PSA-T108: Musical Styles & Genres

September 14, 2015

Josh@metalworksinstitute.com

-Need big events, big meaning, no dates like when born or died.

What makes a pop song, a pop song?

-Easily accessible
-Repetitive, not overly complicated
-Need to balance accessibility vs. artistry
-Makes you feel good (at least in the end)
-Generally basic instrument pallet
-Hooks, more is better

A hook is a musical idea, often a short riff, passage, or phrase, that is used in popular music to make a
song appealing and to "catch the ear of the listener". The term generally applies to popular music

Evolution of Pop Music:

-African Rhythms, Chants and Drumming (brought over with slaves)
-Journey of Classical from Monophonic to Harmony and Church-inspired to secular
-Church only ones who could write
-Classical Music Bach (1685-1750), Mozart (1756 1791), Beethoven (1770-1827)
-Guitar/Banjo Music: Folk Music, Minstrel shows (1812-1900s)
-Development of Recorded music late 1800s, phonograph, etc. huge advancement music
-Country
-Gospel
-Blues
-Jazz (Big Band, Sinatra precursors to Pop)
-Rock and Roll
-Soul/Rhythm and Blues
-Pop
-Rap/Hip-Hop

30s/40s
*Traditional pop, Vocal, Easy listening
*Traditional pop refers to Big Band and pre-rock & roll pop music
-Traditional pop drew from a repertoire of songs written by professional song
writers and were performed by a vocalist that was supported by either an
orchestra or a small combo.
-In traditional pop, the song is key although the singer is the focal point,
the style of singing doesnt rely on vocal improvisations like jazz singing
does. Traditional pop can also refer to the orchestra leaders and
arrangements that provided the instrumental settings for vocalists
-Many of the important artists of this genre were also actors or dancers that
appeared in film versions of popular musicals.

Bing Crosby
-One of biggest pop stars in history
*Swinging on a Star (1944)
-White Christmas (1942)

-Born Harry Lillis Crosby on May 3, 1903 (died 1977)

*Grew up to become one of Americas most popular entertainers of all time
-1931, launched hugely popular radio show. Soon started starring in films,
winning academy award for Going My Way
*Dominated music charts most of his career, with nearly 300 hit singles
-One of most popular entertainers 30s/40s
*Laid back persona, smooth vocal style
-Earned famous nickname around age 7 Bing from comic strip

Early career/Big screen:

-skilled at scat-singing and showed talent for Jazz-styled phrasing
**Lasted 30 years on airwaves, really became famous through his radio show
-Early 30s signed contract with Paramount Pictures
-Starred in a number musical comedies
**Peaked in 1940s, pioneering with Bob Hope in wildly popular series of Road
pictures.

*Cab Calloway Minnie The Moocher (1930s)

**First African American Jazz record to sell 1 million copies
-About prostitute, heroin, etc.
-Most people (white) didnt know what lyrics were about at the time
-Not music your parents would have wanted you listening to

*Louis Armstrong (Satchmo)

-Jazz (What a Wonderful World - 1968)
*One of most important music figures of 20th century, or ever.
**First improvisation with ease, solos, could play trumpet like no other
*Set bar
-Prominence in 20s/30s
*Charismatic stage presence, highly imaginative
**Introduced the Character Voice, might not have range or beauty, but has
signature
-Oxford Encyclopedia of Music cited him as one of most influential musicians
of all time
-Represents an entire genre/culture to many
-Also in movies
-Marijuana in trumpet case, asked president to hold while boarding plane
*Scored a pop hit, What a Wonderful World (1968)
Frank Sinatra (1915-1998)
-40s
**Seen as the first modern pop star
-Voice, looks, movies, bad boy appeal
-All his songs written for him
**First single of his own, Night and Day (1943)
-I Get a Kick Out of You
-Master of Back Phrasing
-Survived through eras
-32 Gold record, 10 Platinum, 3 Double platinum, 1 Triple platinum
-400 million records sold
-Professional career lasted 60 years, demonstrated remarkable ability to
maintain appeal
*Arguably the most important popular music figure of 20th century
*Was able to take work of great theatre composers of that period, and
reinterpret their songs for later audiences in a way that led to their
rediscovery and their permanent enshrinement as classics.
-Discovered 1939 heard over radio by Harry James
**Joined Tommy Dorseys band in 1940
*1942 recorded 4 song session including first recording under his own name
Night and Day
-Big breakthrough came as a support act to Benny Goodman at Paramount
Theatre in New York
-1943 recording strike, Singers not considered musicians (loophole)
*Frank Sinatra recorded a cappella, backed by only vocals, resulted in 4 Top
10 hits in 1943
**Sammy Cahn was Frank Sinatras lyricist for most of his career (wrote most
his songs)
*Successful in film, Anchors Aweigh, paired with Gene Kelly (1945)
-Left Columbia Records, didnt want to be famous for cheesy songs.
-1950s and early 60s Sinatra had career revival, with Rat Pack

W.C. Handy and the first Blues

*W.C. Handy known as father of Blues
**Credited with writing and publishing the first Blues song (Memphis Blues)
-Approached in Memphis, TN while leading a minstrel band, political handlers
for a Mayoral candidate asked Handy to write a song to promote the
candidate (Mr. Crump)
-Mr. Crump became a hit, but the politician got elected, so Handy published
the song as the Memphis Blues (First published blues song) 1912
**Recorded by Victor Military Band (white), became first Blues
recording
-Started musical trend, Blues became hot new music style
The Blues (Cont.)
-Country Blues, acoustic, one man with guitar, slower tempo
-Urban Blues (Chicago) more band driven, electric guitar, drums, etc. more
structured
**The difference in structure is in Urban Blues (Chicago Blues) changes to
Four Chord in 2nd bar and Five Chord in 12th (last) bar

Charlie Patton (blues Cont.)

-A Spoonful Blues
-Father of Delta blues, where it all started, Delta, Mississippi
*First person on record anyone hears playing blues in authentic way
-first male guitar player and vocalist recorded
-Could play guitar well, behind back, rhythm tapping, etc. later shown by
jimmy Hendrix, etc.
*Influenced Robert Johnson
**First real male guitarist and vocalist superstar of the early blues.

Muddy Waters (blues Cont.)

-Birth of urban blues/electric blues
**The urban blues revolution began in 1948 with the release of Muddy
Waters I cant be Satisfied began history of modern Chicago Blues.
*The Rolling Stones chose their name from one of his songs Mannish Boy
-Influenced by Robert Johnson, Charlie Patton, etc.
**Muddy Waters band became legendary with Little Walter (harmonica),
Jimmy Rogers (second guitar), Willie Dixon (Bass), Otis Spann (Piano),
rotating cast of drummers.

Robert Johnson (Blues Cont.)

*Songs covered by Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Red Hot Chili Peppers, etc.
Rock and Roll
-Rumored poisoned by husband of jealous lover (1911-1938)
-Itinerant blues singer and guitarist (traveled)
-recorded 29 songs for the American Record Corporation on Vocalion label
during life, 1 after
*Decades after death, became known as King of Delta Blues Singers
*Most of his tunes attained iconic status. Cross Road Blues, Love in Vain,
Sweet Home Chicago
-Plies his craft on street corners
**Became legend due to unprecedented guitar mastery and popularization of
techniques previously only thought possible on piano along with vocal
delivery
-Very little is known about him. Myths surrounding his life took over. Sold soul
to devil
*Became one of first Blues musicians to combine styles, was able to heard
others through travel and listening to other recordings.
*1990 Sony Legacy produced and released 2-CD box set re-release of his
recordings. Widespread critical acclaim and unprecedented sales.

*Test may ask who is original composer, may ask who is performing

*The Big 5 of Early Rock and Roll (50s)

*Buddy Holly
*Elvis Presley
*Little Richard
*Jerry Lee Lewis
*Chuck Berry

*Rock and Roll combines Blues (Harmony) and Country (Rhythm)

Elvis Presley
-First Rock and Roll star
-Crossed the color line, went places other white people wouldnt go
-Could sing variety of styles
**Sam Phillips at Sun Records (Memphis) saw potential and put out first Elvis
record. (1954)
**Phillips set Elvis up with guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black.
*First hit record, recorded Thats All Right (Mama). Originally composed by
Arthur Big Boy Crudup
-Phillips convinced friend to play on radio, instant hit.
-Quickly rose to stardom
-Began appearances on radio shows such as Grand Ole Opry.
-Moved his body a lot, very different than any other white performer, lots
controversy
**Hired Colonel Tom Parker as manager as popularity grew
*Parker steered Elvis to mega-star
-Parker put Elvis on television, and in movies
*Label sold for $35,000 to RCA

Scotty Moore
**First non-jazz guitar player heard on mass scale, played more of a rock
style
*inspired a generation of guitar players like Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, etc. with
finger-picking and single note runs.
-considered pioneer of rock guitar

First Rock and Roll Song (1951)

*Rocket 88, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats
-In reality was Ike Turner and his King of Rhythm with saxophonist Jackie
Brenston on vocal.
**First song feature a distorted electric guitar, played by Willie Kizart
*First person on record to play a distorted electric guitar

Jerry Lee Lewis (*The Killer)

**Played piano like no one seen before, very aggressive
-Hard-edged personality
-Whole Lotta Shakin Going On (1957) broke through, sold 100,000 copies
in south, over 6 million nationally
-Great Balls of Fire (1957) sold more than 5 million copies
-Both songs were in pop, country, and R&B Top 5 simultaneously.
-Career came crashing down when married 13 year old cousin

Johnny Cash (The Man in Black)

*Defined Outlaw Country, at same time revered by Country establishment
-Influenced not only fellow country musicians, but also rockers from Bono to
Bob Dylan
-Versatile performer covering songs by Soundgarden and Nine Inch Nails,
crossed him to a new generation.
**With the Tennessee Two (guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall
Grant) began recording for Sun label in 1955.
-After career fully established, began nine-year period of alcohol and drug
abuse.
-Released a number of successful country and pop hits, including Ring of
Fire
-Began relationship with June Carter (wrote Ring of Fire), by 1967 helped him
kick drug habbit and concerted to fundamental Christianity.

The Day the Music Died (Feb 3, 1959)

*The Big Three
Buddy Holly
Ritchie Valens
The Big Bopper
-All died in plane crash

Buddy Holly
-First Rolling Stone hit was a cover of Not Fade Away
*Innovator, wrote own material
*Among the first to exploit advanced studio techniques like double-tracking
**Pioneered and popularized the now standard rock band lineup of Two
Guitars, Bass, Drums
**Between 1957-1958 Holly and the Crickets charted seven Top 40 singles
-Died at 22 in plane crash with Ritchie Valens and Big Bopper (Feb 3, 1959)
-Immortalized in Don McLeans American Pie as the day the music died
*Made Fender Stratocaster iconic
Ritchie Valens
*La Bomba, high energy rework of old Mexican wedding song
-Loved Little Richard, known as the Little Richard of the San Fernando
Valley
*First hit Donna
*La Bomba was B-side of Donna. Double-sided smash is one of greatest rock
and roll singles of the 50s.

The Big Bopper (Jilles Perry Richardson)

*One of rocks first novelty artists
*One of first DJs to cross into rock startdom
*1958 hit Chantilly Lace remains a classic
**Pioneer in development of music video (Chantilly Lace, telephone sketch)
-Set record as a DJ in 1957 by playing 1,821 record non-stop over 5 days,
during which time began hallucinating and visualizing his own death.

*Reasons First Era of Rock and Roll Ends:

1) Elvis went into army
2) The Big Three, the day the music died
3) Alan Freed (DJ) gets caught up in scandal and goes off air

Alan Freed (aka Mr. Rock n Roll)

-First DJ and concert producer of rock and roll
**Credited with coining the term rock and roll in 1951
Opened the door to white acceptance of black music, not playing white cover
versions in favour of the R&B originals. (crossing color line)
*First person to use term Rock and Roll on air, and coined the term to get
people to listen to R&B music.
-1959 the US House Oversight Committee began looking into DJs who took
gifts from record companies to play their records.
**WABC in New York asked him to sign a statement confirming he had never
accepted payola. Freed refused out of principle and was fired.
*First person to promote and organize a rock and roll concern, Cleveland,
Ohio

Chuck Berry
- Johnny B Goode (1955)
*Double stop, two strings and sliding in
-Part blues scale, part major, blending of Major and Minor
*Rapid fire notes
*Blending of notes
*All part of Chuck Berry sound
-Crafted many of rock and rolls greatest riffs and married them to lyrics that
shaped rock and roll vernacular for generations. Literally laid blueprint for
rock and roll.
*Wrote simple songs with topics concerning everyday life that everyone
could relate to
-Chuck Berry is to rock and roll what Louis Armstrong is to Jazz
-One of first performers to write and perform his own material before
singer/songwriter boom of 70s.
*The Great 28 (List 10)

1. "Maybellene" 1955 2:18

2. "Thirty Days" 1955 2:24
3. "You Can't Catch Me" 1956 2:42
4. "Too Much Monkey Business" 1956 2:53
5. "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" 1956 2:17
6. "Roll Over Beethoven" 1956 2:23
7. "Havana Moon" 1956 3:05
8. "School Days" 1957 2:40
9. "Rock and Roll Music" 1957 2:30
10. "Oh Baby Doll" 1957 2:33
11. "Reelin' and Rockin'" 1958 3:14
12. "Sweet Little Sixteen" 1958 2:55
13. "Johnny B. Goode" 1958 2:38
14. "Around and Around" 1958 2:35
15. "Carol" 1958 2:46
16. "Beautiful Delilah" 1958 2:08
17. "Memphis" 1959 2:12
18. "Sweet Little Rock and Roller" 1958 2:20
19. "Little Queenie" 1959 2:38
20. "Almost Grown" 1959 2:19
21. "Back in the U.S.A." 1959 2:25
22. "Let It Rock" 1960 1:50
23. "Bye Bye Johnny" 1960 2:03
24. "I'm Talking About You" 1961 1:48
25. "Come On" 1961 1:50
26. "Nadine (Is It You?)" 1964 2:30
27. "No Particular Place to Go" 1964 2:44
28. "I Want to Be Your Driver" (from Chuck Berry in London) 1965 2:15

Sweet little sixteen, Almost grown

Back in the usa, No particular place to go
Come on Maybellene, Im talking about you
Let it rock Around and around Memphis

*Test 1 Saturday, October 17

October 5, 2015

Roots of Heavy Metal

Pat Hare (1930-1980)

-Session guitarist for Junior Parker, James Cotton, Howlin wolf at Sun Records
*His guitar solo on James Cottons electric blues record Cotton Crop Blues
(1954) was the first record to use heavily distorted power chords,
anticipating elements of heavy metal music.
-Feature a guitar sound so overdriven that with the historical distance of
several decades, it now sounds like a direct line to the coarse, distorted
tones favored by modern rock players.

Bo Diddley
*Broke new ground during rock and rolls formative years with unique guitar
work, indelible African/Cuban rhythms, inventive songwriting and larger than
life persona.
-Originally played on wooden blocks called
*His band was one of first to integrate women and men and employ exotic
instruments
-Who do you Love
*Know the Bo Diddley beat
-Songs covered by countless music legends, launched thousands of copycat
songs

Doo-Wop
-The Robins
-The penguins
*Doo Wop is a specifically urban music that in its original form has no
instrumentation and relies on voice alone.
*Typical doo-wop combo is a 4 person combo, with a bass, two tenors and an
alto
-Usually all men
*One of the tenor voices also typically doubles as falsetto
*The bass voice is also more active than in typical vocal groups

Lieber & Stoller

**Jerry Leiber (wrote lyrics) and Mike Stoller (wrote music)
*Considered the greatest pop/rock writing team of all time
-Arranged and produced countless recordings and advanced rock and roll to
new heights of wit an musical sophistication, mostly 1950s 1960s
-Written some of the most enduring rock and roll songs; HoundDog, Love
Potion No 9, etc.
-Known for Story Songs
-Unifying factor is that all of their songs had a fundamental grounding in
rhythm & blues.
-Grew up in ghetto of Baltimore, learned to play music along side black
neighbours
-Countless Elvis Presley songs written by them

Phil Spector
*The Wall of Sound
-Produced a lot of the songs Lieber & Stoller were writing
*Age 21 already millionaire responsible for 20 consecutive smash hits
**The Wall approach to production involves a process of overdubbing
scores of musicians to make a full sound. The effect created a roar, which
Spector described as the Wagnerian approach to rock and roll. (layering
several artists recording same instrument for full sound)
*Style served to make Spector even more famous in the music industry,
many iconic artists would begin imitating this technique in future years,
including The Beach Boys, Bruce Springsteen, etc.

Miles Davis
*Kind of Blue (1959)
**Considered a landmark in audio recording and fidelity and one of the
greatest albums ever recorded in any genre
*Laid the framework for modal jazz in the 1960s
-Modal jazz is the concept of focusing on one mode for all solos rather than
playing a host of scales and arpeggios to get through the chord changes of
a jazz song.
-A Masterwork of careful phrasing and articulation with a practically flawless
execution.
**Miles Davis (Trumpet), John Coltrane (Tenor), Julian Cannonball Adderly
(Alto), Wynton Kelly & Bill Evans (Piano), Paul Chambers (Bass), Jimmy Cobb
(Drums)

October 19, 2015

-By early 60s two predominant genres/styles brought Rock and Roll back,
saved from death
-Beatles
-Surf Music
-These two bands made it clear Rock and Roll was not just a fad, here
to stay

Surf Rock
-The Ventures Walk Dont Run
-Chantays Pipeline
-The Surfaris Wipeout
-Dick Dale and the Del-Tones

-Instrumental driven, guitar based rock

-Based in California 1960s
-Guitar style with Staccato rhythms and attack heavy solos that were mostly
pentatonic based
-One of first rock styles that used heavy amplification of new solid body
electric guitar
-Known for heavy doses of reverb and vibrato, often used to emulate sound
of waves and surf
-Percussion often focuses on African and Latin rhythms, heavy use of Tom
drums for lower bass
-One of first genres to feature bands or groups as opposed to individuals

Dick Dale
*King of Surf Rock
-Band Dick Dale and the Del-Tones, Misirlou
-Later featured in Quentin Tarentinos film Pulp Fiction
-Boston, MA
*First guitar god, first shredder known as King of the surf guitar
-Played so loud that he regularly blew up the amps and Leo Fender
provided him pushing Fender to produce louder and more durable
amps.
*First white person public really ever saw playing guitar aggressively
and until Jimi Hendrix was the icon of the electric guitar
-Dales Machine Gun approach was influenced by love of drums, and
famous drummer Gene Krupa.

Beach Boys
-I Get Around
*Complex, signature harmonies, vocals, written by bass player Brian
Wilson
-Countless hooks, layering
 *Members: Dennis Wilson (Drums), Brian Wilson (Bass, Keys, Vocal),
Mike Love (Lead Vocal), Al Jardine (Guitar, Vocal), David Marks (Guitar,
Vocal).
*Vocal harmonies are amoung most unmistakable and enduring
signature of the rock and roll era
-Second only to the Beatles in terms of impact on the Top 40
*Often called Americas Band, considered Americas first, best rock
band
-Had 36 US Top 40 hits (most by any American rock band).
-56 Hot 100 hits, including 4 number 1 singles
*The Beatles most serious competitors on a creative level. Paul
McCartney has admitted that Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band
was their attempt to address the challenge posed by the Beach Boys
classic Pet Sounds, inspired itself by Fab Fours Rubber Soul.
-Brian Wilson demonstrated an uncanny gift for harmonic invention and
complex vocal and instrumental arrangements
-Brian Wilson heavily influenced by Spectors Wall of Sound
-Initially, magnitude of that genius was overlooked because of the
adolescent subject matter of early hits. Today, entire Beach Boys
classic catalog is seen as legendary and ahead of its time.

The British Invasion

-The Beatles
-The Rolling Stones
-The Kinks
-The Who
-The Yardbirds

*Covered early Motown, Blues, R&B, repackaged American influence

-Reintroduced American blues to American audience who has forgotten
it
-After the Beatles launched there was a North American appetite for
British bands and many found success in 1960s
-The Brits were very influenced by Motown and American soul

The Beatles
-Ed Sullivan paid $10,000 for first 4 appearances on his variety show
-Influenced a lot of generations to come
-Beatles Influences, The Texas Connection:
-Big Buddy Holly fans (The Crickets / The Beatles)
*Bruce Channel Hey Baby
*Harmonica played by Delbert McClinton (harmonica, non-
blues context)
-Influenced Beatles Love Me Do (John Lennon liked use of
harmonica)
-In 2000s, 1 a compilation of the Beatles number one hits, hit
number one in 35 countries and went on to become the best-selling
album of the 2000s.
-Every record was a shock when it came out to the record buying
public as they had no equal at the time.
-Unlike R&B purists like the Rolling Stones, the Beatles arrived
sounding like nothing else
**By writing their own songs, they made writing your own material
expected, rather than exceptional.
*As musicians, the Beatles proved that rock and roll could embrace a
limitless variety of harmonies, structures, and sounds. Virtually every
rock experiment has some precedent on Beatles records.
-They also embodied the archetype of the band unit. Four distinct looks
and voices that were at once familiar and easily marketable.
*Pete Best was the original drummer for the Beatles, but was asked to
leave/departed in 1962 to make way for Ringo Starr. Pete Best is often
referred to as the 5th Beatle.
-On September 11th, the Beatles cut two originals Love Me Do and
P.S. I Love You
*Their first movie A Hard Days Night opened in America in August, it
grossed $1.3 million in its first week, after which the band was
aggressively merchandised.
-Summer 1966 controversy erupted when Lennon made comment to
British newspaper Christianity will go Were more popular than Jesus
now.
-Anti-Beatles backlash intense in USA, death threats, record burning
*Beatles gave up touring and only made records in the studio after an
August 29, 1966 concert at San Franciscos Candlestick Park claiming
they could not hear themselves onstage anymore and no one was
listening.
-1966-1970 released 4 of most influential albums in rock history
*1967 released Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band using a then
stat-of-the-art four-track tape recorder and building each cut layer by
layer
*Hailed as serious art for its concept and its range of styles
and sounds
-Concept records have a theme, like Dark Side of the Moon
-15 weeks at number 1, sold over 8 million copies
*1967 Beatles recorded their single All You Need Is Love before
international television audience of 400 million, kicking off
Summer of Love.
**Produced by George Martin

The Rolling Stones

-Marketed as bad boy alternative to Beatles, dangerous alternative
*First hit, cover of Buddy Holly Not Fade Away
 *First original hit The Last Time
-Self proclaimed Worlds Greatest rock and roll band
-The Stones pioneered the gritty, hard-driving blues-based rock and
roll that came to define hard rock.
-Mick Jagger became the prototypical rock front man, with dynamic
stage moves and latent sexuality.
*Keith Richards particular rhythm style, in which he used open tunings,
lead to some of the greatest guitar riffs ever written.
*Original Members: Mick Jagger (Vocal), Keith Richards (Guitar), Brian
Jones (Guitar, Sitar), Bill Wyman (Bass), Charlie Watts (Drums).
*Brian Jones was original leader and main songwriter of the band, drug
problems, went into seclusion and drowned in his own pool under
suspicious circumstances
*To replace Jones, hired 19yo Mick Taylor as lead guitar

The Yardbirds
*Important because feature 3 guitar legends who went on to shape
rock and roll
*Eric Clapton
*Jeff Beck
*Jimmy Page
-Ace session player Jimmy Page was brought on to play bass in late
1967 and when Jeff Beck left to form the Jeff Beck Group, Page
assumed the lead guitar role.
*Page lead the Yardbirds into full psychedelia before band broke up. He
was left with rights to the name, called the New Yardbirds, toured a bit,
then changed name to Led Zeppelin.

Folk Revival
-1960s, spurred on by cultural rise in social causes and political
protests of time
*Bob Dylan was the biggest star of the Folk revival and marked the
beginning of folk singers, on a large scale, writing their own material
*For a time the Folk movement was separate and opposed to Rock and
Roll
-One result of the folk revival was the proliferation of bluegrass music
and the popularization of old timey music
*Two schools during folk revival:
-Singers/Songwriters who wrote their own words to traditional
melodies, and in some cases wrote new melodies
-The old timers, who simply stuck to traditional songs and styles,
popularizing the music of Appalachia, Cajun music, and others
-Folk revival mostly took place in the coffee house scene, early
60s
-Stars include: Bob Dylan, Ritchie Havens, Pete Seeger, Tom
Rush, John Sebastian, Joan Baez, Joni Mitchell
 Bob Dylan
-Real name Robert Allen Zimmerman
-Took name after poet Dylan Thomas
-First Album Bob Dylan 1962
-1963 The Freewheelin Bob Dylan really began to mark Dylan
as an original and special talent. Album contained Blowin In
The Wind
-Songs closely linked to protest movements 1960s
-Songs covered by more artists than anyone, except Beatles
*Unique use of words and phrasing made him a legend and have
often compensated for his voice and simple musical
arrangements in early work.

-Bob Dylan goes Electric:

-Tired of being typecast as acoustic folk singer, began
experimenting with electric music
*Records Highway 61, one of most important rock albums
of all time
*At Newport Music Festival 1965, Dylan decides to do first
half performance acoustic, then backed by Paul Butterfield
Blues band, goes electric.
*First song he played electric in public was Maggies Farm
-Crowd jeered and booed Dylan as he proceeded to run
through rest set
-History would show this to be a turning point in Rock
history and only the first time Dylan would anticipate the
changing of modern music.

Gordon Lightfoot
-Gordon Meredith Lightfoot, born Orillia, Ont
-Young boy began singing church choir, to which he credits early
development of his singing voice. As teenager, began teaching
himself piano and various percussion instruments.
-Influenced Bob Dylan
-Canadian legend
*Prior to Gordon Lightfoot, there was no Canadian music industry
-Began signing in church choir
*1965 Early Morning Rain would go on to influence entire folk
movement
-Songs covered by Elvis, Grateful Dead, etc.
-By 1965 popular folk musicians of the time were performing his
songs
-1971 hit Top 10 with If You Could Read My Mind
*Three years later, first number one hit Sundown
 -Since then, he has continued touring and writing at incredible
pace
-20 albums to date
*Put Canada on map as he was first pop star from Canada to
make impact in US and Europe

Birth of Soul Music

-Concerned with 3 Labels:
-Stax
-Atlantic
-Motown

-Soul music lends itself to a wide variety of emotions. Soul singers use
a variety of tones from gentle and smooth, to raspy and harsh, in order
to properly convey this range of emotions.
-Soul music has a definitive rhythm.
-Borrows heavily from 12 bar, 3-line lyric style used in blues of the 40s
and 50s
-Pioneers include: Ray Charles, Little Richard, James Brown, Aretha
Franklin
*Heavy call and response routine. One singer or musician calls out
something, another singer or musician provides a response.
*Repetition plays a major role in soul music. Not uncommon to hear the
same musical notes, phrase and rhythms throughout a song.
-Soul music infuses a wide variety of instruments together, such as
piano, drums, and the guitar. The use of horns, like the trumpet and
saxophone, plays a huge role in distinguishing soul music from other
genres.
*Concerned with things going on in real peoples lives
*Emotion

Stax Records (Nickname: Soulsville USA)

*Founded in Memphis, TN by Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton in
1957
-Amalgamation of their last names
*Jimmy Stewart initially founded as Satellite Records, where had
distribution deal with Atlantic Records.
*Minor success with Last Night by Mar-Keys
-Home base was an old movie theatre in South Memphis, TN.
*Movie theatre credited for signature Stax Records sound.
-Artists: Isaac Hayes, Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor,
Albert King, Bar-Kays, Mar-Keys, Booker T & The MGs

Booker T & The MGs

*Stax Records house band, also had some hits of their own
-Instrumental
 -Mixed race band
*Members: Booker T. Jones (Organ), Steve Cropper (Guitar),
Donald Duck Dunn (Bass), Al Jackson (Drums)
*Massive early sixties success with all instrumental hit
Green Onions
*House and Touring band for many Stax/Volt artists,
including:
-Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, Eddie Floyd and the
Mar-Keys
-The MGs played on countless hits while Jones and Cropper
would go on to write and produce many hits, such as Soul
Man and Sitting on the Dock of the Bay
-Inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992

Otis Redding
-Born Otis Ray Redding, Jr. in Dawson, Georgia
-Grainy voice and galvanizing stage shows made him one
of the greatest soul singers of all time.
*Redding was one of the first soul singers to cross over to
the white hippie rock audience.
-Songs covered by numerous artists, including Aretha
Franklin Respect
-Huge influenced by Little Richard and Sam Cooke
-These Arms of Mine first hit, reaching #20 on R&B chart
and establishing as a recording artist
*Appearance at Monterey Pop Festival 1967 introduced
singer to white rock fans, intense performance
enthusiastically received.
*Inspired by the festival, Redding and Steve Cropper wrote
(Sittin On) The Dock of the Bay. Became biggest hit,
never lived to see release
*Four day after recording, December 10, 1967 his
chartered plane crashed, killing Otis and 4 members of his
back up band, the Bar-Kays.

Same and Dave

-Soul Man
-Hold on Im Coming

Motown Records (Nicknamed Hitsville USA)

*Founded by Berry Gordy, Jr.
*Most successful independent record label in history
-The Temptations
-Kim Weston
-Take me in your Arms (Rock Me Little While)
-The Four Tops
-Diana Ross and the Supremes
*Started with $800 loan from Berry Gordy Jr. family in 1959
-Within few years Detroit-based outfit was selling more singles
and releasing more hits than any other record company
*Became cultural icon as most successful African-American
owned and operated record company, and business, in the USA
*Called itself The Sound of Young America
-Motown began as the Tamala label
*Gordy co-wrote Money which got him enough to purchase
2648 West Grand Blvd, where he hung his sign Hitsville USA.
This would be Motown headquarters for the next decade.
-Assembled a roster of young artists drawn from Detroits poor
and working class neighbourhoods
*Many hits written and produced by Smokey Robinson.
*Ran multiple labels at same time (Tamala, Motown, Black Soul)
to get around radio rules regarding playing too many hits from
one label.
-Departments for every aspect of the business. Home to a round-
the-clock recording studio, rehearsal hall, publishing, promotion,
booking agency, finance, teaching artists choreography,
etiquette
*Gordy sold Motown Records to MCA and Boston Partners in
1988, ending Motowns era as an independent company.
*Currently, Motown is owned by Universal Music Group.

The Funk Brothers

*Have played on more number-one hits than The
Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Rolling Stones, and The
Beach Boys combined.
**List 6-8 Funk Brothers and what they play
-Keyboards: Joe Hunter, Earl Van Dyke, Popcorn
Wylie
-Guitars: Robert White, Eddie Willis, Joe
Messina, Dennis Coffey
-Bass: James Jamerson, Bob Babbit
-Drums: Benny Benjamin, Richard Pistol
Allen, Uriel Jones
-Percussion: Jack Ashford (Tambourine), Eddie
Bongo Brown (Bongo)
-Vibes: Jack Ashford
*All hits recorded in Motown Studio A (The Snake Pit)
*Backing band for nearly every Motown song ever
produced
 -Distinctive use of tambourine, liquid bass lines, razor
sharp guitar parts and thunderous clockwork-like
drum fills defined Motowns sound
-Influenced The Beatles and The Rolling Stones
*Never received any credit until Marvin Gayes
Whats Going On 1970

James Jamerson
-Main bassist for Motown
-Genius on the bass, incredible improviser in the
studio
-Top 3 greatest bass players in popular music history
*Anchor of in-house group at Motown Funk Brothers
-Groove-oriented melodicism brought broader
awareness of the role and possibilities of the bass
guitar
*Paul McCartney rates him as an influence
*Genius was an uncanny sense of time and the
ability to play melodic while still locking down a
strong bottom end. This ability players 50 years later
struggle to recreate.

Marvin Gaye
*Most successful artist in Motown history
*Greatest selling hit in Motown History I Heard It
Through the Grapevine sold four million copies
-Wrote, Produced and played a variety of instruments
in early days of Motown. Played drums and piano on
tour and in studio for likes of Miracles and
Marvelettes
-Possessed a classic R&B voice that was edged with
grit yet tempered with sweetness. A musical
visionary
-Wrote or co-wrote songs for himself and others,
including Dancing in the Street
-Biographer David Ritz wrote His music was
cathartic. His songs were prayers, meditations,
strategies for survival.
*Initially envisioned himself a supper-club singer and
dreamed of becoming The Black Frank Sinatra
-Succeeded in Motown as a soul man who aimed his
talent at a younger audience.
*First success under his name came with Stubborn
Kind of Fellow 1962
 *Gayes version of Heard It Through The Grapevine
topped charts for 7 weeks, sold 4 million copies,
became Motowns biggest selling single of the 60s
-For this, earned nickname The Prince of
Motown.
-From that point on, placed 56 records on the pop
singles charts, both as a solo act and with female
duets, including Wells, Kim Weston, Tammi Terrell and
Diana Ross.
*Album Whats Going On
-First Motown album to credit the studio
musicians
-First socially conscious album Motown
released
-Almost didnt get released by Berry
Gordy Jr.
-Considered one of the most important records
ever produced, one of best selling of all time.
-Made people take Marvin Gaye seriously as a
singer

James Brown
*Papas Got a Brand New Bag (First Funk single)
*Beat is on The One, emphasis on beat one
-Funk Music
-Great performer, amazing vocalist, dance moves
-Known as Hardest working man in show business The
godfather of soul
*Began as singer in The Flames in 1960s, founded by Bobby
Byrd (Organ)
*Byrd is credited with discovering James Brown
*Possessed nearly inhuman vocal capability allowing him to
scream in tune at the top of his lungs for decades without
shredding vocal chords.
*Ultimate showman, many moves later refine by MJ, Justin
Timberlake, etc.
-Late 1960s Brown became concerned with civil rights. Joined
movement supporting MLK. Released controversial funk single
Say It Loud, Im black and Im Proud which became an anthem
and smash hit.
-Strict, demanded excellence, would fine band members for
mistakes
-Band were tired of fines and treatment. Organized mutiny and
all quit unless Brown conceded to demands
*Brown refused, fired all on spot, called band from Ohio The
Pacemakers to replace them.
 *The Pacemakers included: Bootsy Collins (bass) and brother
Catfish Phelps Collins (guitar). Band would go on to form core
of Browns new band the JBs.
-The JBs: Pass The Peas

Jimmy Nolen
*Was a long serving member of many of James Browns
legendary bands and is credited with pioneering the funk
style guitar heard in most funk music.
*First to use the 9th chord as a resting chord and devote
most of his attention to syncopation and rhythmic
displacement rather than flashy solos
-His Chank-chank-chank guitar was the backbone of
Browns funk style and laid down a rock solid foundation,
allowing the bass to be more adventurous, rhythmically
*Father of funk guitar

Sly Stone
-Sly and the Family Stone
-Child prodigy
-Born Sylvester Stewart, Texas
-Worked as disc jockey mid 1960s for San Francisco, California
soul station KSOL
-Worked as a staff record producer for Autumn Records,
producing bands such as The Beau Drummels, The Grateful Dead
and Grace Slicks band Great Society.
*Then formed The Stoners, adopting the name Sly Stone
-Motown producer Norman Whitfield patterned label into harder-
driving, socially relevant material
-Racial, Sexual and stylistic mix had a major influence in 1980s
on artists such as Prince and Rick James
-Most talented musician I know (Bootsy Collins)
*Slys wild, loose hybrid brand of funk is the flip side to James
Browns rock tight, structured funk
*Stones bassist Larry Graham invented slap bass technique,
influenced every rock, pop, funk bassist ever since.

Summer of Love

*Telecast June, 1967, The Beatles performing new song All You Need Is
Love, on live TV for millions of people. City of San Francisco deemed
summer of 1967 the Summer of Love

-San Francisco was an epicentre for music in the mid 1960s

-Haight/Ashbury district, San Francisco, young hippie generation
moved into area.
 -ABC documentary
-First time people breaking out of typical roles, lifestyles
-Social phenomenon, as many as 100,000 people
-City became even more of melting pot of politics, music, drugs,
creativity, and total lack of sexual and social inhibition.
-Unprecedented gathering of young people often considered to have
been a social experiment, because of all the alternative lifestyles which
became more commonly accepted, such as gender equality, communal
living, free love.
-Many of these types of social changes reverberated on into the early
1970s, and effects echo throughout modern society
-Hippies, sometimes called Flower People, were an eclectic group.
Many were suspicious of the government, rejected consumerist values,
generally opposed to Vietnam War. Others uninterested in political
affairs, preferred to spend their time involved in sex, drugs, music.

Late 60s Turmoil

Psychedelic Rock
-Cream, Quicksilver Messenger Service, The Grateful Dead
*First band to release a song considered Psychedelic was in 1966, the
13th Floor Elevators Youre Gonna Miss Me.
-The term coined by Roky Erickson, lead singer of 13th Floor Elevators
-originated in USA, specifically San Francisco, CA (Haight/Ashbury)
-Often blues based, incorporated many styles often in same song
(blues, country, art rock, jazz, etc.)
-Heavily influenced by drug use, specifically LSD, MJ
*First genre in Rock and Roll that relied heavily on improvisation
beyond simple guitar solos
*First genre to use effects heavily such as wah wah pedal, delay,
tremolo, fuzz, etc.
-1965, Rolling Stones use first Fuzz Pedal

The Grateful Dead

-Formed 1965 in San Francisco,CA
-Originally called the Warlocks, house band for Ken Keseys Acid
Tests. Public LSD parties before outlawed
*Original lineup: Jerry Garcia (Lead guitar, vocals), Bob Weir
(Rhythm Guitar, Vocals), Phil Lesh (Bass), Bill Kreutzman
(Drums), Mikey Hart (Drums, Percussion), Ron pigpen McKernan
(Harmonica, Vocals, Keys)
*One of most enduring bands of all time, one of highest grossing
concert touring acts in history
*Compared to contemporaries, got very little radio play and did
not sell many albums
 -Allowed fans to tape their live shows and trade them at a time
when most bands looking to bust bootleggers
-First band to have a fan newsletter informing fans of their tour
dates and news, eventually became first band to sell tickets
directly to their fans
*Band became one of most merchandised bands of all time while
at same time not alienating hardcore fans
-Known for preserving old time folk, blues, soul songs, giving
modern twists
-Wove country, rock, blues, jazz, disco, reggae, funk into
trademark sound
*Played 1500+ shows, with a 400 song repertoire of originals and
covers, would never repeat a setlist
-Adventurous spirit and heavy use of improvisation made them
unique and every show different. Attractive for fans to see them
many times in a row
-By 1970s an army of loyal fans dubbed deadheads followed
them from show to show and across the world, many doing so
with their families for large portions of their lives
*Jerry Garcia died in 1995, but his legend looms large as the
most melodic guitarist rock music has ever known. He possessed
a sparkling tone that has never been heard since.

The Velvet Underground

*The Velvet Underground and Nico (album cover painted by Andy Warhol)
*Andy Warhol financed them
*1965 Andy Warhol met Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen
Tucker (and a german-born model Nico)
-Paired Nico with the Velvets, developed close bond with Warhol
-Warhol produced first album, called The most influential record ever
-It is often said that only a handful of people bought the first album, but all
that did started bands.
*Wildly considered one of most important albums of all time, set foundation
for new wave era and punk eras of 70s and 80s
-Last album Loaded

Roots of Heavy Metal

-1967 psychedelic rock band Vanilla Fudge has a hit with slowed down
sludgy version of the Supremes You Keep Me Hanging On
-Rhythm section featured Tim Bogart (Bass) and Carmine Appice
(Drums). Appices thunderous style was an influence to Led Zeppelins
John Bonham, who opened for Vanilla Fudge
*1968 psychedelic power trio Blue Cheer released version of the Eddie
Cochrans Summer Time Blues. Dark brooding style and searing guitar
was markedly different than the flower power of the era, song wildly
considered first Heavy Metal recording.
 -Blue Cheer managed by Hells Angel

New Music Technology 1960s

-Vox Wah Pedal
-JM45 amp with cabinet (needed for stadium performance, no PAs built
in)
Jimi Hendrix
-Widely considered to be greatest electric guitarist of all time
-began as backup musician for Little Richard, Kurtis Knight, etc.
*Was discovered and managed by Eric Burdon and the Animals bassist
Chas Chandler
-Hendrix had to go to England to breakthrough in late 1966. He made
such an impact in England, Eric Clapton remarked after seeing him live
he may have to go back to selling shoes.
*Though he used primarily blues and pentatonic scales, his phrasing,
inventiveness and use of textural effects were and still are
unparalleled.
*Hendrix paved the way for the power trio and heavy metal shredding
to come as no one could play as fast, loud or with as much soul as
Hendrix could.
-During his short life, made an impact, only on music scene 3 years
*Wild stage persona of smashing gear, playing behind head, with
teeth, lighting guitar on fire
**The Jimi Hendrix Experience: Jimi Hendrix (Guitar, Vocal), Noel
Redding (Bass), Mitch Mitchell (Drums)
-Band of Gypsies: Jimi Hendrix (Guitar, Vocal), Buddy Miles (Drums,
Vocal), Billy Cox (Bass)

-First rock and roll song Rocket 88

-First wildly popular rock and roll song Rock Around the Clock

Woodstock 1969
*Monterey Pop Festival (where Jimi Hendrix first performed back from
England) proved to promoters that there was a market for this music,
-Huge Music and Arts festival
-Did not go as planned; Bob Dylan and others lived in Woodstock, New York.
Wanted to build a studio in Woodstock, raise money through festival.
Expected maybe 50,000 people

*Largest rock festival at that time (500,000+)

*Organized by 4 young men; John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld,
Mike Lang, oldest 27
*Original proposal was to build a recording studio and retreat for rock
musicians in Woodstock
-Citizens of Wallkill did not want a bunch of drugged-out hippies on their
town, where they planned to hold the festival. Town passed a law and
banned the festival.
-Luckily in Mid-July, Max Yasgur offered his 600-acre dairy farm in Bethel, NY
while already $100,000 in debt. By end in debt over $1M with 70+ lawsuits.
-However, filmed the concert, film became a hit
-Just know the significance of the event, not a lot of details.

-----End of Test 2 Material-----

1970s

Ken State Shootings

*Protest at Ken State, Ohio over Vietnam War
-National Guard called in to disperse crowd
-Open fire on unarmed university students on campus, left 4 dead, 2 of
which were not even protesting.
*To a lot of people, signalled the end of the 60s

CSNY
*Crosby Stills Nash and Young
*Wrote Ohio about Ken State shootings
-Written by Neil Young, considers best song he ever wrote
-Wrote after seeing article in Life Magazine
-Recorded same evening in few takes
-Same session, B-side recorded Find the Cost of Freedom
-Record was mastered by the four principles, rush released by Atlantic
and heard on the radio with only a few weeks delay

Singers/Songwriters & Soft Rock

-Paul Simon, James Taylor (Fire and Rain), CSNY, Hall and Oats
-As 60s faded, Flower Children became disillusioned and lost their
idealism as Vietnam war dragged on and major societal changes they
hoped would materialize, never did.
-As result, focus in pop music became introverted songs of personal
toil, love or longing. Story songs were also popular.
-Gained considerable commercial appeal and radio play
-Gifted Songwriter is core with minimal instrumentation (Guitar/Piano
and Voice typically)
-Natural sounding melodies, chorus willed with hooks while harmony
generally diatonic
-As decade progressed, polished their sounds with full bands,
incorporated various styles and genres
Progressive Rock
-Yes, Pink Floyd, Rush, Genesis, King Crimson
-Mostly a British movement to elevate rock music to new levels of
artistic credibility
*Prog-Rock often features compound meter (anything not 4/4), has
multiple sections with sophisticated arrangements and uses jazz
inspired improvisation
-Tends to be more traditionally melodic and borrow lyrical content from
concept pieces, poetry, and science fiction
-Album-based style, taking advantage of formats capacity for longer,
more complex compositions and extended instrumental explorations
*Many bands focussed on crating concept albums with unified
statements, usually telling an epic story
-First sub-genre where synthesizers and electronic textures
Can-Con Era
-Canadian Content
-Early 1970s CRTC legislation on content quota for Canadian music
-Radio and Television broadcasters (Cable and satellite) must air a
certain percentage of content that was at least party written,
produced, presented by persons from Canada
*Currently the percentage is 35%
-For music, requirements are referred to as the MAPL system
*Some stations, playing formats where there may be a limited number
of Canadian recordings suitable for airplay, such as classical, jazz,
oldies, may be allowed to play as little as 20%
*Stations close to major US cities (ie. Windsor) also get to play less.

MAPL System
-To qualify as Canadian content, must fulfil at least 2 of the
following conditions:
*M (music): Composed entirely by Canadian
*A (artist): Music, lyrics performed principally by a
Canadian
*P (performance): Musical selection consists of a
performance that is:
-Recorded wholly in Canada or
-Performed wholly in Canada
*L (lyrics): Lyrics written entirely by Canadian
-What constitutes a Canadian under MAPL system?
-One of the following:
-Canadian Citizen
-Permanent resident
-Person whos ordinary place of residence was
Canada for the 6 months immediately preceding
their contribution to musical composition
 -License (i.e. person licensed to operate a radio
station

Guess Who
*First internationally successful rock band from Canada
-Began in 1960s (Winnipeg) as Chad Allan and the Expressions
-The name Guess Who? was invented to promote their single
Shakin All Over. Marketing decision stemmed from idea that if
people thought they were from England they would be more
successful.
-Hit single Shakin All Over appeared in US an travelled to
England
-Chad Allan left the group due to vocal issues, became The Guess
Who
*Original Guess Who: Randy Bachman (guitar), Jim Kale (bass
guitar), Garry Peterson (drums), and Burton Cummings (vocals,
keys)
*Scored international smash hits with These Eyes Laughing
and American Woman
*Success of these three early hits, band toured the globe and
became superstars, most popular rock group ever from Canada
-1970 Bachman left the group to form B.T.O.
-Replaced Bachman, still very successful
-Hits include No Sugar Tonight Hand Me Down World etc.

B.T.O. (Bachman, Turner, Overdrive)

-Let it Ride Takin Care of Business
-After Bachman left The Guess Who, he formed power rock
combo to compete with big American hard rock acts and distance
himself from laid back sounds
-Original Members: Randy Bachman (guitar, vocals), Fred Turner
(bass, vocals), Robin Bachman (drums), Blair Thorton (guitar)
-Even more popular than Guess Who in US
*Composed Takin Care of Business, highest earning song in
the Sony catalogue for synchronization earning $2M per year

April Wine
*Leader and main songwriter = Miles Goodwyn
*Have been consistently successful and touring since 1969
-From East coast, Halifax, NS Canada (Centred in Monteal)

Chilliwack
*Bill Henderson (guitar, vocal, writer)
-Fly at Night

Birth of Hard Rock

-Hard rock generally derived from blues rock and played louder with more
intensity
-Emphasised electric guitar, both as rhythm instrument with simple repetitive
riffs and as solo instrument
-More likely used with distortion and other effects
-Began in phychadelic era of late 60s with bands like Cream, Led Zeppelin,
Vanilla Fudge, Iron Butterfly
-Innovations in technology also lead to development of rock and Heavy
metal. Second gen effects boxes meant louder volumes with less noise
-Development of more powerful amplifiers meant bands could get louder on
stage while retaining definition
-Improved PA systems in venues meant bands no longer had to push all
volume from stage

Led Zeppelin
-Biggest rock and roll act since Rolling Stones and Beatles
*Robert Plant (vocal, Harmonica), Jimmy Page (Guitar), John Paul Jones (Bass,
Keys, Mandolin), John Bonham (Drums)
-Originally formed by Jimmy Page as contractual obligation to Yardbirds (The
New Yardbirds)
-John Bonham and Robert Plant originally from blues act called Band of Joy
while Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones were experienced session players
*Led Zeppelin signed to Atlantic records (by Ahmet Urtegen) without an
album for a large sum and made demands on royalty percentages that were
unheard of at time for unsigned band.
-Zeppelin went on to become biggest concert draw of 1970s, breaking
records set by the Beatles and Rolling Stones
-Concert tour sold out well in advance, created demand for live recordings
*Most bootlegged band of all time
-Created signature sound unlike anything else, mixture of high octane blues,
psychedelia, middle eastern influences
-Sold over 100 million albums worldwide, 30 million since 2000
*Notorious reputation with road crew lead by tour manager Richard Cole and
band manager Peter Grant. Grant notorious for shaking down and assaulting
bootleggers or promoters who were scamming the band.
-Lots people believe Jimmy messing with Black Magic lead to death and
tragedies around band

John Bonham
*A lot of success, reason Led Zeppelin stands out, due to John
Bonhams drumming
*Always slightly late/behind beat, created large pocket and heavy
feeling
-Crucial to LZ sound
-Early days, got banned from clubs because violent drumming in
sighted riots
 -One technique was to line drums with tinfoil to amplify sound
-One of the few rock drummers that could swing and syncopate as
hard as any jazz drummer
*Died in 1980 after drinking 40 shots of Vodka in 12-hour. Zeppelin
folded under his death, occasionally reuniting with his son Jason.

Birth of Heavy Metal

-Main element is driving power of guitar, bass and drums through amplifier
-Heavy part is distortion of bass and lead guitar
-Riffs, solos, sweep-picking and other fast playing tricks all make up heavy
metal
-Hard Rock played with more intensity and speed, less concern for finesse,
interludes, or breakdowns
-English creation
-Early practitioners include: Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Judas Priest

Black Sabbath
*First Heavy Metal band
-First Album Black Sabbath 1970
-Unlike typical rock and roll, where bass player follows drummer, bass
player follows guitar
*Terry Geezer Butler (Bass), Tony Iommi (Guitar), Ozzy Osbourne
(Vocal), Bill Ward (Drums)
*Credited with creating heavy metal
-Riff-based songs, extreme volume, and dark, demonic subject matter,
embodied key aspects of the heavy metal aesthetic
*Looking to escape life of dreary factory work. Influenced by Led
Zeppelin, Cream, John Mayalls Bluesbreakers, the four of them formed
Earth Blues Company in 1968, shortened to Earth.
-Everything changed when Butler came to the band with an idea for a
song inspired by a disturbing apparition. A fan of horror films and the
black magic-themed novels.
-Butler saw what he believed to be a ghost from dark side
*Pioneered the use of flatted 5th interval (the devils interval) in rock
and the use of detuned and drop tuned guitar
-Arrived at height of Vietnam War, other side of hippie era, mood of
doom and aggression
-Quickly recorded the quintessential Black Sabbath album, Paranoid
(1971) which contained classic tracks such as Iron Man, War Pigs
and Paranoid
-Bands musicality generally overlooks, possessed an inventiveness
and fluency
-Lengthy songs had frequent meter changes, ample room for
improvisation, and even jazzy temperament using bluesy scales.
Arena Rock
-Rock music that utilizes large venues/arenas, particularly sports venues for
concerts
*Utilized a more commercially oriented and radio-friendly sound, highly
produced music including both hard rock numbers and power ballads,
anthematic choruses.
-Origins in late 60s, sometimes dated to when The Beatles played Shea
Stadium in NY 65
*Smoke, Fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples
*Commercial sponsorship of large-scale tours, lead to music being branded
-Includes: Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Kiss, Etc.

Barry White (The Maestro)

-Beginning early 70s a slowed down sexy brand of R&B became popular
*Featured syrupy slow tempos, deep whispered spoken vocals, wah wah
pedal guitar, fat bass
-Artists such as Barry White, Isaac Hayes, Teddy Pendergrass set the mood
-First type of R&B more concerned with mood than dance or soulful lyrics,
almost all about love

-Began as producer, did some demos looking to record another male artist.
-Labels heard him & pushed him to be the recording artist himself due to his
defined bass voice
*His band was called Love Unlimited Orchestra
*Big hit with Loves Theme
*Known for his deep, bass voice
-First Barry White album was 1973 I got so much to Give

Isaac Hayes (Black Moses)

-Writer for Stax Records in 60s
-Became recording artist in 70s
-Iconic bald head
-Cultural icon with Black Power movement
-Inspired by funk movement, formed his own band with former Bar-Kays
member and dubbed it The Isaac Hayes Movement
*1971 Hayes commissioned to score an upcoming inner city copy thriller
Shaft
*Title song won him Best Motion Picture score
*Shaft was million seller and also launched a new style of guitar that would
be used in countless funk and disco recordings to come
**Guitarist Charles Skippy Pitts was the first to use the wah wah pedal as
the focus and the guitar as the effect

Superfly (1972)
-Similar film style to Shaft
Parliament/Funkadelic
*George Clinton

Funkadelic
-Mid 60s doo-wop group The Parliaments had minor hit with I just
want to testify but had to drop the name when band with same name
threatened to sue
-Fascinated with Sly Stone and psychedelic rock of Jimi Hendrix and
Cream, wanting to fuse Motown with Psychedelic rock
-Formed Funkadelic to create this sound
-Funkadelic, Maggot Brain, Free your ass and your mind will
follow pioneered the idea that funk music could have searing rock
guitar solos
*70s Clinton formed mirror group Parliament.
*Toned down psychedelic influence of Funkadelic and
incorporated horns and large ensemble
-Parliament was wildly successful in late 70s
*Parliament is more club oriented sound, big ensembles on stage, long
shows

**Bernie Worrell
-Member added to Parliament mid 70s
-Brought the idea of the Moog Synth he played
*Worrell was one of the first players to use the Moog as the Bass in a
band structure.
*This lead to the synth bass sound that would define Parliament and
influence countless others into 80s and beyond.

Disco
-Disco is a genre of dance-oriented soul music that began as club music
played by DJs in underground club frequented by Gays, Blacks and Latinos in
Urban centres like NY, LA, Philadelphia
-As the 70s wore on, Disco would eventually become pop music in late 70s
-Before Disco, people didnt really go out to watch/listen/dance to DJs
*Rock the Boat by The Hughes Corporation is seen as the first disco song
by many
*Usually have soaring, often reverberated vocals over a steady Four-On-The-
Floor beat, an eight note or sixteenth note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat
on the off-beat, and a prominent, syncopated electric bass line,
*Classic disco beat of kick drum alternating with high-hat was invented by
Early Young, a drummer for Philadelphia international disco group the
Trammps
-While performers and singers garnered the lions share of public attention,
behind the scenes producers equally important in the creation.
-First club music, crucial in the development of hip-hop and electronic music
that sampled its best grooves and took its beat structure.
*It is fair to say electronic dance music would not exist without disco
*Disco was the first music where the live performer was not the focus. The
focus was the event of going to the nightclub to hear disco and dance and
the DJ became the star.

Studio 54
-Club everyone wanted to be at, all stars went, most exclusive club in
country
*Was a popular and world renounced nightclub, located in Manhattan,
NYC
-Operated by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager
*Was called most famous nightclub of all time, sophisticated, ground-
breaking multi-media visual extravaganza
*Place to be seen and mingle with stars, A-list frequented club
-Very hard to get into with lineups for blocks and only the best dressed
for famous got in
*Notorious reputation for rampant drug use and open sex in infamous
balcony area.

*Donna Summer I Feel Love

-First song all electronic (except kick drum)

Paradise Garage
*Larry Levan, producer, main DJ at Paradise Garage
*Larry seen today as a pioneer in electronic music
-Legacy directly lead to modern house music
*Spawned electronic music called Garage music
-Meat packing district, industrial NYC
-Raves would go for days
-All about the music, tracks you may only hear at this venue,
underground disco hits and ground-breaking mixes
-Polar opposite of Studio 54
-Lasted days, crowd wild mix of gays, drug addicts, pimps, punks and
hippies

The Philly Sound

MFSB
*Mother Father Sister Brother
-Studio band
*Massive hit with TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)
Tom Moulton
-Experimented with pressing only one song on each side of a 12
record (unheard of at the time). This created a sonically superior,
warmer and loud sound which allowed records to be played much
louder and with less distortion in night clubs.
 -Grooves and be deeper, thicker, carry more volume
-Discovery of 12 single record allowed Discos to thrive and offer a
sonic experience that could compete with live concerts.
-Started extending instrumental breaks and hooks. Mixes became
popular, everyone wanted a Tom Moulton Mix
*Inventor of the 12 Single, also invented the remix

The Bee-Gees
-Three brothers Maurice, Barry and Robin Gibb
-Beatles like British-invasion band, started in 60s
-Scored hit with I Started a Joke
-As 70s came, faded from popularity
*They became fascinated with American Funk and R&B and hired
famed manager Robert Stigwood to help them re-launch, to be current
with times.
-Stigwood envisioned a White band that sounded Black
-Bee-Gees tried out their new format with single Jive Talkin and was
smash hit.
-One of best selling artists of all time (75M+)
*Their distinctive falsetto vocals are their trademark and have been
imitated by thousands of artists.

Saturday Night Fever

*The Bee-Gees featured on soundtrack
-John Travoltas first major role
-Highest grossing soundtrack of all time, until The Bodyguard
*After this movie, Disco became very commercialized

Disco Backlash
-Big divide between Rock and Roll and Disco
-Rock and roll DJ in Chicago organized a Disco Sucks rally
-Collected everyones disco records at half time in Candlestick Park,
centre field, blew them all up, started a frenzy

Punk Music
-Opposite of disco
-Born from gritty proto-punk music in Detroit
-Genre concerned more with intensity, energy and less with artistry. Punks
lack of concern made controversial as many felt punks couldnt play
*Music is always loud, fast and generally short with a few catchy sing song
chorus
*Power chords and distorted guitars, thundering drums, simple harmony and
screaming vocals
*All about rebellion. Clothes, tattoos, piercings and spikes all meant to
separate their culture from normal society
-Punk was a youth movement and the youth loved the music as it was their
own, parents didnt understand.
*Did not appeal to masses, instead sub culture, quickly became associated
with disillusioned, rebellious youth and anti-government mentality.

*CBGBs (& OMFUG)

-Country Bluegrass Blues and Other Music for Uplifting Gormandizers
*Important venue for Punk and New Wave artists, New York City
*Considered by many to be birthplace of Punk Music

The Sex Pistols

-Original Members: Johnny Rotten Lydon (Vocals), Sid Vicious/Glen
Matlock (Bass), Paul Cook (Drums), Steve Jones (Guitar)
*Began when owner of London alternative clothing shop called Sex
(Malcolm McLaren) came upon idea of forming a Punk band made of
local youth that hung around shop, to promote clothing
*Never Mind the Bollocks Heres the Sex Pistols was issues in
Britain in October, 1977, where it quickly hit number 1 with God Save
the Queen and Anarchy in the UK

Reggae
-Early 60s dominant style music in Jamaica was SKA and fast paced type
Jamaican soul music featuring local artists and emphasis on upbeats
-Eventually dancers got tired of fast pace and a slowed down version was
created called Rocksteady
-Allowed more socializing and intimate dancing
*By 70s the Rastafarian culture boomed and began playing Rocksteady with
heavier bass and more spiritual lyrics. This was called Reggae
*At its core, Reggae is all about one-drop rhythm
*One drop rhythm, bass drum disappearing on first beat and coming in
strong with the snare on the 3rd, putting kick drum and emphasis on the 3
(Jamaicans count beats double time)
*First Reggae song Do The Reggae by Toots and the Maytals
-First to use the word on record
-Emphasis always on the offbeat, can be attributed to influence of American
R&B as New Orleans radio could be heard in Jamaica

Bob Marley & The Wailers

*Original Members: Bob Marley (Vocals/Guitar), Peter Tosh (Vocals/Lead
Guitar), Benny Wailer (Percussion/Vocals), Carlton Barrett (Drums),
Aston Family Man Barrett (Bass), Earl Wire Lindo (Keys)
-Wailers began as a vocal trio in the mid 60s emulating Motown styles
of the Temptations
-Discovered by Jamaican producer Lee Scratch Perry
 *The Wailers eventually were brought to the attention of English record
label owner Chris Blackwell (Island Records) who gave them an
unheard of advance at the time to record their first full length album.
-Blackwell wanted to break Reggae to the world and get Rock fans to
take it seriously
-To do so, he added distorted electric guitar solos, and brought in
Memphis studio musicians to add North American touches
*1973 Catch a Fire was released, became smash hit and introduced
the Wailers to the world of Reggae
-1974 Eric Clapton released his cover of Bob Marleys I Shot the
Sheriff which became a million seller and further cemented Bob
Marleys place in music history
-Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer left to pursue solo careers
-Tosh released Legalize It album which became an anthem for
Marijuana users, and became good friends with Keith Richards,
eventually opening for Rolling Stones
-Bob Marley would go on to released countless iconic singles

Jimmy Clif
*Stared in movie The Harder They Come
-Did a lot to popularize Reggae, filmed in Jamaica and aired in US
and UK
-Next to Bob Marley, Jimmy Cliff is the most important Reggae artist in
helping spread the genre around world

Southern Rock
-The Allman Brothers Band, ZZ Top, Lynyrd Skynyrd
*Mix of Rock, Country and Blues
*Loud Amplification and riff based arrangements
-Often employs guitar harmonies (guitars playing the same melody at
different intervals
-Generally features long guitar solos
-Adopted long hair and beards

Outlaw Country
-Pioneered by Johnny Cash
-Waylon Jennings
-Subgenre of Country music
-Movement attributed to reaction to Nashville sound, developed by record
producers who softened the raw honky-tonk sound
-Fundamental opposition between law-and-order authoritarianism and the
image of outlaw
-Lyrics often deal with drugs, lost love, murder, partying
-Stylistically it is a more raw version of typical country employing multiple
electric guitars at times and drum patterns closer to rock
-Audience was mix of younger country fans and rock fans
 Willie Nelson
-One of greatest songwriters in Country music history
-Whisky River
1980s

MTV Music Television

-First Air 1981, began as pay station until around 1989
*Wasnt good enough to just be a musician, became about image

Much Music
-1984
*Moses Znaimer
-City TV, CP24, Much Music, Much More Music, Etc.

Michael Jackson
-King of Pop, biggest selling artist of 1980 and one of biggest of all time
-In his prime, Jackson had it all; instantly identifiable voice, eye-
popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of star
power
-Began as youngest of the Jackson 5 on Motown records, made first
recording at age 11 and had his first million seller in Jackson 5 same
year.
*Thriller (1982) became biggest selling album of all time (150+ Million)
*Jackson was the first black artist to become a star on MTV, breaking
boundaries both for his race and for music video as art form.
-1980s MJ was larger than life, creating iconic dance moves
*Dance style direct descendant from dance moved of James Brown who
was Jacksons hero
*Recorded his first album as an adult (18+) with Quincy Jones as
producer and rose to mega stardom (Off the Wall)
-Jackson has won 18 Grammys and sold 750 Million+ records
*Jackson was one of the last in a tradition of true entertainers who did
not write songs but focussed on live performance and vocal finesse.
*The Moonwalk
*Did not invent, but did name it and popularize it
-First appeared on British TV dance show Top of the Pops in
early 1982
*Break-dancer Jeffrey Daniel performed it while dancing to
Shalamars hit A Night to Remember
-Jackson later contacted him to learn the dance

Quincy Jones
*Massive role in Michael Jackson success story
-Began as a Miles Davis style be-bop trumpet player, played along side
Ray Charles, highly respected.
 -Had to limit trumpet playing after a brain aneurism under doctors
orders
-Turned to producing
*One of greatest ears for textures, hooks and layering coupled with
superb string orchestration and a love for urban music
-Also has a keen ear for reverb use, specifically on background vocals
*Quincy Jones first album with Michael Jackson was 1979s Off the
Wall. An immaculately crafted set of funky disco-pop and sentimental
pop ballads, Off the Wall made Jackson a star all over again.
-Off the Wall produced 4 Top Ten singles including Dont Stop Till
You Get Enough and Rock with You and went platinum (over 7M
copies)
-Thriller was released in 1982, also produced by Quincy Jones
-Refined the strengths of Off the Wall, solidified signature MJ
sound
*Jones brought in Paul McCartney for a duet, Guitarist Eddie Van Halen
for a jaw-dropping solo, and Vincent Price for a creepy recitation.
*7 of the 9 songs from Thriller hit Top 10

Toto
*Played on a lot of Thriller backing tracks, core of a lot of the rhythm
section
*Greatest studio band of all time
-Played on thousands of records across many genres
*Africa and Roseanna
-Founded in 1977 by some of most popular and experiences session
musicians of the era
-Contributed to many of the most popular records of 70s
*Great commercial success in 1980s, peaking with critically acclaimed
Toto IV
-Known for technical skill in studio, as well as musical style with
elements from range of genres
-Band released 17 albums and have sold over 30 Million records
-Steve Porcaro (Keys/Vocals), David Piatch (Keys), David Hungate
(Bass), Bobby Kimball (Vocals), Steve Lukather (Guitar/Vocals), Lenny
Castro (Percussion), Jeff Porcaro (Drums)
*Toto IV marked beginning of Totos most successful era

Hit Soundtracks
-80s first decade in which songs in film soundtrack were also big hits
-Big Name artists began recording new songs exclusively for film
soundtracks.
-Many became major hits
-These hits drove soundtracks and they became big sellers on par with
standard band/artist albums
-As a result, budgets for soundtracks grew significantly
 1980s Music Traits
-Synth-bass
-Drum machined and electronic drums
*Synthesizers and synthesized sounds
-Use of cool sounds, chorus and flanger
-Birth of digital recording and MIDI
-Distancing from the blues roots of rock

*PMRC (Parents Music Resource Centre)

*Parental Advisory Explicit Content (Sticker, all they got)
*Tipper Gore (Al Gores wife)
-Goals:
-Print lyrics on album covers
-Keep explicit covers under counter
-Establish rating system for records, similar to films
-Establish rating system for concerts
-Reassess contracts of performers who engage in violence and
explicit sexual behaviour on stage
-Establish a citizen and record-company media watch to pressure
labels
-The Filthy Fifteen:
-Judas Priest, Motley Crue, Prince, Sheena Easton, WASP, Def
Leppard, Madonna, Black Sabbath, Mary Jane Girls, Vanity,
Mercyful Fate, ACDC, Twisted Sister, Cyndi Lauper

Madonna
*Perhaps the most media-savvy American pop stars ever.
*Was most consistently controversial artists since Elvis
-Diva
-Born in Bay City, Michigan
-First band Breakfast Club
*Began recording with high profile DJ John Jellybean Benitez
*Produced her first single that became a hit Holiday
*1984 very first MTV Video Awards, Madonna performed Like A Virgin
-Very controversial, scandalous (for the time)

Rush
-Started in 70s, by 80s became global phenomenon
-Formed Scarborough, Ont
-Initially Alex Lifeson (Guitar), Geddy Lee (Vocal/Bass), John Rutsey
(Drummer)
-John Rutsey later replaced by Neil Pert
-Drew heavy influence from power trio Cream
 -First single was cover of Buddy Holly Not Fade Away
-After first album John Rutsey left, replaced by Neil Pert (became
primary songwriter)
*Moving Pictures 1981 incorporated Synthesizers, shortened songs &
modern sound
-Album made internationally huge
-Hits include Tom Sawyer YYZ Red Barchetta
-Gathered heavy radio play
-Made them megastars

Early Rap & Hip Hop

-Early Rap Music Aesthetics:
-Main MC (Rapper) and one or two hype men (back up rappers)
who repeat
-A DJ (mixes breaks from funk and disco in seamless flow) and
scratches effect
-Dynamic poses, posturing and hand gestures to give impact to
lyrical content
-Aggressive, generally monotone

*Break Beats: The catchy instrumental breaks in disco, soul and funk
records that were looped by DJs for break-dancers to dance to and
rappers to rap over.

*Hip-Hop is the term used to describe the entire culture surrounding

rap music (DJ, Rap, Graffiti, Art, Breakdancing, Etc.)
*Rap is the music at the centre of Hip-Hop culture
*Inner city beat poet and funk-jazz pioneer Gil-Scott Heron is seen as
the forefather to the rap movement.
The revolution will not be televised was a landmark recording
-Instrumental loop, more concerned with lyrical content
*The very first Rap song was Sugar Hill Gangs Rappers Delight
sampled Chics disco hit Good Times
-Hired studio band to play the bass-line/loop (didnt have
samplers at time)

DJ Kool Herc
-Father of Hip-Hop
-Born Jamaica
-Knew which records would keep crowd moving
-Realized crowd more interested in the Break than the song
*Realized if we placed the breaks back to back people
would stay
 *Would purchase two copies of same records and play
them on separate turntables
*Loudest sound system in NY and began playing parties in the
park
-began with Reggae and Dub, soon found locals wanted
Funk
*Applied break beat technique to Funk
*Sound-system parties in NY park became legendary

Grand-Master Flash
-Band called The Furious Five
*Breakout hit with song called The Message
*One of most influential DJs, also used break-beat technique
*One of first DJs who could scratch and mix seamlessly, invented
many techniques we see today
-Leader of Furious 5
*First DJ to appear in a film and first many saw doing anything
other than dropping needle on record.

Beastie Boys
-Brooklyn
-Mike D, MCA, Ad-Rock
-Began as hardcore punk group
*Proved a white rap group could be taken seriously
*Licenced to Ill became best selling rap album of 1980s and
first rap album to reach #1 on billboard 200
-Def Jams fastest selling debut
*So many samples used, couldnt create today, too
expensive, landmark sample usage
*extremely sample-heavy, considered one of their
strongest works
-Contained Fight For Your Right
-Parted ways with Def Jams after this album
-Signed to Capitol Records
*Second album Pauls Boutique produced by Dust
Brothers
-To date, sold 22 million albums in USA alone and 40 million
worldwide

Run DMC
-With Aerosmith Walk This Way
-Took rap music back to street level
-Joseph Simmons (Run), Daryl McDaniel (DMC) and Jason Mizell
(Jam Master Jay)
*Raising Hell first African American double-platinum selling Hip
Hop album
 *Featured first metal/hip-hop collaboration Walk This Way
-First African American rap act to make cover of Rolling Stone
magazine

Van Halen
-Bring back fun
-Americas savior of hard-rock/metal
-worldwide album sales over 75 million
-Eddie Van Halen perhaps
-Began as Mammoth
-Self titled album released 1978 (produced by Ted Templeman)
became one of most successful debut albums ever, rewrote rules
of rock guitar

Eddie Van Halen

*Game changer: Like Jimmy Hendrix, everyone that followed him
had to deal with his legacy
*Invented two hand tapping technique and pioneered extreme
vibrato dive-bombing techniques
*Amazing sense of phrasing, dynamics and articulation with
blazing speed
-One of few guitarists to play things no one ever heard before
*Renewed interest in use of feedback as melodic tool

New Wave of British Heavy Metal (NWOBHM)

-Iron Maiden, Motorhead, Diamond Head, Judus Priest
-Set out to be heavy metal, not just called heavy metal by others
-Making music exclusively for metal fans, not trying to cross over
-Re-energized heavy metal
*Distanced themselves from the blues, sped up tempo, toughened up the
sound, leaving a tough, fast, hard metallic core with little finesse
*Didnt make any attempt to win commercial audience, pure metal for metal
fans
*Major inspiration to the Thrash Metal that followed (Pantera, Metallica, Lamb
of God)

Diamond Head
-Am I Evil pioneered Thrash Metal and laid blueprint for what
Metallica would become

Def Leppard
*Hysteria Produced by Mutt Lang
-Also produced Pyromania
 -Album spawned 6 hit singled, including Hot 100 number one Love
Bites along side Pour Some Sugar on Me Hysteria Armageddon It
Animal and Rocket
-First album featured Synth drums on Leppard album due to Rick
Allens accident

New Wave
-Basically anything after Punk music that isnt as aggressive and Punk
-The Police, Duran Duran, Loverboy
-70s and 80s catch all term for music followed Punk
-Could be divided into two categories, Post Punk and New Wave

Hair Metal

Power Ballad
-Roots in Canada
-Skylark song Wildflower considered beginning of Power Ballad era
-Distorted guitar solo
-Rock power ballad has roots in Arena Rock genre
-To draw in female fan base
-Wrote songs with pop love ballads but sold them to audience with
heavily compressed/screaming guitar solos and thunderous drums
-Formula worked and many sold millions and massive radio play
-Many frustrated for being known for song that didnt really represent
their sound

Bruce Cockburn
-Born Ottawa
-Canadian icon respected worldwide for his songwriting, activism, and
innovative guitar playing
-Early champion of environmentalism and civil rights
-Like Gordon Lightfoot, one of few Canadian artists to have major
success in Canada before breaking through in USA
-Awarded the Order of Canada and several Junos

Exam Review:
-More heavily weighted towards 80s
-Late Psychedelic Rock is a bridge between British Invasion to Heavy
Metal
-Elvis Baby Lets Play House influenced Jimmy Page
-Arena Rock (Foghat, Slow Ride)
-Surf Rock first to feature the Group rather than Solo performers
-The Beatles Firsts (writing own material expected, merchandised, Concept
record)