Professional Documents
Culture Documents
المساحة التصويرية PDF
المساحة التصويرية PDF
??
W
K
??? ?
K
KK
K
K
?
?
K
K
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K
W
W
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
K
W
K
W
K
--
K
PhotogrammetryJ
K
K
J
W
E
K
E
K
KE
J
W
Metric PhotogrammetryE
J
--
J W
Interpretative PhotogrammetryE
K
J
W
Terrestrial PhotogrammetryE
J
K
J W
--
Aerial Photogrammetry E
J
K
FK
KE
J W
Space PhotogrammetryE
KJ
J W
--
J
W
KE
J E
K
KE
KE
E
E
K
E
K
J
W
K E
KE
E
K
E
K
--
EFE
K
E
K
KE
KE
KE
J
W
E
K
E
F
E FE
K
J
--
KJ
KJ
EF
K
?
?
J W
--
J
W
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
--
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
--
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K
W
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
K
W
KE{F
K
W
EF
K
K
- -
Type of ProjectionsJ
K
K
Orthognal ProjectionJ J
KJ
J W
Perspetiv ProjectionJ J
J
K
- -
J W
J
EphotographyF
K
Pinhole CameraJ J
J
K
KJ
J W
- -
J W
Lens CameraJ J
J
EVF
EFFEUF
W
J W
1 1 1
= J
V F U
V W
F W
U W
J
K
- -
J W
J J
The NegativeEFJ J
??
KJ
J W
- -
K
The PositiveJ J
W
E
J
J W
- -
E
J
J W
The DiapositiveJ J
EStereoplotterF
K
Digital PhotographJ J
EpixelsF
K
- -
W
Digital CameraE
J
J W
E
K
J
J
- -
()
()
J W
J J
K
J
ERsolvingF
K
- -
WJ
J J
W
E
K
E
K
J J
W
Single-Lens Frame Camera E
multilens Frame Camera E
Panoramic Camera E
Strip camera E
- -
E
K
KECF
KJ EF
W
D
2
+D 2
= 2 tan 1
1 2
J
2 F
W
D1,D2 W
F W
WJ
W
- -
KJ
F
J J
Normal Angle
J J
Wide Angle
{J
J
Super- Wide
Angle
J W
J
KC
D
+ D
= tan =
F
+
tan
= tan
. o
KE
- -
EFiltersF
KK
- -
E
J
K
J W
E
KJ
J W
- -
J J
WJ
Lens Assembly E
Camera Cone E
Film magazine E
Camera Body E
J W
E
W
E
K
K
EJ F
K
- -
1 1 1 1
= = 0 V = F
V F F
E
K
E
E
W
K
K
K
E
K
E
K
E
K
K
- -
KJ J
W
E
EMarkJ FiducicalF
J
KEF
J W
E
K
K
E
K
E
K
E
K
E
- -
E
K
J
K
J J
WJ
J W
E
K
EOFE
F
E
EHFE
K
EFFE
KECF
- -
EPFE
K
ENFE
K
E
K
E
K
E
K
E
K
J J
W
EEE
EVertical photographFE
J
K
- -
E Tilted Photograph F
K
K
J W
E
J
K
- -
J W
E
J W
EJ F
- -
K
J J
KJ J
J W
- -
E F
K
K
K
K
K
K
J W
- -
J J
K J
K
J W
- -
J J
K
W
EEE
EE
K
J J
J
K
F F
S = = J
Z H h
S W
F W
H W
h W
Z W
- -
J W
J
{
KK
S= F = 152 .4 = 152 .4 152 .4
Z 1825 1000 1825000 152 .4
1
11975 EF
J
KK{
F F 152.4 152.4 152.4
S= = = =
Z H h (5072 500) 1000 4572000 152.4
1
=
30000
EF
- -
J J
J W
EhiF
F
S = J
i
H h i
Si : i
F :
H :
hi : i
- -
EhaveF
F
S ave = H h ave
J
Save W
F W
H W
have W
J
AK
KBAKB
F 150 150 150
SA = = =
H hA ( 5000 3000 ) 1000 2000000 150
1
13333 K
J
AK
KKB
- -
hA + hB 1500 + 600
h ave = = = 1050 m
2 2
F 150 150 150
S ave = = =
H h ave ( 3000 1050 ) 1000 1950000 150
F
1 E
=
13000
J J
S = LP
= J
LG
S :
Lp :
LG :
J
A, B
KABK
Lp 100 1
S= = = =
LG 400 1000 4000
- -
KE
Lp
S =
= SM J
LM
S W
Lp W
L W
S W
J
KW
K
Lp
S= = SM
LM
6 1 1
= =
12 10000 20000
E
KJ J
- -
J
A, B
KEFBEFA
KAB
LG = (X A G X G ) 2 + (Y
B A G Y G)2
B
K
= ( 5640 5420 ) 2 + ( 2700 3450 ) 2 = 781 . 6 m
Lp 182 182 182
S= = = =
L G 781 . 6 1000 781000 182
1
4294 . 5 EF
J J
K
E
EFJ
J W
- -
EFJ
X
K
KYPiXPii
K
J J
EXGi,YGiF
J
KEXPi , YPiFEXGi,YGiF
J W
- -
- -
Relief DisplacementJ J
KJ
KJ
J W
- -
D i = L i h i
H
Li`=Li-Di J
Li`=Li+Di
Di W i
Li W i
`Li W `i
H W
hi W i
J
{
BA
A{
K B
K
8 . 8 30
D A= LA hA = = 0 . 088 mm
H 3000 A
L A `= L A D A = 8.8 0.088 = 8.712mm
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
h B = 7 . 5 24 = 0 . 06 mm
D B = L B
H 3000 B
L B `= L B + D B = 7.5 + 0.06 = 7.56mm
- -
J
KJ J
WJ
D i ( H h i `) J
hi =
Li
Di W
Li W i
`hi W `i
H W
hi W i
- -
J
KK
WJ
- -
MosaicsE
KJ
WJ
PhotomapE
K
J
W
E
- -
E
K
J J
K
J J
K
E
K
E
K
E
- -
K
E
K
E
K
J J
W
ShapeE
K
SizeE
K
- -
PatterenE
K
ShadowsE
K
ToneE
K
TextureE
K
SiteE
K
Land UsesE
K
EJ F
- -
W
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
W
K
K
- -
J
W
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
- -
J
W
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
- -
W
K
W
J J J J J J
K
K
W
K
K
- -
E
E
WE
EE
EE
E
WE
E
E
E
E
E
WE
EE
EE
EE
EE
WE
EE
EE
EE
EE
E
E
- -
E
E
WE
EE
EE
E
E
E
KE
KE
KE
KE
KE
KE
KE
E
K
KE
- -
KCE
E
KK
E
KK
E
AK
KBAKB
E
A K
KKB
E
E { {J FA
KE {J {FB
KBA
{BA
E
A{
K B
K
E
- -
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]< ]
W
K
W
W
K K
KEF K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W
K
W
K
W
C K
K
K
K
KEF K
W
K K
K K
- -
K
K
J
W K
W
J
K
W
K E
K E
K E
K E
- -
K
J
K
B
A
K
KEbeF
WJ
EF
EF
- -
K
K
J J
J
W
E
E
E
FE
KEJ {F
WJ
EFEJ F
- -
J J
W
EEE
E
J
KJ K
WJ
WJ
- -
E
J
W
WJ
EFE
J
KJ
WJ
- -
EF
WJ
E
KJ
WJ
E
E
EFJ
- -
WJ
EJ F
K
J J
KJ
- -
WJ
J J
W
EEFE
E
W
E
J
K
WJ
- -
E
KJ
WJ
EFK
K{
E
WKJ
E
E
WJ
- -
Mirror StereoscopeE
K{
WJ
KE
KE
KE
WJ
WJ
KE
E
K
- -
WJ
EJ F
E
J
yx
WJ
{
J
- -
J
K
WJ WJ
EFEJ F
J
EJ J F
KETillted PhotographF
K J J
E
K
E
- -
EN2,NF
E
E`N2`,NF
KJ
WJ
E
KJ
WJ
EB mFE
- -
E`N1NF
KE`N2 NF
N1N2` + N2N1`
BM = J
2
BM W
`N1N2 W
`N2N1 W
E
K
K E
KJ
WJ
- -
EJ F
J J
K
EJ F
Sterescopic ParallaxEF J
J
iKBOO
jii
jj
iiJ
Pi i
ii
jj
Pj j
- -
WJ
- -
J J
WK
P ij = P i P j J
Pij W ji
Pi W i
Pj W j
W
J
B
{A
W{
K
A BA
KB
P AB = P A P B = 59 . 23 54 . 24 = 4 . 99 mm
- -
W
KE
Pi = X P i1 X P
i2 J
Pi W i
XP i1 W i
XP i2 W i
J
{J A
KAK{J
W
PA = XP A1 XP A2 = ( 7 . 2 ) ( 79 . 6 ) = 72 . 4 mm
EFEJ F
KE
W
FB
P i = J
H h i
Pi W i
F W
B W
H W
hi W i
- -
J
mA
A
K
W
FB 150 750
P A = = = 76 . 01 mm
H h A
1700 220
KE
W
P i= P j+ P ij J
Pij W ji
Pi W i
Pj W j
J
A B
K{J AB{
P B = P A + P BA = 72 . 35 + ( 3 . 55 ) = 68 . 8 mm
EFE
J
K
K
- -
EFWJ
J
E{F
WJ
- -
EiFJ
EMiF
EjF
EMjF
W
P ij = M i M j
i
J
jJ
Pi= P j+ P ij
Pij W ji
Mi W i
Mj W j
W
J
B A
B
{A {
K{
P AB = M A M B = 8 . 75 12 . 3 = 3 . 55 mm
P A = P B + P AB = 72 . 1 + ( 3 . 55 ) = 68 . 55 mm
- -
EJ F
J
W
KExyFE
K
X Gi = X Pi B
Y Gi = Y Pi B
Pi Pi J
EXGi,YGiF W i
EXPi,YPiF W i
B W
Pi W i
J
A
E {{F
K{A
B 600
XG = XP
A A = 72.4 895.67m
PA 48.5
B 600
YG = YP
A A = 38.1 471.34m
PA 48.5
EJ F
- -
KE
W
B F
hi= H J
P i
hi W i
H W
B W
Pi W i
F W
J
AK{
{
B F
h A = H
P A
390 152.4
= 1233 584.63 m
91.67
EJ F
- -
KE
K
Z P
h = J
B m
h W
Z W
Bm W
P W
F W
J
K
Z P 3600 2
h = = = 72m
B m 100
EJ F
- -
KE
K
Z P ij
h ij =
B m
J
hi = hj + hij
h ij W
Z W
Bm W
Pij W j i
F W
hi W i
hj W j
J
{BA
K
KBA
Z P AB 5000 0 . 5
h AB = = = 6 2 .5 m
Bm 40
h A = h B + h AB = 280 + 62 . 5 = 342 . 5 m
EJ F
- -
J
W
K -
-
K
W
K -
K -
- -
J
W
W -
K
K
K
W
-
- -
J
W
-
W
K
K
K
K
-
K
W
K
W
K -
-
K -
- -
J
W
W -
K
K
K
-
K
W
K -
K -
K -
- -
J
W
-
K
-
K
-
K
W
K -
K -
K -
- -
J
W
-
K
-
K
K -
W
K -
K -
K -
- -
J
W
K -
K -
W
K -
K -
- -
J
W
?? -
K
K
K
-
K
-
K
W
K -
K -
EF -
- -
J
W
-
K
W
K -
K -
KEF -
- -
J
W
-
K
W
K -
K -
KEF -
- -
J
W
-
K
W
K -
K -
KEF -
- -
J
W
-
K
W
K -
K -
KEF -
- -
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
- -
B
{ A
E
W{
K
{J AE
{J
KA
AE
A
K
ABE
K{AB{
BAE
{A
{
K{B
- -
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K
W
W
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
K
W
KJ
KJ
W
W
KJ
KJ
- -
K
J
J ESTRIPSF
End OverlapEF
ESide OverlapF
K
J W
- -
J
W
KEKE
KEKE
KEKE
KEKEFE
KEKE
KEKE
K
KE
KE
EStereoplotterF
KEJ F
E
K
- -
KE
KJ
F
H= +h ave J
S ave
H :
Save :
F :
have :
GPS
K
J
W
F 150 1000
H= +h ave = + 320
S ave 1
3000
0 . 150 3000
= + 320 = 770 m
1
- -
E
K
W
E
K
E
K
K
E
EF
KJ J
W
- -
E
KJ
J W
J EFEFE
K
KJ W
No. Flight linesE
WJ
E
KEWideF
KE
KESLFEWFE
- -
J W
ENLF
ELongCWideFEdCdF
ESLF
EDCDF
d
D = J
S ave
D :
Save :
d :
- -
EWF
D (100 SL)
W= J
100
W :
D :
SL :
NL
wide
NL = +1 J
W
NL :
Wide :
W :
J
WC
C
Km
23 23 2000
D=
d
=
1
= = 46000 cm = 46000 100000 = 0 . 46 km
S ave 1
2000
W
D (100 SL ) 0 . 46 (100 20 )
W = = = 0 . 368 km
100 100
NL
5
NL =
wide
+1 = + 1 = 14.58 = 15
W 0.368
- -
J W
ENPF
ELongCWideFEdCdF
EELF
KEDCDF
d
D= J
S ave
D :
Save :
d :
EFEBF
- -
D (100 EL )
B= J
100
B :
D :
EL :
NP
K
Long
NP = +2+2 J
B
NP :
Long :
B :
J
C
CW
Km
d 23 23 2000
D= = = = 46000 cm = 46000 100000 = 0 . 46 km
S ave 1 1
2000
EBE
D (100 EL ) 0 . 46 (100 60 )
B= = = 0 . 184 km
100 100
ENPF
Long 6
NP = +2+2 = + 2 + 2 = 36.6 = 37
B 0.184
- -
E
F
LJ E
K
B
T = 3600 J
V
T :
B :
V :
J
{
/
B 0 . 184
T = 3600 = 3600 = 4 . 416 s
V 150
E
W
KE
KE
E
KJ
(100 SL )
Wide Net = ( N L 1) D +D J
100
Wide Net :
NL :
D :
SL :
- -
E
KJ
(100 EL )
Long Net = ( N p 1) D +D J
100
Long Net :
Np :
D :
EL :
E
K
E
K
ELDFE
KEWF
ELDFE
KEBF
J
{C
{ { {
EWF
Zkm NP{ZWZkm NLZkm Wide{ZLong
km{Zkm B{ZDZELZSL
- -
(100 SL )
Wide Net = ( N L 1) D +D
100
(100 20 )
= ( 5 1) 0 . 69 + 0 . 69 = 2 . 898 km
100
(100 EL )
Long Net = ( N p 1) D + D
100
(100 60 )
= (12 1 ) 0 . 69 + 0 . 69 = 3 . 726 km
100
cm
- -
KE
K
KE
J
K
K
J W
- -
KJ
KJ GPS
GPSJ W
- -
KJ
J
WC
C
W
EE
EE
EE
WE
mZmm haveZkm FZkm WideZLong
cmZdZELZSL
HE
F 152 1000 0 . 152 4000
H= +h = + 390 = + 390 = 998 m
ave
1 1
S ave
4000
WE
d 23 23 4000
D= = = = 92000 cm = 92000 100000 = 0 . 92 km
S ave 1 1
4000
D ( 100 SL ) 0 . 92 ( 100 15 )
W= = = 0 . 782 km
100 100
- -
BE
D ( 100 EL ) 0 . 92 ( 100 65 )
B= = = 0 . 322 km
100 100
wide 2
NL = +1 = +1 = 3.55 = 4 NLE
W 0.782
NPE
Long 3
NP = + 2+ 2 = + 2+ 2 = 13.3 =14
B 0.322
TE
B 0 . 322
T = 3600 = 3600 = 7 . 478 s
V 155
E
( 100 SL )
Wide Net = ( N L 1 ) D +D
100
( 100 15 )
= ( 4 1 ) 0 . 92 + 0 . 92 = 3 . 266 km
100
( 100 EL )
Long Net = ( N p 1 ) D +D
100
( 100 65 )
= ( 14 1 ) 0 . 92 + 0 . 92 = 5 . 106 km
100
cm
- -
EJ F
Neat ModelJ
KJ EWFEBF
- -
J W
- -
EJ F
W
K
W
K
W
WC
C
W
EE
EE
EE
WE
- -
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
- -
WE
C { E
CW
C {E
CW
{E
KL
- -
< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K
W
W
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
W
K
W
K
W
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
W
K
- -
Stereoplotters
J
K
EFJ W
- -
J
J J
J
W
J W
KE
K
KEbx , by , bzFEF
, ,
E
KEJ J F
KEFE
K
- -
KE
K
KJ J
Analogue Stereoplotters
Analytical Stereoplotters
Digital Stereoplotters
- -
J J
W
E
J
EFJ W
- -
J
K
KJ J
J W
EKernPG21FJ W
- -
Wild AG1J W
KJ
WildAG1J W
- -
KJ
J W
J
J J
J
BC3C100
KJ quasco1CDSR11
- -
J W
C 100 C
BC-2
quasco1
J W
- -
J J
J
J W
J J
E
K
- -
K
E
K
E
K
Ground Control PointJ
KK
J J
EzFEx, yF
K
J J
- -
J J
W
EFE
KEx, yF
E
EzF
K
E
Ex ,yzF
K
KJ J
W
KE
KGPSE
KE
KE
J J
W
KEF E
E
K
K
- -
KJ J
W
KE
W
KE
KE
KE
KE
K
KE
EF
W
KE
KE
KE
K
J
J
- -
KJ J
K
K
KJ J
W
KE+FE
KEYFE
KETFE
K
K
J J
WJ
KEdFE
KEdFEdFE
KEdF
EDF
K
- -
J W
WEDF
1
D = d J
S p 1000
D W
d W
Sp W
J
W
K{
1 1
D = d = 0 . 04
S p 1000 1
1000
12000
12000
= 0 . 04 = 0 . 48 m
1000
= 5 D = 0 . 48 5 = 2 . 4 m
- -
J J
W
KE
KE
J J
W
KE
KE
KEF E
E
K
J
J
KJ
W
??W
ExyF
ExyF
K
- -
??W
EzFEzF
K
K
EF
J W
J
K
- -
J J
K
J J
W
E
K
E
K
E
K
J
J J
K
K
- -
WJ J
W
E
K
E
? ?
J K
K
W
J
K
K
J
K
K
J
K
J
K
- -
J W
J
E
EF
K
K
J
J
K
J J
- -
KEF
??
?
K?
EFJ J
?p?
KJ
PPY
PX
J W
EF
WJ
?PX?E
K
?PY?E
K
- -
J J
K
W
W
W
KbxE
KbyE
K b E
z
J K
dbzdbydbx
J W
- -
W
KE
KE
KE
J Kddd
J W
J J
- -
WNeat Model??J
EF
K
EF
K
KEFEF
KEF
KEF
KEFEF
KEw/2FEFEF
KEw/2FEFEF
KEF
KEF
KEFEF
Neat ModelJ W
J J
K
- -
F
K E
K
K
K
K
K
F
WE
KEF
EF
K
J J
K?
?
KEFK
W
Eby , bzFW
- -
W
by1KEF
1EF
bz1EF
1EF
1EF
K1
KEF
EF
K
W
by2KEF
2EF
bz2EF
2EF
2EF
2
K
KEF
EF
- -
E11222F
W
2KEF
1EF
2EF
1EF
2EF
21
K
KEF
EF
K
J
J J
W
KE
- -
EFW
W
{ 1EF
{2EF
{1EF
{2EF
{1EF
{2EF
E
?B XY
W
K
K
K
K
E
KEF
E
K
J
- -
J
K
E F
K
K
J J
E F
K
J J
WK
W
E F
F
E
K?BX?K
- -
J
BXBX2BXBX1K
J W
W
BX
E
KBX
E
K
EFE
K
- -
E
F
KEAFE
KEBFE
EF E
K
E
EF
BX
FBX
EA
K
EFE
FJ A1B1
KE
E
BX
K
K
J
- -
J
F
E
E
FEF
??EF
E
F
E
??EF
E
K
J W
- -
W
E
EF
K
E
W
KEAF
KEAF
ECF
KEF
ECF
K
ECF
F
KE
ECF
- -
?E
W?
EAFEF
KEAF
F
KEBFE
EBF
K
EBF
F
KE
EBF
K
E
EDF
F
KE
EDFK
K
- -
K
J
J
K
J J
W
EFE
K
KE
E
K
J
J J
W
EFE
K
E
K
- -
E
K
K E
E
K
KE
E
K
FE
E
K
E
K
J
J J
W
EF E
K
E
KEF
E
K
KE
K
- -
E
K
KE
E
K
F E
KE
E
K
J
J
K
J J
W
KE
E
K
E
K
E
K
- -
KE
- -
KE
E
K
KKE
J J
W
E
K
E
K
KE
EFE
K
E
K
J
- -
J
W
W
K
W
K
- -
J
W
W
K
K
K
W
K
KEF
- -
J
W
K
W
K
KEF
K
- -
J
W
W
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
K
K
K
- -
J
W
W
K
K
- -
J
W
K
K
K
K
EFEF
K
W
K
K
- -
J
W
KEFEFEF
K
K
W
K
- -
J
W
W
W
K
- -
J
W
W
K
- -
J
W
K
W
K
- -
J
W
K
K
W
K
K
- -
J
W
K
K
W
K
K
- -
J
W
W
K
K
K
W
K
K
KEF
K
W
K
- -
E
E
E
E
E
E
WE
KE
KE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
- -
BxE
E
E
E
E
E
E
- -
E
{
W
K
E
{W
K
- -
KKEF
KKEF
KKEF
KKEFKK
KKEFK
K
- -
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
GPS J
J
?? J
J
?? J
J
kern PG21 J
AG1 J
AG1 J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
Neat Model J
J
J
W
W
W
W
W