CVE 471

CVE 471
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
WATER SUPPLY
Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertu Akntu
Civil Engineering Program

Middle East Technical University
Northern Cyprus Campus
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 1/58

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview
Elements of Municipal Water Supply Systems

Distribution Reservoirs
Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Hydraulics and Operation of Gravity Pipelines
Design of Transmission Lines
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Construction and Maintenance of Municipal Water Supply
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Elements of Municipal Water Supply System
Water is conveyed from a source or combination of sources to

community in mainly closed conduits.
pressurized flow is possible
pollution control
Possible element of a water transmission system:
canals and flumes
grade aqueducts
grade tunnels
pipelines
valves
pumps
pressure reducing chambers etc.
1915-19 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/24/winnipegaqueduct.shtml

5. WATER SUPPLY
Transmission pipelines
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H81/H811/Skripten/811356/05_Supply_Storage_distribution.pdf
5. WATER SUPPLY
Typical arrangement of a municipal water supply system
Distribution reservoirs are designed to meet the hourly variations in

water demand and to store extra water for fire fighting and
emergencies.

5. WATER SUPPLY
In the main transmission line Qdesign= Dmd = Dad x (P.F.)day
In a main feeder Qdesign= Dmh = Dmd x (P.F.)hour
OR
Qdesign= Dmh = Dad x (P.F.)hour x (P.F.)day

5. WATER SUPPLY
A water distribution network is normally composed of pipes, valves,

hydrants, and pumps.
Distribution of water is possible by
gravity (storage reservoir is required at a sufficient altitude)
pump without storage (may be required during any emergency), and
pump with storage (the most common way).
Types of distribution systems depends on
street plan
topography,
location of supply works,
level of service dictated.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Types of distribution systems:

a) a branching pattern with dead ends,
b) a gridiron pattern,
c) a gridiron pattern with central feeder.
A branching pattern with dead ends

suitable for strip-shaped districts where water flow in one direction
during any repair downstream of the section cannot take water
A gridiron pattern
preferred for flat and wide terrains
A gridiron pattern with a central feeder
preferred as the auxiliary main is in a looped pattern

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
In large cities (population > 100,000) pumping stations and
distribution reservoirs are operated in conjunction with each other.
Pumping stations usually pump the average daily demand to
distribution reservoirs during the minimum demand hours of the day.
Distribution reservoir release the water when the demand is above
the average daily demand to meet the fluctuations in use.
Location: as close as the center of
use as possible.
Water Level: high enough to permit
gravity flow at satisfactory pressure.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Distribution Reservoirs (cont)

May be located in critical points in the city in such a way that the
hydraulic grade line is still above the highest storey buildings.
Elevated tanks: circular cross-section
(cylinder gives a max. volume).
Buried reservoirs: rectangular
cross-section (easy to construct)
Small: concrete or stone masonry
Large: reinforced concrete with
dividing walls
Cylindrical Reservoirs:
reinforces concrete or
steel

5. WATER SUPPLY

A fill layer of about one meter thick is placed.
Lower temperature in summer (better quality and taste)
Buried distribution reservoir

5. WATER SUPPLY
Buried distribution reservoir

5. WATER SUPPLY

The capacity of a distribution reservoir is determined by the
summation of the following components:
Storage to meet hourly fluctuations,
Required storage to put out a fire with certain duration (Cfire)
Storage to meet emergencies

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pipes
Pipes materials:
reinforced concrete (no corrosion problem),
asbestos cement (limited use cancerous effect of asbestos fibers),
ductile iron (corrosion problem interior is coated with cement),
steel (good for large diameter and high pressure, buckling under high
negative pressure)
plastic (widely used, highly smooth, light, easy to install and remove)
The minimum pipe size required in a distribution network is dictated

by the population.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps
Pumps: mechanical energy potential energy
Types of pumps are named according to the direction of the
movement of water from the rotating element of the pump (impeller).
The specific speed:
N Q
ns =
H 3p / 2
where Q: discharge (m3/s)

N: rotative speed of impeller (rpm)
Hp: Head (m)

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps (cont)
Centrifugal Pumps:
For the requirement of high heads (low ns).
Impeller in series having radial flow
characteristics are adopted.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CetriFugal_Pump.jpg http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/centrifugal-principles

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps (cont)
Axial-flow Pumps:
For greater flow rates under low heads (high ns).
Having axial flow characteristics with respect to the pump axis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axial_2.png http://www.directindustry.com/prod/weir-minerals/axial-flow-pump-23306-376724.html

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps (cont)
Mixed-flow Pumps:
For medium head and discharge (medium ns).
http://www.shakthipumps.com/download/mixed-flow-pumps.pdf
http://www.pattersonpumps.com/axial.html#
5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps (cont)
Power of the pump:
QH p
Pp =
p
where Pp: the power (kW).

: specific weight of water (kN/m3)
Q: discharge (m3/s)
Hp: head of the system by the pump (m)
p: the efficiency of the pump

5. WATER SUPPLY
Pumps (cont)
Multiple pump operations are
often used to increase the
discharge or head.
Pumps in Series:
Increase the head
Pumps in Parallel:
Increase in discharge

5. WATER SUPPLY
Valves
Sluice or gate valves are
used to isolate the flow
especially during repair works.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve

5. WATER SUPPLY
Valves
Butterfly valves are widely
used at the exits of distribution
reservoirs for regulation or
isolation purposes.
http://www.scanco.no/produkter_ventiler.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve
5. WATER SUPPLY
Valves
Check valves are used to
stop flow automatically in the
reverse direction.
http://www.checkall.com/valvestyles/un3/un3enlargedphoto.htm
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/pipeline-ancillaries/check-valves.asp
http://www.checkvalves.co.uk/

5. WATER SUPPLY
Valves
Hydrants are those appurtenances
used for the withdrawal of
pressurized flow from the network
for fire fighting.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_hydrant
5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY

5. WATER SUPPLY
when (inflow > Qmax) Q - Qmax spills over the reservoir

when (Q0 < inflow < Qmax) 0 < reservoir water level < Hmax
when (inflow < Q0) free surface flow in the pipe (empty reservoir).
To prevent free surface flow in the pipe use control valve at the pipe exit
The valve dissipates the excess potential energy, Hv.
Then flow is pressurized in the pipe

and the water level in the reservoir is
controlled.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
The pipe size should be determined to meet future requirements.

The system should confirm to the required hydraulic performance:
velocity criteria
pressure criteria etc..
In this section design principles of
gravity lines,
pumped lines, and
mixed lined
are introduced.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Design of Gravity Lines

For a gravity pipeline, neglecting operating cost, the optimum
diameter minimizes the capital cost of the pipeline.
The optimum diameter minimum diameter which can convey the

specified design discharge with the available gravity head.
In gravity lines there are several design criterions:

Velocity: 0.5 2.0 m/s
Pressure head: 3-5 m 80 m

5. WATER SUPPLY
Design of Gravity Lines (cont)
Step 1:
Determine the control points (C,E,F) and their topographic elevations zc,
zE, zF.
Add the minimum required pressure head Pmin/ to these elevations.
Determine the energy grade line slopes (S1, S2, S3), between the reservoir
and the control points and select minimum slope.
H A ( zc + ( Pmin / ) )
S min =
L AC
5. WATER SUPPLY
Step 2:
Compute the pipe diameter for line A-C. Using Darcy-Weisbach equation,
1/ 5
8 fQ 2
Dcom =
g 2 S
min
and select the nearest larger commercial available diameter, D.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Step 3:
Compute velocity
Q
u=
D 2 / 4
If umin < u < umax, the selected diameter, D, is used in the project
If u < umin, a booster pump may be installed at the reservoir site to
increase the velocity to umin.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Step 3: (cont)
The additional head supplied by the booster pump, Hp, is compute using
If u > umax, reduce the velocity to umax, by increasing the pipe diameter
from Since the velocity, and hence headlosses
are reduced, install a pressure reduction
valve or allow increased pressures along
the pipeline if (P/) < (Pmax/)
5. WATER SUPPLY
Step 4:
After determining the diameter for pipe segment A-B-C and computing the
piezometric level at point C (HC), repeat the above procedure for the
remaining segments C-D-E-F.
Note that for the above example point E now becomes the control point.
Therefore, first the diameter for segment C-D-E, and then the diameter of
segment EF are determined.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Step 5:
Install a control valve at point F, and determine the necessary headloss at
the valve, to maintain pressurized flow at segment E-F.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Design of Pumped Lines

For a pumped line, the economical diameter is the one which
minimizes the total cost.
investment cost of pipes (placement and installation costs),
cost of pump,
energy cost of operation (operation and maintenance costs).
A small diameter reduces initial cost but increases pumping and

energy costs.
For the most economical diameter:

5. WATER SUPPLY
Design of Pumped Lines (cont)

Step 1:
Compute the annual energy cost, CE, to overcome friction and static
head:
where Pp: power of the pump.

: the specific weight of water (kN/m3).
Q: design discharge (m3/s).
E: energy cost ($/KWh).
t: annual operating hours.
: the pump efficiency.
Hp: the required pump head (m). Hp=Hs+hf
Hs: the static head between the lower and upper reservoir (m)
hf: the friction headloss along the pipe connecting these reservoirs.

5. WATER SUPPLY

Step 1: (cont)
Using Darcy-Weisbach equation, the annual energy cost, CE, can be
expressed in terms of diameter D:

5. WATER SUPPLY

Step 2:
Pipe cost, CD, per unit length for various diameters is obtained from
manufacturers, and converted to annual cost, CP, :
where i : interest rate.

N: economic life of the project in years.

5. WATER SUPPLY

Step 3:
Initial pump cost, Cpi, is normally expressed in terms of monetary units
per kW of installed power. The power of the pump in kW units is
where : the specific weight of water (kN/m3).

Q: the discharge (m3/s)
The annual pump cost:

5. WATER SUPPLY

Step 4:
Ignoring annual operation and maintenance costs, the economic diameter
is obtained as the value corresponding to the minimum total annual cost.
Cp : annual cost of pipe

CE: annual energy cost
Cpump: pump cost
CT: total cost

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Topographic elevation of
point C is higher than the
Design of Mixed Lines reservoir level.
A pipeline having both
gravitational and
pumped flow rates.
Topographic elevation of point
C is higher than the reservoir
level.
In such a case it is convenient
to build a small reservoir at C.
The pump may be
located at reservoir site A or
located as a booster pump
along the line.

5. WATER SUPPLY
Design of Mixed Lines (cont)

If the pump is located at reservoir site A, the economic pipe diameter
can be computed considering line ABC as a pump discharge line
The required pump head:
The diameter of line CD is then determined as a gravity pipeline.

5. WATER SUPPLY

If a booster pump is selected, then its location, X, along BC can be
determined as follows:
Flow will be transmitted until the booster pump by gravity.
Use any available diameters, that keep velocity within the limits
(umin < u < umax).
The location of booster pump
(LBX, zX)
Required Pump Head:
Then the economic pipe diameter for section X-C can be determined as
that of a pumped discharge line.

5. WATER SUPPLY

If a small diameter is used until the buster pump,
the initial cost will be less
the energy cost will be high (the pump will be in at a lower elevation)
Note that for the booster pump applications the followings must also
be considered:
cost of energy line transportation, and
cost of employment of guards, etc

5. WATER SUPPLY
Overview

Pipes
Pumps and Valves
Gravity Lines
Pumped Lines
Mixed Lines
Systems

5. WATER SUPPLY
Construction and Maintenance of Municipal

Water Supply Systems
The selection of suitable route for a pipeline has an important

bearing on the capital cost and operation cost.
A pipeline route is selected from

aerial photos
topographic and cadastral plans
on-site inspections, and
other data available on the terrain, obstacle, and local services.
For suitable route Jointly consider Cost and Practicality.
The general level of pipeline route should be as close to hydraulic

grade line as possible to minimize pressures and hence pipe costs.

5. WATER SUPPLY

If a pipeline is laid parallel to the natural ground, then it will have

many peaks and depressions as the natural ground surface.
Air released from water and trapped at peaks
reduces the opening of the waterway,
increases energy loss,
may interrupt flow.
In this case, air valves are required.
In order to minimize the number of air valves the pipeline can be
laid
on a more straight profile deeper in the ground,
close to the ground surface with a nearly straight profile and covered
with earth-fill in depression along the route.

5. WATER SUPPLY

The selection of profile is achieved by cost evaluations.

In setting up the alternative profiles:
In order to minimize air entrainment problems: (pipe slope) > 0.005
On very straight ground surfaces the minimum slope can be droped to
0.002.
No upper limit for the maximum slope.
In long supply lines

frequent changes in direction should be avoided in order to conserve
head and pressure.
sharp bends should also be avoided to reduce the dynamic impact of
the water thrust.
The bends should be blocked with concrete to take the dynamic action.

5. WATER SUPPLY

Laying of pipes:
excavation of trenches,
transportation and handling of pipes and appurtenances,
backfilling and repaving.
Pipes should be laid on firm beds in order to prevent the problems due
to settlement.
The dept of burial of pipes may be governed by
the depth of frost line
the external loads acting on the pipe

5. WATER SUPPLY


CVE 471 - 5 Water Supply 2

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WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertu Akntu

Civil Engineering Program

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 1/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply Systems

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 2/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Water is conveyed from a source or combination of sources to

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 3/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Typical arrangement of a municipal water supply system

Distribution reservoirs are designed to meet the hourly variations in

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 5/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

In the main transmission line Qdesign= Dmd = Dad x (P.F.)day

In a main feeder Qdesign= Dmh = Dmd x (P.F.)hour

Qdesign= Dmh = Dad x (P.F.)hour x (P.F.)day

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 6/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

A water distribution network is normally composed of pipes, valves,

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 7/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Types of distribution systems:

A branching pattern with dead ends

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 8/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply Systems

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 9/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 10/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Distribution Reservoirs (cont)

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 11/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Distribution Reservoirs (cont)

Buried distribution reservoir

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Distribution Reservoirs (cont)

Buried distribution reservoir

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Distribution Reservoirs (cont)

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 14/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply Systems

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 15/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

The minimum pipe size required in a distribution network is dictated

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 16/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply Systems

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 17/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

where Q: discharge (m3/s)

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 18/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 19/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 20/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

where Pp: the power (kW).

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 22/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 23/58

Elements of Municipal Water Supply System