DISCUSSION

The experiment conducted to determine the viscosity of honey and oil and also to
measure multiple speeds and interchangeable spindles resulting in a large selection of
viscosity ranges. In order to measure the viscosity of these fluids, Brookfield Viscometer,
which is a rotational viscometer is used. Viscous drag or resistance to flow is indicated by the
degree to whoch the spring wind up. Varies viscosity ranges are measured by different speeds
and spindles.

For the honey fluid experiment, the viscosity shows the highest values at 6 RPM for
spindle 1 and spindle 2, which are 1000 Cp and 3350 Cp respectively. As the speed increases,
the viscosity of honey decreases and the lowest value is at 60 RPM, which are 100 Cp and
500 Cp respectively. Different from spindle 1 and 2, the viscosities of honey are increasing
when spindle no 3 and 4 are used. But, for spindle number 3, there is a slgiht decrease at the
speed of 60 RPM which it shows the lowest value, 2000 Cp. The highest value for spindle
number 4 is 4200 Cp.

For the oil experiment, there is no obvious decreasing trend of the viscosities. The
viscosities of oil for all spindles are increasing except for spindle number 1 at speed of 60
RPM. It shows the lowest value of viscosity which is 100 Cp.

The viscosity of honey and oil differs because the spindle size and shape and also the
spindles speed give effect on the dial reading. This is because all of the spindles has a
different total surface area which affect the shear stress of both fluid. The formula of shear
stress is force (F) per unit area (A). If the total surface area decreases, assuming the force
applied is constant, the amount of shear stress will increase resulting an increasing viscosities
if the applied shear rate is constant. The proved can be seen in the data where the applied
shear rate is 60 RPM. The amount of viscosities increase from 100 Cp for spindle 1 until
4200 Cp for spindle 4.

Figure 1: The spindles of Brookfield viscometer for low viscosity experiment

 According to Newtons Law of viscosity as below,

the fluid is to be called newtonian fluid when the shear stress of the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient, in this case, the spindles speed and the non newtonian
fluid will have the shear stress that is indirectly proportional to the velocity gradient. In this
experiment, the fluids used are honey and oil. The graph of shear stress against the
deformation rate of both fluids are plotted as in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The shear stress can
simply be calculated by multiplying the values of the viscosity with the spindle speed
(velocity gradient).

Based on Figure 2, the shear stress of honey for spindle 1 and 2 are mostly constant
and for spindle 3 and 4 it has an unstable increase for the values. Basically, the shear stress of
the honey is indirectly proportional to the shear rate or the velocity gradient. This shows that
honey is a non-Newtonian fluid. Based on Figure 3, the shear stress of oil for all spindles
basically show a uniform increasing trend. The shear stress plotted is directly proportional to
the shear rate. In conclusion, the oil is to be said as a Newtonian fluid.

SHEAR STRESS OF HONEY AGAINST SPINDLE SPEED (SHEAR RATE/DEFORMATION RATE)

300000

250000

200000

Shear Stress (Nm2) 150000

100000

50000

0
6 12 30 60

Speed (RPM)

Spindle 1 Spindle 2 Spindle 3 Spindle 4

 Figure 2: Graph of shear stress of honey against spindle speed

SHEAR STRESS OF OIL AGAINST SPINDLE SPEED (SHEAR RATE/DEFORMATION RATE)

16000
14000
12000
10000

Shear Stress (Nm2) 8000

6000
4000
2000
0
6 12 30 60

Speed (RPM)

Spindle 1 Spindle 2 Spindle 3 Spindle 4

Figure 3: Graph of shear stress of oil against spindle speed

VISCOSITY OF HONEY AGAINST SPINDLE SPEED

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
Viscosity Cp(mPa.s) 2000
1500
1000
500
0
6 rpm 12 rpm 30 rpm 60 rpm

Spindle Speed (RPM)

Spindle No 1 Spindle No 2 Spindle No 3 Spindle No 4

Figure 4: The graph of honeys viscosities against the spindles speed

 VISCOSITY OF OIL AGAINST SPINDLE SPEED
300

250

200

150
Viscosity Cp(mPa.s)
100

50

0
6 rpm 12 rpm 30 rpm 60 rpm

Spindle Speed (RPM)

Spindle No 1 Spindle No 2 Spindle No 3 Spindle No 4

Figure 5: The graph of oils viscosities against the spindles speed

The flaws of the graph for the viscosities are due to some errors made
during the experiment. Firstly, the eye of the observer eyes is not perpendicular
to the dial reading when taking measurements. So, the observer must adjust the
eyes to be perpendicular to the scale of the dial reading when taking
measurements so that accurate measurement can be collected. Besides, maybe
theres also some error in the device used during the experiment. In order to
overcome this error, the device must be adjust to its optimum condition so that
the measurement taken is accurate.