Noise

Reduction in
Audio
Signal
Submitted To : Submitted By :
Ms. Neha Bhullar Parag Aggarwal
13105007
B.E (2nd Year)

Noise:
In electrical terms, noise may be defined as an unwanted form of energy which
tend to interfare with the power reception of transmitted signals. For example, in
recievers, several electrical disturbances produce noise and thus modifying the
required signal is an unwanted form. In addition to this, in pulse communication,
noise may produce unwanted pulses or cancel the required pulses. In other words,
we can say that noise may limit the performance of a communication system.

Filter:

Filters are networks that process signals in a frequency-dependent manner.

The basic concept of a filter can be explained by examining the frequency
dependent nature of the impedance of capacitors and inductors.
Filters have many practical applications. A simple, single-pole, low-pass filter
(the integrator) is often used to stabilize amplifiers by rolling off the
gain at higher frequencies where excessive phase shift may cause oscillations.
A simple, single-pole, high-pass filter can be used to block dc offset in
high gain amplifiers or single supply circuits. Filters can be used to separate
signals, passing those of interest, and attenuating the unwanted frequencies.
There are a large number of texts dedicated to filter theory. No attempt will be
made to go heavily into much of the underlying math: Laplace transforms,
complex conjugate poles and the like, although they will be mentioned.
While they are appropriate for describing the effects of filters and examining
stability, in most cases examination of the function in the frequency domain is
more illuminating.
An ideal filter will have an amplitude response that is unity (or at a fixed
gain) for the frequencies of interest (called the pass band) and zero
everywhere else (called the stop band). The frequency at which the response
changes from passband to stopband is referred to as the cut-off frequency.

Basic Linear Design

The functional complement to the low-pass filter is the high-pass filter. Here, the
low frequencies are in the stop-band, and the high frequencies are in the pass
band.

TYPES OF FILTER
Butterworth
The Butterworth filter is the best compromise between attenuation and phase
response. It has no ripple in the pass band or the stop band, and because of this is
sometimes called a maximally flat filter. The Butterworth filter achieves its
flatness at the expense of a relatively wide transition region from pass band
to stop band, with average transient characteristics.
The normalized poles of the Butterworth filter fall on the unit circle (in the s
plane).The poles are spaced equidistant on the unit circle, which means the angles
between the poles are equal.

Spectrogram:
A spectrogram is a time-varying spectral representation (forming an image) that
shows how the spectral density of a signal varies with time. Also known as spectral
waterfalls, sonograms, voiceprints, or voicegrams, spectrograms are used to
identify phonetic sounds, to analyse the cries of animals; they were also used in
many other fields including music, sonar/radar, speech processing, seismology, etc.
The instrument that generates a spectrogram is called a spectrograph and is
equivalent to a sonograph.
The most common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions: the
horizontal axis represents time, the vertical axis is frequency; a third dimension
indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented
by the intensity or colour of each point in the image.

Sound spectra

A sound spectrum is a representation of a sound usually a short sample of a

sound in terms of the amount of vibration at each individual frequency. It is
usually presented as a graph of either power or pressure as a function of frequency.
The power or pressure is usually measured in decibels and the frequency is
measured in vibrations per second (or hertz, abbreviation Hz) or thousands of
vibrations per second (kilohertz, abbreviation kHz). You can think of the sound
spectrum as a sound recipe: take this amount of that frequency, add this amount of
that frequency etc until you have put together the whole, complicated sound.

Today, sound spectra (the plural of spectrum is spectra) are usually measured using

a microphone which measures the sound pressure over a certain time

interval,

an analogue-digital converter which converts this to a series of numbers

(representing the microphone voltage) as a function of time, and

a computer which performs a calculation upon these numbers.

Audio file format:

An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer
system. This data can be stored uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file
size. It can be a raw bitstream, but it is usually a container format or an audio data
format with defined storage layer.

wav
Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV
due to its filename extension),(also, but rarely, named, Audio for Windows)
is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio
bitstream on PCs. It is an application of the Resource Interchange File
Format (RIFF) bitstream format method for storing data in "chunks", and
thus is also close to the 8SVX and the AIFF format used on Amiga and
Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows
systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The usual bitstream
encoding is the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format.

Designing of filter:

1) On analyzing the spectrogram of audio signal the noise and message signal can
be distinguished in terms of frequency.
2) Now the less intensive part of the audio signal is clipped off by using filters of
particular frequency band.