum
carolinense and other species of the Solanacea.
Asparagine (C4H8N2 + H2O). This is an amino compound of
crystalline nature which occurs widely in the plant
kingdom.
It has been found in certain of the slime molds and fungi, in
the roots of Alth&a officinalis and Atropa belladonna, in
young shoots of Asparagus, in the seeds of Castanea
dentata, in the tubers of Solanum tuberosum and varieties
of Dahlia,
known to play an important part in metabolism.
Calcium Oxalate. This substance, occurs in many plants
always in the form of crystals. It is apparently formed by
the reaction of salts of calcium, which have found their
way into the cell sap from the soil, with oxalic acid which
is manufactured by the plant.
Cystoliths. Cystoliths are clustered bodies
formed by the thickening of the cell wall at a
certain point and subsequent ingrowth which
latter forms a cellulose skeleton consisting of
a stalk and body.
Silica (SiO2) occurs in a number of plants either
as an incrustation in the cell wall as in
Diatomsv the Equisetinea and Graminea or
more rarely in the form "silica bodies" such as
are found in certain Palms, Orchids and
Tristicha.
Tannins.
Tannins are amorphous substances occurring in
plants having an astringent taste. They occur in
greatest quantity in the bark of exogens, and in
gall formations.
Proteins.
Proteins are complex nitrogenous substances
forming the most important of the reserve foods
of plants. They are found in all the living and
many of the dead cells of plants, although most
abundant in seeds.

Ex: globulins, albumens, glutelins, nudeins, and

gliadins.

Aleurone grains are small bodies found in seeds

particularly those containing oil, and like starch
grains often are characteristic of the genus or
species.
Mucilages and gums are those substances
occurring in plants which are soluble in water or
swell in it, and which are precipitated by alcohol.

Fixed Oils and Fats. These are fatty acid-esters of

glycerin which are found in the vacuoles of cells
or formed with the cell walls

Volatile Oils. These are volatile odoriferous

principles found in various parts of numerous
plants which arise either as a direct product of
the protoplasm or through a decomposition of a
layer of the cell wall ( resinogenous layer)
Resins, Oleoresins, Gum Resins, and Balsams. These
substances represent products of metabolism in many
plants which are formed either normally as a result of
pathological processes through injury to the plant tissues
They occur usually in special cavities such as secretion cells,
glands, or secretion reservoirs.

Resins are insoluble in water but mostly soluble in alcohol.

They combine with alkalies to form soap. Many of them
are oxidized oils of plants. Examples: Guaiacum, Resina.
Oleoresins are mixtures of oil and resin. Examples:
Terebinthina,Terebinthina Canadensis.
Gum resins are natural compounds of resin, gum and oil.
Examples: Asafcetida, Myrrha, Cambogia.
Balsams are mixtures of resins with cinnamic or benzoic acid
or both and generally a volatile oil. Examples: Balsamum
Tolutanum, Styrax, Balsamum Peruvianum.
Pigments.
These are substances which give color to various plant parts in which they
are found. They occur either in special protoplasmic structures, as
chloroplasts, chromoplasts or chromatophores, or dissolved in tjae cell
sap.

Chlorophyll: is the yellowish-green pigment found in the chloroplastids or

chromatophores of leaves or other green parts of plants.
Chlorophyllin when examined spectroscopically produces absorption bands
in the red, orange, yellow and green of the spectrum, the broadest and
most distinct band being in the red.
Chromophyll also called "xanthophyll" and "carotin" is the yellow or orange
pigment found in chromoplastids. By some the term carotin is limited to
the orange pigment found in the carrot.
Etiolin is a pale yellow pigment which appears when green plants are kept
for some time in darkness. It is probably identical with xanthophyll.
Anthocyanins are applied to the blue, purple and red pigments which occur
in the cell sap. The character of the color is claimed to be due to the
alkalinity or acidity of the cell sap.
Phycocyanin is the blue pigment found in the blue-green algae, associated
with chlorophyll. It is soluble in water.
Phycophaein is the brown pigment found in the brown algae.
Phycoerythrin is the red pigment found in many of the red algae.
Latex. This is an emulsion of varying composition and color
found in special passages, as latex cells and laticiferous
vessels of many plants.
It may contain starch, sugar, proteid, oil, enzymes,tannins,
alkaloids, gum, resins, caoutchouc and mineral salts.
The color may be absent as in Oleander; whitish as in
Asclepias, Papaver,Hevea, and Apocynum; yellowish to
orange as in Celandine, or red as in Sanguinaria.

Enzymes.
An enzyme or ferment (according to Hepburn) is a soluble
organic compound of biologic origin functioning as a
thermolabile catalyst in solution.
a catalyst as an agent which alters the rate of a reaction
without itself entering into the final product, or which does
not appear to take any immediate part in the reaction,
remains unaltered at the end of the reaction and can be
recovered again from the reaction product unaltered in
quantity and quality.
 Youngken, H. W. (1921): Pharmaceutical
Botany: A Text-book For Students Of
Pharmacy And Science. 3nd Ed. Philadelphia, P.
Blakiston's Son & Co.