Language Tesch Scheme for Teacher Edvestion iors: CN Candin and HG Widdowson Discourse Guy Cook ‘Oxford Univesity PressSeb Cis Midas arc ‘ue Aen in inde sermon uae foun foun rseonnt Ne pat pbnion mgpe ‘sere cnt ceca hens tt he eS ESoeiete meee Contents “The author and sree Ieerodaction Seon One: Explanation Theorie of stsoune ‘What oan Iewodacson Sentence snd in Engage eching snd lings Disourse andthe sentence (Grammar win and bron the setence anguog in and oot of cortex The ona of dncuneanle Fra inks Formal and comet ks Vets fom Paral Relerting expressions ‘Repcson ond esis! css Sabsition Elise CConancion CConclson ‘Why femal ink ate no enough lonoducon Language fonctions “The dasieason of aco ions uncon development Micrfuncions and funcional language echng Famer analy and coherence CConserstonal prinaplsso-eperstion outing the co-operative penile REECE 2 2 »comes a an aa ab ae as a2 a as 46 a a3 0 sa 52 53 sa a «6 Comers principle: polices “The val tei af conversonal piles Speech ts Desarstiors and perlomanes Speech se sary an coberence Une xe Progmatiy, cco ana, and guage veaching “Two vis of dso wrace as pod and a proces Ineosocon Rank sce ‘The Bumingham Shalof Dior Anais Discoun ypolgy spoken nd wees fama sd informa CConesation a disouse pe Sonsesatonanalsis Tumsakng Tum pes icons a proces Consaion Dicoune a dala lecodsion Dialogue cotnuicie develope Discourse pee: repost, Recprocy, dale and word ore Informacion stein couse Keowdge im deco lnodiction Keowee rues: shen dec for chet Complex scents ekance Dacre deision geese 0 3 2 2 5 ua m3 Contents Section Twos Demonsraion—Discoure ia Lingige baring td aching “wo approaches to derstopns dco sls Inrodicion ‘tops spproch ro dicoune proce ‘Nomi nd ble sein ‘Argumens fran guts toms apron Cenclnon Focusing on sender and reece fc, aa cole, and ensey ‘Shoe knoe Information quntiy and ordering Ang and remonng norman Developing rile chen dscse Adrang inloeaton escce ‘Changing dialogs nd mencogue course spe ad dco pt (Clare specs and dou type Discourse pe rcomion Cninaton nin s douse pe Cheers within» cure pet Recombination, apronimaton rane Manag commerce Inoducion Spoken and wien dacoune Teshing cooesaton" CConveson scsi ‘An approach fo ernemation Seopmert ‘Comversron and call appropraeness Focoungon kein Inwodseton Actives developing exheson CCnchson ” 2 4 © gee 3ma 122 m3 General dscoarse sits lnodseon General aves an example Conelsion Seton Tree: Exploration Developing dncourse in he clsroom Gowan Frthe raking Bibliography Ine ue 4 us ne 156 19 160 16 ‘The author and series editors ‘Guy Cook's grdsteofCambege Unie where eed Englah He ko hols an MA ir Lanaige apd Leer in can rom he nen of London Instat of 2dcestion Hehe worked at aceacher of Eniahn bork the Urcandonerses it Ep, lal andthe Sone Union Heiser alecrerst The Shoolofngisha the Lavery of Leds His profesional erste Sls ear they, apd er sein and be a pea compen uD. thn dacotve deviation ad che 0 Christopher N. Candin i Profesor of Ling in he Sho of Engh and [nmi lacqsne Urner, Sydney, msving previo bee ror of [Applied Linguistic an Deer of he Come for Langioge Soc Life te Unters of Lancaster He aloo ounded added helmut for Enis Lingua Eduction a Lancaster, where Be Worked ace ii sence ‘suc for enc Hear Widdowson i Profesto of Elf Speer of Ober Langange the ‘Unite of Landon nue Education, having peewee Laces ppd Lingus the Unversity of Elbo esr har, he worked 00 imueras denelopment and thet edcaton at 4 Bash Coun Engh [Etguane Offer msi Lanks and Bangladesh ‘izowgh work with The Best Coane, The Counc of Europe, and other ‘gener, both Edo ave had exes and ased experienc Of lnguoge (ching, eacheredsation, and earcum development ves, od Bok ‘omebite to semis, conferees nd proisonl joursIntroduction Discourse Dicoue amps examine: how sees of language, coneed it ‘hee flex, soc, nd clog cone, ese esl td asad or tie user. ry» eapel expanding fel, proving Inigo the problems ad proces of langnge moe and snipe Ieee. apd is therlre of eat npc to languge tees. ‘Tatesaly, lagaageseschng na conned oo pronuncanen fPammar, and vontelay. apd wie she rea he Hef reat tamledge, cure ales ean da stent the lt feet Fw the knows escheat sere sac “This book sms to explain the theory of dinoune ana an to or imply sae rg change al har ele lever ae potty fore Bese “Tere te eer pope I wart tank forthe enh and hpnto “The hard work and foresig f he to sve dts hos made he Te ter ea i ehy ve ven me 2 grat deal of dale and So ec ptsae my emake oto Henry Widdowson, ee ppt, he iapation, ante condense 10 SOLER Teak’ Ae Conbear and Jenner Base ediedand TES to cunocapt wi evalus senion 20 deal, Mp ope Oy Camis prove conmeart encourgemen al fee ata TOP op rerun us, Joke Ashworth an Jo Cla BY ismen ea en of ter work, tave oe ink backer boxe a soe tas tHe Peptovs Cook, not fo Beg he vont pceatess of te tsdonal male pefce but fs Seen comesting an sing othe es. uy Conk Language Teaching: ‘A Scheme for Teacher Education ‘The pure ache ook 9 coss anaes echt 0 The pape ta petcinaldeopment. We have dee ae chess owas te cr apr of eh ed he eerie raf those Wess In thar ow, daatooms. The inert ca fr tae take te mitt here sche Penne Toe empans on cra ery a» ba foes aston ‘We bre tht adams in language acing em om the net Behe 7 ann tno conme: This mpd se te erty ingoong Bard ess and promot hose Teta ca ony cr tee thr, ml oly, fora ci ad exponent wah ees. Ose Pupae ‘ler plane on Gow thir ght be achive “The whane const of thee sboccs of books cveing es of ca acy ac of made ecvnce to Tegan caching ard SER MURS Phas tir prom vee form, 9 Pa Ras ois of lingua Hnowfege with books ed foe seer coal ec of nga ncrpaon:pronsncton, vob, ceo icone Sebsenes£ foes on ier mode of Bt ‘hatte ey tow come) wh oe seta i Speckng telng. ending, and wig, Subsets See ay of oer of aon wich we nde i ier ted Eetanowe urea be aque! nthe operation of Ia aoe sng The books i ths abseis hive 1 30 wh Ssh Irodaction xt tops 2 alan dei, the coment of ngage co bree el eee ie ee eetacte aeeres Some Steer Sonia severinrit Site Soa bore Trel coun whine ce he heme Iomega dries Sarre ace eae i cate aperture nny SRE AS Ce es OE ST ee ete ces Seren em ce re eee ee oe stor rece ae ee ed oe ne Seeder ee cre rere skdretoae aa Senieecipetaprniets Susteaecy oreaiie eens We aun SISTOETES era ae are Se ea eer a enednte soe ee eee ee eee ere a soe Lee ee ne eee: Taga gsm sno ei Sine ds rnchee orageeteatar eet ——— (Chapter N. Canin Heer WidomsonSECTION ONE Explanation Theories of discourseLt ‘What is discourse? Introduction ‘Much angage sea. and good da of language teaching, assays ben devoted to seteces. Yer we ll ow: een we sat ts approach asa eporaryand perhaps ey false a er e Higuas comancisng sel wth tet pe han bing able to roduc cote seences, Nal ete {eres eran or ui oot cane at pra este ae Ahokers8d ope tit wll aean Some. People do Rov aes Speak or wnte ig cone sentenss yet sallased oma ing Kooutng wha append te nukes snence cont and cs that een en though maybe mporan sn worth aching sod lenin, scence enough [Nor isthi only a queaton of lifes beeen wring and spec a might at hs apren > TASK I Here ae ovo pics of aguas ‘A Ths ow cot, om seas, 100 Lrg an Paper Ch ‘Applied Linguistics stereo notte Sane Lingus ‘The tes shor coold be. Tins Wile Won utaend 12 Gnness oelwoken te ope B Payback Raymond Chandls, Penguin Books ia asocagon wid Hamish Haraion, To Jen snd Hlga, thot whom ths eo could cer bare ben stn, Cae. The ve on he "Wepre sete 0 Beaker and peep. ae dda eat too ell wha sad-—pactbeeate mat uy balla aed ply beeause Twas Holding the esr opie down 1 Whichofthere wo seth oflngiges pan of anid woke? 2 What sor ole it 3 Whar the ker one? 4 How did you dng berwecn hem? ‘The fst ee questions are tdi fo answer, bu they doles 2 point, The four i more compee: The fit aces wich happensExplanation —Theories of discourse so const of five cones etaees, ane spoken fo mis, a the rt Seo obs nd us ed me. i Sis 0a ‘pce Sree our of saat bounded by fl stops ney ary ‘Dome wen at ee cers fa to eee that ow pole ‘Pl aio wens resonable to asume tat yom the ease ape ‘ommakingene fscoalsied ges rgezmountol alma soit whch aot sep expres You could fete the ‘al pour ané ponte, dey the pee, the he he user, ‘Reto dain ma na ie enn oan an lg BS RP IE fois he tepnning of comer. pre pone ‘Siusons sy weber yoo would on and saber may ote ‘The gay of eng mesingfl andl whic he seced passage as constr s| Doha pugs knw tance egal chs 12 [SEY posta foe communcauon and heros fer rg ange tenga which aaor be xpd by concen lpummsr oft ‘Soca et nih wo problems Fey, why hyve acer and sens ‘tlinuage concrete so excise upon Be pedacion of corset Stes toe notenught commune Sealy it ore ‘Snr ol the seme ha Sect be meaning fd wo preche {Penang ter Let oo Be ra elem ee. onthe mal Sentence study in language teaching and linguistics Indelnc of concent one eee, ilereneachesanditfrest Keine mig giv sterent anor Teache of mother tongue stlens Top arguthathe tans sled haveorl and communicate skills ‘Bat what ey pee io fen and denote ec, ha pag Fall stop the rit plc and wring grammatical ements eo tis Ieracy They might abo pan ou tha hese sil hy wrong ate demanded by examination boos, and ae often considered = gn of ‘copsie Langer bata by the word at large. Pore Tange ‘eacher ight a that tes ley know how fo ammuniate {induct chest own angungs wba they needa the oem ogee “reform sis and knowlege promancinion, vocal, ammar— ‘wha willie the bans forcommunrasngand ween ery, ‘their for anion or other kn of meipulaton, cn Be teat see een wk ora ark french oe ih wa erybouy rows wire they ae going ad bow far ey have come ‘Ecrlping ie recery formal bai Given pace and expose spel ines Stemi any wae ngage et gem, a gh oe adron examples which hie oon tw onthe Seen and In ange eh ook exemple (tusk wen fry ses Eom our un rece of communion ‘Ren shud yeas ag, fe phonecan Hoty Set (he mod for Shaw's esx Hig Pygmalion parsed he id of monet) produced or waanon exes “The pilose pulled he ove jaw of he en "The merchant ewig ih ene son, But oe ‘Dustman har be Be gn (Seer 1899 11964.75) oe es of vocabulary and rama maybe bit when would we ever Ssethen Ye tough lah at thn we em io bine thee ‘Sefer The semence ‘is har some deat Hack ave pe’ (Teron {545.99 for exampi nec anothr of Sweets huncrous veo ‘rnc: fortran tom he eStion Teach Youre Aran Fira 194 oe ofthe be slingsenesof frei anguapetenbookt Avote argent fot conan 0 arial coated ens Siemens bern cancel epi vada ings heat of ‘ua ngge gener wan rate of how 0 aoa» Porclrone tsoneies ara tre eee anledin [rguses re sherscor wha somes san ery hey se ‘Si bar mr or langage sh, bea hey bot fo ‘Seo: Furbemore, rend srroespetsofs language stm ote ‘Precio id gcse eno eB Sage eaompifed in ech ment er soa ooo Saclndefesity en op sates penser he ‘Seraced nes Sane mah gp fer aad 940 ta com oplir-anlsonescholi)bese genie any caw en [ne gene mec Hala 8S, focal Ca “Tapes el fore lanes palo casa poo pech Atclaing tu of clan ints aw be comma a 0 eh ‘Srey 9052) who cms hares lngngr grt nd Shine foo he win of gamma Ienigh aloe apostate ete of langapein te of eens ater qt sacl inresaig hw gun wort tha win he ‘Suen we sa eshte ad onal concming wt an ie alone, wheres Beyond the sence, bch es Som eet (6 Eogeg ovr iy ot ic niece lr oe hologea rcv arena rin te sfc ya Jeleitoo tend come up wir pemmancalcore. bret Pecer exmples Snery oy Hp the oy (Chonsky 1953) ores Ah argues fom popeinvaledin diferent wyain these ofEsplaation Theories of dacomse sag tre we shot be eld ot of le are neh smal se seeping Ati are aypes of language use which demand the abiliey co formulate Fe er cou teeta ee et simp ceo ‘Ru ele amp et ee gore pe Bie srr aly Cound ner ef a cea mc ce scr a ts eet nh me me nfo a on pa eo i ee ee et orn ries (ein ae fn to sn Eee rsd eons veut tesla sre rr approptne, lea aedunsteresing SE {Spe al Kinds of = Hanne aor vg what He cal comment om Fenod anoles mac mere » TASK2 Some ofthe lowing ar iovetedexampes, fr lnpnage acing satel analy and ome are pes ol langue Wi Ey ned tocommarcnce etsy ay fei which TERSP Ely pou ior sanone heretic personas Inigh asually have ben used? 1 Joh considers ee aay Lunatic 2 which af You people the Sh? 5 ese dn throw me onthe Boor! 4 Crow ane 1846 13 Fel conch okanche war egtasn: cond have ade Sronetene 6 Chk ad vogeable oe pape wo poppadums ands sein bot. ee whore Bhd Sha? 1.3 Discourse and the sentence be Dion ta emer te Sree na em a 2 SMa ee are irae fine sokcewanee mn Sea eee "aE ee of ner ae mm ite pe rere acer ate dee giiheaficickigtonecredseomas La What is dacourt 7 xin! oe are gucion of she wy We we Fn sbut 3 paras strerh of lange thu the ay inal spo {Stes urechoflanguge which semen bi edn commune snd teatirasasetenct ora uals exec, or snob amma Sal Conenehy tb posible fo eke» semen nts Lrguae ‘aching of ngustics texto go to he cousry whee the lange s ‘soken sto someone saute suston, and ishevesomeag by ‘Spgs (Thar wy. n Task 2 lbnough nt may make oe peod tte on the Bay of past expen, threw a se way Ef Kara Scher th sents whch ate raat correct (13a tre hen ed ot ere The to soa eee sully elusive Dicutse maybe composed of ane ot. more \ellfodne remmaisal sateesand inde Gen hr dos. othasetab. sath gamma 'stakes nid of en dos. The ‘Brask potican Geotrey Howe sad anterior We sMoughtirwas bere cometoa dion when exter the sights Ths wosked ss pan of te dacoune be war aed he me) even ifhe dd wet pammaticalconseacion wich ugh wel have ct line though tithe aa wate arto = chon ey. Disa \urastherlesofyrammarasa source conoening tse when tds tBu deparang tom them when dos not somes des heme |itcon aoa meaning oo, Whena water sake me, andthe people Iraseaing mith serene) n Tsk 3 wewdertcad meres toage textbook ems, his words might se to be nnsese: Dicoure an be sexing oma gruntr sgn ous comers and ‘rbd nots ight upto Tskay’s nove, War amd Pacey lengy legal ie. Wha mses not confi tls,bu the fer at Somunates an iecogzed ices a coer Ti ad ‘ovthe danubing concn that there = 3 dearer of i ‘denying 2 stretch of larguge as dcoure— maybe meng sed thas commana to ane pervon ns way which notes person Ses ot have the necessary Knowledge toma sme afet in practise fx ae downe Ssoc by oups rather han Grammar within and beyond the sentence Now rer’ plow youl a ese pag auc Tek Vw be Dag ot wat eae wae igi, wl e fr ra jt wledegnk odo scaled One poi i shat he Sade of cl which operate within setnces, gaa etc them at wall tht gamit, to ps another way, does ‘otstop wih fal top brea ver eS as il bp aaetenc wih The ee ate re wich lane what word exe fellow ted ‘net for eximgls continue “The a0 hough ex sone “The85 Explontion—Theorie of dcomrse nig. ptap tee ares les which what indent reise ee > TASKS: eee neler cree, gemmati sentence ‘The gs ode hr martes svough th on Here aie vers which would wal be sida incor [Galoing convention we ean anes onda our ble {facibet ceampy nc arog! What kind mistake 2 te 1 The gi oe hie moar ples though ihe com 2 Mie fits oad tere motores tough be ce. 5 Sih hice nde thor moar through cots. 4 he fn soup ge the rode moigeeyes he. 2 the os sce he owes hough eco Aree jaiidinepurngthse examples asunesioel wrong it cheumeanrt Can You, or gmp ak of santos Which an) would Se seeeable How ar dot or ike mie onal meaning? Lev sinvesigae this sb ht gramme extends beyond een Ive le tinea er sees we proce Sram ich trol be smd song Thee te dvi and brdtine as, [oe pote moe schers crane and igus do eo ooh (foe te ils and wong tenes). We can ten the nde of ‘oc lige ae Ge ne a on new sng Marbolgical enre where the word ding fr cher word pars) are = TN Eig bls depos. Sacco: whee se wod order wrong “thes Engst dag ld “Sean or: mhere te meaning wrong SFR tng filed expoon Ahoughin shila cae wesbold aceite arertak of he ference bang "wrongi ere are ccanstnces when people sly ole semante noms, se il See Inthe ame way ht thereat swith sentencs, ning which words ‘inflow ste ap ere mig ab bez tin diz ming ‘Tchcocse callow snathecone and Twree Tekh he What is ducourse? dese shen gh bliin owt an the “Te ih lls the Sapo. He at ff head wth Ws sor end thi would em ute easonable; bu eo I wie is? “Te kh killed he drag. The pneapple wt on the cable Iisunlk, bt dns nace be econ inguiethesame way sbe ‘Soon in Tak 3: Stra oat imgsasony, we ca sary ete ‘Sor hic mh consume eqn te we ald fc eee ‘Enda Gramtncr o-which kmh ll sexspoonn and oe ‘oun Perhaps ths Sosea word mst be Boal thar capo: ini te Kgh sein» ag poeple, bard ins dago'scve Ticks te wo ite andthe cree il hve gone Hel te {Spon rst sa cave, ade foe Ime mor, he ‘inc mgh go get, brtherensone arent sy ngs hey ‘edo th cng ofthe wad hace st ns ake ace itkdoogs er tomas may alto hve come or doap lane Same a fyb ogo he den orn sh ‘opt tat sued sth ngage beso we Ena fat ‘vs you, plas phone: bane woken eps 30 on Sowe now hareswopoableaswestote peoblemothow we recognises st of Ung rm nrg On wr chy lng ihe ye sed hsm ad aught or eee tentook sed tt hg rope enema el tem Teh ha einige tof tietpester of weal conentonl whats gomgon oundusas wer ter inane ecole ene of helangage ne areenouneig We ‘eoteretotke psi of ire ngs pean sr sence teandarsio dealin. Then Seo 6wesalldciwehtheorerpssble tape te way hat bees sae by factor out langage Bot ‘ieee on may beintrscnetoloakttherlnship ere i ‘to approaches nthe Sevelopsn of dss about angunge peal 1.5 Language in and out of context howe ene nga mwa wea aninion gum te (toe soa ion the uapageal we seacete wes peta ‘SESEng te mesa henwe net they at oie ith thee ey nel ndy whe peaking maybe they sie. or thnk the ot RolsUanaytesopoken meopewenocthe gel afte vac ase maps tespehe ug mshi thy Sad aru seenor Tol ied ec, Te para ‘len nea hihatelifwennee erase down: Pay SSExplanation Theres of dscone vwinen usage to, whee we say be inenced by handing oF dane a i ahcher he menage bn an expnnie BODE 9 003 Stipa pe. {We ac sso aden saton in which we eave mesg by eee se orent teem metas seni cbeeecametenesaonkoc bev —— nena wate a Srdionbince tant ce aiebeanat ieork ere rt gent see ree mac ios cree gate spar tee re ince tecepe aac manera aera mie pegs ‘apni eae ies leet en ein ieee atthe ee cena 1 a th eh as eee Ce eae acne cm “grr ie Ge eileen ais ee a hart ieee le ase Gi ee lee eet What is dicoure? 11 om i nl oe i coenggtamaratesa temee Salad cancer Hepes cue dental ss urea fe eat Easier needs Siatioredgrcratareenae watts ae one cree aragte Sei acer caters geisemtie teense ean Soigerasate ies wean ceeree SSeS eeu ar a mesg oonry Seapapemeeaae™ eaeesoeiee ath ey hase nde igo nde us pernanaeond inva Thy tener ae excan ike this: ee zi A: Who ging tie te boro? Soca at orto ne blo 3B: Lam nx ging. A Come ol 002 Inseresingly, this procs of elinnatag the unique combination of cumstances in which ngiage happens (x procs Enown sical 2¢ delay) testy othe same Kd of snences a hove meted ‘capi foc ranean or gstmatie nays which we looked LE Bes ptr thems inp havea ove. be core spl maybe exactly thse ans aad asl eres ‘ichemtlesssn unicast i hubs ode of sezacesrosede inthe na tht tobe Telangease Ietoer neds tobe able to nna langage whch not edad Linge se The langage eacher nce err, decide othe Reno which weakens may pee Setcpment of his > TASK 4 Heres asc of comeriaton, What itn isomaton Ayo sed wo make so of? a [A Thatblonde el overheroad there. Carfl don'bangyut ead Sometens se loka oat| Sete ings da 16 ploation Thereof danse 1s Wha Which one? Ow! A: Lids on dor bang rh Soin sec ae peinesocume he es ge oe Big OK. lavene aloe ‘We have hen, emo approach 1 langage: ini and Bicone sulla I nor ewes of sting toe tp 3 {Reconcatlesneien tying osc ones bere aera, mek fo the ender ‘ih aber Toe detnon ousk ouvert for st the mc ox sb an ase xm ‘Stn with on he or feasts rama so Ne 2. Srel canot compose ey welwithou hem Lsving hs defor (Eos ou eran ops sma eres ete af Discure abs dat Sloat setae ‘ny arachot ngage ero be wie Grammcaly nelsomed being setae Invented ened Gbened The origins of discourse analysis ie acep svn bowen wo diferent approaches othe search Sovondendealrynngaape, not scart to reaed the eon ice ae tng ey ew wba Eada pele ‘eho language sty ofthe ps Te fist known ses of neu the Wenen nen te thlan of Gree sod Rome, wee eae ‘hee ferent apps oo, died rama fm Hoi the ‘mes being concerned witht les fangage san oltedabect he ‘Geer wit how to-do hn wih ord to ater lcs ao onmarsatescesly wih peopl in patil coe onc, ‘ome schook of nou ananr—oen tought of aon of he meme, ‘pines of ngnage stacy eros roel eon oneck ihe Ses had he ane be, rowan at, odes of lengua in comext ender various gues nett cent Ing, np oc lng te ea en oral proche ‘sch sted lagnge in fullontert a pert of society andthe wor IPR way cay ded ccna rho pe war condacedty pele whe wee atancebih anhepongs nd lng {ane sre sme by ha dps) fen ive th ‘carl aoe lanpanges and societies of he aie Amerie india. InSean sss adnonGeeoped nthe work oJ Ft, whos langues, natssan atonomotn yer, bl sparta whichsin ‘aenespemine vo tnecnronmen Thee tans ose wth thes ‘atide dhe Englivapakiog worl) have plenty ef vag wo offer fo ‘Sacre analy. In addon, there are man? other asain shibwonty, pycology and panchiy, sacle a antopolor, reattelipnce sedans ety sud whch benceamie ‘Bhs cbt afta mind ocr, oer cures, computers tbe ‘pei, works of ersare—though langage, ah ate seating ot Teregedhnae aan wey ohentome a bebe Tarra ‘Bev of deen scp cam be very confsing, abd scons 0 Sunde ‘Betcoee analysts nora acre sey aal ur apr i (dng ofesporating inher Petapke mow sell dstinion st Serie ies tadng amen he rout oer, (theres osu apa oe tcone ie ber ft) ‘Bhugh tray ccexcraons io mary cern ld mus avers be ‘Sreb orur the min concer Ira}, was sentence ngs who bth cies the tm ecu ‘dr dlatsteschtor aggereetch wegen ‘nics yee somed wih ee ys Lind of crended Bane. ‘bear dase i tae sre ened Dena flrs eislnudaesdsienen orharsomctirom tari coy ceed {ichred nomen scion searcing for grape rio expan Shporsoecrlalowed oer (otly rh echsenece he ‘Bruen nn pamnataly nl formed) The deaf anaes terion asso bute canons a eee een A he {Sonn esbe we bnd th tee eres pe econ fstdncoune nu One war cocoaing dsp Lng Seyond Teimtaangle seers ate ats 1992 (1964 6) Tas wath hed ace The othe nt 'oeaag ene nd anu Te nvnpoc a gue fener Beng a ene ls ws seeding hei at mp an nec Bet hve ‘eticluptbe to options rend of ear hecondadeti it ep bnpuag reo ar nota he rouse wihin a relay SToe amet adhe ay ese Oa nw ae ‘ison act onan Ube ce ewe art Sd the answer 0 the pon of wha pes secs of lessor wang we ok bod fal ra itn someon cose he people who nang ‘weil in whch Lape a well er Sore we doo wuld Be at welts se i ow a fal pay Magn seep aeouming [erie ny ne seen snide nee Thar il Sor nex rs ab2A Formal links Formal and contextual links Fecal a mate ne TWIT el emtbamer eng per ce ee rare ro scont or ute Ne! OOK eat etna nent coum agntpees Jens deeeote cetsmenes erent We can So enor knowiclge of grammar without ference 9 ouside fs i oat eater seta he ce sans in Arden Settee fern tecineteac ras ingore neecensn sete TSS ete isms Sete febemore goa we eo ope gs pec “Gp pe pa fetes ae Sree Scour ny may aga odetig aches 2nd Sig myahie ection Suichiger etna “ erect onemne tm Formals 15 2.2 Verb form ‘Te frm ofthe veri ne serene cane choke of thee oma ‘Benet and we maybe ated nsayng tht verb oe i one eter ‘song ora len ‘ult, Seer dos tS th he on ‘ssoheif we look tack athe exchange tetween th uno over fr ‘atl wecanseshat the ves gon Saar tke vgn don me or} ae alla the preset laugh hy retro the eure There ‘gen 1 bea de a orm coanecson betwee hem, ay which the is ese condone others andt would Beery aang ie ‘xchange hd Ber: As Right, whos goin to ithe bro? ‘Waly someone ha got ake be of 1B Laban have een gon’ [Ar Dost. Come owl 04? 2.3 Parallelism > TASKS What inks are sere erween ence in he following? He aly eich he wot by hs invenons. Hence he el fkoowlegeby histeachng He eniked many by hp fd hs prsoeal exemple Ne ced on Decontes 1, 190feand ey iil Westrinser Aer ith be bunour dc apne (Rr Mee jd): Immortal Heres ofthe World) Arter wih ions fee ype,» dv ish Suge 2 eoaecion spy because the fam of one tna ot dase ‘feist form of another. This often ed speeches, post, “ndsdverssenens ican haves power mara eee and soos seal idemamare Her for example ep of Caan eae “each Good Lodo give snd ott ourthe oo fght and gat 9 heeds wourds oto and net seh rer, oer anton fora read sve ta of knowing hat We do Tey wil (SP Rea Pre) Hee the dicots procees through ected gamma saci 2 Nord notte ¥dfor 2am whith deren wenden cenig ‘aye ich all roken hela yan sway what a aoe tolimtate she tenes of vet and coward the prapet concen n't Secondary seh where hi rat ely ca cain prayer had tobe alundored brats the pup exposed he Fyn Gael oy tae Fens o make sound bes fotal han) Ths trample eos als ak cuss, bu these pil te on emo16 24 Explanation Theories of discourse too. A teeta the French pple by PreientPorpiow Ns: “Le Gina de Gaslcor nota Fasceer vere” General de Gales Tne ea wile) Heh eno es Ed ce dh low he ti ‘stein dope arse proper noun copula conplemet» Tos pry foal sae sveed by Stash doo ‘euvelason i Engl whee he dente aids ae ot needed ‘naa nds on In rec hen somes eer inked by ‘Secintses arsine enn ends tesorcng ee of EL Miband and beseved ite Pall, wich sugges a connection of mening hough a cho of [oem do oon hie be gamma paren Te maybe sod paral sent ins oti, adhe sound cli ol vee Ont igh even snd ie chan ao soma pavaaom were o> ‘nc are inked bec mesa he ame tig. Come dase ek ‘pln tor amorous eee. The et comedian sis Sosy ih bem uie onde obereepen the ameinormatnsna cag [Av Th Good Lonnie wind has taken hr away tom Bs You mean he ol gi safe i Referring expressions ‘These are wore who meaning san only be Gsoerd by tlng 22 ne word co detent of he coment wach re ear ob send nd eer. The mow sous example tem hed pase ponent (Relerbonibeva," hebinbicbmns ste heytiother! ‘heethomacas wesc ein sar snd soba S0 Tate {Eocmaymllino the manig tom somewhere err they [Note te mony meaning fort om hese impo siccehatourknowidge tne mesnagel mon ar focal uh Inwsves our aoe ofthe word wel andi te ory ad ae ‘There war pea onthe table S01 se se wold ase he pater had exten she poeple oh ble een Though the word aie nearer Beene me Eno St peopl ae are tilt eat peal tion ables A computer wos hve» be Been row abou man eating habia etre cold ere th hee ‘re curerdia cus, bomeer anne ory anything pee te digewon of bier In an exenied pier of azure «common, procedure, known 2 hapa fr he enya some evra be ren once at ‘Bebognnng nd theraherreeatosrsbeorbeor Thies hind Formal inks 17 chai rnsing rough hedacoure a wich each epson id sine iti Iujs mot i pein pronouns which wok ths way. Te meanings render ond hve terre sab and ei rea Stott the dure o oneal fom he won ‘Themeating offering expresionsnoalwaysin another Seen (Ligeef couse Ir eva people rove ote door mia panos ‘here we pe necanasme thar tmeanshe piano, We choose the sie nang ‘oritom won andin heat the meni rt Orc of ‘ork wt iano ogi hve ha spac heer etn ORG prota fave fer annoyed we ad akon worsen he eo wie i icin the mance, Sometine people sue tht th ease pono erwhen it tow Ten tee se menderningy 3 he 5. Notte pene you te, the par! Foreg ngage aches, suming tha canprcenin iis rie Eom new tcabulary, at overloot tr dialer sade an hve ‘nverpreng te nesting of eles exresions within cee > TASK 6 oo hi opening secon of hdres boa Herel nad Bear, caning dont. rom, bump, bump Sump, nthe back oe bed behind Chepber on un anfrsn he tows, he aly way of nmin downstate srs he els ‘hurr vay aother nay on be cl mpage 2 Imo and think of And ten he fish prbpe ee nfo rca crested ‘Wey ie ead his pan, si, jot 5 you are ping 9, "nar apt be was a bor (7A Moe Wines oak) dem sect expression andthe worthy rb btethe any rte, snow do you ae oe (How ‘youtnow whether bestest Poo ot rp Rota? Wat ‘eater ed Hor nen)Explnation Theorie of cose tiscali a flowing the hain bad ul we coe 2 Hones angln aenina passage ss expel cides brea ae ee timp He sek cet th inna Fee ashe one gph twa Foo oa Fane een of te and eens lew SOME SERIE dyn soca ad tenn a dere ypc hee rey 0 ew mages smn. a ee eaten ee +e spe edhe sebon e ant iing erneigT anne treed ou ourand ina commons ca ere ye occ Joctonty orate Toe wh eee etree ou ela ct pm ane ees ma yor Sowe cn ebow compondb tere Shekcengexprsens ad ow sileeven coe younger Se i as wach, we concrete om ate Of SS facets wes angal ei etm ‘aaa cur ears comple = > TASK? Herein anther shaper opeing fom the sme ides book. ‘risen hoarse ofthe pronoun? Nobody eemedtoknow where they ame from, busheetbey were ‘nthe Forest Kanga and Baby Roo. TAK Mine: Wnsethe-Poob, Cher 7) Semtines th chain hs ob followed nse oppose desion, We se ‘Sela sand then kept sper toms enti which Fen errr kown a cauphors ad ra four open, Tees akon eho bran sone and novel wh an unkened BF SEES Sento le fhe a plunging to te mio a oe cteny knew ata goeon Azan Ses Fae etic chien cathode ute et Fak? a 0d rigexpreson ful doa prpose fuming tes (er epee Rte acbjet mae eng these) and Of e200 SERIE neon om having to repeat the Seay of what mea fang abou sa 200 0 Formal inks 19 2.5 Repetition and lexical chains > TASKS: “Tinos shot ideo yout hia to your lps ald you ag wai your hea fen as ou ke. Lime! cleans our baie eyeing ta iy, wh sh eel a 2 This Schedale and Palys be ed together acme contrast, 2nd ay word or expen which specie mesng ee een ‘Machen any perthe sad Shel oe Poy hall bea uch spect meaning wher the wor or expcnon tty spp Both these eras oid eleing expressions. Why? Would ic ake ay een ifthe send east ws Tenis Feeengepresansinsend oes Can you ie of het Scour yes which oen sv eternngexpeons 30, Whi ae the eon for hie Repetion of words can create the sme sar of china pronouns, and thee ate sommes good exons lor eee ee Bin, mother "ong ener of Enh sie dacouraged rom wig Tepetion cn the (Bounds tat bad se end encouraged tows dee Eros 3b lean een’ where synonyinns or ot general word Fase setoed. bo ineead of wotng “Tre pineapple th inappe they igh wie “The pinapple.. the cous ri she toil cary ‘Thendoflikthae ne choose wil depend upon the Kind fdacoare me seating to create, aed edapant epeuson no slays desire may ‘und retenous ncaa cenverston-orcestedengeous mbpiy ‘iets tou op dnotcechleged) A {ethers weeny sete sadets 9th erly of eae pe and thedhoce beeen eferingexpresnon,epeton, elegant rept the pineal... he pineapple > TASK In he flowing, pone a dsabe ro 1 replace ceptions wih refetng exprestions 2 eae ceecig expressions by epestions 3 feplace eter by epan repecion andi, would thi allie meaning, the syle, bake Wht ‘oer ld ck to inthe thd sewer!20 Explanation Theories of discourse ‘olde docks able nd wit cede wihyo sete iin ie edi renee eee Sihaekdreuirene meth gee pesare hese pears {be resng he ne nop. Whur youd, con force The ‘Sher ng rpeaber har yu cin damage your is by {ering tem tlc re ichngthe computer ee or ha aster Ip ening smn whe you mecha Uaad FOW256 User Gui ‘Weave deere efering expen, epeioa, and leat seein ‘Seubishng hans oftonmscted word rang trough dors ‘nce! shame ow or oly cn of words hich ea he Se bowser Thy maya be qeated ty word whch soe wh SEGRE This actnton maybe Byte of some foal sane ‘Sencoon (good for example cies wiht oppose bed, ermal Cibtip ext ol avannal ite hore vba wst orca wich. IS pao nay be because words eet belong soe meee guy dened eel up (2k star; ord tour moa; ac, ‘Te bc hing of cmetto: ouh somecines weed 9 Md of ‘ches aliay and Han 19762547, oealy oo depen: por {Sdvadalepuntne and teomledge wo be ested foal nk We ‘Satreum tot under antes hes 6 2.6 Substitution ‘nother df fc ink bree semen the substindon of wont, INcdbonasnorderpouratergrhantnespeeinacae Senn wold ey ogee i we fad says fo anes ‘Steen ike Do you ke mangos ah Sen e esie mangoes SvYorT stn ike engoer nuimck ache ant ens the ame Steen Yer doe Fer thin. Uotoranatey much ado ngge TEE ne tlie precmng er eet an wing new vocab, Fiscontnated exon on lone! forms nse llaotnet Psst and doped want of ele, mote shee pions 2.7 Ellipsis Sematins we diene netted brite fora wordorpbrie SSS Shay ee nd Ween spy cu and ow the ing prion be recoamaced gure mecca. ned of weg Tonle spi of tern Yor ond it ls of ber cae fray fwouddknowng aide sls beeslbeuneriood Ot Se ar ehater comet ncanj en Cag aman inate ou wings mango cine ne ro ta Fos need tddscnorhareta bests Oring pare enon te ton ‘Thancaterenene ore ome wma te raningsearsknowe Selina Formal inks 21 > TASK 10 os Tae 5 ina any it fain 2.8 Conjunction Yet te ef farmal lon ewes secre pig he Teo appusn proved by hae words od tas which explcly {Eau Stenson co the pe of clasoathp whieh es bereee one Vewrcr orcas and ates These reconnection. Tse wot ay ‘Sopp add move nformaon to hat has sendy been i (oa Jrrhtmote aaa to tht alr or exempt otra ta (he con oe ay contrac norman with lineman at fur tna se 10 the agunert (oon 08 ther ay owe asc Tay tay sat te fornaten to what han atedy eh [pronase , oequey, ect fo ths eo ot line Yer thon ibe sorhcy rayne ame Sept (rs sma heey, el fo sum xp may Tare ae many Torrandphrstet which eanbepcemea thi cern amany Uitwer ape in which they can be lished The) dete he ‘Mavoshypaeerancs inte ind race ws and srehusin = 5 ‘Sowa! Langsp sre ned to know bh hom and when foe ‘fen Tei psec ovancee daca oben conebarento si ‘Sh cunt can ound very porposs wen ed espera 2.9 Conclusion eno havea ean fascist ere of oma inks within ice eS ee etn nthe pn oe ‘hic aot er oursemect ety af icoune. To pence Sess gta mate ye abo an er se ‘As teacher we should noice hat dear endestndig ofthe formal ‘Sanston brween sentenss may helo expan ae of the 37 ‘ic orgn engage ens somerines wee upponey conc ‘hens enh och el omen lb which soem ad Sproverysranp dou Iean abo eps idea wy sae ovacrng th spc be rb sean, lshoud oe eat hat ‘Be crnes snd the ee of me eres aot oly be ged ‘whe sentence bt mabe egedin someon wth erates Weihedecouve nel, We malleten tocar qin fom aan ‘i heave dewses may tet acing proce 11 ad 1322 Explnanon Theories of dscnese > TASK IL [emia cxegne alk formal ks which cones he tre ec he lowing ented degue Ih sa mystery ome, how te conor sed ist woman fait Wel, Jan war th woman he ditt, So presumably she mest sno Ba ‘Why formal links are not enough Introduction le isimporane ro eae hat alow formalin senore de wi af dsc they canon on tei on crete Thesertencerin Tsk act faced wah cohesive devices batt wealdbea mntsketostppae ets ‘hs and song ele, which cates the uy Reracen thee We ca se "RS dec we sepa the tied seen wih mothe, 9 a Se sequence cade As Ws. mystery tome, how the cojroe sawed that woman in hal Wal fame ws the moma he i tt, So presumably he mst be Japa. Hea there at also focal ink (So, he) bur i eae how the segomnce makes sense. Of coue, kee ween: aut they the ‘eigen, andthe panel, hy igh for par ofa corse aad fe ‘sch our imation: we could ee ap eh tution bik they ‘a; beta wal nob by vireo the wi so and abe but eer ‘ome other nformton aboot he cose, Forma inks betwen sezencs, then ar ot enough 0 Aso for ou feng hr asec of languages dacoame: They ae weer ney no scent, an in bit apohen exchanges, i sue common ‘cone seuencs of estes hse maven bate of ther > Task 12 Her ar four pole anowes te snes “The window is oe 1 Gobi to dep, wil your 2 Ba were 5 Mra king ton te 4 Dy ove oles ia he dee! reach xchang, spp a comet nicht woud ake ese. Nose th thre fra ink ay of he exchanges D theyre ever en aden Ech one cl ae + ‘Slee dean32 33 planation Theories of dzone Language functions “The example Task 1 ae invented ut oe does oothaeoookfarto finschexchargsn ele An lel gon an to my oot oh eran. ew oo wrth. Tee cote nde gate at suber 67 Thad 0 oben interpreting ti ori ‘esequnce eng despite tent tha there steno velar io ‘Betind duceuedio 2. Cea fwe ato exlansich erp we ‘itnesd more han ou lis of cohesive dence. ‘One way of digi io lok ender foal mesg of what ‘Sule maten sn rconter what esr ofs menage minds Sneath ty tnd non Fela ees hoon gute —andexpecatg ster rol ep thot Sieowtn hs we the tne, spared 2 trp dete of ‘cota imse above example teed worn ot he door ended to ‘Set cnc pong: rdsu bgine ex why sea coe {Sin house iad of Snorer, andor sane mech ee “Th conc need hie eongl ogre by he a et be mail yenecewic nce wit Si wate ands abour yng fer gad ney ine temas haring te aneon of mpeg formation snd eke "Suhow ntretng Tanks fr ‘lig me skew gute aby, [iether one Brow cde besograindt nein sould be wapetn tome sod Sow a undcrand her meng 39 Searsth!Whackndofrserablepopetoitrtefncion ows {Sa rm ser oral meaning Inde to duconer ow sch nfeece ae made we wl ed Sry > ‘rant eng’ of posse fenton of ngs sndscon £2 desta how pele soe inereet tem Under his ‘Stones berucc he om ad the fucon of ngage wl eu f0 ‘inlanow terol language eh reais for ely can sehen wtbaot feng eobeses wll abo hap 2 ang ‘aden, Wecanno mt Satta metres ml be made ae oe way inal share ad nal lng, no undestardsg how ‘een pce we oe Basan a eae ‘Sule otto lore ens omake thar worsen he sway ha they med Fomsowon.weshalluw heron wurancelorausitl langage by ‘omehady In coset todo someing communes and ee Sone for grammatical compe une garded prey fal 19 ‘olen oi hor content snd tee uncon ‘The classification of macro-functions Speci in ings soins an hati non specs ace asked sha he fonction of langue they ill ep at To send Why formal inks ae nos enowgh 25 Information o Yo wl ther people your though eon ae 05a ‘psc this cron sumer fn ad he cnclason hat [Ehgegs bar may ve face: Newel tna ined nd puller ileum thatthafuscom esclongege havofaemng [formation lt nosey, conse the mor impart Te rao eng formation uly eared as om td fn inert crcamstnses inch phn of peonmento 8 ne Vere isby no meas te ony orth est anemones [nan nthe wosdot the nan andpsen he eee nein of Lingege en ees a ordre vole fo othe Tete Ine the fevers cl can el hor ber porns tne thay do tao ‘ny forthe sate the dlr abmostentily. These sen ‘her ftimte relator. Sore carrion of cove whether {Hf tliarn fave santana omen Ad en ‘fe wider soil nel of se snreoure langue dee has any ‘ore fncpon than simply sending norman > TASK 13 You br one side of tdephane cll foe langage. The tpeskersaye aes aks soude vk. pends? ak Wietdoyou tank naionsibeseordee snd wbstaeti Englch unser? “Terehve been man, sometime config steps asthe main Fimo of npg Inaction). One of te ates 20d mast Infleenal na aeaated by the ing Reman Jobe (1960) and Eris sped y Del Hymes (1962) (Ther we salute ae [ice on fot aso, whos ext folowing her) The nbeme Posed fst denifing he cent of commen, 3 allows Treader the pen who originates the message. This is sel the ‘Siete pounding mesa not sys the Safnecrgcn spokeqeople a own se {ie adneue’he porn to wbom the meses area. Ti it Toul he paren who eaves the mesa bat oo ew 0 8 {he aeof cape leer Sued none ll, ad enescioping “Tre chovn! Series tough which hemesege vee sown. thnks on peepee es word proesrr seas “Tims orm te parca ranma ad lexi choles he menue “etn: the information ced nthe nese. ‘Te ene the langage dlc, for example Swedish, Yorkshire Engh Semaphore: ein Sg Lange, pase. [abst sailor pal coment Macro funtion are den sabaked, cack fon anenon upon one Seen26 Explanation Theor of dcoure Why forma links are not enough 27 “Theemotc function communicating henner sas andeosons of he Infuencethe behaviour of her ents se has proses othe diesine Teer Geter, Fanart, “Ugh, and swear words sed a [tncgoe: Phaue sommanson ao bepne vey ey Chaseng ‘elation fnging babbling ofenhaveno incon burro say: Here nana Feeteee encom secking 0 alec the beavons a he ses ou (lay 19°537-41). The port facton i so apparent tan (cae help ses Shu sp warning os!) Intp srge when young ctlten Inch on ta pate ard epee Foe econ opening ihe ean! or behing hat cis working, Enulians wibour comeying any inoemstion The reeencal nice Tee rd eesons rill, Lovely wexter ‘Do You came Pet foie pominence onl at late age, and be etal ancion cael se Can you ene po al Sens nara sehnckns Scots comdentconetct ee es taram tebchsteroon canyosed Secon evel cl enon" Seri ong cou oder Ferre ncn nih be poo om hn eas of psn oe hicoue fermen. deaoteian ‘pat in te rodioe imbues kept mh he meng on, rey (rr embtsed only me big exo 04 Wi stag he ules of sama. Sean ‘Seay ee! {De referential func: carcying formation. 3.5 Micro-functions at i Te gates herction: focusing amtention upon the code itself, teachin ind functional language Te eng te tip hee mem Tse aching ee Se sd ih mon oe mee Hs ay tis al ims any sn citi a sa tsa un nein oon Se: al tiniest eign g wale Ta et ae para nd of coeition SIGN a Rana a ete cacti re FS conctal i, eect been fine ee ton evs ao “se . ‘Srctine ite Po teen ook > TASK 14 comin Fe cone 1 be he mt ly en fs ees Tio? orders 4 Dea So: Ma seve fntion S—reguees eat 3 Ped Anais 5 tras fhe Wok Unies ee 1 Yeteticoe a eae 4 The cour ow in eso, {Waa do you mean By thi? e 5 Wal be dione igure | 5 Hes as Jali Fig lows trough only on function in each sarin atone might praens Init poole anign one faction 9 each ore some of wid ‘ly imagine x sna dvton an resin of ay of the tke Het Hwe auger fancon ofeach erance vary Secor Stella fay ote ing espe The et ‘Sones ‘Told bea singram vi Bese ver more prec and cnt 2 ‘nove romeo gh oth sknglat arly rol dee Fein othe night hand age. The regis of fancsons the and wie 8 3.4 Functional development ‘Be acral faneonsl angeagecoursthe ones which se he et Functional evn aa ans ete unaeicratirerte ssen sieeictecsurngiatcaNetect eae it SERS he enone, When be ess Osby controling hese es ‘oan duc tems atl ater than astral, se 6 coal cons oo te arp or hich dns ight ‘we ue languages an thon 090 em how do 20. Int hey3.6 Explanation Theories of discourse ve imporcant stents ad they can ech stds sil which cures ‘Scena ears angaape en om now at feorkor howto ann pole coma ebeingon een Bveshy ao fave cain weakremes or het tenes so Secon abut fanconn, the sare sipper hey become, ad he are ‘Sopethreeforvanaon and spre, Cosy wo oad ees Slane eehaouireand comple Therese alo poeple st Follvane ies of ietons dogo, Woot ade shoul oe fon Ae Some fines ore spore ter ow nay doth aes fBummar and vocabulay® We snl br erring tot einen of Ftnccons in ngs eschig in Son Too. Functional analysis and coherence ni tegen tats iim anon eee esr a Scaciiars sector arctan Sie geet eee rn Spe Ai coer Eee octane Evgeny cieeremmetce Soe cee etereee wa eee Eran eine Staal oot dete Bi Seat Sonar srlprmoate Sree enh nae Sie rte cartoons PEPE nic its wranmeretaet Bepesaaleuina acres Teenie betwen Bethea, = REZ ‘cg htc fee ey ieee raat i econ Par enn decent Sle aynsteatireetcaetahae t EeSieeLa tyne sec i tan Souise faeensgr we ts con ope ape space Tens ‘ert ehe anprtm gn n Spt reese ence ca Scns mien cemntaniea siting oeercerareririnen tr Sra belo erieieemnte giemiere SECRE tape pees ‘Why formal inks ave wot enone 29 acts with one Formally, ow of content tence ha ind of Sine a pice ce mening. Unda seers conten my ‘Se many renigs nic alhough they ste-consesed 0 tha Cote ee Soence meting. ay be eee ae ‘Those wo tps of messing ace dingished bythe sms seman ‘ning te Seed const ree mening) sod pranmane mein ee ‘Bening wise te wena take or n'a prmlr comer, betes Porecle pecple The funcbon of an tence ast be Sched ‘Weateefhowosr, wah wo unanoncred queson sbouedverence thnenon ndtv of semana an oragmanc Hom ang Why tae ‘eng fs rte does aoe holy tee in the sone mesa, indi prope ca ean uteifeent thins with these words how > Inman begs teresa que acerte—what mean or, ‘Slats sid Ard why does thi deren uncon ad form exist {MPwhy do pone note seakdeyaneay what iby mene For Sereeree Wl acl ook chev othe cone of nner inp and speech at sees wih ath ten spas, were ergpe mtn on languge mind ut are or appara eten ‘deo ar pon, Examining shoe tories fom pragmatic will sin abana Spesentomonrmn in whi osu ‘cece andr ganagisiashe needs ofthelaapsgesnes Seal sane tbe able 0 poche sober souvent led ements. Yet ne theres pode stl gh bo noth art ‘feoheres, and inthe pceme of commaniestng 2 (eg, laeguge and clr They fe esa ok Yor dco rl ‘uso be ache ad ees 3.7 Conversational principles: co-operation Zpelcliy al honen bang wo fa pope ted fom ye ppd aitunan beng wn proposed ied fom by he ‘Ricsphe Pal Gre Bei, whe pt ava bare dnd are petite cpt Aecrdng os prc we eer ange “ribesmnmpo ta ender habe or ns We suche Se essence ~ beth man ofa) SR Bete max ont) = Stan the mason of lace = Sth man of mer {singh astmpton, combined wah rl clothe word he ‘her canes fom thelial sc mesingof wha sd tothe Peogmsscmesning-ondidicevha beset nendegto dowwe Explanaon Theories of discourse rte words For example in th xs of my neighbour's wrerance that ‘Thee’ ca stack under the ae at umber 67 eared withthe knowledge fommmy experienc ofthe worl at ats Lar i eetopnrn being suck ander gate tat ban, Dy a penile and mana ewe ey 0 be aBLe ise a Ltr hrane pray Het aleve esleng of pes and BEES Notenin rst sociy have oe misplaced eit he tet lige fen from the c-opernive pink Lalo soe Bere eibour as ealing theta tere wasn eden hase Was ips hallesting. or lyeg racic oe) abo assumed she wat 1 leaned come aod, Thee foes prone eae stuber €7 toug a would also be us wold be at 0 see elerence Takia sino scours possible oexpainbow | ‘Selfveel hs atcranc fo uncon a6 2 feu or el ean he eGov spate meaing roughly parapbrasble = Come ad re the ct which is tock nde he gate at name 67 Tw ala sme thay nihosrssumed tha new hes fsb se tnd he iespted er wore scoring to tbe cropczate eit pe arta duct mhy she way teacups equa Freie moran eden bursbo et and sexe. Tha obi nk ra hr apunany about my asumpins wee i Fa ey Noyes at inept hex word uci, Pd {Sats med pvt sats with my aerpeeton > TASK 15 i Look sam the exchange in Task 12, and the conse yo 120k Sr ow mit he second spake enon fo be {Pete meaning af The window ope’ para preseason in contex?™ henna propelling ibe oneness do Wrest St cmc nd Sy Sema Re, ace cea iy ry 0 ate eieeyhcaamo ha evn dpa eth SEES en heya thy om ral sae Ec ey pone cen bao ene ad SSE nl ew cles. Tee feel mio sl oy a ow tage OSS capensis ae eer cp ea nee en Se See SSE Zc testy ka at sen Sinthcl Deuter ena obey ESTRUS Shey ut Brey on oon 38 Why format nk rent enough 31 pli oppo dietons nd the shor anewer ion simple othe Panto detorson tae bosat 00 omigrace’ shee sed comsdered {ober brits ie~ifone canal sn depres of tna loner "ate bos st teen topratate cepencing altace? Lops deco and wens dicot fon asic the a of gum 0 the mann ofguley “The anime of quany and manera fen ‘isco, To be clear one sometimes neds be lg waned Flouting the co-operative principle Thr aa shen sing ee om tt tonto ing ar Gre cle thmrol the cooperative pre, avays ovis he ear nen the econ pects saad Berth isto in, he sve Coss pers hens I the sendet dos i nendvlaons of the pene oe perceived a ach, of he fecier dos aot ee that they are debra then communication ‘Egoresesneipng cbfuecinon,orssplybesks done stow. genie canpl oun soi mom mo in Hey ae gt milion of bee bos in my elle, 0 ‘My Sr Bras Swe every oe mates ‘hough ihr itera eu, youl presi sc ear Sigur of {her hyetok sway of aka my pont more forall an lies Thesame bole tor metphor (Queen Victor was made of rn) hd toy snd acm (I love then Jou nga of key al he ney, ‘mht pend upon the sumption tat they oil be tered ‘Eiatc lunge ef the change “Be tee ater tha 36 neh ‘Senda dec Nove ths ingoann ina hathasbee sido fy ‘Eetcndes sonst atmo th rca ate of edge. These leur of epech=hyperbole metaphor, oy, sacism—serk ony he ‘cer as cough Enowlee ro know tae serge hope clay wil no oldies of boric, women ze ot made of wen, bdo on, When we roche ortorameone om another cure mecan easly emt Viol incon Chen an foes lmgange este ‘gece ru Gren Vora mak (itey Manny's You Engieh people most hate very big Bos ‘Trough our misjiginen of thei knowledge, metaphor become le, nl metric with the ubingconlson dhe th ofsmesage ‘mtg contracted 9 ener reccer ad ot on) as sual ‘die hehe case gut ofthe sender senting el Jus the quality min can e Bou for ee, so can the wae ye. ‘The suumay ayia lated noth recone cesng poke ‘yedomuch snd trance wee too ie We often say more ha we wulpetapyiomackasenc of ocston severe snd fen sales {Manes nou parapet bu roc, nt, o fortighe Somes we39 Explanation—Theories of discourse inne fot the care oe rent signal embatainet or sets cure ie sare Lay thermal manera ved het {eran si he cave of pane and dower sone, nee tal feng se dete eerie, ri ore to ext saary coer speakers ad exclu an overuse fom the roremnon. USeyes aod dps allt ech hr way che rien i ok ‘ioc ava unerands oto igo: pases for medial dens [nalanguge wich they kao he pti wile ao (hoe ste tho vase restora for tat nd patent spel our nade hey Sor wane hide ween > TASK 16 Wash masinzotshe cooperate enslesrebeing oie inhe fatowing. an wy? 2 Len go fora W-A-L-K. pling the word leery ener ‘roof dog) 2 shee anywhere I can powder my pose (meaning ned = ao 23 = Team amp hither than the Emp State Buiing S ceeyout = Yes bectuse buns ca amp a all hide’ ke) 4 Ths meal dena. al by 4g who Binds the food gene) Thea fe GCE io TESOL, ot all TEL ldo’ know what you'e aking about (6 Chl Fm going wach Mach of he Day 0m, ren We ws ate hemes fo ed you had? “Themeaningsceatedby these Nong willbe te fens pling este fhe onder vo eeceer he eget Lied of laontip whch ccs or developing beeen hese oe ewe thea meaning bg crested by dpa th {udp pape Ap terse way of latang eh post SSE dg tho utrenay poor henan nase 5 Conversational principles: politeness Thepaienes pr kee co-opraie prince, may before ‘1's of maxis whch eel sue se Ye we i be cans af oie Ah the capers pic ny Basen of these maxima wil eke on meaning prone prcencs rw ‘Tota Robintatl 97) helormase ce mses lows Wh formal inks ror enomgh 8 = Gir tons = Nie ou ssi fe goad “These mains ofthe poles pil explain any of hos eon Uiteranesin which ne Infomaten commenced. My sags ‘dis sey Ise goa ere home” in an sem fo mate the Impotion se wa maling To Engh we of pie order an ake ‘ess ad pes arectve) tthe oro labore uesons Weald Joumind. Couldyoupombly May askjonto.-- whch pete {pono els ne apologize or impose (soi othr you td odd pa fo maker heen peed (You Law ch oe ‘Bator egies tam Clty he oles pelea he co “era pil ace on conn th ach ther alten nd ‘share hen murauyncompactle [how do we answer he oe who ‘nis beter we lke ew his tape and soar pees ialwen Thee sondng dance seme poate oneig Fac people recon aware In np tee even te ot thessene of wth to polenta whe he >» TASK 17 ee are ance af eno acilccneations. Ca you ie wich masims of cooperauon and poles te being obey wean e i 1 Anew caches bas gone 1 hs ester’ fe, The head ‘each i enemy By prepnng for 2 meting. The eae ‘escher pais Be ron scall A: Toned i cold hae a word wth your 2 Aton cl The convention * indies abt pases 2 eaguing and end of oeaptag sesh Ar bela Mi Psin thie Gay Cook hve B yo. 1A Go yo remeber am sending us oan estimate fr lesa eps for sured Se ly pours wel ve ‘Sjatad word wih be Bcc Boas han coer fale Mr oles a ett me at th othe oe Yu gave us ules tee any seca cumstances hood ec be more than sand ont honed pounds = [A well he ade’ hve cok af cure hes hese Tome spec iston why you tought t woul cot mote BoExplenation Thereof dione [Ay well would you be paper d forthe price he quoted 1X wel why ao Bs Taner ot wich my wages and overheads # have [Ns wel fy should pay a9 ors) puns Tan pt done cheaper” 1 wal you ean do that * do 3.10 The social basis of conversational principles “Theo operane and poltenets ences, ad the wnsion beween hem, ‘Reta purpone inhuman nercourstoaeeficenty ogee wih ‘thee people so crene and mai sol featonshipe Thee ae “Tunes sad thre ste ype of rlasotchips, ig which one of thee furpoves becomes domina snd the ther hardy mater allo Ehepoces when there i 4 eed for immediate action, hardly Sproat fellow the poieres prin. In com, for ample TERotgs youwouldne couse lrg fTchouted Moe! aryout Thad ‘eather cause willing 0 your end, you sgh 0te ‘Stolen unl thesame formulation resueinghetame stn, 08 ‘Sec smprobseuring yi of the eee. ate ate case] woul be Trek cogs you apianr ana reson, by saying" Would You mind Ionng sgh Ten’ sete sreen my ea ‘Brom and Levinson (1978), who hae ded politeness phenomena in Widely deme languages and cure eggs that ha og ete ae InSlscoctar. Allbunun bigs nctcerto eter into scl lanoshis hak cach sh, mat ako eg the face the people By thi they Theme thar people both avoid eieuing upon cacy ose tery {Bip veto, 3 parser ldo knowledge, ep) ad so seen eer of thn aks male he et Ferson el good rename asumpion ha ihe sane wil ome oem Theses ate face a em acc sey. Some osties paras ave te phate interes ee ames ats ‘ale chter, forename han motes fnsorse clue, beso [Spavateandcaiot be entered whoa pemsion hile in athe ican. ‘Ge ifeencer cue notorious miandestandings beeen pel om cet cares who ae wully—but not aaye—spskers of ileen ttngunpes Maree te peche way ofndeting pet tor ace be Cele speiiyad ot subj fo test amas. Ia Soe cules, inal calc am lle ye rely alte, and ite teen, ‘ther he oposicinay bere, ley ocnac seve important ‘Be caching aol inning of ove langage: Brows an Levine's ov ol renal cate behind conerstinal praise else {Sacer and erpers to appeozch the dif peblem mocesucestly Frouph ther reaatiom dir, the ewoy often concn ams Of Cimatnisone io sooperte and to mint socal tlstonsate 3.1 3.12 Why formal inks ae woe maugh38 ira The theory sl oe ome way towards arsenate ueton sft eon akan enti thon ogc opeons an an ‘ees behind he etal meshing oF wise os Speech acts Infringhe fantion of wha sud by considering fo and context {nab which etn forte reaton and reepson of coberet Aiscouse snd tus for sucesfel commenieaion. Te panes of plies ad co-oerason ae no. on thei ow, chou sofa de Explanation or the eence Tod those ave een-— a ee Exowledge ofthe phys ind socal wold We also ned t mace ‘ssumpons about the Rnewiedge ofthe people wit who We ate torre ‘An approach which nes tofocmlate ow ssh knoe i bro into [ey tspech ator. Ts was fisted the plop Jon [stinn serv of ects mich re now colle izos shor took ith thescpevelrampeeeof Howto Thing Warde Aan 1962) ‘hase ene ere further Seveloped by another saosophe, Jann Sec (1969, 1995), who Both added to she and peered them xe Syste They have ssequely ben develped by other ker, ir for dys te we sal ear thm 2 sgl body of hovghe Declarations and performatives ‘pest ac toy eps wiht bmowtion hci acl oil ‘usin nerfs which arty ae infomation abou te word ome ingest ca hy oe omens sn Stans are searngan th sentencing comin opeing abun. eng» lon ang» dp They ae scenes nich sy ‘Sod dong te acton sr hess ting the fncon cel by {Kefom, Suc urerncr ae tell dechstione The aneane ‘eee a pena eo neg onan fo sd his onto ony perfor within ceain ep pom oy Sis ere, Hower the oneonce ony certs Benge FRncion i cum xtra ondiors se fed The word be Sinaed by soncone wih he seer autor, sory ch ‘Reiss nh ply en peson whoharbenoniaed of art ‘i hey unt be peor wee te ight ne eda ta anda he ig lace in cou Fo the won fncton 3 eth ‘recy al eae conn mu eae The ir conor ern twenties ofthe tay over brea or na county whee he eth Desay has ber abuts no gaed ny sno opin coat sod [Tipe hen, cnet ii pron ae rghcame, Beane oars [ole ls good the judges tage conn s soe Se more SoS cand the conisom which mat be ll ae Eoow ey cmos36 Explanation Theories of discourse > TASK 18 What ae th ry sno fo she flowing weerancs (0 Fancion 1 Lyrae hat they Be Man and We 2 Lame i ip Aare 5 You render ae 4 Label you tem al your sin 5 1etare dhe ei pan dlp clawed vo Palamen “To what en o ch eons vary fom cue cate? Soi cpomaneceeeenaes Saari ceatansaess se eer ieee nae Se cee ceatea eres eas mecetieiamt neers ‘tw oly sistency condone te fled br eke Eee Sree om ae dear wena Svaly sak A goad eames of oreingeonwone®o ‘Sint. To cvs se pombe wo ae the vr arr and sy, for ‘Shel etry sa cea your bots or wut mpeste for ‘Giee your bot. ch soften seated wih eerie mth destin ch oan wal ny be prada te ain ‘Sodtaner an opeston snd known fo bem operation by bos Sener andthe rece. The fis condition fon ode ae 1 The ender bls thea hood be done 2 Therceer as he abit Yo do the acon 5 The ect hash oblige do the aco, 42 The ender bar eo tl he ear todo the son Kany ont of bcontins ioe fle se ecene wine ancien ar erder fT oder sancone 0 dean ther bow when domo aly Sie ths shoul be dane ben ay onder ad Hae (Condon Ica ore sameoe ro det te Doss bu ot ie Ete Tower“ wl er hve dhe ay consson 2 od forse aran ode unlesrhe person making obec ‘Kenton Gandson Dhan That hergtand the power tome ert, {oto (eoniton |. Ieoidnaterder yout Sea ourbows oraz, ‘hough Imighrcommendi Comes wea ser thatthe condions obold hen any erence the see tte san wil be peels {i order, een without sn exit form Uke Tord ou to othe fperate Letwsmapinea ey cea station in which the pomer ef ‘Elven vette nner scars on am span senna vate js oe parade ih Segrant estes the acon of esing ‘Why formal inks are not enough 37 sags tg ‘Sen mre ry een Cee eee eu, so cm mw pn th orb, ot as SEES wren pramertr tert SA ae igg eter ar oe onan Sage srncpcratemanctecer tent Rpetenee cue citer notes Ete yaar can aes sien Eee ewan Nee am seri hh esi tet seater deer re Socks greene > TASK 19 “chav en os a conersonbrweens agent and = poate tigi proce’ by reenact cy conor ae sada chlenseo each ofthe, ore bog mote ‘ple wah thease fs de oder and an ought real nape ution im hich ache ting» pun we © lengeratwer invent» covet which lo tse get {hur eraecn te eran nthe private, The orp rete ‘Echangeis wes cut onthe ee Mach each wear with ont nie heExplnation Theo of cone Sergeant and Prrate “Teacher and Pp SMart ocd ceaig, (onion 1) Tet ks a eating rs Don't yo sik having 2 wal: me fede more empor ss Prbloodysueyoucm get you r thos clener ha tas Jone Fre bean srbbing al woring(callonge) nd tay won ome 29 ‘ener : Yovewiposed o come ont (contin 3) T parade wth clean boo, Jon! ve Paid teehee standing (Challenge) Pa ‘der! : Wem jb eo sr you've gor (contin 4) ‘Seamer Boe ha hist ‘Pe The Capen tld me mas all (challenge) Pu. one fom Clean your bors! Gingeratue) Pre No organ eat Bu SP Jona de our dean your (epic teow. performative, Pr No, sergeant Crocs nw SF Righyouvebaditnow. Teng touncemine my thoy Youeons hare! 13 Speech act theory and coherence ‘Specht theory provies x witha meas of probing beneath she surtace Tiscouseandecatting to ancien of whaeibegsad Tsincure ty help oy to pvt tres bones he setae, sequnce nd ‘loons ae nich say el go Farber tomatas nding the [serio rer pbln wht tat makes secs of nguape ‘Sheree and conmmancatve? Weare movintowats 9 pstnin whith sesh beable wo ecmine ee ascrre of scouts ba nts of Tec eons of fom, 2nd undegtltions of func and Se. > TASK 20 : Desopng the en hat apch ac cae ened byt et Conon anloeng sone x orden went act {cnn sng concoon ed eg thes. Te femlyto bine ito onsring tings ald rect, ene hcp hve a dcte fencto Hee 3 ht of fy Why formal ink rent enous 39 ondions, the soar ofwhich re thon fortes oforesng the chart which flows the Int, dstngh exch rseve 4B "ching the Fei eonins wich spt ie 1 The sender belive the action shoo be de. 2 The ect has he aby to do te action 5 The ett has she aigntion ooo the acon 4 The ender has height tl the esac to do beacon. 5 The ener tere to an aon mceey fo parcel oa 6 Tegel oanscon nena fier ood snpesen somseguence 2 Thesener refer an action which wil beef he recive. {The sender refs to an action which wl bent he sender. 9 The sender posses Knowle ich the vcard 10 The sender Cannot cary out heaton refered co Condon a [iaoaseraon onder A Adve Appeal Peay 1 Ate these fly conditions the iht one te detngih hese 2 Rooter fait of spec acs which as been supped i pret ie Se vo tan ogi ‘fekoming and congredaing Ty tote te eehycontcon Breachol descacs 2 Bo the same forthe commie ats of probing and thet ns 3.14 Underlying force Speech ac thor wis tenia em for shee yet of itenton and imerpretaton ermal liral seaming the words sth lca, he each erred by sig tthe cnn 2 thd yet oe Farlseation of oer so he dconse An wane so hae {cane and petocatnan etme ptack he pcs lucene Te ben srabing them sl moming a tary mon come any ‘Sean, we esate to fetes lye os flows0 Explanation Toso of sone 1 he loan enn nny infomation ht psa bat em ening rbot a mang 2 The oan to challenge the sergeants dee 5 Tepito andemine the sergeants sutra beh, rie scape te dy of deaning he bt Nat How mening comes more and mote igperym we move om) nrlyerta these Tas soetnguhsh hunt beget ‘SEtanae enales they tool omiring teretven a teat Intion of danger and ste one ote majr esos wy cle speak Inde Scased of boing slr, he pete may cy i wae sergeant Iwas ost ning Seen Seming my bv Idec ss ‘ube eusgwcthent opoon ofrent‘Ateyoubuoy? (Tait ‘oresvoidtic reqs than Se downs alerome' Qute fen, people ‘aptly aca y fo cary the docwaonary aad pony ‘eto fomulaeteapuborot whats end Thier maerconert lem, hee we might bea aie sich ‘sug at when you ld my et he ihe et hat you wet in et fhresting hm spa st you mde s amber af ach es ‘Wich cortinued + amaied camel ofintiidnton xen insect stsins people entry top atte peta {bomy snd wth sich omrancer a Whar ie fou yng ole? > TASK 21 Isupshr conn o words? Coser his ne) example. Acoust ‘shdorsheada ce conemings ohn Cn ake ana. ‘ane ups toa fy sue on hs way ou wtbot ye [Era Toeawne: ted up meta oling yn, whereupon he man feo of ir mel ase oe The ry ve sed Sele tmbederce or bath of these actos cou be mtr 8 & ‘ies: Could speech theory have ped hem dese! The uphorof sonal actions is ao always easly formule Spend 65) ge oonstng anna comeing eanngcfasnlInoneenvescoulersurabanetosbowe hich thos al op nese the inane stony ey Be {ermine gan son? Btn he neo nay ih ede Grae ening co he esp oe ‘Sewn, rave crn andar oneteauay Care rane the mening of hao cn? Are See meaning ch domo elt wont > TASK 22 Look ain the convertion in Tak 17 Can you dey he ‘ewan under cah uterance! Hw would You dese the Why formal inks are nos enough 41 rlocwtonay meaning of the ¥o paris? What the [scseonay occa eterno uterane'n Tate 1921 dese ncpre the sora the panes word ow lok we flowing eames of echrgs been 2 ‘akan snd te Ho doe Aino anti ee siocon fore har eac Knapman ch mae Sections tes Dota seeca er ‘Sh cay ore pene ee xchange [Reco laming od shi scram? 8 fry al WHEN th ater 1 (esr mardtnen} Fe nong wher obese Goede ence, xchange? Bro we heen gt the TY programe Ke Concer one hen BE te Pea omen 1 Weil you dont go Fle. B: That aka 2 roe Ban ut a FACT. 3.15 Pragmatics, discourse analysis, and language teaching Inder dic ereofteragmascimey eon apg tow pepe cae mernag tnd mabe fee wary sd ce Suan The tht nesnng ox enacted om he bra {tages ots msg occ neseng what hae, feonc poate some sees of ltghge av cbr doar nd [igs doumacced junds abo imponae for he acta {SSlap ait ors nue “he imparance of pragma thease lesning i ely {nso Fenty, hedcrpene ol non and fom means ne cot ‘yup aching ol foe. roduc, anes need choot the ‘torch mow say rela ernenon and does onset ‘eal hem ony elated fem a recep flanges en he ima pertant forint, they aba neo eabltormove on the fm whe mcion There a aes mien making nga funeon ‘Hee i mere pont th procure pean Penound, ‘paminaeally cores merece Secondly inking of frm 1 fancion may Bly ear fo orerite ‘hems within scours: Al enero 3 focgn np fama ish the urtngserascon of undersanding Sey wo a) ‘Bo tecal mang bt ocho mien tbe Pane The undehingElonationTocoris of dsconese sacar of he dacoure maybe a popremion of ations wind rakdowan pragmaticinerneason my eu lesd os teas Sorter ay: Weskall seed og turer n ecru ho fron Sis interact to cee dour apd how the lene may te ied ‘hrough hem. We sal tua to thin Sacson Two ‘hese evo points ate the iste of the exent to whch prgmanc sneer and dacouce saa accu speci indtheeten ‘then they teed w bear can beg de oo things wth tor eer ancy a angie produces, o pase, a langage Uden, we lst need mote tole than we foal ange Ste ho we do ged that, The nee ofthe ngage er ih tegen asin eae 2 language system cnr orale be [soa zh oy a knoe ae ‘easoning Fie Traonally, language weching has concentred oly onthe ees of the fom language syte—pronuncaion, raat, and yosb isang th ma i whch Se con wrt he neon he tewpean thar other aspect of commarzazon will alow fay Somancly-lvemsinscan fourier the formal ose ofa pn iSnqunge i ry obvious drt tom hat of te lxmers Rt Tanpugs,hart terre forms the sof ny fllcormucton te Unt eds tobe argued ise may. isnot howere all har ede for communcton. Soar inoar search fore ore which rete ‘Ghee we uve oxtiged ome of hoe actos communsiton Ind weave looked at how the fora stew operates beeen a el ap ihn sentences in 3 we ave seen hou Knowle ofthe wed bout ‘xml eso xo o fhe oe (ow ca an telasoestis) cables people fo take hie fanguage fantom Istndandtounderane now thers teramets hes Tocannc hee Enolege withthe angage stem pene se entonng 20d pape ‘Beones go wome nay towards eapuining hv people mea ee ay Why formal inks se no enough 43 ‘rom he fom oh faction nd this ont cxtet dco fom the language hey reve Thee sll gest deal ty abow ieacton of kaledge,ceoning. algae, and We Sal be xplonneehuicr 406 ‘What we nerd desi as langage ches i the degree 0 wish aber CSiopaeat of commana tel aching A oman Sigs Ba ‘caning power, world knowlege, and know igo eatoncle: [rte dons between thoes an eta of he coe fe nor slays cer How fr & crvenatonal pipe and the [Repesor of peach ac proceed dierent xr, for ‘Samper We sa need wo hlp eaves meets the component of Sraniaton ave with ote. rs 0 god teaching hem ete Sts and hoping hat he ere, sue fad wih» common Stseion wil be able ieee thew all wih meds ace ‘Whatee cual vara there ay bea pragma interpre, We ity be ce hati atzaon with orm lnguage pos I docs ned ‘ching thaug me mus be caf orto goto he oppose ereme a tray counts do, an patonsagi text ad eames the new-born ES, They ng wih hem mere reson pow knowl oft wo ad foie sl lenantng ap tee ort pg and ce complex ced fai arto; orate, Snot wih hem “The pragmatic theories we have examined et numer of uraaweced ueom any cits connie censonbesrthy nb Eek apledo dacoune ara an lngioge teaching tn lays for campos where dhe contex of en erage eds (Cok ‘Sheh),and een when tats eased weave ml rw he ‘gar ofthe con conee of lev Hw do aman gs {Sng wich ofthe ny Comet ofthe coms are rant We Shaler oh te Ander wraesushe mpi sumption Cha hdetyngmeaningsa away owncaen words Specht hor) Sous hac the one eee veallyexprmble ilecovon to tsb ‘Te theaces of pragmatic language use at from pisophy eather tan Inguinal be eam ned ac tsented ad sss They concer sfoken cure in which wade and rceer crac wh ech oer ‘Bp and they eno be soa eal eth wre Th haa crim of te theorem hemes buf dacoure analy 0 Incorporate ther aod to srponstate thor rere fo th angus lenny vl eed foo het eee nepretng gage wd as ‘Saul cranes selec what aelevaa sr one ae amine ‘element oft tucnun for weeng at wel tspech snd toaccsat {eediscoune wher these no conan edbck fem the recsier—who ‘nay not ever be preset. Ant wll ee el with Long ster of {inpunge sabes thn handfuls of areraner We hall net samine Wye inhi his sg be done4 Two views of discourse structure: and as process 4.1 Introduction Pragati provides w witha means of lating seishesflanguae be pest eal and pcblopeal world im wey they sake pce Bsus, nde mi be died as the aly ofall hse elements evans puns meni. Diack moving Sm evening wot mesons ‘ver ong pad. Fragman the wos ial ed physi t+ acoune og though (snowed nd satin) ——— [+ igure Fes langage leer endo extern long sec of communi to el and complex scons We heed a bl ater on the eae wean covered so aro loa longer etches of dscoue tft ¢ [Beueofdacourss i else ha nea 4.2 Rank structure (Oe way af repezening the slatonhi of prs 1 ¢ whee a enk -Hracur ohh ea inks madeapofone or moce tthe rab “hi type aaa wed Ingen, decree gana senjens The rar of gras af “erence rae CPt aoe) nde act os parle enc canbe repented ain gar Two ei of ditcorae structure 45 sn lise sn Bie ape Be re pale ed 0 ed led wh wei oles Fie 4 This known a5 «wee diagram although looks more ke coo han ranches seach nt ay comist fon or mow of elements ‘Eeletaiow itn pone fort eens cona lange cee ich ons of ose pase whch commie af 3 sgl nord “Go oe ‘mle eee en iat and 2 word ‘Thee of ask suacre ad is epesentton awe diagram Be forowed fom amine and apd to. icoute Uwe vet 2 ‘heel et of book comple dco for example ‘ede soc sit oe KARA Ki A Ds JN, ANS olume sve) part (=pt) heper(= TASK 23 ln rary coum, cin el has the fallowing mass indlcmen, poseion cae dele cs, smiming wp er, tener The dene ad prosesnon nes atteth naeup tah Inrodcvon,tetmencs of wtmeney and 2 summary” Eh ‘oman en fenomiation tose ean shah (Fhe tom of guesons and anew43 Explanation Theor of cerurse ~ Deprun inks and il es dea ce doar How tc do you think the sac of coarse yes ves teen cares? ‘The Birmingham School of Discourse Analysis, Inthe dco pes explored shove he Boundaries ae ely ‘aod Volumes se py parae pars and cpr ae elle ot Siehs paragraphs ae matked of by indentation and are vile without {eading the won. Simlry she sagen formal spon course te ‘St often cles mack with aerancs such a6 Tem my ese Lee ‘icyou another guerio’ or Next wes” Othe dscouse yes oot fant such nei marked ona they may aso be suscep the A poneering nd infil say in this fel ws ced out 3 the ‘trent af iminghamy Sinclar and Coulrac (1975. To‘eachers ‘Rot paralr inert aoconly case providers model which mighbe Spied wth osbeonon to dusts In peer bor co Secure he Entat ype t chs analyte war echo leone ‘lair and Coulthard record a namker of Beeah primary shoo Tesoes On thebass ofthese data they proposed ranks for hese [enone ae flows Sisson 2 Thanesion 2 Bechara = Move cae ‘hts thelowe akin this aeapechacsofth kind ince i, rom hdr, Siar and Coulthard ented ie amber el by ‘He teachers aod ppl ad gave cach one odes Table “wo views ef dscoursesruciee 47 a ee 1 Ge Rianewgomtbtee Ps cr? Aor Me Metienet Epletreatecrecorer Senet ‘TUB | (asd on Snclar and Coulthard 1975,40-48) “Tey then dew up slo, based oa the das, towing how thse ac combine together fem nevs and ho moves combine oem anu Fedsafexhangerote ay granmatans formule rls daenbnghose swore combine to phases pies ito clases One Hind of cine ni iy lea eacigechoge saeco Opering (Answering) (Fllowp) (Alamein racers here anda Figure 6 options) Going down sptbnethayeichol nr moesconnss pected octane48 Explanation Theories of dacomrse peer Space me ae eeinetly mesange wider tole cl) tb ore SIE Gam oe sents tafe Me. ry ep ee hetrne) (ond) nom pada) ge 6 (aad rere bed on Sinclair and Coulthard 1975) > TASK 24 rena rancsgt pot an ngileion ina Bshascndary ‘shel forcomensoge ne Tak 1. Trytcode rests coe, {She Scr ad Coury and sow how hey combine Io mores and exclungen Wht probisGoYu scot? “T. o hing to etabh for he wie at he Bing of he Noryontheuustonwhariicnandon"arbetepningt theme anybody nha the mtation Dogs hve $8 feed he sor Dosahs & nose 4, Se wan’ np sen ili who'd ry ae Suniom se tego * Mba! Ne $5: aur eee § Gate 1. hoes the araston athe beginning sled saaon ‘ot whee whan tery sarah Degonng Bee you rade 1. fit whos ead = Seek Wal 190780 “The Bimighan Schoo approach sss en apo may diferent dnsoune perfor Ciampi, meds comusons (Conard and Momganery 8815 a7 gases ery 981 Theemprane of Thesis of dcomrse scene 49 ‘ch approaches forthe language ame i ha if peopl inoled in ‘inate iaoy, cv subeonscoury ofthe succor ‘Trew pes and te way they decoy cn the tc ould nay bie dm ro commemeate succfly The primary shoal pups ‘Seb Sia and Colt ad scl sacha knee ofthe ‘Syste dvelp the parents sel imow what sagen and (Gn orense the ariour scordngly. eco Su OCU te “ventana, and hence clay vanable ese Die snd Rich 1565.16 telanganpresne in erertobe abe oper elect 6 arcane in ducoare redo be ale Bo went peo ate bo be nso i do pet bow wil pial Se Str: Agni ths may explain tht pena whch eal > Uicsslorne of dacouns sais vo lsuope acho: how i ha 2 ‘tide with ap adanedproencyinpronuncaon, grammar andlent ‘omcho'fnsto ane hve ngage sto commune sucrstl > TASK 25 re are ro more extract rom senda Engh des What Dobie So they eset fore Sli and Coulthae’ cding Sed how cml teased 0 cope wh then? Exner 1 11 Sout a big buly Denise Sie Noame sn! Sharon? SE Nowe ane Soe ie Extact2 11 Reer he qusion wl you? Si: Oblesveon le or osecnd, west ci somethin 3 Sonet nerese {ook 158756) “Toe dsourse pesto whic hi approach is mst al apple tend 10 recor etre common They aeallute fl and rai, ‘etre one posapnt wih te inmeusonlacé power a det the ‘Ere Th pean ny wel pure Sevlopren of he dseouse ‘ance as Hopfly Be ese With esos) within he fay narow Lena ote soil oovemsns fr thar dco type Tere te es “er ppuns ns fom hn nde, co Tb ‘romana inept irbortnion cme, mans, mai, tr igoancy soem a> iw hae te pear FigenExplanation Theories of curse 4 Discourse typology: spoken and written; formal and inform: Th minum Sco! peck xan spk cu ego epeeltberaselaredcencnonstotingtsevhentssnad sie em es mr od en mh be ‘tue We ned now's wey be vy ot apse t ‘hehe canbe extended so ctber kind of Scour, and to examine “ites ss ay el gt cma ian of ow ie nc daca neces te Forno whch ar fsemel isng tem Tedonaly, langage exchng ht ded core fn oo mje ‘gcc sent tn re dct ore! ‘pais, ong yore Zinn rene Shien sectnchelencontdeed elected tale cer rence by ces Thee soe Ustlgtlsn desta boveor-ielesnns news ate and tec fae side fetes i comon val gpl aca ‘Eom A we hat em car say of engin Set Sppoul, hes Kats of pokn Scouse sho panel one iii rtcordnorpanren bec ime car ‘Riviera a oven Sumo nfcns ts come theca oe Myke spahceniogtetesne supa beni tilts Glkstons sta or ora prin snl epost Siren heer mr Corny eee ‘Rhnrdet oka tec ytaendsrine Wites regents Kener Tesch sid exaye tack eet, Tecan fat SodDay nl me oon om coc Te alo! dion fee int gle adh wen ‘uly andseniybsedon diez prodoton and econ me ‘Seon sna ioron ado hea ofthe phe Ye ‘Wlarusdsoun sre coneoe amore uname dncion ‘Sens tobe bets a, ned coe owhch may beer ‘Sten poe ander aopanie scour which_Soorht ofabe ane ts uien= i tay eed wk pe Meal spoken dicoune i ometing tn wie modern eegn Heging lesa with opportuni for tare nd socal emt mat ltd sho sucee bur o he disor pe be oe ty o find hardest pricy bcs nora and unpredable Risa Common and enormoxsy ating exponen or foreign ngage {etc pvsed ih be oppocny to potgte maken ‘Spent wih nate pees al opm cea, dee nes tgs ee of prone in the soa. Contos TSOTSI exten a nie of be neg ngage rer cr ‘uc below prego ngage knee By eine te Two vines of dicoursesctive St Jeane a formulated something sy, the conversation has moved on Yetthere ae other eto 4.5 Conversation as a discourse type “The tem conversation wider ae, na nonce ese, an ponte sez capable of dungshing rm oer hd of ta They ean, Broa peakng tthe tse sal aco aay se ret ‘agus abut wha they ean "conversion fo, andsome seo se thetcon deci ary Kn foratineracion. Weshaldebethe tse {ows Tal maybe esd ss converon wher 4 lie na pray ase Wy pra ek ay eee owe of paripant paraly spend 53 The aumber of parcpan al 4 Tuto ae gue thor 5 Talks pray forthe paripanes nd ot for an outed diene. ‘Tes inion ace inpreci Foe example, coming (3) tee 0 fed ner of pereapae which comenaton feces impose buralitouph comeracon can ake pace beween Be peopl cot se pce wens bundced. Ox ap consterng yee to Bee ten fortran cnet arson one paripant hls he {ear lrsome tin yet stoogh we sgh s va! ot nu pe cfs comerntion we woul! cone convertion to have ceed if Soran eked for an hut ands fall: Neverhl, Se Sefton at ‘ek dap ce precio, eos Seavtees car acieie rmmmemcretens eee eee ee eto em etn rao Reg eereatrar ees gta t ‘Totkatthe convertion endofthe cline dis to mould any overall sauce lke thse proposed by Saas and Costar ndsol mht nally tata per of the dein of conversion sn be tay and lack of sacar) Conersion > TASK 26 A: Come in Highland Hoy. Can you beat ne? Ove, 1B YesT can hee you. Wha te Wenner ke up thre? Ove.‘1 Esplanatin Theos of dicoure ‘i Fie, Oe. Exe Rath ening, Over and ou ‘What rte convenson af radio contention ike thi on, an shy cee dz rom hose of fee tlc convention? | 4.6 Conversation analysis CGomrssion nay, bic e wometines reared 25 Sint fom | eiscouti anusis Levinson 1983:286), a branch of study which sets out to demver wht car he mig bein hc apprer uot en Socsed fh poe of seas the USN known t enone ‘Shogo tty (set ot to dtoer what code tiodlog peop tino xetopancpneirand makesneol Rete than 10 mpote large acre on what happening fom the ‘itr hy bog a he mow cael ting ech paren n Inteacionhanlecomenaon: how they ade who can epae, aden ‘lvkngoncorpes Noms econ conversational Jace roseed ‘ery much ron eh tom yng eva he al um Indo eard work he bo Snla and Coulhard ss oveaty renatute formazan (Levinson 1983:287) Rather has wa al 3 enfin aa esr whole om wos a with the bere of hinge be chnomethedelopam ty oundersand ow 8 Uden ne They ew dace a elon proces ater tan 2 ‘Ente! product an thiy aera how he ars us be ancingt and making sete of, out te bee a teasrpuon ahd Dos bo eng 4.7 Turn-taking ‘Theatnemetodslgin’ saning piste ery sic obseraton ha ‘Spgnnon inlet tang tnd that be snd ne peck eh Se heparin of the nese egy leh co eich he th {best prea pecan end seisacond ng Sake Scepo, and Jono 1974) Overapof tune sccm tem sbst pe cea ‘overton orem sesh ngpesiag that speakers sonthow hic ‘ity whe apd wwe to ene vi Tipp1979)-Thay eal each ‘he throm tam hn ome aan end aed shes ep, Whe “amoyace rgensy. of date to cover what beg ie. Conve) ‘aunrbencen ne sl ary parr mesning Cameron 8 Tivodosenbhow people tkeeums, sed ener sb crestee hey ‘reap tums or pe Benen te “Thesignican of his approach othe language eres conser ble ‘Teretaking mechan he ayn whic opestersbld or past or, 48 ‘un vir of couse scare 53 ‘arebanes clue ad bran langage Ove ina venation howe or kar clare omervoeeene tan hee Thee re Saveur sige which erable spears to pet nomad 0 Bott 2 Seer tpn th ten to sombody ee, ang zc o “Thonn king wo a in wher Sesmeancee These mesoemane ‘loc snl be ited fom one ey asd thes fom one nase a ‘ea aniston to anther Thc goes alone wa towards expan he inlates tye frignetetinconesaionan anaes ‘ich dos aor nem whly buble oul a ow poco ot amar and vocals IRIE nang so inves acre which ae alin, Exe conta one rong mea filing, ann Br calrein e [enters nan open bed nt spstes nk nea Sng she ‘Etpandes ok ter imslocuos in he ye at thea Body pon fd movarrat a pay an import part—akbou thee a ts icon wo each eke acess nelepone comers ers 0 ‘age thse aco eps peep ot mportat ME 2 appear ntnatn snd saame como hang ‘Therelavestatusofthespekes,otherole which oneathem payne ‘eaoimparaat foal stuatonsokscan lea peo sec Sim in cen in comerttoneiee scstng wwe Aeon ‘aes powers supendes~i sue hat ko elee cpap ‘ocd ofacarsear wise whl orpoen Sean en wn he ‘poiesorspehonin the br well a the sone. > TASK 27 Lie cael fame ofa convention, andi posible ‘etd it How do the pareapans pain and as wn? Bo tt ‘Seu uth er oelp rae hte poss betwuen hem? 1 you we broad coneetaton-—for example 4 TY chat ‘hw emembe although tsaresmian sare wih pee non inl ao havea fpr deena ha the Darga ae speaking fran andere os wel ao then! ‘Turn types One nd ttn abertin he ethoometbodsogts debe an ‘cn paty hs cc when urn foe spec ke farnalieLendt pone voy tay. Apr ore eh Scie ante gering sunmmtysuamer ky tt, wes mecha sch ar denen pep Sess eof anemein name atthe ens hr a we Sp Speman A agar Bly wb lle by he espa oe la ono Be eps teExplosion Theorie of duconse eee spose (bcs iss ot fegonty and te oes he prteredhapowe beauetrr ar common) Feamplesof Bace parton m ase Acceptance irre 1 Ofte TASK 28: lee ten yes andrei machanan in he flowing Enns 1 A tothe’ hardware me ould alin and get on on the B: Goyou tok tees one B Ok hen ® Ar thar would be ce woud 1 Tima he job ot the eda shop 1B: sent REAlte wha do yo hep ling efor Exact 2 sen wanted orl you on ofthe ila ysl cls we acer when we come bck won we tet eshe looked at fey hos sed he and you've or shy shoe or someting st [pe shen i Spin the ud Me ae Span hough ms realy omy Record and wanscibe an equally short set ef comeration Italy Sesame yes 4.9 Discourse as process Binaaiadog dps conn wdacune comme nd ‘efraed been th propane ellowsng preci pte ‘nt marklog the rection they se aking in prslar way: mi pau ithe nations Aer word, and ceablahed forme The ‘oventon su tparspstonearo wha shaping snd ‘Sly makes och mre, Forte Saou sie poe ‘othr wey of ecountng for seine outers, hoe ne Spare Une dncouse whic te tal omen et ear penn. For he langage each prove poeta ct onceing tbe cats of te tonne ound in eaves SREN"se teened ste Carey nder and proce {urtalng pone mpl beeing pound or mitndcvandng Et Inga eater for one msi wa Scanned camping cop seal nro Sse orgy ites ss fr whch nga csoom, vbrearar pate orgented snd consoled by heen, as ary pcan hon. nee caer who cman erp te en dace coe ‘er omnatsl make Dox on Wola ursaine proses fay ao hinder the sede eqtsten 058 eplonaton Thereof dicoure > TASK 29 Can ws or sould we ang ofeach smahing? What i the ‘urs of mmandetandng te following ending to cores ‘Son feoncen an Englsh nespeater(N) and fog erer Py, Sr bw woald you rey i IN: anyway ..* wellanpay ,.. 7 Ti ging *soodbye Fe but you have ot Sched your sence Sta eens You bate sd nyway and wha -10 Conclusion Thecroaproachsto discourse whichweharecomiderlia4may set ‘econclatle and applicable o very diferent ks of eration, The ‘Bimingham Soo ar dea oly wt femal dcous, a wth ange {truer whisk eomeeniene ser the erent the chmod Inc cochewed thee ange suche snd concerned thee tee ‘tactons snd oly we etal tonsetation. Te pssbty remain, owever, tha the ewoapoaces maybe developed ane recone ard Stork by Reichman’ (1985) bis achieved ome sacs) In comp ‘athe fxm forthe combintionr of mover im comers, td ‘inking the to parc rumking mecanams, loa the [eget tne dh fomlation ot be exchenge oe enero {he bmingham Shoo analy, bus cis by one speaker which ges theo Bisel pubis ior mone of pero canter cana puters {che oar canter ace Movument nin abc heecontest ‘Spuseam hen inked so spectra vies, Bat mh etch ‘Siltcay nme aeactue and mechan of convernton hares ey loop nay 5 Discourse as dialogue 5.1 Introduction ecemealwe ace epaningto bud up amamberof diferent echriger of ‘peri wi poeamanoeronr ia wa he {Grersrechs of lnguage tse hie mesting sa the unt? We ave fete dee mich ia fra ry eye oe prspmatcinterpetatonr which in eel meaning far soca Incsning athe een of err sacri arcade dacoane pean aecomeratonal mechan wis abi peoples ‘inutac infra dessure topes and pike sec of wht ish Bithey doo. oe Peng To the ast of these, i ihe be objected tha its eleance is severely luted. Wheres the othe approaches seem pote applicable to ‘dncourse in gener conveeaton analy by defn, anens oly ‘plicable to Scour of «patel pe spoke informal ineracon Some ofthe denser observed by snversion anit pasin, vein Fine roving in boa vave of tc ate ned to opkendacoue, Fett hye the alan fone pn oe ith anor ad ‘bodthe mal eontracson as dscouse ifr more wiel apple eee sal apie tha dalogue one he fondant Sucturng piles of discourse, wsiten abd spoken ake Prado chs Ss'tue i dscouse which appears fo be eeated by ane peso lone lowing) an ncoure which ic reed by two oe mor loge 5.2 Dialogue in communicative development Developmental, dialogs comes st, oti the human specie, andor ‘hehamanindnal haves ard dnc of te ops cfg ‘pcr comnts, bir sery eons sue that eee recede! wrsngand dale precede nonolopr hresngy one ot Sect matin ea Wn Epes soy te Sua {liogus preset ax Conners wat morn woes would peso st ‘onslog Pehape some a a prelcrnce emis in moder praicee ‘tic iour ac ce neracon: ers tensor, none [A with sock, oo with each india infne, Turntaking and interact aiong he Sst communicate sil Puen hold53 Explanation —Theores of disconrse ‘convention’; even wih very young ates, af he llowing ‘los eros amorkcr and be tme-montvold daughter Ges sews ieee fees EE aie a Eee ieee ca Hece the other i inerpentng the cies earn oie ah ‘phenomenon which has fed some fesse to wonder ther the menting hans of conversion and sbi engi he ind lum tt simane gh be he nal eee eo che Cl {pale she Cais the angnge, working top-down, ro the Etat sructre to te anal at well a0 perhaps oe orsmrap athe weal ben stand Discourse typology: reciprocity Inéscoune ana ithaben fal common dating erwecn wo ‘lindamental typeof Saco: proc and mv-rectproca Dacoue isreipoal when hte leat potential for inracion, hen the Sender en monitor epi an ast tor, pur ance Whee the ceiver an influence deropmen of what being id. ‘om rea cure ener nd recetermay haven pry ot Imtratubn The propel recpocal doeoune a aetetace conve ‘on. The roonpe oon secpoet dicuriehabook bys dead author. ‘The dite, however mleadag Using lige we san pice resprocal and nomeipocal discourse a Reco: None line anign postion parclarintanrs scour wed ely tat thee ae eany termediate aes ad secondly hat abot noe fecpoclncureunly. Eve eis works i slude ty fom some tea of the recirer of the work and adjst to iebe ‘Sezningfuns of what they 3) cnbe Viewed aa measure of theses ‘hat prison a ads Prope on telesion ain behave as ‘how they are merc wth ws they lok athe camer nd adress themsetes wou and though ths secs fo be ation, because we anne intraprorecnadc ul nccan sch of or one and TV programs ate invenced by emer lners and tinge S4 Discowse as dislogne 61 > TASK 30 ‘Where would ou plc he llowing oe cleo ercal= sooreaprol Scour? 1 a TV news broadest, 2 durch eee 5 SSpeage beamed noose sce in ech fl ile 4 Slee -~ “ 6 27V pheaein| 7 Hate Seamer ade by 2 Head of Scare 9 Shar wih your sex door nehbour What robles rein placing hee instances hecline? Addin sore oe example of Your ons Ie shoul be deer Task 30th epoca guesion adie All ‘coarse sae or lee respec oly becuse based por ‘Shmpeons ahora shold becesetharaoagh eee ter ender for peach 0 ore repre and wean bea, {hie bras mane econ tae ante reaped le ke he Remafrmal ca cts aston the cinion eee ‘pech and wong A monarchs pss aca sat openng parame, Sg ten aw dhe cbc so thease Immo fom one acer anethe heagh wen ay gp of sere frees ad our epi, ad in ih fecpoce Reciprocity, dialogue, and word order So we ave bee ling abot the epost ofl cose in she broad of term coaeting 0 the techasins of slog oy ‘cry yaar monologue soneacswin ieee? Simnd Yet stracringof cour eng prer alo at nis othe mos deal rama ee In2 weloked atte des offormaescl and rapt aonctons ‘rwcersmenen in monoops Aaah Kn frelon SSonologe Gucoune te ve) munya to dog oth an ‘ini eater We mh en eas an egnting endo each vec te pot ic te ene aces Beeson poe ‘eer, inagns eps and ads te et semece aca Af we wonton fat abo he works Jobat Ekendchipe=w hve a tanberof wer whch wean thts scnene, Weeold ny ty ~ Joe ate ih and chineExplanston Tons of ducouse buch te many oer way fying the ume hinge ioe iret rieniahrses,. 2 Hele ioe A te TERE cee Ties Tat THESIS tec TEESE nea ie doo hg wm day ee he Sop rm a ar et it a iting el cues pa omic Spy mtbr scary the tno > TASK31 ‘Wihoue adding or sebracing inforason, how many ways can you indo rephenung ts serene! From he beponing of ott month, most of she major bank in ‘sain wil tua chee cade fering clout hologram ol ‘lam Shakes. (Nae Sin 8 September 1983) ‘The sang thing sou thee diferent ways of aranging the same ‘alot eh thoy all apparent mean cea th sabe thing The ‘naman inal he serwons ashe meno more ad wes, Cul Gear rst randori ce Yanan, petaps ro ad ide cyfoes? > TASK 32 “The flowing are both sequent of grammaialy rec se ‘ence They Eh contin sacl che same informacion, One of tiem i the Beiaing of ihe opraphal heck of Ernest emingvay att apes n the Feng edn of his novel For ‘Whom te el Tolle oer the tame bograpical seth ‘Heondecfilormatonineschsemenceseres Can youl wk [EVs U'you cam, Bow cd you 302 Version 1 {ah 9 acing Mie Hemingway wast nO Pa 1 hip ropectablesbart of Chicag. Bag a dacor was Seniaton Oh es en goetun Of x ce Ere (torte sodA kes bang oe n Michigan, nea nie (Relonens nae th place ae heap mee sen by he ay [Nthouph i cht Ste Ernest was cnerpete ad ecco, Dacous at daogue 63 vcehecanamay ombome befor the Kansas City Star wari Bhim ae cub epocerin 1913 The hala one wae he place there he vluntred wo Bean ambulance diver daring he ext {eae and wast wounded, Wering fears othe Tort Siar [Woskjueemhathe did mhenberened to mera in 919-1921 wes the yar he marned Asa toving covrespodent he came Eetope ht ee, sd evel re ener wee contd by Veron 2 Ere Miler Hemingway was born in 1899 Onl Pk highly respecable suburb of Cat, wheres athe, agen sportsman, seit a doctor. He was the second of sx chidre. The aml spent Boldays in lakeside honing lodge in Michigan, nea dian seclemens. Although enrgts apd succes m al hel ac tis, Eres ewer an sa fom Rome Sefee Jig the Kawas (Gy Sar ar cob report in B17. Newt ear volnesed 0 ambulance dver on the fan fone apd was bly wounded, [exaing eo Armes he bogen tome fx fo the Toro ‘Sr Wat i 1919 and was mated in 921 Tat eae Ep 3 song capone aed creed sre ge shuld be apparent fom she fact that we antl these emo texte ‘par—ellwhichoneisdseoure, and wach aconsractedune“hatoat ‘vcs to cute var, but have some ‘onmanicae function making Scour re esl compre (hes sar sin ne comprehen bar procsing ts tach swe ta mare oe yh fe an pend th en se hoi, ery gasome may toward explning he range ei teachers havewheealaga pee ofwiten wack hchevery erence Ie rammasall coe nd yer thee omthng sot ue ight That Something my wel be todo With se cote. ‘As we do make important choses heron aerate version of Semences even though each oe eae in isl hen a sacs of fentnces ie pomble tht the choc eng cise by te sentnce Ere cach oe bawngsEnei-on ion teste he nee At fatten, would sce that sha eng of fornstion te aneber anc of femal coanecton betes serene scours, On one? ‘spent corourtobe ak corsa, dcatedty whats ogra ‘Betiadf te sender apd ke assumptions he re ake soar whats fog on in then ofthe rece ‘One way of andestanding thi io ew the dacoarse a proceeding by fnoweinginapie and unspoken queons bythe cients i adeeb inopectiaeedaepmndeoervea55 Esxplnation Theories of douse hore and hen at Bret Hominy Bor? Erne Hengay was born in 99 0 Oak Pak, highly respectable ‘uth of chee What di ter dot (ws hi fate een sponse as doco, ‘rsa poionmbe famy? He waribe sond of chen, Whore da the family send thr bodys? ‘The aly spent hye ard wn. shold be aon efeion that he one ofinformationn ‘EceLatvere coated by he genio ae ene we can sa et the ‘Scaring people of i dour dalopey fut we wl eto ‘Smet slaconp beeen he word ore aed tr Balog mote ‘Boreas Information structure in discourse ir arr oa ne Teas ata mnt oe ESCLSTET ai depot Seinen ipgeaasiosmmnicnmemsenanconee Bee omelet wae SPE cael es ainenectgaer et sec ig ee see Zo ‘One widely accepted explanation ie har the ordering of information demand by te senders hypotnses south he eer Ges 38 ‘dw notion. Wi hs erpcaon we might dre normaton mo fo perch whch te ener tank he ee ae Known 28 (Gatach be sce inte ere dos ae acady oranda ‘Bazwo ergo snomon ans naw monmston peel AY Ue foraon nay fous range stars se discos proce fd wha wa ew mone seep tones Bien tthe wet, peste ‘athe jboss, commancason might be deed 3 ‘Scere fenton Serra andes ‘Smit vs psa who corey soe he ae of Food Iisa mide, an wen wha gwen nen vig eee case es we sae tc new tbe pe ‘wie eeompreerae Ey ‘Apical dicours the, proceds ously flim Given... New. Giren...New Gen... New ‘ach en ent bing alread known by the sect, o ening om & Dicoue dope 65 cdg pie of ew information A boundary Berwer the ro 79 9 Infomation may welcomed with or deed ees the boundary f= linguge unt sen aaa, ors ps We cx sale out roprapuel slack of pes Heringvay ian ay and expan mye Scnd vio Ie righ snd etvemnn eertony The icant ‘be ded as flow Giaee New rest Miler Hemingway wasborn nat Oa Par, ighy ‘eapanblesbaco ef Caeage “Thewrer may wel ave end tat mot book buyers lead kno of ‘htenstneeofs ws aled eer Heminpesy, tn othe ot tei they pled ute book. hy would sendy hve en ame on the Snr Belov sng ead th bapa tees ide Eon ‘wahoo previous knw orth gh af vero tie, rol fen ive pros new tortion atte ry begining cfs decouse, ‘Soph ties oken metced sang ofmeznngies Sng He ee (wei the en sa ate epi Gace New Thertwas Stnmncalled Ee Henicgway ‘The fc the Hering wat hom a beat pt of she ven teatro en ch meme ‘con The nea pe hoy th 698 st Ok ut maphereeniy ‘Seed an new Now, belt weve th opening ean, hw om Pest f what probaly he nfematon igen heme othe Bren infomaton, Te anlly the ost renders ead mow Hiicgney sradlename batter aobratey marte (Tea favo enigue of the acre ed pall propaganda Next we have hen Now "rhrehis nhs, Ken aporaman wat dot. ‘laow he musthae had ate fem ar knoe fn wo bat Jeddoarknow wharhe was Noterhow hese opeing ante Sloe he main page is sal Rol cane = Gen New Fits tescond och, ‘We sendy know Ere exe, but nt his oskon inh fay. ‘efamiySpenchokdays in ted haning gen Michigan, “lichen acne enn eer ‘Webzom ead famiy—sixof tem ban sad ben menoaed—batExplonton Theorie of dzone roe whether hey wentom boiay ar where: alliough here wemay make {vungorane corel sermon: if we ase a. som that ames ronolidy.a aco iesrnerablessbavnga ater, weight die Geet New “Theil spent holidays inslakesidc hunting dein Michigan, ae ‘lod seems “The ordering of sven and new information isnot aways a ahr rtd ae Somever The very seiece“Athough enegete 2 ews inal hoa acne Ernest ce ra an rom home belore ining the Kore Cay Stara cub repo 1917 depart fom tas pate New ecmaion oad tthe Hota hough ere gen [Bfonaoesgpeing thats famovs weer na away aca be fete and scant sooo. (Akerstvay we can sed Si 2 ‘pine wih a sowe in winch the piven ped ‘hough Be es omen a sci > TASK 33 Inapne rason in which you have st marked 200 examination ‘Gaipe You might thn be ced ny f the following questo ‘A. What have you jst done? 3 How many examination sips hive you marked? © Who tue these 200 camanation sit? 1 na di you ssp you Bad ast? Whar han you dane wih bse 200 examination scrips 9 fe hen did you acta examining? 1 For each question gia shor ane of eran ne an ve 2 your spoken answer to each quetion was the all "ej ‘raed $00 examination scp’ whch word or word wold Youscn nex ce? 3 yonbad wien ill answer to each question, ow could you have earragad te wonder to dat stenion he MO ‘paren word or Woes? ‘These ae ot th any interpretations of the information sucare of incu The wont strctre ofeach ease may reer te aye ‘Soles orpnacd th information aber own ang, moe than he way {Be guns ti beng recived n another Anat, he ender may ‘wh to make cen pars of te mesg the topic of what she Synge eco senson and ott sly commons There may ‘Stoke prly formal gramacal esrcons on whatcan go fs ac, Discwse se dalogue 67 allthese explanations maybe uc andimerar wth each ter rode mince cmglen, aie but er sugestive eect S a, we have As with aly the oreting of infomston i ering Im epesch the ‘Stuaonis frher complica the way se andra cond enn so ary pat of an tence, an inded hie whole sje ha ‘tainly ber deat wt ean sn he sya paken ange ‘Nocne fly andereandr he working fee nergy a ‘ee ay forgive curse or having a setaton of mebing sepa ‘hroush ou fingers when we uy opp them= baton thing cee thechoice we mate sur the dr ofthe norman denureees brown assimpiossbourthe worl and abou the people eae ng to commune wk. The wath of hove asumsions pes unity to Sosune and races oo commmston. The fabcbood put ‘inp flap > TASK 34 Acsoun for ech leo the folowing newspaper reporcin em Gktsewnerssrampsonr of wherigen sel en formason ot ‘he render What problems de you encounter? Yori rm tinker Alan Hk ne oh Haas st seek to sake par io.an histone sisaule op the Tibetan fe ‘Scohgpangma” Als, 35 wil on fenowoal Polish mouranee Jere Rakha abe azenpts to completa renatkable sequen ot {onguets ofthe word's herr mountains. orth leh cimber, ‘Sithapangmatr tony mous over 8,000 mere wincb as "There aceoureen nal Theonly pronase 14 8ftolmere esr be Asan superan eibold orkabive Evening Post, 7 Rugs 1987) Sow is sacs a dslogue by iseing « “shox? quesion ‘eereea each case cae64 62 Knowledge in discourse Introduction ‘We ave feu eee othe importance of wold knowledge and sett ewe he ac st ‘capone mee ng owing inh ese toetge, ante conee ees of he ‘Scent of thar Enowige by the fect, se seal for seal ‘Semancaton Th uc of every apprsth conse st lneoreing th cohesive devices dete in, forearm depends pon the Enowldge of te coer Sm “There wat «peep on he ble | emperor we ed okon aie ae ii nda ae ace Knog ao sumed ne uncoal ia o ‘Engage ceseobed nf. Whee ny neous, "msn saw you were home. Thee’ at ack under he ete Seaman ha new aout te abi afc of ames ae tout howe exon and te oxall reo fle of women ad ten. inate seen noting tn oa Cold au ht Jes Fidiowiedg of heautory of srg the blgasenrofprates be Iiporance tached ool boots on arc pounds soo a4 ‘weno Sow suse parpanon esounse whether in ore itso south wn or cmp ae ‘cerntons spend pen pease knowl of hom sch evens pelbcrronac an aro nour bpp poe Leansnebnggnbey tres awe cs re fra ma i ‘ and ths the grmmancalchter ond word onde of We ned ow lok mare dsl nd more preiely atthe rle of nog, ab ho mera with ngs to cae crue. Knowledge structures: schemata In recent yeas the roe of knowler in doa prodacon and Semper hres Sera yap nt Bl cal vetignce wich amang eer nderout, aenp 1 oer computes prs siundesrnd Suen Acehnese, Knowledge im discourse 59 ‘soles fa more than the ngage boing ives penne owkrof teed Areal imeigns sto unercinhow tis nome and anguae nrc, and wo repodace the Prose in For dicounz nis te mow ino ik come on ofthe fl of encanta rg acer ete ‘eqrecions of pletion, ond they at eed dasoune ‘ocesing optic te conten the prc ston which he recedertbes Te cent he ria sims ey word of Bsn the en ory de come avs wed shee and ther to make some ofthe docs To posam # compo fo ears utr, rl agi cen ed dhe tis proses ano ge comput toh he cesar) Inge Koved sd the neceaty cha The gps ha compas ‘anbeproganmedto proce dcr nave way orang ‘Keug he compleny af human lagu competce’ nd han Koei ae rete than hse of sy xing compe How mena aches operate courte rodoton a somprehrsion ‘shrrised by anomie lngie snes cour cated tere he court boat er movements daria he marin Shes 0 {Siihem suman she abo th She bes aloe 1 Lwokeopat seven fo. Lmadesome tanta apf. ated 0 ‘Hehe An efor wa at abut 650, ‘Sch a escpion ht wl be enough sat the cour But suppose ones hod 2 Iwokeup arse fog, watabed [was wexcngpyamas Ate ying ‘lft fmt ew back he vc oreo walked the dot ofthe beizoon opened oor steed onbelandns ae, walked rom the landing epee! the atroom dar, wen ae ‘hom: put ee bain lithe upole, ame the Bo ‘an some ae waver inate nh bain, ood inthe me Although isis aor, we mi ore surprised fthe judge inert ‘his wits nd acased be of being ces oo be not oe lame, hy? How doe the witas ave the aout of dtl egal ‘Rodi cour wane ona the weal hy do they wae ay ens omseed? There i fac am int af xt deta at could Be Sale, ven tothe cond version (The wines dd nor reton every re She baked for example or the fst tht Se was Breathing) “Th pin i that she second venion consis sapertuous and inclvant Informacion, though this woad no oeesany be the cae we were “aplaning wat we dint morning tan Engchspeaking Martone [Srotsha ue normaton nthe send ers norte bat ether ht ‘ttabuimedand hat the wines can aoe tauren hele