3/14/2017 LegalglossaryTheLawSociety

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LawyersForYourBusiness

Youarehere:

1.Home
2.Forthepublic
3.Legalglossary

Legalglossary
Thelawcanbecomplicatedanditisoftendescribedintechnicalterminologythatmanypeoplemightfind
unfamiliar.Thisglossaryprovidesshortdefinitionsoflegaltermsyouwillfindonthiswebsite.

Solicitorsaretheexpertswhenitcomestothelawandhowitaffectsyou.Soforlegaladvicethatyoucan
relyon,useourFindaSolicitorservice.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Agentsomeonewhoactsonbehalfofsomeoneelse.Forexample,aconveyancerwhoactsonbehalfof
acouplebuyingahouse.

Agreementwheretwopartiesreachconsensusonasetoffactsorcourseofaction.Forexample,whena
formerlymarriedcoupleagreethetermsoftheirdivorce.

Allegationaclaimmadeagainstsomeone,oftenwithoutproof.Oraclaimthatsomeonehasengagedin
anunlawfulact.

Appointeeshipifapersonisincapacitatedandentitledtoreceivearetirementpensionorotherstate
benefits,theDepartmentforWorkandPensionscanchoosean'appointee'toreceivethosebenefitsonthat
person'sbehalf.Theappointeecanbearelative,friendorsomeonefromthecaringprofessions(suchas
thelocalauthoritysocialservicesdepartment).
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Alternativedisputeresolutionarbitrationandmediationarealternativewaysinwhichadisputecanbe
resolved,withoutgoingtocourt.

Alternativebusinessstructures(ABS)afirmthatismanaged,ownedorcontrolledbyamixoflawyers
andnonlawyersofferinglegalservices.Anonlawyerisapersonwhoisnotauthorisedtocarryout
reservedlegalactivities.

Ancillaryreliefanapplicationforfinancialsupport,followingthepresentationofapetitionfordivorce,
nullityorjudicialseparation.Thetermarisesbecausethefinancialapplicationis'ancillary'tothedivorce
petition.

Arbitrationawayofseekingtoresolveadisputewithoutgoingtocourt:athirdparty(thearbitrator)
looksatbothsidesofthedisputeandmakesadecisionastohowitshouldberesolved.Thoseinvolved
mayagreetobeboundbythedecisionofthearbitrator.

Assetsthingsownedbyapersonororganisationwhichusuallyhavesomevalue.

Associateaperson,usuallyemployedbyalawfirm,whomaybeinchargeofhandlingyourcase:often
alawyer,theyareconsideredbythefirmemployingthemtobea'seniorassistant'.

Asylumprotectionandimmunityfromextraditiongrantedbyagovernmenttoapoliticalrefugeefrom
anothercountry.

Assuredshortholdtenancyassuredshortholdtenancyisnormallyforsixmonths.Youhavenorightto
stayattheendofthetenancyperiodagreedifyourlandlordhasgivenyouvalidnoticetoleave.

Assuredtenancyoftenusedbypublicsectorlandlords,assuredtenancygivesyoufargreaterrightsto
stayattheendofthetenancyperiodagreed.

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B
Bankruptthelegalstatusofapersonororganisationthatisunabletorepaydebtsownedtoitscreditors.

BarristeralawyerregulatedbytheBarStandardsBoard,oftenspecialisingincourtroom
representation,draftingpleadingsandexpertlegalopinions.

Beneficiarysomeonewhoisentitledtoabenefit(egunderawillortrust).

Bequestagiftofmoneyorpersonalpropertymadeinsomeone'swill.

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Chambersacollectionofindependent,selfemployedbarristerswhoshareemployedclerksto
administerwork,andwhosharetheexpenseofsuchclerks,officebuildingsandbrandname.

Chattelspersonalbelongingsthatcanbemovedfromoneplacetoanother.

Civillawtheareaoflawcoveringdisputesyoumayhavewithapersonoranorganisation.

Claimantapersonmakingaclaim.

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Clientsomeonewhousesservicesprovidedbyalawyeroranotherlegalprofessional.

Cohabitationcontractsthesesetout,inadvance,whateachmemberoftherelationshipexpectsofthe
other,bothduringtherelationshipandiftheyseparateoroneofthemdies.Theyare'honourable
agreements',whichmeansthatnotallclausesmaybeenforcedbythecourts,buttheydolimit
disagreementsandcertainlyprovidesomepeaceofmind.

Compensationrecompenseforloss,injury,orsuffering.

Compromiseagreementsinaworkplacedispute,ifyoucanreachanagreementwithyouremployer
withoutgoingtoatribunal,thiscanberecordedina'compromiseagreement'.Thisisalegaldocument
whichconfirmsthetermsofthesettlementyouhaveagreed,inexchangeforwhichyougiveupyourlegal
claimagainstyouremployer.Youmaybeabletogetyouremployertomakeacontributiontoyourlegal
costsaspartoftheagreement.

Conciliationanalternativetoalternativedisputeresolutionwherethepartiestoadisputeusea
conciliator,whomeetswiththepartiesbothseparatelyandtogetherinanattempttoresolvetheir
differences.

ConditionalFeeAgreement(CFA)ifaclaimonaCFAisunsuccessfulthesolicitortypicallyreceives
nopaymentfortheirwork(NoWinNoFee).Iftheclaimissuccessfulthesolicitorclaimsahigherthan
normalfeetoreflecttheirriskintakingthecaseon.

Conditionsrequirements,restrictionorpermissionaddedontoadocument.

Contractanagreementsignedbytwoormorepartiessettingoutthetermsofanarrangementfor
example,betweenabuyerandasellerinapropertytransaction.

Continuingprofessionaldevelopment(CPD)thetrainingthatlawyers(andotherprofessionals)are
requiredtocompleteeveryyearbytheorganisationregulatingthem.TheLawSociety'sCPDcoursesare
availableontheCPDCentre.

Conveyancingtheprocessesinvolvedinbuying,sellingorremortgagingapropertytotransferitslegal
titlefromonepersontoanother.

Costslawyersalawyerwhosettlesthelegalcostsofcourtcases,andwhoisregulatedbythe
AssociationofCostsLawyers.

Counselatermusedtodescribeabarrister.

Creditorapersonororganisationtowhommoneyisowed.

CrownProsecutionService(CPS)theCPSistheorganisationthatprosecutescriminalcases
investigatedbythepoliceinEnglandandWales.

Crownprosecutoralawyer(generallyasolicitororabarrister)workingfortheCrownProsecution
Service.

CrowncourtsCrowncourtsdealwithmoreseriouscases.Ifyoupleadnotguilty,yourcasewillbe
heardinfrontofajudgeandjuryof12people,whowilldecidewhetheryouareguiltyorinnocent,after
theyhaveheardalltheevidence.

Courtofprotectionwhensomeoneismentallyincapableofmakingaparticulardecisionataparticular
time,andtheyhaven'tmadealastingpowerofattorney,andthedecisionisn'tonethatcanbemadeonan
informalbasis,themattercanbereferredtotheCourtofProtection.Thecourtmayeitherchoosetomake

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thedecisionitselfontheperson'sbehalf,orchoosesomeoneelse,knownasa'deputy',tomakethe
decisionforthem.

Culpableatfaultorguiltyofsomething.

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D
Damagesanaward,typicallyofmoney,paidtoapersonororganisationforlossorinjury.

Discriminationbeingtreatedunfairlyordifferentlybecauseoffactors,suchasdisability,race,religion
orbelief,sexorsexuality.

Disbursementfeesthatarepaidtoorganisationsasrequiredaspartoflegalservices.Forexample,this
couldbeapaymentmadebyyourlawyertoalocalauthorityforpropertyinformationwhenbuyinga
house.

Domiciletheplacewhereapersonhastheirpermanentprincipalhometowhichtheyreturnorintendto
return.

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Estateaperson'sproperty,entitlementsorobligations.

Evidencethatwhichtendstoproveordisprovesomething.

Executorsomeonenamedinawillwhowillcarryoutthedirectionsofthewill.

ExemptEuropeanlawyer(EEL)alawyerdescribedbyaEuropeandirective.

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F
Feeearnersemployeesoffirmswhodeliverlegalservices.

Forfeited(totheCrown)wheresomeonediesintestate,ortheirwillisinvalid,theirestatemightbe
passedontothestateifrelativescannotbetraced.

Fraudintentionalmisrepresentationorconcealmentofanimportantfactuponwhichthevictimismeant
torely,andinfactdoesrely,totheharmofthevictim.

Fraudstersomeonewhocommitsfraud.

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Grantsofrepresentationthisincludesgrantsofprobate(whenthereisawill)andgrantsoflettersof
administration(whenthereisnowill).Oftenpeoplejustrefertoprobateevenifthereisnowill.

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Grounds(legal)thebasisorfoundationofanaction.

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H
Hearing(legal)alegalproceedingwherethefactsofaparticularissuearelookedat,andevidenceis
presentedtohelpdecidewhattheoutcomeshouldbe.

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Incorporatedcompanyatypeofprivatecompanywithshares,butthesharescannotbetradedpublicly
onthestockexchange.Theshareholdershavelimitedliability,whichmeansthatonlythemoneyinvested
inthecompanycanbelostincaseofinsolvency.

Indemnitycompensationfororprotectionagainstlossordamagesthatmightbegivenbyoneperson
toanotherwithinacontractorotherwise.

Independentpersonsomeonefreefromoutsidecontrolorinfluencetoactinthewaytheychoose.

Inheritancepartsofsomeone'sestatepassingtosomeoneondeath.

Inhouselawyerlawyersworkingfororganisations,suchasbanksorlocalauthorities,toprovidelegal
advicetotheorganisation.

Insolventbeingunabletopaydebtswhentheyaredueorwhereliabilitiesexceedassets.

Instructingauthorisingalawyertorepresentyou.Aninstructiondescribesthetypeofworkthatyou
wantthemtodo.

Integrityactingwithhonestyandmorality.

Intellectualproperty(IP)IPreferstoideasyoucreateandlegallyownasaresultofowningits
copyright,trademarkorpatent.ExamplesofIPcanincludeinventions,literaryandartisticworks,designs,
symbols,namesandimages.

Interest(legal)aright,claimorprivilege.

Interimproceedingsinlaw,interimproceedingsarehearingsthattakeplacebetweenthefirsthearing
andthefinalhearing.

Interventionwhenaregulatortakescontrolofthepapersandmoniesofalegalpracticeinorderto
protectthepublic.

Intestateanypersonwhodieswithoutleavingawillissaidtohavediedintestate.

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J
Judgeajudgepresidesovercourtproceedingsandhearsallwitnessesandevidencepresentedbythe
partiesofthecase,assessesthecredibilityandargumentsoftheparties,andthenissuesarulingonthe
matterathand,basedonhisorherinterpretationofthelawandhisorherownpersonaljudgment.
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Juryaswornbodyofpeopleincourtwholistentotheevidenceinatrialinordertomakeanimpartial
decision(verdict).Theytendtobefoundincriminalcourts.

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K
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Lastingpowerofattorneyalastingpowerofattorneygoesonestepfurtherthananordinarypowerof
attorney,becauseitcarrieson,or'lasts',evenafteryouhavebecomeunabletomanageyouraffairs,
whethertemporarilyorpermanently,orbecauseofanillness,disabilityoraccident.Lastingpowersof
attorneyhavenowreplacedenduringpowersofattorney,althoughvalidenduringpowersofattorney
madebefore1October2007canstillbeused.

Lawfirmorganisationsthatemploylawyerstoprovidelegaladviceandlegalservices.

LawSocietyofEnglandandWalestheLawSocietyistheorganisationthatrepresents,supportsand
promotessolicitorsandtheirinterestsinEnglandandWales.LearnmoreaboutwhatwedoonourAbout
uspages.

Lawyeramemberofoneofthefollowingprofessions,entitledtopractiseassuch:

theprofessionofsolicitor,barristeroradvocateoftheUK
aprofessionwhosemembersareauthorisedtocarryonlegalactivitiesbyanapprovedregulator
otherthantheSolicitorsRegulationAuthority(SRA)
anEstablishmentDirectiveprofessionotherthanaUKprofession
alegalprofessionwhichhasbeenapprovedbytheSRAforthepurposeofrecognisedbodiesin
EnglandandWales,and
anyotherregulatedlegalprofessionspecifiedbytheSRAforthepurposeofthisdefinition.
Learnmoreaboutthedifferenttypesoflegalprofessionals

Legalaidgovernmentfundingthatcanhelppeoplemeetthecostsoflegalservicestheyrequire,ifthey
areeligibletoreceiveit.Itisalsousedtosupportlegalassistancebeingprovidedatpolicestationswhere
someoneisarrested.YoucanfindmoreinformationonlegalaidatGOV.UK.TheLawSocietyhasalso
providedinformationregardingrecentcutstolegalaidandhasapagedevotedtothelatestadviceand
articlesonlegalaid.

Legaldisciplinarypractice(LDP)atypeoflawfirmwheresolicitorsworkalongsideothertypesof
lawyer,suchaslicensedconveyancers,andarestrictednumberofnonlawyers.

LegalexecutivealawyerregulatedbyILEXProfessionalStandards(IPS).

LegalOmbudsmananindependentbodysetuptodealwithcomplaintsofpoorserviceaboutlawyers
andlawfirmsofEnglandandWales.SeetheLegalOmbudsmanwebsiteformoredetails.

Legalprofessionalprivilege(LPP)aprotectionthatmeansinformationaclientshareswithhisorher
lawyerinconfidenceshouldneverberevealedwithouttheclient'sconsent.LPPonlyappliesbetweena
clientandhisorhersolicitororbarrister.Itdoesnotapplytootherlegalprofessionals.

Legalservicesservicesprovidedtoclients,suchaslegaladviceorrepresentationincourt.

Liablewhensomeoneislegallyresponsibleforsomething.
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Liabilitycanmeansomethingthatisahindranceorputsanindividualorgroupatadisadvantage,orit
canbesomethingapersonisresponsiblefor.

Licensedconveyanceralawyerspecialisinginpropertylawandinsomecasesotherareasoflaw,and
regulatedbytheCouncilforLicensedConveyancers.

Limitedliabilitypartnership(LLP)abusinesspartnershipinwhichsomeorallofthepartnershave
limitedliabilityintermsoftheirlegalandfinancialobligations.

Litigationthecontestprocessbeforeacourt.

Litigantapersoninvolvedinalawsuit.

Litigantinpersonsomeonewhorepresentsthemselvesincourtproceedings.

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M
Magistratenonlegalvolunteerwhohearscasesintheircommunityandadministersthelaw,usuallyina
courtthatdealswithminoroffencesandholdspreliminaryhearingsformoreseriousones.

Manager(ofalawfirm)theSRACodeofConduct2011definesthisas:

amemberofanLLP
adirectorofacompany
apartnerinapartnership,or
inrelationtoanyotherbody,amemberofitsgoverningbody.

MagnaCartaLatinforgreatcharter,signedbyKingJohnin1215,itpromisedtheprotectionofrights
andaccesstojustice.Claimedasthefoundationtocivillibertiesandstartingpointforhumanrights.

Matteranapplication,informationoranissuethatneedstobeconsideredbytherelevantauthority.

Mediationmediationandarbitrationarealternativewaysinwhichadisputecanberesolved,without
goingtocourt.

Misconductsometimesusedtorefertotheactinwhicharegulatedprofessional,forexampleasolicitor,
breachesaprinciple.

Moneylaunderingtheprocessofconcealingthesourceofillegallyobtainedmoney.

Multinationalabusinessthatoperatesindifferentcountries.

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Nextofkinstatusshouldyourpartnerbecomeillordie,youmaynotbeconsideredastheir'nextof
kin'formedicalpurposesunlessyouandyourpartnermakeawrittenagreementbeforehand.

Nowinnofeesee'ConditionalFeeAgreements(CFAs)'above.IfaclaimonaCFAisunsuccessful,the
solicitorreceivesnopaymentfortheirworkundertheCFA.Iftheclaimissuccessful,thesolicitorclaims
ahigherthannormalleveloffeestoreflecttheirriskintakingthecaseonaCFA.

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NotaryalawyerregulatedbytheFacultyOfficeoftheArchbishopofCanterbury.

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O
Obligationarequirementtotakeaparticulartypeofaction,thatmayhavealegalbasisthrougha
contract.

Omissionafailuretoperformaparticularactwheretherewasadutyoralegalrequirementforthatact
tobecarriedout.

Ordinarypowerofattorneyalegalwayofgivingsomeoneelsethepowertomanageyourfinancial
affairswhenitisdifficultforyoutomanagethemyourself,perhapsbecauseofaphysicaldisability.
Nobodycan'take'apowerofattorneyithastobe'donated'willingly.Thedonordecideswhotoappoint
astheir'attorney',whichwillbesomeonetheytrust,suchasacloserelative,friend,orsolicitor,andcan
cancelthearrangementatanytime.

Outcome(s)thisoftenmeansthefinaldecisionfollowinganapplicationoraninvestigation.

Outcomesfocusedregulation(OFR)thisistheSRA'sapproachtoregulation.Itallowsfirmstoadopt
theirownapproach,systemsandmanagementtobestenablethemtodeliveragoodservicetoclient's
needsandtosupporttheirbusiness.

Outofcourtsettlementanagreementbetweenthetwosidestosettlethecaseprivatelybeforethecourt
makesitsdecision.

Paralegalsomeonewhosupportslawyersintheirwork.Oftenparalegalshavealawdegreebutdonot
haveapracticingqualification.

Partnermembersofafirmwhoequallyshareownershipandliability.

Partnershiptwoormorepeopleworkinginbusinesstogether.

Patentattorney/agentalawyerregulatedbytheIntellectualPropertyRegulationBoard.

Personalrepresentatives(PRs)Executorsoradministrators.Ifthereismorethanonepersonal
representative,theymustworktogethertodecidemattersbetweenthem.Disagreementsbetweenpersonal
representativescancauseexpensivedelays.

Practisingcertificate(PC)adocumentissuedtosolicitorsbytheSRAwhichallowsasolicitortocarry
outcertainlegalworksuchasadvocacy,litigation,probateandconveyancing.TheSRAcanimpose
conditionsonapractisingcertificate,restrictingthetypesofworkthatsolicitorscando,andinwhat
circumstances.

ProbatealegalpermissionprovidedbyaProbateRegistryforsomeonetodealwithsomeoneelse's
estateaftertheydie.AProbateRegistryisanofficewheresomeonecanbeinterviewedinordertobe
providedwithaprobatepermission.Tofindyournearestregistryorformoreinformation,visitGOV.UK.

PrimafacieLatintermusedtodescribesomethingthatappearsonthefaceofittobetrue.

ProbonoLatintermforprofessionalworkundertakenvoluntarilyandwithoutpaymentoratareduced
fee.FindoutmoreontheLawSociety'sprobonopages.
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Publicinteresttheoverallwelfareofthegeneralpublic.

Pursuantwhensomethingisrelatedto,orcomesoutof,somethingelse.Forexample,thepowersofthe
SRAtoregulatethelegalprofessionstemfrom('arepursuantto')variousactsofparliament.

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Q
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Recognisedbody/solepractitioneraccordingtotheSRACodeofConduct2011,arecognisedbodyisa
bodyrecognisedbytheSRAundersection9oftheAdministrationofJusticeAct1985.Arecognisedsole
practitionerisasolicitororRegisteredEuropeanlawyer(REL)authorisedbytheSRAundersection1Bof
theSolicitorsAct1974topractiseasasolepractitioner.

RegisteredEuropeanlawyer(REL)alawyerfromaEuropeanstatewhoregisterswiththeSRAto
practiselawinEnglandandWales.

RegisteredForeignlawyer(RFL)alawyerfromoverseaswhoregisterswiththeSRAtopracticelaw
inEnglandandWales.

Regulatedindividualanindividualwhoisauthorisedby,andisthereforeregulatedby,aregulatory
body,liketheSRA.

Remuneratetopayorrewardsomeoneforsomethingtheyhavedoneoraservicetheyhaveprovided,
suchasacompanypayinganemployee.

Revocationwhensomethingiscancelledortakenaway,suchastheSRArevokinganindividual's
permissiontopractiseasasolicitor.

Rightsofaudiencegenerallyarightofalawyertoappearandconductproceedingsincourtonbehalfof
theirclient.

Riskthelikelihoodthataparticularchoiceoractionmightleadtoalossordamage.

RollofsolicitorsalistofalladmittedsolicitorsheldbytheLawSociety.

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S
Scamanyschemethatcheatspeopleoutoftheirpropertyormoney,orcausesthemdamageforthe
benefitofothers.

Solepractitioneralawyerwhorunshisorherownlawfirmwithoutotherpartners,directorsor
members.

SolicitoralawyerwhohasbeenadmittedasasolicitorbytheSRAandwhosenameappearsontheroll
ofsolicitors.

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SolicitorsRegulationAuthority(SRA)theSRAregulatessolicitorsinEnglandandWales.Their
purposeistoprotectthepublicbyensuringthatsolicitorsmeethighstandards,andbyactingwhenrisks
areidentified.

Strikingoff/struckoffanexampleiswhereasolicitorisstruckfromtherollofsolicitors.

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T
Tenancyacontractbetweenatenantandtheirlandlord.Thiscontractcanbewrittenorverbal.In
EnglandandWalesthereisnolawtosaythatlandlordshavetoprovideawrittentenancyagreement,but
itisalwaysagoodideatoaskforone,evenifthelandlordisafriendorfamilymember.

Thirdpartyatermusedtodescribesomeoneotherthanthetwosidesinaparticularsituation.For
example,itcanbeusedinmotorinsurancepoliciestodescribeotherpeoplebesidesthepersonwhois
insuredandthecompanythatinsuresthem.

TrademarkattorneyalawyerregulatedbytheIntellectualPropertyRegulationBoard.

Traineesolicitorapersoncompletingtheirtrainingrequirementsinalawfirmbeforeapplyingto
becomeasolicitor.

Transparentbeingopenandhonestinawaythatcanbeunderstoodbyothers.

Tribunalapersonorgroupofpeoplewhocollectivelyhaveauthoritytojudgeand/ordetermineclaims
ordisputes.

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Unadmittedanindividualwhohasnotbeenadmittedtotherollofsolicitors.

Unfairdismissalanemployeeisentitledtomakeaclaimforunfairdismissaloncetheyhavebeen
employedfortwoyears,fullorparttime,andtheyaredismissedforanyofthesereasons.

Unlawfulillegalorcontrarytosocialconvention.

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V
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Willalegaldocumentthatdeclaresaperson'swishesaboutthewaytheirestateshouldbehandledwhen
theydie.

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